Report On Hvac Design of A Building

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REPORT ON HVAC DESIGN OF A BUILDING
Technical Report · May 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27090.68806
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REPORT ON HVAC
DESIGN OF A
BUILDING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. Contents Page No
a) Abstract 5
Introduction
1.1 Topic Selection and Relevance
1 1.2 History of HVAC System 6
1.3 Basics of HVAC System
1.4 Need for HVAC System
1.5 Types of Air Conditioning System
2 Literature Review 18
3 Problem Statement & Project Objective 20
Methodology
4.1 Study of Location and surrounding

4 4.2 Building Orientation 22
4.3 Heat Load
4.4 System Selection
4.5 3D Model of a Commercial Building
4.6 Life cost Analysis
5 Conclusion 65
6 References 66
Department of Mechanical Engineering 4|P ag e

ABSTRACT
The aim of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is to meet the
environmental requirements of occupant comfort and a mechanism. HVAC systems are widely
used in a variety of structures, including manufacturing, commercial, domestic, and
institutional structures. To manage the operation of a heating and/or air conditioning system,
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) equipment requires a control system. Its
effective design is arguably the most complex system installed in a building and is responsible
for a substantial component of the total building energy use. A right size and design of HVAC
system will provide the desired comfort and will run efficiently. This strategy guideline
discusses the information needed to design an energy efficient HVAC system for a commercial
building by providing results of Heat load calculations, the right choice of system selection and
selection of proper materials. In this project we investigate and review the different Materials,
Chiller choices, give a brief about HVAC, outline the process followed, which demonstrates
its ability to improve the performance of HVAC systems to reduce energy consumption. The
pros and cons of each system type specific to the building layout and climate zone will be
discussed in this study. This research has a central theme which focuses on a peculiar project
of a commercial building in Aurangabad, India along with its 3D design in Autodesk Revit
2021
Keywords: HVAC, Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioning, Energy Efficient system, Energy
consumption, Heat Load, Heat Load calculations, Chiller, Air Handling Units (AHUs),
Climate conditions, location of building, Autodesk Revit.

CHAPTER 01. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Topic Selection and Relevance
As natural resources rapidly deplete around the world, the need for energy efficient or
environmentally friendly building practices is becoming more and more apparent. So-called
“green buildings” are constructed or renovated under sustainable development, a design
process that reduces the harmful impact on natural resources and looks at the life-cycle costs
of the facility. The benefits of green buildings are not difficult to understand. By following
green design practices, building owners and developers can do well financially by doing good
environmentally and socially. First, highly energy-efficient green buildings have lower
operating costs than conventionally designed buildings. Second, sustainable design helps
minimize broad environmental impacts, such as water usage, ozone layer depletion and raw
materials usage. Finally, workers in well-lighted, safe, comfortable environments are
productive and happy, which is a key factor in the current tight labour market.
This will describe the basic concepts of green building and discusses the role of heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) for ensuring high performance green buildings in
design and operation. The design strategies for effective and green HVAC systems are
explained and the new emerging HVAC technologies for green buildings are described.
It is hoped that HVAC designers and other building professionals could develop a better
understanding of green buildings and apply effective strategies and techniques for meeting the
goal. With an integrated and holistic approach HVAC and building design, a sustainable built
environment can be achieved, and the environmental performance of buildings can be
improved.
1.2 History of HVAC System
Air-conditioning dates to prehistory. Ancient Egyptian buildings used a wide variety of passive
air-conditioning techniques. These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through
North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India. Similar techniques were developed in hot
climates elsewhere.
Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century, when they fell out of fashion,
replaced by powered A/C. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings,
passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.
Figure 1: An array of air conditioners outside a commercial office building
Department of Mechanical Engineering 7|Page

Air conditioners allow the building indoor environment to remain relatively constant largely
independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also allow
deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts
of the world.
1.2.1 Development -
In the 1558 Giambattista Della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far
below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular
science book Natural Magic. In 1620 Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into
winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an
apparatus of troughs and vats. Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a
believer in scientific communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a
book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and
said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or
ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its own cold, but the salt by supplying
activity to the cold of the snow."
In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at Cambridge University,
conducted an experiment to explore the principle of evaporation to rapidly cool an object.
Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol
and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of
water. They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object
and with a bellows used to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the
thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F).
Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film
of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm
(1 4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching -14 °C (7 °F). Franklin
concluded: "From this experiment one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a
warm summer's day."
Figure 1: Willis Carrier, who is credited with coining the term 'air conditioning’
Department of Mechanical Engineering 8|Page

The 19th century included several developments in compression technology. In 1820, English
scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia
could chill air when the liquefied ammonia could evaporate. [12] In 1842, Florida physician
John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients
in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to
regulate the temperature of buildings [12] [13] and envisioned centralized air conditioning that
could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851 but following the death of his main
backer he was not able to realise his invention. In 1851 James Harrison's created the first
mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia and was granted a patent for an ether
vapour-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day. [14]
In 1860 he established a second ice company and later entered the debate over how to compete
against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.
Electricity made development of effective units possible. In 1901 American inventor Willis H.
Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.
In 1902 he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing
& Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York, his invention controlled both the temperature
and the humidity which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the
printing plant. Later, together with six other employees Carrier formed The Carrier Air
Conditioning Company of America, a business which in 2020 employed 53,000 employees and
was valued at $18.6 billion.
In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his
textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning", using it in a patent claim he filed that
year as analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier
to process. He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the
factories, controlling the humidity so necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the
term and incorporated it into the name of his company.
Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914 the first domestic air conditioning was
installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gates.[23] Built in 1933, Meadowmont House
is believed to be the first private homes in the United States equipped for central air
conditioning.
Additionally, car manufacturers began exploring ways to use air conditioning in vehicle. 1933
was also the year in the first automobile air conditioning systems were offered for sale. In 1935
Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit. In 1939,
Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars.
Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed for much more ubiquitous air
conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts invented a portable, in-
window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air. By
the late 1960s, most newly built residential homes in the United States had central air
conditioning. Box air conditioning units during this time also became more inexpensive which
resulted in greater population growth in the states of Florida and Arizona.

As international development has increased wealth across countries, and global warming has
increase temperatures, global use of air conditioners has increased. By 2018 an estimated 1.6
billion air conditioning units were installed worldwide, with the International Energy Agency
expecting this number to grow to 5.6 billion units by 2050. Between 1995 to 2004 the
proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%. As
of 2015, nearly 100 million homes or about 87% of US households had air conditioning
systems. In 2019 it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the USA
included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).
1.3 Basics of HVAC System

HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning. Its goal is to provide the thermal
comfort and good indoor air quality. HVAC system designing is the sub-disciple of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics and
some of architectural. HVAC systems are more often used in several types of buildings such
as commercial, residential, institutional and many more. The selection of HVAC systems for
buildings will depend on the climate, age of building, the individual preferences of the owner
of the buildings and the designer of the buildings, the project budget, and the architectural
design of the building.
Many of the situations requiring mechanical ventilation also need a degree of air conditioning.
To summarize, those situations most likely to require air conditioning are:
1. Rooms subject to high solar gains, such as south facing rooms especially those with large
areas of glazing.
2. Rooms with high equipment densities such as computer rooms and offices which make
extensive use of IT.
3. Rooms in which environment (temperature, dust, or humidity) sensitive work is being carried
out such as operation theatres and microprocessor manufacturing units.
1.3.1 Some Basic Terms Related to HVAC System
 Dry-bulb temperature
It is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded
from radiation and moisture. Dry bulb temperature is the temperature that is usually thought
of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature. It is the temperature
measured by a regular thermometer exposed to the airstream. It is the temperature shown by a
dry sensing element such as mercury in a glass tube thermometer. This is actual temperature.
When people refer to the temperature of the air, they are normally referring to its dry bulb
temperature. The Dry Bulb Temperature refers basically to the ambient air temperature. It is
called "Dry Bulb" because the air temperature is indicated by a thermometer not affected by
the moisture of the air. It is a type of temperature measurement that reflects the physical
properties of a system with a mixture of a gas and a vapour, usually air and water vapour.
Department of Mechanical Engineering 10 | P a g e

