CASES — TEXT — MATERIALS

S C H L E S I N G E R’S

COMPARATIVE LAW

SEVENTH EDITION

by
UGO A. MATTEI
Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of
International and Comparative Law,
University of California, Hastings College of Law
Professore Ordinario di Diritto Civile,
Universita’ di Torino
Academic Coordinator, The International University College

TEEMU RUSKOLA
Professor of Law, Emory University School of Law

ANTONIO GIDI
Assistant Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center
This publication was created to provide you with accurate and authoritative information concerning the
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 To the memory of
RUDOLF BERTHOLD SCHLESINGER
1909–1996

iii
PREFACE

It is with a profound sense of both humility and pride that we write

this preface to the seventh edition of R.B. Schlesinger’s Comparative Law.
This was not only the first and leading casebook on the subject in the
United States for the past sixty years, but it is also known and cited
worldwide more than any other American casebook in any field and more
than any other comparative law book published anywhere. Indeed, ‘‘the
Schlesinger’’ is the almost casual product of a towering twentieth-century
intellectual, a man of a stupendous range of knowledge, humanity, and
brilliance who, like many others before World War II, came to the United
States to escape Nazi brutality.
Schlesinger left Germany in 1933 as a fully formed German lawyer and
legal scholar. Upon arriving in the United States, he taught himself
English, obtained a new U.S. legal education at Columbia law School
(where he was the first and quite likely the only non-native Editor in Chief
of the Columbia Law Review), and (after the usual U.S. practicing cursus
honorum) he accepted a teaching job at Cornell Law School. The first
edition of this book, published in 1950, consisted of the teaching materials
of the young German comparative law professor. One of Schlesinger’s
colleagues had given them to an editor at Foundation Press who was
visiting at Cornell when Schlesinger happened to be out of town. In fact,
Schlesinger came to know of the book only when, to his surprise, he
received the proofs in the mail.1 Schlesinger attended alone to several
subsequent editions, which were published roughly every ten years. For the
fifth edition (1988), he was joined by a distinguished team of co-authors:
Hans Baade (Texas), Mirjan Damaška (Yale), and Peter Herzog (Syracuse).
For the sixth edition (1998), Damaška left the team and was substituted by
Edward Wise (Wayne State), while Schlesinger himself still remained an
active lead author. Unfortunately, he never saw the final edition, because
in 1996 he left this world together with his beloved lifetime companion,
Puti.
The honor and responsibility to keep the book alive was bestowed by
Schlesinger himself on Ugo Mattei, a former student and successor to the
Chair of Comparative Law that Schlesinger held at the Hastings College of
the Law at the time of his death. The project for this edition was initiated
under the leadership of Hans Baade, early in 2000. Meanwhile, Ed Wise
died prematurely and Baade and Herzog decided not to be involved in the
project any more. Subsequently, Teemu Ruskola and Antonio Gidi (who
took care of civil procedure) joined the team. Through a process of accre-
1. The story is told in the posthumous-
ly published R.B. Schlesinger, Memoir (Ugo
Mattei & Andrea Pradi eds.2000).

v
vi PREFACE

tion, the Schlesinger has grown considerably over time, incorporating new
work with each edition. The new team owes their first and greatest debt to
their predecessors. Without their work, this book could never have been
kept alive.
The philosophy of this seventh edition is best described as an apparent-
ly radical departure that belies a deeper intellectual continuity. The world
and the scholarly community have changed enormously not only from 1950,
which is obvious, but also in the intervening years since the publication of
the sixth edition, which have witnessed unprecedented historical and
intellectual transformations worldwide. (The fifth edition was published
one year before the fall of the Berlin Wall). When the sixth edition was
written, self-congratulatory Western ‘‘rule of law’’ rhetoric was at its peak.
The Cold War, the onset of which had coincided with the publication of the
first edition, was finally over, and the category of ‘‘socialist law’’ was fast
disappearing from comparative legal scholarship. Questions regarding the
convergence versus divergence of civil law and common law again occupied
the center stage. Fortunately, the Schlesinger did not go as far in this
direction as other dominant books in the field (e.g. Zweigert & Kötz), yet it
too reflected the intellectual climate in which it was produced. During this
same period, there emerged a younger cohort of scholars with interests
beyond the traditional comparison between continental Europe and the
United States. Again, it might have been because of the economic rise of
Asia and the relative decline of Europe, but there was an increasing sense
of urgency that a broader perspective is needed and that non-Western legal
knowledge needs to be integrated with the mainstream study of compara-
tive law, rather than segregating it in Area Studies or under the notion of
‘‘radically different cultures.’’
At the same time, with accelerating globalization the state was losing
its centrality as the main producer and repository of law, and the structural
linkage between law, sovereignty, and statehood was questioned even
within the mainstream legal scholarship. Comparative lawyers were well
aware of both supranational and subnational producers of law and of the
need to incorporate them in a comparative framework. Meanwhile, post–
9/11 legal transformations in the United States, Europe and the Middle
East put tremendous stress on the rule of law in the West, yet they also
provoked greater scholarly interest in understanding Islam and the legal
experiences of the global South.
Some important conferences have been convened, and some important
articles, monographs and even a few textbooks have been published that
seek to take account of these various developments and their significance
for the mainstream of comparative law. But the new editions of various
comparative law casebooks, which remain crucial as the first introduction
for most U.S. students to the subject, have remained largely unchanged as
far as their basic organization and orientation are concerned. This is simply
no longer tenable. In adapting the Schlesinger to the new circumstances of
the twenty-first century, we have sought to return to the book’s original
 PREFACE vii

philosophy. Given that from its inception the book has tended to focus on
comparing the legal systems of various Western states, this may sound
somewhat paradoxical.
The first edition of the Schlesinger was an extraordinary reflection of
the state of the world at the time. Most fundamentally, it was motivated by
a desire to re-open a vital dialogue between Europe and the United States,
in order to re-establish a notion of international legality in the aftermath of
the catastrophe of World War II. It also provided comparative law with an
important first interpretation of legal realism, the most advanced scholarly
paradigm of the time which gave the United States a considerable world-
wide advantage. In this edition we went back to the principles of the
original book. How would R.B Schlesinger have written his casebook today?
His work always arose out of teaching which in turn focused on key legal
transformations. Today, this means paying considerable attention to the
East and the South as well to the changing sources of the law. Insofar as
Schlesinger sought to open a dialogue where it was most urgent, today that
means turning toward China and the Islamic world, most notably. And
honoring Schlesinger’s desire to incorporate cutting edge scholarship and
new methods translates today to the adoption of a multi-disciplinary
perspective that goes beyond the old state-centered paradigm.
We have sought to accomplish all of this, even though our intellectual
capacities fall far short of those of R.B. Schlesinger. We have adopted the
original three part structure of the first edition, with its first part devoted
to method, its second part to sources and its third to in-depth study of
specific issues. We have re-envisioned and ‘‘globalized’’ the first and the
second parts of the book as much as possible. The third part now includes
the dialogue on procedure with Comparovich (not included in the first
edition) adapted by Professor Gidi. It now reflects more faithfully the early
evolution of the case book, with some new materials on China and Islamic
law.
In the ten-plus years during which the lead author has collected
materials to set up the team and follow new developments, many genera-
tions of Hastings students have been involved directly or indirectly in this
project. The lead author was a student at Hastings when the fifth edition
first came out and he has taught for fifteen years from the fifth and sixth
editions, even as they were growing increasingly obsolete. Thanks to
students and their feedback, various organizational issues became evident.
Important contributions came from Claire Harvey, Vanina Shakutrukul,
Boris Mamlyuk, Cosmos Eubani, Saki Bailey, Avi Singh, Jacob Linetsky,
Brian Walsh, Regina Burch, and many others.
When the final drafting took place, a team of Hastings students
provided crucial assistance. Leah Price, Yuan Feng, Dong Ho Yoo, Joshua
Horowitz, Wendy Yang, James Dallal, Candice Hyton, Matthew Haluk, and
Mattew Watts all provided us with hours and hours of volunteer help.
Without their help and friendship this edition would not have been possi-
ble.
viii PREFACE

Various scholars and friends were also kind enough to read portions of
the manuscript as well as to provide suggestions, updates, and other help
(without of course bearing responsibility for the inevitable flaws of the final
product). Among them we thank especially Abdullahi An-na’im, David
Bederman, Luisa Antoniolli, Mauro Bussani, David L. Eng, Ahmed Feiz,
Martha Fineman, Francesca Fiorentini, Elisabetta Grande, Michele Grazia-
dei, Marta Infantino, Luca Pes, Mathias Reimann, Kim Lane Scheppele,
and Tibor Varady. We have discussed the project with Ralph Michaels and
Franz Werro whom we also wish to thank.
Antonio Gidi has edited and adapted the entire part related to civil
procedure: Chapter 6 (sections 3 and 4); Chapter 7 (section 8); Chapter 8
(sections 1, 2, 3). He wishes to thank Professor Stefaan Voet for his
invaluable suggestions. He also wishes to thank Sebastien Chain, Florian
Zweifel, and Charlotte Simon.
Ugo Mattei and Teemu Ruskola share responsibility for the rest.
UGO MATTEI &
TEEMU RUSKOLA
Airali, (Turin)
January 26, 2009
ANTONIO GIDI
Houston
January 28, 2009
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

PREFACE MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM v
TABLE OF CASES MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxiii
AUTHOR INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxxi

PART O N E. The Nature of Global Legal Problems MMMMMMMMMMMMMM 1

Chapter 1. Basic Transformations of the Global Legal Context MMMMMM 2

Chapter 2. Integrative and Contrastive Comparison MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 69
Chapter 3. Diffusion of Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 177

PART T W O. Comparison of History and Sources MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 281

Chapter 4. Comparison Involves HistoryMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282

Chapter 5. Codification of the LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 384
Chapter 6. Case LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 477