 Wet bulb temperature
It the lowest temperature that can be reached by the evaporation of water only. This is the
temperature indicated by a moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow. The wet bulb
temperature is always lower than the dry bulb temperature but will be identical with 100%
relative Humidity.
 Dew Point Temperature
The dew point is a saturation temperature. The temperature at which the air is saturated (100%
RH) and further cooling manifests in condensation from water in the air. The dew point is the
temperature at which water vapour starts to condense out of the air (the temperature at which
air becomes completely saturated). Above this temperature the moisture will stay in the air. If
the dew-point temperature is close to the dry air temperature - the relative humidity is high, If
the dew point is well below the dry air temperature - the relative humidity is low Dew point:
Latent heat: All pure substances in nature can change their state. Solids can become liquids
(ice to water) and liquids can become gases (water to vapour) but changes such as these require
the addition or removal of heat. The heat that causes these changes is called latent heat. Heat
energy added or removed as a substance changes state, whilst temperature remains constant,
E.G. Water changing to steam at 100ƒc and atmospheric pressure (W).
 Absolute humidity
Absolute humidity is the total amount of water vapour present in each volume of air. It does
not take temperature into consideration.
 Relative humidity (RH)
Relative Humidity is the ratio of water contained in air at a given dry bulb temperature, as a
percentage of the maximum amount of water that could be held in air at that temperature. Thus,
the relative humidity of air is a function of both water content and temperature.
 Specific humidity
It the mass of water vapour present in a unit mass of air. Where temperatures are high and
rainfall is excessive, the specific humidity of the air reaches high proportions. This is also called
“moisture content”.
 Sensible heat gain
When an object is heated, its temperature rises as heat is added. The increase in heat is called
sensible heat. Similarly, when heat is removed from an object and its temperature falls, the
heat removed is also called sensible heat. Heat that causes a change in temperature in an object
is called sensible heat.

1.3.2 Basic Refrigeration Cycle
 Compressor
An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel, or gasoline
engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air)
 Condenser
A condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to it liquid state,
by cooling it.in so doing, the latent heat is given by the substance, and will transfer to the
condenser coolant.
 Expansion Valve
A thermal expansion valve is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that
controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controlling the superheating
at the outlet of the evaporator.
 Evaporator
An evaporator is a device used to turn liquid form of a chemical into its gaseous form. The
liquid is an evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.
Figure 2: Basic Refrigeration Cycle

1.4 Need for HVAC System
HVAC systems are responsible for the regulation of heat, airflow, ventilation, and air
conditioning of an entire building. You will not see the machines when you enter the building,
but you will most certainly feel the effects of a comfortable and well-ventilated workplace.
 As we know that 1 TR is amount of heat extracted from the atmosphere for melting one metric
ton of ice in 24 hours. One ton of refrigeration (TR) equals to 12000 btu/hr or 3025 kcal/hr.
 Here are some of the top reasons why business owners opt to have reliable HVAC systems in
place for their office buildings.
 HVAC systems control the overall climate in the building. They also make the proper
adjustments whenever we experience changes in outdoor temperature. During the winter
season, the HVAC systems (mainly the boilers or heaters) work to keep the indoor temperature
at a comfortable level. In hotter times of the season, the HVAC systems regulate air temperature
by providing the necessary cooling to keep the entire building comfortable.
 Having a comfortable office climate increases the level of productivity and increases morale
amongst the workers and employees. If you let your people work in settings conducive for
work, they will surely be motivated to perform better because they feel good in their work
environment.
 No employee will enjoy working in an office where it is freezing, or in an office where you
frequently must ignore your perspiration just to focus on your computer screen. Having a
proper HVAC system installed is guaranteed to make your employees happy, hence, giving
you better work results in return.
 HVAC systems not only regulate the temperature inside the building, but they also improve
the quality of air. The quality of air pertains to humidity, and a typical HVAC system will
reduce the amount of humidity in the air so your workers and employees can continue enjoying
a cosy and pleasant atmosphere at work.
 Proper HVAC systems are a worthy investment for any business or building owner because it
gives you energy savings. HVAC systems today are automated, which means you no longer
must manually adjust the temperature settings or the time settings of each machine. Given that
your entire HVAC system operates in an automated system, proper adjustments will be made
right when they are needed. This makes your energy consumption more efficient as it gets rid
of energy wasted on improper settings.
 Environment Friendly Refrigerants: R-134a, R-123, R - 407C, R- 410A, R-22 (phase out on
2040)

Figure 3: Cycle of HVAC
1.5 Types of Air Conditioning System

The different AC types are as follows:
 Window Air Conditioner.
 Split Air Conditioner.
 Central Air Conditioner.
1.5.1 Window air conditioner

Window air conditioners are one of the most used and cheapest type of air conditioners. To
install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall, and there should also
be some open space behind the wall. Easy to install, mobility and shifting. Costs lesser in
comparison to other varieties. Single unit with compressor and condenser.
 Parts of the Window Air Conditioners:

The whole assembly of the window air conditioner can be divided into two compartments: The
room side, which is also the cooling side and the outdoor side from where the heat absorbed
by the room air is liberated to the atmosphere.

In the front of the window air conditioner on the room side there is beautifully decorated front
panel on which the supply and return air grills are fitted (the whole front panel itself is
commonly called as front grill). The louvers fitted in the supply air grills are adjustable to
supply the air in desired direction. There is also one opening in the grill that allows access to
the control panel or operating panel in front of the window air conditioner.
Figure 4: Image of AC
The Refrigeration System of the window air conditioner comprises of all the important parts
of the refrigeration cycle. These include the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and the
evaporator. The refrigerant used in most of the window air conditioners is R22. The compressor
used in the window air conditioners is hermetically sealed type, which is portable one. This
compressor has long life, and it carries long warranty periods.
The condenser is made up of copper tubing and it is cooled by the atmospheric air. The
condenser is covered with the fins to enable faster heat transfer rate from it. The capillary tubing
made up of various rounds of the copper coil is used as the expansion valve in the window air
conditioners.
Just before the capillary there is drier filter that filters the refrigerant and removes the moisture
particles if present in the refrigerant. Refrigeration system like condenser, the evaporator is
also made up of copper tubing of number of turns and is covered with the fins. The evaporator
is also called as the cooling coil since the rooms air passes over it and gets cooled.
Just in front of the evaporator there is air filter fitted in the front panel or front grill. As the
room air is absorbed, it is first passed over the filter so that it gets filtered. The filtered air is
then blown over the cooling coil and the chilled air is passed into the room.
The refrigerant after leaving the cooling coil enters the accumulator where it is accumulated
and then it is again sucked by the compressor for recirculation over the whole cycle.

 Advantages of window air conditioning:
1. Window ac do not need such complex installation.
2. We can install these units all by our self.
3. More economical and efficient.
4. Can be fitted in any kind of windows with small adjustments.
5. They are portable.
 Limitations of Window AC:

1. No humidity control though its carrier out dehumidification.
2. Most of the window ac conditioners do not provide heating for winters.
3. No provision for humidification in window ac conditioner.
4. Outside temperature above 40-degree c can cause derating of the conditioner.
5. Cover big part of window and cut down sunlight and natural ventilation.
1.5.2 Split air conditioning
These are kits of 2 units, one internal and another external. The indoor unit installed inside a
room intakes warm air and throws in cold air. The outdoor unit on the other hand is installed
out of the house. It contains the compressor and is linked to the internal unit via drainpipes and
electric cables.
Figure 5: Split AC
This external unit throws out the warm air. Split air conditioners are used for small rooms and
halls, usually in places where window air conditioners cannot be installed. However, these days
many people prefer split air conditioner units even for places where window air conditioners
can be fitted. The split air conditioner takes up a very small space of your room, looks
aesthetically cool and makes very little noise.
 Advantages of split air conditioning:

1. Internal unit takes up less space for installation.
2. Usually more silent than window ACs
3. Minimally affect your home decor Can be installed in room with no windows Split AC.

1.5.3 Central air conditioning
Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms,
movie theatres, factories etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers
find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better
option. A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the
capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning.
Cooling big halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc. is usually only feasible with central
conditioning units central air conditioner unit is an energy moving or converted machines that
are designed to cool or heat the entire house. It does not create heat or cool. It just removes
heat from one area, where it is undesirable, to an area where it is less significant. Central air
conditions have a centralize duct system. It uses Ac refrigerant (we may know it as Freon) as
a substance to absorb the heat from indoor evaporator coils and rejects that heat to outdoor
condenser coils or vice versa. Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning.
The chilled water types of central air conditioning plants are installed in the place where whole
large buildings, shopping mall, airport, hotel, etc., comprising of several floors are to be air
conditioned. While in the direct expansion type of central air conditioning plants, refrigerant is
directly used to cool the room air; in the chilled water plants the refrigerant first chills the water,
which in turn chills the room air.
In chilled water plants, the ordinary water or brine solution is chilled to very low temperatures
of about 6 to 8 degree Celsius by the refrigeration plant. This chilled water is pumped to various
floors of the building and its different parts. In each of these parts the air handling units are
installed, which comprise of the cooling coil, blower, and the ducts. The chilled water flows
through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs return air from the air-conditioned rooms that are
to be cooled via the duct.