PART THREE. A Topical Approach to Law in Global Societ-

ies MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 627

Chapter 7. Legal Education and the ProfessionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 628

Chapter 8. Procedure MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 707
Chapter 9. Selected Issues in Private LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 863

INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 1001

xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM v
TABLE OF CASES MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxiii
AUTHOR INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxxi

PART O N E. THE NATURE OF GLOBAL LEGAL

PROBLEMS

Chapter 1. Basic Transformations of the Global Legal Con-

text MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 2

1. Comparative Law and Globalization Processes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 2

Ugo Mattei, An Opportunity not to be Missed. The Future of
Comparative Law in the United States MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3
QuestionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 7
2. Comparative Law and Neighboring Disciplines: Theory and Prac-
tice MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 7
(a) Comparative Law, Conflict of Laws, and International Law MMMMM 8
Mathias Reimann, Beyond National Systems: A Comparative
Law for the International Age MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 10
(b) Comparative Law and Economics: the so-called Washington
Consensus MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 13
The World Development Report 2002, Chapter 6. The Judicial
System MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 15
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 30
3. W.T.O. and Legal Reforms: The Case of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 31
Donald C. Clarke, China’s Legal System and the WTO: Prospects
for Compliance MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 31
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 36
4. Democracy and ‘‘Rule of Law’’ InitiativesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 36
William P. Alford, Exporting the Pursuit of Happiness MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 37
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 41
5. A Caveat on Legal Orientalism MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 42
(a) Problem of Legal Orientalism: Rites or Rights? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 43
Teemu Ruskola, Legal OrientalismMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 43
(b) Note on the ‘‘Ritual of Rights’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 47
6. The Comparative Method as an Approach to Legal Scholarship MMMMMM 48
R.B. Schlesinger, The Past and Future of Comparative Law MMMMMMMMMMM 50
QuestionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 52
7. Comparative Law in Domestic Legal PracticeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 52
Roper v. SimmonsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 57
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 63
Ugo Mattei, A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony
and the Latin Resistance MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 66
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 68

xiii
xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 2. Integrative and Contrastive Comparison MMMMMMMMMMMM 69

Part 1. Integrative Comparison: Bridging the Differences Among

Legal Systems

1. Global Legal Integration MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 70

2. Regional Integration MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 73
(a) European Union Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 74
Flaminio Costa v. E.N.E.L. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 75
NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend
& Loos v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration MMMMMMMM 76
Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. Simmenthal SpA 78
Andrea Francovich and Daniela Bonifaci and others v. Italian
Republic MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 80
Criminal Proceedings against Maria PupinoMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 82
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 85
(b) South America MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 89
Samuel A. Arieti, Development: The Role of MERCOSUR as a
Vehicle for Latin American Integration MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 89
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 94
3. Functional Integration: Is There a Common Core of Legal Sys-
tems? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 95
(a) What should we compare? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 95
(b) The Cornell Hypothesis MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 98
(c) The Common Core of European Private Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 100
M. Bussani & V.V. Palmer, Pure Economic Losses in EuropeMMMM 101
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 106
Mathias Reimann, Of Products and Process: The First Six
Trento Volumes and Their Making MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 106
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 109
(d) The Common Core in Legal PracticeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 109
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 110
(e) The Common Core in U.S. LitigationMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 113
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 117
(f) Common Core and Integrative Approaches in the Critical
Training of Lawyers MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 117
Elisabetta Grande, Hegemonic human rights and African Re-
sistance. The Issue of female circumcision in a broader
comparative perspectiveMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 118
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 123
4. Issues of Method: How Do You Ascertain What Law Is? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 125
(a) Difficulties of Knowledge MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 125
Thomas Kelley, Unintended Consequences of Legal westerniza-
tion in Niger: Harming Contemporary Slaves by Reconceptu-
alizing Property MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 126
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 130
(b) Law as CultureMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 131
Leti Volpp, (Mis) Identifying Culture: Asian Women and the
‘‘Cultural Defense’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 132
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 136
 TABLE OF CONTENTS xv
4. Issues of Method: How Do You Ascertain What Law Is?—Contin-
ued
(c) Non–State Law in the United States, or Culture as LawMMMMMMMMMM 136
Walter Otto Weyrauch & Maureen Anne Bell, Autonomous
Law–Making: The Case of the ‘‘Gypsies’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 136
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 141
(d) Is There Law Everywhere?MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 141
W. Michael Reisman, Lining Up: The Microlegal System of
Queues MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 141
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 144
Part 2. Contrastive Comparisons: Contrasting Foreign Solutions to
Gain Perspective
1. The Latin Notary as a Structural DifferenceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 145
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 149
2. Translation: Theoretical and Practical Challenges Due to Linguis-
tic Diversity MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 153
Fritz Moses, International Legal Practice MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 154
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 155
Michele Graziadei, Ugo Mattei and Lionel Smith, A Short Note on
TerminologyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 160
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 161
Eva–Maria Kieninger and George L. Gretton, Glossary MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 161
3. Problems of Communication and Language Interpretation MMMMMMMMMMMM 163
4. Corruption Analyzed with Contrastive Ideology: Law in the Books
and Law in ActionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 165
Carl Zeiss Stiftung v. V. E. B. Carl Zeiss, JenaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 166
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 168
Chapter 3. Diffusion of Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 177