CHAPTER 02. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review
The compressive study of existing information related to HVAC system –

1. Farheen Bano and Vandana Sehgal said Comparison of the thermal performance of energy
efficient office buildings in composite climate, India. The aim of this paper is to examine the
energy consumption of and determine the energy efficient design strategies for midrise and high
rise the building.
2. Yingya Chen, Yanfeng Liu, Jingrui Liu, Jiaping Liu, Yingying Wang Central air conditioning
said Energy Consumption of a buildings occupies a large proportion of energy consumption in
all over world, to minimise the energy consumption of buildings by using solar energy.
Challenges: Photovoltaic (PV) air conditioning is an effective way to solve the problems of
energy consumption of office buildings.
3. Sam C. M. Hui describes the Design strategies for effective, green HVAC systems and new
emerging HVAC technologies. This paper describes the basic concepts of green buildings and
discusses the role of HVAC for ensuring high performance sustainable buildings in design and
operation.
4. Daut, M. Adzrie, M. Irwanto, Ibrahim, M. Fitra said the development of renewable energy is on
the rise worldwide because of the growing demand on energy, high oil prices therefore to
overcome this use of solar energy in HVAC system. This paper focuses on design and
construction of a direct current (DC) AC systems integrated with PV systems, solar batteries,
chargers, inverter.
5. Critiana Maria Barbosa Riebeiro said the study of retrofit building design to make sustainable.
To achieve sustainability in any HVAC system. HVAC retrofit can be very complicated, owner’s
property manager looks to outside sources for designing retrofit and designing its benefits.
HVAC retrofit are generally undertaken to boost a system’s cost or energy efficiency. Any
retrofit should take both factors, as well as environmental concern into account.
6. W. Goetzler, M. Guernsey, and J. Young said that The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE)
Building Technologies Office (BTO) within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy (EERE) works with researchers and industry partners to develop and deploy technologies
that can substantially reduce energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings. BTO
aims to reduce building-related primary energy consumption by 50% by the year 2030, relative
to 2010 consumption. Specifically for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), BTO
identified primary energy savings targets of 12% by 2020 and 24% by 2030.
7. Guanglin Xu said that Compared to single-variable model, MLR models showed a decrease in
coefficient of variation which is between 10 percentage to 60 percentage and with an average
decrease of about 33%. a dynamic neural network is proposed to build a dynamic HVAC model
and then a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to solve the model.

CHAPTER 03. PROBLEM STATEMENT

3.1 Problem Statement
Energy efficiency in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is a primary
concern in process projects, since the energy consumption has the highest percentage in HVAC
for all processes. Without sacrifice of thermal comfort, to reset the suitable operating
parameters, such as the humidity and air temperature, would have energy saving with
immediate effect. In this paper, the simulation-optimization approach described the effective
energy efficiency for HVAC systems which are used in industrial process. Due to the complex
relationship of the HVAC system parameters, it is necessary to suggest optimum settings for
different operations in response to the dynamic cooling loads and changing weather conditions
during a year.
The energy consumed in air conditioning and refrigeration systems is sensitive to load changes,
ambient condition etc. The major purpose of air conditioning is to make occupants comfortable
with the cooled air in the room. However, the system of air conditioning in commercial building
running inconsistent due to the several factor. This problem is occurred by the unstable supply
cooled air to the system. Therefore, the occupants and some locations are not receiving a
necessary capacity of cooled air.
Considering various factors into account, to design an energy efficient system, to get an
overview 3D model of a commercial building in Aurangabad, do the heat load calculations,
and select the right chiller for the operation of the HVAC system.
3.2 Project Objective
The main objective in this project is to design energy efficient HVAC system for a commercial
building. This study will be focused on 3 parts:
1. Proper selection of efficient material

2. To minimize the Heat Load/Cooling Load
3. System selection based on Heat Load/Cooling Load

CHAPTER 04. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Study of location and surrounding.
HVAC systems are of great importance to architectural design efforts for four main reasons.
First, these systems often require substantial floor space and/or building volume for Equipment
and distribution elements that must be accommodated during the design process.
Second, HVAC systems constitute a major budget item for numerous common building types.
Third, the success or failure of thermal comfort efforts is usually directly related to the success
or failure of a building’s HVAC systems. Last, maintaining appropriate thermal conditions
through HVAC system operation is a major driver of building energy consumption.
4.1.1 HVAC System Evolution
The first step in selecting a HVAC system is to determine and document constraints dictated
by performance, capacity, available space, budgets, and any other factors important to the
project. This usually starts with a formal meeting with an architect/owner and understanding
his or her requirements.
4.1.2 Owner’s Needs
If the architect is a creator, the customer is a king, and his needs and requirements must be met.
Depending on the customer goals, the building and its HVAC requirements have to be designed
accordingly. For example, take an example of multi-storey office building. The complete
building may have either a single owner or multiple owners. A single owner normally prefers
a central plant, as the quality of air conditioning is far superior and life expectancy is higher.
The operation and maintenance costs are also lower than a floor-by-floor system. In addition,
the owners can opt for an intelligent building by incorporating a building management system
(BMS).
This will enable the owner to derive benefits of optimal utilization of the air conditioning plant.
A multiple owner facility requires a system, which provides individual ownership and energy
billing for which a floor-by-floor air conditioning system using packaged units or split units is
most suited subject to economics of space and aesthetics.
Another important requirement is the normal working hours of the user/users. Some users may
have different working hours or different timings. Some areas such as computer rooms may
need 24-hour air conditioning. Other areas may have special design requirements. Due to such
multiple requirements many engineers prefer a “hybrid system” which is a combination of a
central plant and packaged units/split units. For example, a hotel may use packaged unitary air
conditioners (or fan coil units served with air-water central system) for the individual guest
rooms, roof top units for meeting rooms/restaurants, and a central plant system for the lobby,
corridors and other common spaces. Such systems offer high flexibility in meeting the
requirement of different working hours and special design conditions.

While HVAC engineer manages the system design the architect retains control of the complete
building product. The type of system selected is determined by HVAC designer’s knowledge
of systems. Architect must also understand the basics, system objectives, the role of key system
components, the type of systems that are available and what such systems can and cannot
accomplish. Most customers may not understand HVAC design aspects; their benefits and
limitations and it is the architect’s/ HVAC engineer’s responsibility to guide and advise the
best option. For HVAC engineer the customer may be an architect whose customer may be the
building owner.
 What Influences HVAC design?

Investment in a building project entails significant capital investment and associated costs over
the economic life of the project. It is a mistaken notion that the buildings costs must be
expensed once. The buildings like any other industry have running expenses in a way that they
consume lot of energy and require water & disposal facilities that accounts for significant
recurring costs. The HVAC systems often are very large and are responsible for a large portion
of a building’s first cost and operating cost.
Every building is unique. For instance, residential apartments, shopping complex, office
complex, hospital, hotel, airport, or industry; all have different functional requirements,
occupancy pattern and usage criteria. The geographical location of the building, ambient
conditions, indoor requirements, building materials, dimensional parameters, aesthetic
requirements, noise, and environment issues need careful evaluation. The HVAC design and
selection must be customized to meet all these requirements.
Each solution begins with an assessment of the owner’s business needs for HVAC, architect’s
vision, requirements of the facilities manager, combined with a review of the HVAC system
itself, be it existing or planned.
4.1.3 Design aspects for HVAC System

HVAC systems is an important part of the building construction budget, account for a major
portion of a building’s annual energy consumption, often require substantial space allocations
and contribute to interior environment that is critically evaluated by the building occupants and
the users.
Everyone cares about cost! But the wise customer lays down a list of minimum requirements
and then negotiates. Mostly customer goes for price only and skips on right equipment and
design specific cations.
The selection process could be chilled water system or direct expansion system, the design of
HVAC systems is mainly related to various parameters, including but not limited to the factors
listed below.
4.1.4 Details of architecture

 Structure, orientation, geographical location, altitude, shape, modules size & height
 Purpose of the building, area classification, occupancy, and usage patterns

 Ratio of internal to external zones, glazing, plant room sitting, space for service distribution.
 Climate and shading, thermal insulation, passive climate control, relationship with adjacent
buildings
 New or existing building, renovation, or extension project, retrofitting or new equipment.
 Plant and system design to match the characteristic of the building and the need to meet the
needs (known and unknown) of the ultimate occupants.
4.1.5 Details of Space allocation

 Floor space and clear heights to accommodate HVAC plant, equipment, distribution, and room
elements.
 Shaft spaces available for routing ducts/pipes
 Location and size of structural columns and beams, clearance through steelwork, position of
reinforcing rods
 Ceiling height, clearance between suspended ceilings and beams
 Foundation and supports requirement, permissible loadings.
 Location of obstructions that may be in the route of air-conditioning services, particularly
ductwork.
As our building is in Aurangabad, Maharashtra the co-ordinates for Aurangabad are N 19° 53'
47" – E 75° 23' 54". The city is surrounded by hills on all directions. Aurangabad features
a semiarid climate under the Köppen climate classification.
Annual mean temperatures range from 17 to 33 °C, with the most comfortable time to visit in
the winter – October to February. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was 46 °C
(114 °F) on 25 May 1905. The lowest recorded temperature was 2 °C (36 °F) on 2 February
1911. In the cold season, the district is sometimes affected by cold waves in association with
the eastward passage of western disturbances across north India, when the minimum
temperature may drop down to about 2 °C to 4 °C (35.6 °F to 39.2 °F).

Figure 6: Climate zone, source: NBC Standards
With the commercial building located in Aurangabad with Latitude and longitude the following
value were chosen:
Figure 7 Source: ISHRAE Handbook

4.2 Building Orientation
4.2.1 Form and Orientation
Form and orientation constitute two of the most important passive design strategies for
reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort for occupants of a building. It
affects the amount of sun falling on surfaces, daylighting, and direction of winds. Towards net
zero energy goals, form and orientation have a significant impact on building’s energy
efficiency, by harnessing sun and prevailing winds to our advantage. Thus, they play a pivotal
role in NZEB design approach as these strategies are one-time interventions and their potential
benefits should not be missed.
Building designs vary according to context of its location and climate. However, the underlying
principle remains the same, maximising the amount of solar radiation in winter and minimizing
the amount in summers. In predominantly hot regions, buildings should be ideally oriented to
minimize solar gains, the reverse is applicable for cold regions. Orientation also plays an
important role about wind direction.
The building form determines the volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or
cooled. Thus, more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in gaining/losing heat. In hot &
dry regions and cold climates, a building’s shape needs to be compact to reduce heat gain and
losses, respectively.
4.2.2 Sun path
Figure 8: Sun path for HVAC system

The building orientation is generally used to refer solar orientation while planning of house
with respect to sun path. The orientation can refer to a particular room or most important, the
building facade. The word ‘building orientation’ is basically the positioning of a building with
respect to the sun, usually done to maximize solar gain at the appropriate time of the year when
required in cold climate and to minimize solar gain in a hot climate. Best house orientation can
increase the energy efficiency of your home by making it more comfortable to live in and
cheaper to run from energy consumption point of view.
The fact is that the sun is lower in the sky in winter than in summer allows us to plan and
construct buildings that capture that free heat in winter and reject the heat in summer. The
building orientation of the whole building plays an important part in designing a good home.
4.2.3 Objectives of Building Orientation.
The orientation of a building is done for the following purposes:
1. To give the correct direction to the building according to the surroundings.

2. To Provide natural light and air to the inhabitants.
3. To save the inhabitants from dust and smoke.
4. To save the inhabitants from noise.
5. To provide privacy to the inhabitants.
6. To save the building from damages due to rain.
7. To save the inhabitants from the bad effects of the worst weather.
8. To add beauty to the building
 Building orientation:
NORTH – Front Facing glass wall EAST & WEST – Concrete side walls
SOUTH – Backside concrete wall ROOF Orientation – Sloped

4.3 Heat Load
Basics of Heat Load
 Load Estimation:
The importance of accurate load calculations for air conditions design can never be over
emphasized. In fact, it is the precision and care exercised by the designer in the calculation of
the cooling. load for summer and the heating load for winter that a trouble free, successful
operation of air conditioning plant after installation would depend.
 Solar Heat Gain Through Glass:

Glass, which is transparent, allows the sunrays to pass through it. This results in heat dissipation
inside the room. The amount of heat dissipated into room depends upon the glass area that is
exposed to sun.

 Solar Heat Gain Through Walls and Roofs:
Heat gain through the exterior construction (walls and roof) is normally calculated at the time
of greatest heat flow. It is caused by the solar heat being absorbed at the exterior surface and
by the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air. The heat flow through the
structure may then be calculated, using the steady state heat flow equation with equivalent
temperature difference (ETD).

Q= U*A*ETD where Q is heat flow rate in (KJ/Sec)
U = transmission rate (W/Sq. M K)
A= Area of surface (Sq m)
ETD= Equivalent Temperature Difference (K)
Heat loss through the exterior construction is normally calculated at the time of greatest heat
flow.

 Transmission Heat Gain Through Glass:
This is heat gain that is obtained due to the difference in outside and inside conditions. The
amount of heat that is transmitted through the glass into the room depends upon the glass area,
temperature difference and transmission coefficient of glass. Here total glass irrespective of the
direction is taken into consideration in total glass area.
 Transmission Through Partitions and Walls:

Heat gain here also depends upon the temperature difference between the outside and inside
conditions, transmission coefficient and wall area exposed or partition wall area. Here the total
area of the wall is taken irrespective of its direction. The temperature taken is generally 2 C̊
less than the temperature gradient that is existing. Equivalent temperature difference is taken
in these calculations.

 Occupancy Load:
Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation commonly called metabolic rate. The
metabolic rate varies with the individuals and with his activity level. The amount of heat
dissipated by the human body by radiation and convection is determined by the difference in
temperature between the body surface and its surrounding. The heat dissipated by evaporation
is determined by the difference in vapor. Pressure between body and the air. The metabolic rate
is 85% for the male, and for children it is about 75%. The excess heat and moisture brought in
by people, where short time occupancy is occurring may increase heat gain from people by as
much as 10%.
 Lighting:
Lights generate sensible heat by the conversion of the electrical power input into light and heat.
The heat is dissipated by radiation to the surrounding surfaces, by conduction into the adjacent
materials and by convection to the surrounding air.
Fluorescent = total light watts*1.25

Incandescent = total light watts
 Appliances:
Most applications contribute both sensible and latent heat to a space. Electric appliances
contribute latent heat, only by virtue of the function they perform that is, drying, cooking, etc.,
whereas gas burning appliances, contribute additional moisture as a product of combustion. A
properly designed hood with a positive exhaust system removes a considerable amount id the
generated heat and moisture from most types of appliances.
 Electric Motors:
Electric motors contribute sensible heat to the space by converting the electrical power input
to heat. Some of this power is dissipated as heat in the motor frame and can be evaluated as:
Input*(1-motor efficiency)
 System Heat Gain:
The system heat gain is considered as the heat added to or lost by the system components, such
as the ducts, piping, air conditioning fan and pump etc. this heat gain must be estimated and
included in the load estimate but can be accurately evaluated only after the system has been
designed.

 Heat Gain from Outside Air:
To estimate the infiltration of air into the conditioned space, the crack method is considered to
become more accurate. The leakage of air is a function of wind pressure difference P, which is
determined by the equation:
dp = 0.00470C2
Where dp is in the cm of WG and C is in Km/hr is the local wind velocity. Tables are available
for infiltration in m/hr/m of crack for different dp values. After the calculation of all these
components of room loads, the room sensible heat and the room latent heat are determined.
 Determination of U factor:
The conduction heat transfer through the walls or roof will depend on its thickness and the
thermal conductivity of the material used. In addition, there will be convection and radiation
from both the outside and inside surfaces. Hence, the steady state heat transfer is expressed in
terms of an overall heat transfer coefficient U and the overall temperature difference between
the outside and inside. Also, a wall may be composite, consisting of many sections of different
construction and insulating materials. For this purpose, all the layers of different materials of
varying thickness ‘X’ and thermal conductivity ‘K’ are to be taken into consideration. The
cross section of the wall, considered for this building with thickness.