1. Legal Systems as Open and Complex Aggregates of Laws MMMMMMMMMMMMMM 177

In re Shoop MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 178
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 189
2. The Comparative Lawyer as a Geographer: Tentative Area–by–
Area Survey MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 190
3. Diffusion of Law as Political Ideology MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 214
Harold J. Berman, Justice in the U.S.S.R.: An Interpretation of
Soviet LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 214
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 216
Tibor Varady, Notes on Ideological Precepts as Formants of Private
Law in Central–East European Countries MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 217
4. Legal Formants MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 219
M. Bussani & V.V. Palmer, Preliminary Remarks of Methodology MMM 220
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 222
5. Legal Transplants MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 223
(a) Transplants of Rules and Transplants of Rhetoric MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 223
Ugo Mattei, The New Ethiopian Constitution: First Thoughts
on Ethnical Federalism and the Reception of Western Institu-
tions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 223
(b) The Treatment of Imported Elements within a Legal SystemMMM 227
xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

5. Legal Transplants—Continued
(c) Legal Transplants and ColonialismMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 230
Antony Anghie, Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colo-
nialism MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 230
(d) Colonialism and Indigenous Groups MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 235
Perry Dane, The Maps of Sovereignty: A MeditationMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 235
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 237
6. Legal Pluralism MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 248
Jessica Fourneret, France: Banning Legal Pluralism by Passing a
Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 248
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 253
7. The Comparative Lawyer as a Zoologist: The Problem of Classify-
ing Legal Systems MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 258
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 262
8. Law and Development MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 270
Amy L. Chua, Markets, Democracy, And Ethnicity: Toward a New
Paradigm for Law and Development MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 271
Carol V. Rose, The ‘‘New’’ Law and Development Movement in the
Post–Cold War Era: A Vietnam Case StudyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 275
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 276

PART T W O. COMPARISON OF HISTORY AND SOURCES

Chapter 4. Comparison Involves History MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282

1. An Early Legal Tradition and Its Developments: China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282

(a) On the Rule of Man: Li versus FaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282
Benjamin Schwartz, On Attitudes toward Law in China MMMMMMMMMM 283
Note on Modern ‘‘Ritual’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 289
Herbert Fingarette, Human Community as Holy Rite MMMMMMMMMMMMM 289
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 291
(b) Imperial Chinese LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 291
William C. Jones, Trying to Understand the Current Chinese
Legal SystemUnderstanding China Legal System MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 291
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 303
(c) From Republican to Maoist Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 303
Albert H.Y. Chen, Introduction to the Legal System of the
People Republic of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 303
2. At the Roots of The Western Legal Tradition MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 310
Bank of Lisbon and South Africa Ltd. v. De Ornelas and Another MMM 311
3. Early Professionalism in the Western Legal Tradition. The Legacy
of JustinianMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 318
Demerara Turf Club, Ltd. v. Wight MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 323
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 330
H. Coing, The Roman Law as Ius Commune on the Continent MMMMMMMM 331
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 340
4. Roman Law as a Common Western Heritage MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 341
Reinhard, Zimmermann, Roman Dutch Jurisprudence and its Con-
tribution to European Private LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 343
5. Note on Natural Law and Its Expansion MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 346
6. Note on the ‘‘Law of Castile and the Indies’’MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 348
 TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii
7. Some National Developments MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 351
Deák and Rheinstein, The Development of French and German
Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 351
(a) Note on Provincial Parlements and Napoleonic ReformMMMMMMMMMMM 354
(b) Note on the Development of the Common Law of England MMMMMM 354
(c) Notes on Additional Complexities at the Roots of the Western
Legal Tradition MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 356
8. Islamic Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 362
(a) Early Foundations of Islamic Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 362
S.G. Vesey–Fitzgerald, Nature and Sources of the Sharı̄‘aMMMMMMMM 363
(b) The Institutional Structure of Islamic Legal SystemsMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 372
A. Quraishi, Interpreting the Qur’an and the Constitution:
Similarities in the Use of Text, Tradition and Reason in
Islamic and American JurisprudenceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 373
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 376
(c) Islamic Law and The Modern State MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 378
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 379

Chapter 5. Codification of the Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 384