Experimental Results
Figure 9: Schematic Section of Ground Floor

Figure 10: Heat Load Sheet - Reception
Floor Plans

Area Calculation Sheet
Glass Wall
Area Height
Floor Area/Zone
North South East West North South East West
Sq.ft. Feet Sq.ft. Sq.ft. Sq.ft. Sq.ft. Sq.ft. Sq.ft. Sq.ft. Sq.ft.
Lounge Area
1399.248 13.12 532 0 0 0 0 0 0 409
1
Ground Lounge Area
1162.104 13.12 441 0 0 0 0 0 409 0
2
Reception 6622.5176 12.46 0 0 0 0 0 368 368
First 1st Cafeteria 6666.5344 13 960 0 0 0 0 0 719 719
Ground Entrance
1755.456 25.59 1370 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
and First Foyer
Office 1 5307.40736 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 777 0
Second 2nd
Office 2 5140.81485 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 0 777
Office 1 3560.08576 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 450 0
Third 3rd
Office 2 3445.78432 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 0 450
Office 1 3560.08576 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 450 0
Fourth 4th
Office 2 3445.78432 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 0 450
Office 1 1941.9719 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 245 0
Fifth 5th
Office 2 1879.3068 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 0 245
Office 1 1941.9719 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 245 0
Sixth 6th
Office 2 1879.3068 13 830 0 0 0 0 0 0 245
Total 49708.3798 207.29 11600.9124 0 0 0 0 0 3661.8445 3662.5005

Inside Conditions : 75 Deg F, DBT, Around 55% RH
FINAL YEAR PROJECT - HVAC (HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING)
Outside Conditions : 104 Deg F DBT, Around 24% RH
Aurangabad Project
SUMMARY OF HEAT LOADS

Equipment Calculated As per Calculated
Sr. Zones/Area Height Area Volume Occupancy Lighting Load ADP
Floor load Capacity Capacity
No. Served
(Ft.) Sq.Ft Cu.ft (Nos.) (W) (W) (0F) TR Deh. Cfm Sq.FT/TR
1 Lounge Area 1 13 1399 18358.1338 42 2098.872 500 56 6.50 3049.68 215.2812722
2 Ground Lounge Area 2 13 1162 15246.8045 35 1743.156 500 56 5.60 2670.68 207.6127143
3 Reception 12.46 6622.518 82516.5693 20 13245.0352 620 52 21.01 8268.90 315.2259422
4 First 1st Cafeteria 13 6667 86664.9472 100 9999.8016 1950 1950 22.39 8850.40 297.7470918
Ground and
5 Entrance Foyer 26 1755 44922.119 18 2633.184 0 57 10.90 5551.50 161.0136333
First
6 Office 1 13 5307 68996.2957 26 10614.81472 6935 57 20.77 11259.66 255.5536479
Second 2nd
7 Office 2 13 5141 66830.593 26 10281.6297 6935 57 20.27 11002.32 253.5703362
8 Office 1 13 3560 46281.1149 18 5340.12864 5015 57 13.61 7024.69 261.6551027
Third 3rd
9 Office 2 13 3446 44795.1962 18 5168.67648 5015 57 13.31 6880.04 258.8219883
10 Office 1 13 3560 46281.1149 18 5340.12864 5015 57 16.70 9144.16 213.1394379
Fourth 4th
11 Office 2 13 3446 44795.1962 18 5168.67648 5015 52 16.39 7030.64 210.273719
12 Office 1 13 1942 25245.6347 10 2912.95785 3930 57 9.91 5389.58 195.8646318
Fifth 5th
13 Office 2 13 1879 24430.9884 10 2818.9602 3930 57 9.76 5313.33 192.545869
14 Office 1 13 1942 25245.6347 10 2912.95785 3935 57 13.32 7718.66 145.8132122
Sixth 6th
15 Office 2 13 1879 24430.9884 10 2818.9602 3935 57 13.05 7566.41 143.9796717
Total 207 49708 665041 379 83098 53230 2736 213 106721 3328
Figure 11: Summary Sheet - Material 1
LAYER MATERIAL SIZE (INCHES) RESISTANCE VALUE
MID Masonry Unit 8 1.11
Inner Concrete Block 2 0.68
Outer sand and gravel aggregate 2 0.25

Inside Conditions : 75 Deg F, DBT, Around 55% RH
FINAL YEAR PROJECT - HVAC (HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING)
Outside Conditions : 104 Deg F DBT, Around 24% RH
Aurangabad Project
SUMMARY OF HEAT LOADS
Sr. Zones/Area Height Area Volume Occupancy Lighting Load Equipment load ADP Calculated Capacity As per Calculated Capacity
Floor
No. Served
(Ft.) Sq.Ft Cu.ft (Nos.) (W) (W) (0F) TR Deh. Cfm Sq.FT/TR
1 Lounge Area 1 13 1399 18358.13376 42 2098.872 500 56 6.22 3049.68 224.9893523
2 Ground Lounge Area 2 13 1162 15246.80448 35 1743.156 500 56 5.30 2670.68 219.2583018
3 Reception 12.46 6622.5176 82516.5693 20 13245.0352 620 52 20.23 8268.90 327.3366368

4 First 1st Cafeteria 13 6667 86664.9472 100 9999.8016 1950 1950 21.61 9013.23 308.5185411
5 Ground and First Entrance Foyer 26 1755 44922.11904 18 2633.184 0 57 10.62 5551.50 165.2961958
6 Office 1 13 5307 68996.29568 26 10614.81472 6935 57 19.47 11309.39 272.6508335
Second 2nd
7 Office 2 13 5141 66830.59302 26 10281.6297 6935 57 18.99 11002.20 270.771724
8 Office 1 13 3560 46281.11488 18 5340.12864 5015 57 13.61 7024.60 261.6575459
Third 3rd
9 Office 2 13 3446 44795.19616 18 5168.67648 5015 57 12.81 6879.97 269.0230024
10 Office 1 13 3560 46281.11488 18 5340.12864 5015 57 15.59 9144.07 228.4196167
Fourth 4th
11 Office 2 13 3446 44795.19616 18 5168.67648 5015 52 15.33 7043.04 224.744005
12 Office 1 13 1942 25245.6347 10 2912.95785 3930 57 9.52 5389.53 203.9756514
Fifth 5th
13 Office 2 13 1879 24430.9884 10 2818.9602 3930 57 9.39 5313.30 200.1963157
14 Office 1 13 1942 25245.6347 10 2912.95785 3935 57 12.29 7718.61 157.948116
Sixth 6th
15 Office 2 13 1879 24430.9884 10 2818.9602 3935 57 12.07 7566.37 155.6850473
Total 207 49708 665041 379 83098 53230 2736 203 106945 3490
Figure 12: Summary Sheet - Material 2
LAYER MATERIAL SIZE (INCHES) RESISTANCE VALUE
MID hollow clay tile 8 1.85
Inner stone facing 2 0.08
Outer sand aggregate, plaster 2 0.2

4.4 System Selection
Choice of Chiller
Chillers are used to help cool the air entering the AHU (Air Handling Unit), but the basis of
choice lies on number of factors to consider.
Below is the Summary of preliminary calculations carried out: -
Tonnage
Floors CFM
TR
Ground 19070.56 33.41
First 10321.89 24.95
Second 24319.89 44.05
Third 15955.03 29.92
Fourth 17736.31 35.65
Fifth 12223.46 21.90
Sixth 16478.25 28.11
Total 116105.39 217.99
The tonnage of Heat load required to cool is: 218 TR

The variety of chillers available in market are dictated by Energy Sources, Cooling providing
methods, the refrigerant fluids used, Compression or absorption techniques and Coefficient of
performance on basis on tonnage.
Basic Choice
A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption
refrigeration cycle. The first criteria of choice are whether to choose Compression or absorption
technique for chillers.
Vapour Compression Vapour absorption
This system employs an electrically driven This system uses a heat source such as steam or
mechanical compressor which forces the hot water to move the refrigerant around the
refrigerant around the system system.
Electric motor driven chillers are rated in Absorption chillers are rated in fuel consumption
kilowatts of electricity per ton cooling. per ton cooling

Using the reference:
The Compression Chiller is shortlisted, on basis of COP and Fluid range it provides with good
refrigerants.
Compressor Chiller Choice

Furthermore, the compression Chillers are sub-divided by parameters such as the compressor
types (Screw, centrifugal, or scroll compressors), fluids used (air-cooled or water-cooled), and
the refrigerants one could employ or implement.
To choose the fluid we use the following tables from different standards and ASHRAE tables.
Chilled water side components are largely the same in air-cooled and water-cooled systems
(differences may be number of chillers, pumps, piping configuration on primary)
 Differences -
Water Cooled Chillers Air cooled Chillers
Mostly scroll or screw compressors are used. Mostly screw or centrifugal compressors are used.
R134a, R1233zd, R1234ze refrigerants could be

R410, R134a refrigerants could be used
used
Water-cooled chillers – cooling medium water –

Air-cooled chillers – cooling medium is air-
condenser approaches WB (Wet Bulb
condenser approaches DB (Dry Bulb temperatures)
Temperatures)
Water-cooled system requires a cooling tower
Air-cooled system does not
system

It has a variety of components: Cooling towers,
It has lesser components, with main ones being the
Condenser water pumps, Make-up water pumps,
chiller themselves, pumps and pipe or ductwork
Chillers, TES reservoirs, Humidifiers
Used in basements and roof Used on rooftops generally.
Water-cooled chillers are more efficient because water-cooled chillers or rather the cooling towers
they condense depending on the ambient use a humid air stream (ambient air stream + water
temperature bulb temperature, which is lower spray) while the air-cooled chillers use a current of
than the ambient dry bulb temperature ambient air, hence are less eficient
smaller size Larger size
Cheaper unit Expensive unit

Higher lifespan Lower lifespan
Quiter and safer Fan Noise
Less efficient in Humidity Similar performance throughout

 Key Differences in terms of Cooling
Difference in Real estate or space – Air Cooled Chillers occupy roof top space, require bigger
surface areas for heat rejection, meanwhile Water-cooled chillers occupy basement and rooftop
space. One could see the table below by ASHRAE data, which shows the space consumed in
m vs the load.
Difference in First cost or initial capital – Air Cooled chillers require the chiller component
only (which could include additional chilled water pumps for bigger plants). Water Cooled
chillers employ, cooling towers, piping, instruments, pumps, and the chiller component itself.

Difference in efficiency - AC chillers possess an average of 4.5, while WC chillers have an
average PLV of 7, making them much more efficient coolers than air counterparts.
Note that: Not all chillers are equal. Water-cooled chillers could be optimized to PLV ranges
such as 6 to 10, and even, Air-cooled chillers could be optimized with PLV ranges from 4 to
5.5. This could occur due to:
1. Implementing number of chillers to optimize
2. Pump and piping configurations could be made optimal.
3. Trade of Utilities/studies to determine extra capital expenditure.
Other Differences -
a. Availability of Utilities such as power supply

b. Water restrictions or amount of water usage required.
c. Indoor Locations - Both air-cooled and water-cooled chiller variants can be installed in an
indoor location. However, additional space considerations must be made for air-cooled chillers.
This is because air-cooled chillers require access to enough ambient air to function properly.
Situating an air-cooled chiller in a poorly ventilated indoor space will hamper its cooling
abilities and reduce its efficiency. By comparison, water chillers can be installed in areas with
minimal ventilation as their cooling towers can be placed on the building’s exterior.
d. Outdoor Locations - Opting for an air-cooled chiller in an outdoor setting is advantageous as
there is unlimited access to a high flow of the ambient air required to facilitate coolant chilling.
Water-cooled chiller systems are seldom situated in an outdoor location.
e. Environments with Elevated Temperature - Water-cooled chillers are the best choice for
installation in industrial areas with high thermal outputs. Air-cooled units will perform poorly
in areas with elevated temperatures as the chillers and cooling towers will struggle dissipate
the heat held within the coolant tubing.
f. Locations with Poor Water Supply - The choice in situations where there is a poor supply of
water is easy. An air-cooled chiller is the best choice in such cases if it is installed in an

adequately ventilated area. Available water can, therefore, be channelled into other production
processes where it is indispensable.
g. Environmental Regulations - Local or regional regulations on industrial effluents is a critical
issue to address when choosing a chiller system. In this regard, an air-cooled chiller is more
advantageous as there is no concern about the release of waste materials into the environment.
Wastewater from open-loop water-cooled chillers will require treatment before release back
into natural water bodies which imply additional cost on operators.
h. Delivery & Installation - Most air-cooled chillers are “packed systems.” The system, including
the condenser, compressor, and evaporator, is designed, and configured at the factory for
optimal performance and reliability, which reduces design and delivery time and simplifies
installation. Water-cooled chillers have the added complexities of condenser-water piping,
pumps, cooling towers, and controls.

4.5 3D Model of a Commercial Building

4.6 Life cost analysis
One should not directly compare just the performance of air-cooled chillers with water-cooled
chillers. We require modelling of the system to take all the users into account, component costs,
efficiencies, and running power cost and maintenance analysis as well.
Basic Units
COP = Coefficient of performance=kWR/kWe (Refrigeration produced/electricity consumed)
EER = Energy efficiency ratio =kWR/kWe (Refrigeration produced/electricity consumed)
COP/EER represent performance at one condition usually. (Normally 100%)
Full Load COP is not that important, rather seasonal efficiency provides a much better
indication of chiller efficiency, since the building load varies, and weather conditions change.
Efficiency ratios are the IPLV-Part load Value (US) and SEER-Seasonal Efficiency ratio
(EUR)
Hence, the SEER poses as a good resolve rating for choice of chiller. Another table depicting
them, is given below.

Full Load Efficiency
Indicating the efficiency of the chiller at its peak load condition, full-load efficiency is the ratio
of the cooling capacity to the total power input at peak load (when the chiller is running to
satisfy the maximum cooling demand of the building)
1. Predicts performance at a single operation point.
2. Does not anticipate how equipment will respond during off-design conditions.
3. Equipment with excellent full-load characteristics may have less than satisfactory part-load
characteristics
Studies conducted by AHRI show that chillers run at full load only 1% of the time.
Part Load Efficiency (IPLV / NPLV)
When designing any chiller plant, part load efficiency must be taken into consideration since
99% of the operating hours for any chiller are on part load conditions. “Part Load” means not
only reduced tons of cooling required, but also reduced lift (difference between evaporator and
condenser temperatures which the compressor must overcome)
The Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) is a performance characteristic developed by the Air-
Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI). It is most used to describe the
performance of a chiller capable of capacity modulation. Unlike full load efficiency, which
describes the efficiency at full load conditions only, the IPLV is derived from the equipment
efficiency while operating at various capacities. Since a chiller does not always run at 100%
capacity, the full load EER, COP or kW/TR is not an ideal representation of the typical
equipment performance. The IPLV / NPLV is a very important value to consider since it can
affect energy usage and operating costs throughout the lifetime of the equipment.
IPLV is derived considering weighted average of 4 loading points (25%, 50%, 75% & 100%)
– most appropriate reference.
IPLV = 0.01A+0.42B+0.45C+0.12D; where A, B, C & D are the COP values at 4 loading
points, respectively.
Ratings -
Air cooled System Rating Water cooled system ratings
Full load EER or kW/ton-Energy consumed per ton

EER-Energy efficiency ratio
at full capacity and design condenser water.
SEER-Seasonal Energy efficiency ratio (<5
IPLV-Integrated Part load value in EER or kW/Ton
tons)
@AHRI
IEER-Integrated Energy efficiency ratio
NPLV-Non-standard part load value in EER or
(>6tons)
kW/ton @custom full load but AHRI part load

EER= Net capacity (Btuh)/Total input power (W) [ W= Compressor + Indoor fan + outdoor
fan]
Both full load and part load efficiencies can be measured in kW/ton, EER (Btu/Wh) or COP.
Factors influencing Life cost analysis.