1. The National Codifications: The Codes’ Break with the PastMMMMMMMMMM 385
H. C. Gutteridge: Comparative LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 385
The Codes’ Break with the Past MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 386
2. The Meaning of Codification in the Civil Law Tradition MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 399
3. System and Organization of the Codes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 404
French Civil Code—Table of Contents MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 405
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 410
German Civil Code—Detailed Synopsis MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 410
German Commercial Code—Table of ContentsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 418
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 419
4. The Issue of the European Civil Code MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 425
5. Change and Growth of the Law in a Code SystemMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 428
6. Civil and Commercial Codes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 433
7. Surviving Traces of Pre–Codification Law in the Civil Law WorldMMM 441
8. Codification: A Worldwide Phenomenon? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 444
(a) Egypt MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 445
Egyptian Civil Code MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 445
Nabil Saleh, Civil Codes of Arab Countries: The Sanhuri Codes 451
(b) People’s Republic of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 453
William C. Jones, Some General Questions Regarding the
Significance of the General Provisions of Civil Law of the
People’s Republic of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 453
General Provisions of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of
ChinaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 454
9. An Example of the Adaptation of a Code–Based System to Techno-
logical and Economic Change: Tort Law and the Shift from Fault
to Strict Liability MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 455
(a) The Basic Code Provisions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 456
Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 459
xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. An Example of the Adaptation of a Code–Based System to Techno-

logical and Economic Change: Tort Law and the Shift from Fault
to Strict Liability—Continued
(b) Automobile Accidents MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 459
Jand’heur v. Les Galeries BelfortaisesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 460
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 461
La Mutualité Industrielle v. Epoux CharlesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 462
(c) Products Liability MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 468
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 473
Chapter 6. Case Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 477

1. The Historical Divergence in the Western Legal TraditionMMMMMMMMMMMMM 477

2. Code Provisions Relating to Sources of LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 481
Usatorre v. The Victoria MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 484
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 488
3. The Modern Organization of Justice: The Institutional Setting of
Case LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 489
(a) Courts of First InstanceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 490
(b) Commercial Courts and Commercial PanelsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 494
(c) Intermediate Court of Appeals MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 496
(d) Supreme Courts MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 505
(e) Constitutional Courts and Judicial Review MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 523
(f) Administrative Courts and Judicial Review MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 530
Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 553
4. The Style of Judicial Opinions: Cultural Setting of Case Law MMMMMMMMM 554
(a) Who prepares MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 554
(b) Judgment limited by claimsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 554
(c) Reasoned decisionsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 555
(d) Dissenting Opinions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 556
(e) The Reporting of Decisions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 560
5. Between Codes and Case Law in the Civil Law Tradition—Inter-
pretation, Analogy, and Related Matters MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 563
Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of S. S. v. M. E.
Corp.MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 563
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 573
The Use of Analogy: Notes and Illustrations MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 573
Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional Court Concerning
the Constitutional Complaint of Building Cooperative ‘‘X’’MMMMMMMMMM 579
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 581
6. Judicial Interpretation of Codes—The Force of Precedents in a
Code System MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 582
Dorothy Hebert Ardoin et al. v. Hartford Accident and Indemnity
Co. et al. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 582
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 590
Roscoe Pound: The Spirit of the Common Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 594
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 595
Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional Court in the Pro-
ceeding Concerning the Constitutional Complaint of Publishing
Company ‘‘Die Welt’’ and Mr. K.–H. V. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 596
Notes and Questions on ‘‘Customary Law’’ and ‘‘Jurisprudence’’ MMM 608
 TABLE OF CONTENTS xix
6. Judicial Interpretation of Codes—The Force of Precedents in a
Code System—Continued
Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional Court Concerning
the Constitutional Complaints of Two Trustees in Bankruptcy 610
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 612
7. Concluding Observations on Stare Decisis MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 613
PART THREE. A TOPICAL APPROACH TO LAW IN
GLOBAL SOCIETIES

Chapter 7. Legal Education and the Profession MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 628

1. The Education and Qualification of Western Lawyers in Historical

Perspective MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 629
2. Unitary Profession in the Common Law: The United States MMMMMMMMMM 637
3. Divided Profession in the Common Law: EnglandMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 643
4. Unitary Profession in the Civil Law: Germany MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 648
5. Divided Profession in the Civil Law: FranceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 650
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 654
Vlassopoulou v. Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes–und Europaange-
legenheiten Baden–WürttembergMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 654
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 658
6. Legal Education and Legal Profession in East Asia MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 663
Setsuo Miyazawa, Kay–Wah Chan, and Ilhyung Lee, The Reform of
Legal Education in East Asia MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 663
William P. Alford, Of Lawyers Lost and Found: Searching for
Legal Professionalism in the People’s Republic in China, in
Raising the Bar: The Emerging Legal Profession in East Asia 675
7. The Americanization of the Legal Profession MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 679
Wolfgang Wiegand, The Reception of American Law in Europe MMMMMMM 679
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 682
8. Lawyer’s Compensation. Beginning of a Fictional Dialogue Con-
cerning a Not–Too–Fictional Case MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 684
(a) Attorneys’ Fees MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 685
(b) Attorney Fee Shifting MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 691
(c) Legal Aid MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 696

Chapter 8. ProcedureMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 707

1. IntroductionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 707
2. Recent Developments MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 711
3. The Course of a Civil LawsuitMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 715
(a) Personal Jurisdiction (Territorial Competence) MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 716
(b) Service of Process MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 736
(c) Parallel Proceedings (Lis Pendens)MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 742
(d) Pleadings and Formation of Issues MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 746
(e) Evidence and Discovery MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 756
(f) Party and Witness StatementsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 773
(g) The ‘‘trial’’ (Evidentiary Hearings) MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 786
(h) Expert Evidence MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 795
xx TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. The Course of a Civil Lawsuit—Continued