1. Location and ambient conditions
2. Building construction
3. Building Load
4. Occupancy
5. Initial design choices
a. How efficiently system runs.
b. How system is run, optimization etc.
6. Tariff structure –peak, standard, off peak, maximum demand etc.
Definition
It is an economic method of determining and comparing the total cost of investment and various
design alternatives over a period (also called Life cycle period), by
projecting/discounting/compounding all initial and incremental costs which in terms of HVAC,
include:
1. Acquisition cost
2. Energy costs
3. Maintenance costs
LCC = Acquisition + Energy + Maintenance (20yr)
Energy rates used are: Electricity, gas, other utilities such as oil, steam, and water. The rates itself
could be time of the usage, tiered, demand changes, or flat.
Assumptions for Life cost analysis:

1. No VAT is included in chiller, energy, or labour prices.
2. 2% energy and labour inflation are assumed.

3. No purchase price inflation is assumed.
4. No currency inflation or deflation
Chiller performance is based on actual selections and normalized to averages that are
considered typical for the generic type of compressor/chiller. Differences between
manufactures do exist and will change results to some degree. All chillers include grooved
connections, unit mounted reduced voltage starter or VFD, main disconnect and thermal
insulation of the evaporator.
Actual Table of Life Cost analysis

Using Tables of ASHRAE and other reference. Assuming to be screw type compressor driven.
Parameter Water cooled Air cooled

Chiller Energy use (Full Load) (kW/ton) ^2 0.6 1.225
Project Full Load (kW^2) 0.6*218=130.8 1.225*218=267.05
Chiller Energy use (IPLV) (kW/ton) ^2 0.4 0.941
Project IPLV (kW^2) 0.4*218=87.2 0.941*218=205.138
Chilled Water Plant Room At Utility
Chiller at Roof with Chilled
Space requirement Room In Basement, Cooling Tower
water (CHW) systems
At Roof Level Or In Open Yard
Redundancy (form of resilience that ensures
system availability in the event of Very Good Very Good
component failure)
System Life 18-22 years 13-16 years
System Capacity (Ton) 500 500
Average Capacity (Ton) 290 290
Condenser pump (HP) -
30 HP or 22.37 kW
Condenser Pump Energy Usage (kW) -
Filtration System Pump (HP) -
3 HP or 2.23 kW
Filtration Pump Energy Usage -
Cooling tower Fan (HP) 30 HP or 22.37 kW -
Fan Energy Usage (kW) 5 -
4380 hours or 182.5 days or half a 4380 hours or 182.5 days or
Hours of Operation [Integrated Part Load
year (assumed 12 hours a day half a year (assumed 12
value]
operation) hours a day operation)
Peak Energy Demand (kW) 345 628
Chiller Energy Usage (kW) 116 273
Power Consumption per hour (KWh) 58 145
Daily energy consumption in kW (operating
964.44 1740
hours 12)
Annual Energy Consumption (kWh for
4380 Hours of CT (cooling tower) 352020.6 635100
operation)
Annual Energy Cost (365 days per
₹
annum & Rs.8/unit cost) or Energy ₹
28.16
charge in LACS 50.81

A water-cooled chiller thus, uses nearly half the amount of energy than the air-cooled system even after
amounting the energy consumption of fan and pumps. The annual energy cost for water cooled chillers is also
lesser than the air-cooled counter part
Water costs
Water consumption assumed 1400 LPH -
Annual Water cost (4 COC [cycles of ₹
-
concentration]) in LACS 7.03
₹
Annual Sewage Cost (4 COC) in LACS -
3.22
₹
Annual Chemical Treatment cost in LACS -
2.96
Total Annual Water related cost (in ₹
-
LACS) 13.21
A water-cooled chiller thus, requires additional costs for it water and circulation units.
Maintenance cost
Maintenance cost of cooling tower/year in ₹
-
LACS 1.35
₹ ₹
Total operating cost per year in LACS
42.72 50.81
₹ ₹
Lifecycle cost for 15 years in LACS
640.81 762.12
Thus, water cooled chillers lead to saving of almost 8.2 lakhs every year which is nearly 16% savings on annual
operating costs
LIFE COST, assuming a 500-ton system
₹ ₹
Capital cost of chiller in LACS
46.25 30.00
₹
Condenser water pump in LACS -
22.00
₹
Condenser water piping in LACS -
18.00
₹ ₹
Installation cost in LACS
50.00 75.00
₹ ₹
Total One-time cost in LACS
136.25 105.00
Complete Cost
₹ ₹
Total cost (in LACS)
178.97 155.81
₹
Additional cost or difference (in LACS) -
23.16
Even though the cost of water-cooled chillers exceeds, in total, in the long run, much more efficiency is obtained
along with quite less maintenance
The above conclusions are self-explanatory and lay foundation regarding the firmness of our
choice towards water-cooled chillers.

 Extras
Some definitions used in LC Analysis.
 Diversity
Diversity refers to the fluctuating loads that occur in most any commercial or institutional
building or facility throughout a 24-hour period. Loads naturally vary for all of the following
reasons:
1. The movement of people from one space to another throughout the day. Obviously, the people
in a building or facility cannot be everywhere at once. (E.g., students migrate from classrooms
to the cafeteria, to the dorms, etc. throughout the day.)
2. The east, south, west, and north exposures of a building heat up at different times throughout
the day. This impacts the “solar” load on a building’s cooling system.
3. And, to a lesser degree, the opening and closing of doors also has some impact on the heat loss
and heat gain of the building.
All of this creates diversity in the system, which means that peak loads do not (cannot) occur
in every part of a facility all at once. Here are some very general rules of thumb for diversity
in buildings:
 0.85 for systems up to 25 tons.

 0.80 for systems from 25 tons to 100 tons.
 0.75 for systems larger than 100 tons.
 ODU, IDU and DX
A split conditioner is divided into two separate units where compressor and condenser is the
part of an external unit ODU (Outdoor Unit) whereas the internal unit has the evaporative part
which we may call as IDU (Indoor Unit). DX stands for direct expansion cooling.
In DX cooling equipment, a refrigerant coil is placed directly in the supply air stream. As the
refrigerant evaporates and expands, it removes energy, lowering the temperature of the supply
air stream.
 Factors affecting Chiller Efficiency:
In order to understand chiller efficiency, we must understand that the purpose of a chiller is to
remove heat from any building’s chiller water circuit and to reject it to the ambient by using
either an air-cooled condenser (For Air Cooled Chillers) or a combination of water cooled
condenser / cooling tower (For Water Cooled Chillers). In both cases, most of the power
applied to the chillers is for the compressor which will pump the refrigerant between the
evaporator and the condenser. The compressor takes up most of the power consumption for the
chiller as it lifts the refrigerant from a low temperature / low pressure state in the evaporator to
a high temperature / high pressure state in the condenser.

To have a chiller which runs efficiently, the lift between refrigerant temperature in the
evaporator and condenser must be minimized. This can be done by selecting leaving chilled
water at a relatively higher temperature (i.e., use of 7°C instead of 5°C leaving chilled water
temperature will reduce the amount of lift required for the compressor and help improve the
efficiency of the chiller). Design of Evaporator and Condenser can also have significant impact
on the overall efficiency of the chiller. For example, use of Microchannel Condenser coil for
air cooled chillers can improve the efficiency by around 4% for the same size chiller as
compared to traditional round tube plate fin coils. Using 3 pass evaporator instead of 2 passes
can also improve the efficiency of the chiller. Larger heat exchangers yield higher full load
efficiency. Hybrid Falling film evaporators are more efficient than the traditional DX and
Flooded type evaporators and can increase the overall efficiency of the chiller by approximately
5%.

Condensing refrigerant temperature depends on the ambient conditions and cannot be
controlled. However, condensing temperatures reduce during off-design conditions (When the
ambient temperature is lower than the design condition). Studies conducted by AHRI show that
99% of the time, the chiller encounters ambient conditions lower than the design condition. In
such instances, use of compressor having Variable Speed Drive can help achieve higher part
load efficiencies. Using Variable Speed Condenser fans can also help in achieving better part
load efficiencies. Other operational factors which can affect efficiency include condenser and
evaporator fouling.
Further Types
Major Manufactures of chillers include Trane, McQuay and Carrier, whose state efficiency
between 0.6 to 0.8 kW/ton. Each manufacturer has their own variations and names of chillers,
but the thermodynamics remain same.
The only notable differences are the compressor types:
a. Screw
b. Scroll
c. Helical Rotary
d. Centrifugal
e. Absorption
From the table provided by Danfoss, Centrifugal, screw and scroll compressors seem like a
good fit.
For Hot weather like climate in Aurangabad, Centrifugal and Dual Screw again are good
choices with their annual energy consumption being on the lower side.