(i) Discovery and Gathering of Evidence AbroadMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 809
(j) Finality of Judgments: Claim Preclusion and Issue Preclusion 817
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 823
4. Criminal ProcedureMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 828
R. B. Schlesinger, Comparative Criminal Procedure: A Plea for
Utilizing Foreign Experience MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 830
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 845
5. Procedural Treatment of Concurrent Criminal and Civil LiabilityMMM 855

Chapter 9. Selected Issues in Private Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 863

Duncan Kennedy, Two Globalizations of Law and Legal TheoryMMMMMMMMMM 864

1. Freedom of Contract MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 872
(a) The Parties’ Freedom to Shape Their Contracts and Other
Transactions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 872
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 873
(b) Enforcement of Contracts MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 877
Vàzquez v. Superior Court (San Miguel y Cı́a., Intervenor) MMMMMMM 877
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 879
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 883
(c) Penalty Clauses MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 885
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 890
(d) Freedom of Contract and Disclaimer Clauses in Standardized
ContractsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 898
Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of G.,
Defendant–Appellant v. St., Plaintiff–Respondent MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 899
Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of Suedd.
Transp. Vers. A.G., Plaintiff–Appellant v. W., Defendant–
Respondent MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 901
Opinion of the German Bundesgerichtshof in the Matter of E.
Gu. (Defendant) v. K. B. (Plaintiff) MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 902
Opinion of the European Court of Justice in the Matter of Cape
Snc et al. (Plaintiff) v. Idealservice Srl (Defendant) MMMMMMMMMMMMMM 904
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 906
(e) Contract in a Planned EconomyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 912
Lucie Cheng & Arthur Rosett, Contract with a Chinese Face:
Socially Embedded Factors in the Transformation from Hi-
erarchy to Market, 1978–1989 MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 912
(f) Freedom of Contract and Interest in Islamic Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 913
Abdullah Saeed, Studies in Islamic Law and Society: Islamic
Banking and InterestMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 913
2. Security of Transactions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 920
(a) The Principle of Publicity in the Transfer of LandMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 920
E. J. Cohn (Assisted by W. Zdzieblo): Manual of German Law 923
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 925
(b) The Principle of Publicity in Transactions Not Relating to
Land MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 933
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 936
 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi
3. The idea of Justice Boni Mores, Bona Fides and Abus Des Droits—
No Separation of Law and EquityMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 938
Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of G., Plaintiff–
Appellant v. F., Defendant–Respondent MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 938
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 944
Opinion of the Swiss Federal Court in the Matter of Dr. Haass,
Defendant–Appellant v. Leopold Wyler, Plaintiff–RespondentMMMMMMM 947
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 951
Oberlandesgericht Celle, Opinion of December 5, 1947MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 951
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 953
Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional CourtMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 958
Opinion of the German Federal Labor Court MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 962
Opinion of the Swiss Federal Court in the Matter of Rogenmoser
Against Tiefengrund A.G. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 964
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 968
H. C. Gutteridge, Abuse of RightsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 974
Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 978
Kirsch v. DavoustMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 980
Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 981
Duval v. Chedot MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 983
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 984
Opinion of the Swiss Federal Court in the Matter of Weber, Huber
& Cie., Defendant–Appellant, Against ‘‘Rimba,’’ Plaintiff–Re-
spondentMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 995
Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 999

INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 1001

*
TABLE OF AUTHORS

References are to Pages.

————————
Abel, Richard L., 637, 640, 641, 643, 645, 648, Aquilius, Gallus, 311
649 Aquinas, Thomas, 332
Abraham, Henry J., 524, 537 Arazi, Roland, 510
Abramowitz, Morton, 58 Arestis, G., 83
Abu–Odeh, Lama, 380 Argentré, 338
Accursius, 336, 342, 347 Arieti, Samuel A., 89
Adelman, Sammy, 38 Aristotle, 52, 332, 487
Agostini, E., 237, 985 Arminjon, P., 240, 259
Ahmed, Feiz, 203, 240, 853 Armstrong, Jr., George M., 991
Ahn, Kyong–Whan, 671, 672 Arnold, M., 244
Ahrens, Volker, 210 Arnoult, E., 536
Ajani, Gianmaria, 207, 241, 262 Arrighi, Giovanni , 66
Akrotirianakis, Joseph N., 519 Arsel, 200, 614
Al Shafi, 377 Arsel, 200, 614
Albers, Jan, 550, 789, 792 Asad, Muhammad, 914, 915
Aldisert, R. J., 261 Asherman, J., 203
Alexandrowicz, 194 Atatürk, Kemal, 200
Alfonso X, 184, 238 Athulathmudali, L. W., 197
Alford, William P., 37, 42, 270, 675 Atiyah, P. S., 111, 615
Allen, M. C., 531 Atkeson, T., 170
Allen, Ronald J., 710, 824 Atkins, R.D., 56
Allison, J. W. F., 537 Attwooll, E., 191
Allott, Anthony N., 192, 193, 196, 253 Aubert, J.-L., 888
Almaguer, Thomas, 46 Auby, J. B., 533
al-Najjār, Sa’ı̄d, 914 Auby, Jean–Marie, 543, 544, 547
al-Namir, ’Abd al-Mun’im, 914 Ault, H. J., 150
al-Nawawawı̄, 370 Austin, John L., 66, 290, 336
Alou, Tidjani, 128 Avineri, Shlomo, 45
Amadou, Keita, 49 Aybay, R., 200
Amerasinghe, 763 Ayer, D. B., 842, 843
Amin, S. H., 202 Azo, 51
Amodio Ennio, 852
Amos, Maurice S., 385, 386, 548, 875, 883 Baade, Hans W., 70, 115, 183, 198, 244, 245,
Anand, R. P., 557 338, 350, 389, 621, 988
Ancel, M., 261 Badinter, R., 462
Andenas, Mads, 714 Badr, Gamal Moursi, 204
Anderson, J. N. D., 192, 452 Baker, John H., 619, 643, 648
Anderson, R. G., 741 Baker, Philip W., 195
Andorra, A. H. Angelo, 401 Baker, Richard D., 616
Andreev, Vladimir K., 210 Baker, Steward, 151
Andrews, D., 14 Baker, W. R., 794
Andrews, Neil, 500, 687, 691, 714, 759, 765, Baldus, 343, 377
798 Ball, Terence, 382
Angelesco, 619 Bamodu, G., 727
Angelici, Carlo, 432 Bankowski, Zenon, 253, 262
Angelo, A. H., 199, 401 Banner, Stuart, 200, 348
Anghie, Antony, 230 Barak, Aharon, 198, 199, 581
Anglada, Vilardebo, J., 401 Barassi, Theodore, 151
Ankum, Hans A., 630 Barazzutti, M., 795
An-na’im, Abdullahi, 378 Barbarossa, Frederich, 333, 928
Ansay, T., 200, 438, 876, 989, 999 Barjons, E., 510,
Anton, A. E., 548, 875 Baroody, G., 203
xxxi
xxxii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Barre, Siad, 256 Biglieri, S., 471