Thus, centrifugal seems optimal. Other reasons-
1. Centrifugal compressors enable oil-free chiller design.
2. Variable speed centrifugal chillers optimize energy efficiency by matching speed to pressure
requirements.
3. Centrifugal chillers can achieve much higher EER’s than the study assumptions, especially
with multistage economized configurations.
4. Centrifugal chillers can move to Low GWP (Global Warming potential) refrigerants cost
effectively.
 Types of Cooling Tower
 Natural Draft Type
 Induced Draft Type
 Forced Draft Type

Some Additional enhancements to Water Cooled Chillers
 Cooling Tower changes-
 Controllers-
Standard Office Building-ASHRAE specifics:

1. Floor by floor VFD AHU with VAV electric reheat terminals.
2. Two equal sized chillers in parallel with variable speed secondary pumps, cooling tower per
chiller with VFD fans, two-way valves at AHU with primary-secondary bypass.
3. Chillers oversized by 15%.
4. Airside economizer option

Inferences
1. Using the full load duty could be misleading (actual building load vs installed capacity).
2. Using COP overstates your costs and your savings.
3. Using PLV reduces the exaggeration but may not be specific enough.
4. Modelling the costs provides the most accurate representation - but even here assumptions are
made!
5. Building load may not be 100% accurate.
6. Weather data will vary.
7. Chiller, cooling tower and pump performance needs to be accurate.
8. Variable speed and dual compressor control deliver significant energy benefits, when applied
to a wide range of building types and climates.
9. Oil-free design eliminates oil fouling of flooded heat exchangers, which sustains energy
efficiency over the life of the system.
10. Oil-free, magnetic bearing design has lower annual maintenance and no periodic bearing
inspections. Vibration monitoring is built- in to the compressor as standard.
11. Every project is unique, and Life Cycle Costing is a valuable tool that can be used to look at
the chiller options available.
12. Life Cycle Costing is used as a decision tool between different options.
13. The owner is interested in the performance of his or her building in its actual location, not
typical conditions. Weather can have a significant impact on the performance of water-cooled
chillers whose compression ratios are highly influenced by the wet bulb temperature. Use of
the IPLV metric will not take local weather into account. Ignoring local weather can be a
significant source of error in chiller energy evaluations and may result in the purchase of sub-
optimal equipment and actual performance well below predicted levels. However, local
weather data collected from objective sources (independent of manufacturers) is readily
available and can be used to increase the accuracy of the energy evaluation. The SPLV method
uses the local weather data rather than typical.
14. Chiller Staging – The number of hours a chiller spends at 100%, 75% 50% and 25% load varies
significantly on the number of chillers in the plant room used to meet the building load. As the
number of chillers in the system increase, the run hours chillers spend at low load decreases.
For example, in a 3-chiller building, the building load would have to be less than 17% before
the last chiller on would unload to 50%. IPLV is based on a single chiller plant and will place
57% of the hours at 50% load or less. Clearly, we do not expect a building to operate at 17%
load or less 57% of the time! Using IPLV weightings intended for single chiller plants to
evaluate chillers applied into multiple chiller plants can be a large source of error in energy
evaluations. SPLV address this by assigning weights to the load bins based on chiller staging.
15. Economizers – The IPLV formula is not dependent upon whether air or water side economizers
are used. However, these devices can significantly reduce the number of low loads, cold
weather hours water cooled chillers are exposed to. Like chiller staging, this can have a
significant impact on the respective weights of each chiller load bin. A chiller may perform
very well with 25% load and cold condenser water, but if the system is using a water side
economizer, it may never actually run there. If that same chiller was a poor performer at higher
loads, an IPLV based evaluation will often result in a purchase of a chiller that draws more
energy than other chillers evaluated even if those other chillers had a less attractive IPLV!
Key points
1. No single correct choices, it depends on circumstances and conditions.
2. Rules of thumb like ours are very helpful.
3. Decide what is important to client and optimize the constraints.
a. Air cooled-optimize usage, scheduling, heat recovery, real estate.
b. Water-cooled – as above, optimize type of cooling tower or water treatment & maintenance
strategy.
4. Analyse your system for your requirements. No systems are alike.

CHAPTER 05. CONCLUSION
A commercial building can be made energy-efficient by using an Appropriate system for

heating and cooling when paired up with a traditional HVAC system. This system utilizes
water/air temperatures for heating and cooling surfaces available from natural sources like
atmospheric air along with chiller systems. It works at temperature close to the surrounding
temperature and results in reduction in energy consumption. For a sustainable HVAC system,
the main aim is to gain thermal comfort by the utilization of minimum amount of energy and
proper conditioning of the indoor air along with the quality ventilation. The air is mostly cooled
more than the required temperature by after mixing with the indoor air it comes at the target
temperature. Puncture in ducts or conditioned air supply can lead to drop in the heating or
cooling capacity by 38%. The whole HVAC system should work CONTINUOUSLY to
achieve the peak performance.

References
[1] Cooling Load Calculations and Principles - A. Bhatia
[2] Enhancing Sustainability of Buildings by Using Underfloor Air Conditioning Systems -

Sam C. M. Hui and Yuguo Li
[3] Optimal Design of Multi-zone Air-conditioning Systems for Buildings Requiring Strict
Humidity Control - Shengwei Wang, Chaoquin Zhuang.
[4] Evaluation of Variable Volume and Temperature HVAC System for commercial and
residential buildings - Morteza M. Ardehali and Theodore F. Smith
[5] Application of multi - criteria analysis in designing HVAC systems – A. Avgelis, A. M.

Papadopoulos
[6] Evaluation of energy-efficient design strategies: Comparison of the thermal performance

of energy - efficient office buildings in composite climate, India - Farheen Bano, Vandana
Sehgal
[7] Design and adaptability of photovoltaic air conditioning system based on office buildings -
Yingya Chen, Yanfeng Liu, Jingrui Liu, Xi Luo, Dengjia Wang
[8] Analysis of the Design of an HVAC System in a Public Building – Zongyi Shao, Hongbing
Chen, Ping Wei
[9] Fundamental of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - Ochi M. and Ohsumi K.
10] Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System for Southern Africa - Bvumbe, J. and
Inambao F. L
[11] M. Design of a Solar Absorption Cooling System - Tsoutsos T., Aloumpi E., Gkouskos
Z., and Karagiorgas
[12] R. Fundamentals of HVAC Systems – McDowall
[13] Solar Assisted Space Cooling - Tau, S., Khan, I., and Uken E. A.
[14] Study of Photovoltaic and Inverter Characteristics – Saad S. S., Daut I., Misrun M. I.,
Champakeow S., and Ahmad N. S.
[15] Principles of Air Conditioning - Lang V. P.

[16] Solar Photovoltaic Power: Design and Installation - S. Shaari, A. M. Omar, A. H. Haris,
S. I. Sulaiman and K. S. Muhammad
[17] Analysis of energy efficiency retrofit schemes for heating, ventilating.

and air-conditioning systems in existing office buildings based on the modified bin method -
Zhaoxia Wang, Yan Ding, Geng Geng, Neng Zhu
[18] Design and Drafting of Hvac, Central Air Conditioning System for An Office Building -
K. Ratna Kumari, A. Raji Reddy, M. Vidya Sagar
[19] ASHRAE Handbook
[20] ISHRAE Handbook
[21] CARRIER Handbook
[22] Net Zero Energy Efficient Buildings
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REPORT ON HVAC DESIGN OF A BUILDING

Technical Report · May 2021

HVAC design of Building View project

LPG Refrigerator View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Sr. No. Contents Page No

3 Problem Statement & Project Objective 20

4.1 Study of Location and surrounding

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1.2 History of HVAC System

Figure 1: An array of air conditioners outside a commercial office building

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1.3 Basics of HVAC System

1.3.1 Some Basic Terms Related to HVAC System

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 Dew Point Temperature

 Relative humidity (RH)

 Sensible heat gain

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Figure 2: Basic Refrigeration Cycle

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1.5 Types of Air Conditioning System

1.5.1 Window air conditioner

 Parts of the Window Air Conditioners:

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 Limitations of Window AC:

1.5.2 Split air conditioning

 Advantages of split air conditioning:

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The compressive study of existing information related to HVAC system –

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3.2 Project Objective

1. Proper selection of efficient material

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4.1.1 HVAC System Evolution

4.1.2 Owner’s Needs

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 What Influences HVAC design?

4.1.3 Design aspects for HVAC System

4.1.4 Details of architecture

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4.1.5 Details of Space allocation

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Figure 7 Source: ISHRAE Handbook

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4.2.1 Form and Orientation