Barry, Donald D., 212 Bignell, J., 931
Bartolus, 51, 326, 327, 328, 329, 342, 343, Bigus, J., 892
344, 347, 360, 377 Bihr, Ph., 465
Barton, H., 193, 194, 203 Bilder, Richard, 272
Barton, John, 341, 345, 388 Billiau, Marc, 548
Basedow, Jürgen, 146, 909 Biondi, A., 714
Bashi, Sari, 199 Birk, H.-J., 792
Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 847 Birkinshaw, P., 531, 537
Basten, 807 Birks, P., 321
Basye, P. E., 932 Birminghan, McK., 652
Batacan, D. F., 188 Biwu, Dong, 307
Batiza, R., 245, 246, 385, 391 Black, 485
Bauer, J. H., 612 Black, S. F., 478
Bauer, Karl, 270 Blackburn, R., 956
Baumbach, Adolf, 157, 158, 550, 789, 792 Blackmun, J., 807
Baumgartner, Samuel P., 816 Blackstone, Sir William, 341, 344, 348, 359,
Baur, Fritz, 393, 928, 933 391, 489
Bautista Pondé, Eduardo, 632 Blair, P. M., 263
Bayitch, S. A., 997 Blankenburg, E., 637, 648, 649, 697, 701
Bayles, Michael, 823 Blaskovich, D., 61
Beale, Hugh, 12, 426, 427, 444, 874, 877, 880, Blaustein, A. P., 489
883, 884, 888, 899, 907, 910, 979, 988 Blomeyer, A., 884
Beardsley, J., 622, 756, 763, 805, 883, 888 Blondel, E., 861
Beck, A., 500 Bloustein, E. J., 993
Beckmann, F. von Benda, 253 Blumenfeld, Lane H., 212
Beckstrom, J. H., 201, 277 Board, Jr., J. B., 205, 824
Bedford, Sybille, 854 Boddewin, J. J., 909
Beer, L. W., 199, 525 Bodenheimer, E., 346, 403, 577
Beinart, 400 Boele–Woelki, K., 850, 855
Bejesky, R., 879, 880 Bogdan, Michael, 50, 170, 205, 208
Bell, D. A., 354 Bolgár, V., 552, 899, 980, 989
Bell, John, 528, 534, 536, 537, 541, 548, 922 Bonassies, P., 112, 389, 390, 881
Bell, Maureen A., 136, 141 Bonell, Michael Joachim, 12, 426, 444
Beller, Elisa T., 249, 251 Boniface VIII, 359
Bello, Andres, 423 Bonifaci, Daniela, 80
ben Israel, Manasseh, 345 Bonnecase, Julien, 634
Ben Shahar, O., 898 Bono, José, 632
Bénabent, A., 821 Booker, F. E., 759, 828
Benda, E., 524 Borchard, 570
Bender, R., 788 Borden, G. F., 203
Benı́tez, Alberto, 715 Boré, J., 508, 518, 555
Bennett, T. W., 98, 125, 261 Borg Barthet, A., 83
Bentham, Jeremy, 341, 401, 489, 823 Born, Gary B., 813, 816
Bentley, 478 Bostick, C. Dent, 932
Bentura Belaña, E., 350 Botan, Ahmed, 226
Berger, A., 326 Botha, J., 318
Berger, C. J., 921 Bothe, M., 110
Bergman, P., 946 Botiveau, B., 525
Bergman–Barrett, S., 946 Bourel, Pierre, 731, 743
Bergmann, G., 155 Bourgôn, Jérome, 192
Berkeley, J., 324, 325 Bouscaren, T., 359
Berkowitz, D., 242 Boyron, Sophie, 548
Berman, Harold J., 172, 208, 209, 214, 333, Bracton, 339, 356
335, 341, 342, 359, 360, 971 Bradley, Anthony W., 541
Bermann, George A., 89, 264, 265, 544, 549, Bradley, Craig M., 61, 63, 834, 842, 845, 847
743, 821 Brakel, 700
Bernstein, Herbert L., 158, 167, 264, 509, Brandeis, Louis, 64, 194, 867
710, 818 Brändl, 576
Berri, Fandou, 128 Brants, Chrisje, 847
Berwick, 329 Brau del Toro, H. M., 932
Biancalana, J., 894 Bravin, M. N., 816
Biçak, Vahit, 200 Bremer, 239
Biddulph, Sarah, 206 Brewer–Carias, Alan R., 213, 524
Bigaut, C., 493 Breyer, Stephen, 14, 247, 807
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xxxiii
Brickam, L., 946 Campbell, A. H., 168
Brickey, Kathleen F., 55 Campbell, D., 471
Brierley, John E. C., 50, 191, 207, 259 Campbell, P., 856
Brietzke, Paul H., 210 Campos Cruz, C., 991
Brinktrine, R., 957 Camproux, M.-P., 464
Brinton, 203 Canivet, Guy, 710
Brissaud, 354 Cantril, 700
Brodley, J. F., 896 Capistrano, 158
Bromberg, A. R., 937 Capitant, Henry, 463, 593, 979, 980
Bronchorst, 329 Cappalli, Richard B., 522, 529, 748, 760, 795
Brooks, C. W., 323, 631, 632 Cappelletti, M., 88, 263, 340, 357, 443, 509,
Broun, 757 521, 522, 524, 537, 636, 642, 643, 696,
Brown, J. E., 993 700, 708, 747, 780, 788, 825, 827
Brown, Lionel N., 146, 184, 185, 244, 534, Caratzas, John, 340
536, 537, 548, 875 Caravale, Mario, 432
Brown, Ronald C., 498, 617 Carbonneau, Thomas E., 112
Browne, Kevin, 510 Cardozo, Benjamin, 64, 145, 243, 835, 867,
Brownsword, R., 910 945
Bruckner, 784 Carl, B. M., 190, 729
Brüggemeier, G., 457, 471 Carothers, Thomas, 37
Brugger, W., 958 Carozza, Paolo G., 259
Brundage, James A., 323, 631 Carpi, Federico, 502, 503, 743, 764, 798
Brunner, Georg, 213 Carpzow, 338
Brunner, J. H., 990 Carranza, Mario E., 95
Bruzelius, 205, 708, 782, 825 Carrió, Genaro R., 623
Brzezinski, Mark F., 213, 524 Carter, J., 894
Buckland, 312, 315, 880 Carty, Anthony, 38, 272
Buecker, B.,689 Caruso, D., 426
Bueno, Cássio S., 756 Casad, Robert C., 487, 821, 861, 987
Bukland, W. W., 396 Casman, H., 795
Bull, 838 Casper, 832
Bund, E., 574 Cassagne, J. C. 536
Burge, 329 Cassi, Aldo Andrea, 348
Bürge, Adolf, 386, 634 Castan Tobeñas, José, 190, 239
Burgelin, Jean–François, 794 Castel, Jean–Gabriel, 191
Burger, C. J., 61, 838 Castellani, Luca, 154, 159
Burke, D. B., 148 Castellucci, Ignazio, 191, 194, 196
Busch, B., 921 Castro, F., 202, 255
Bussani, Mauro, 100, 101, 106, 107, 108, 115, Catala, Pierre, 430, 980
160, 161, 217, 220, 254, 279, 425, 426, Catala–Franjou, N., 985
Cecil, Joe S., 807, 808
874, 934
Cepl, Vojtech, 211
Buss–Tjen, 193
Certoma, G. L., 524
Butler, W. E., 110, 208, 212, 238, 243, 261
Ch’en, Paul H., 282
Butler, William J., 202
Chabas, F., 465
Buxbaum, D. C., 168, 170, 266
Chainais, Cécile, 515, 523, 708, 763, 798, 820
Buxbaum, R. M., 858
Chalmer, D., 89
Byers, M., 974, 991
Chan, Kay–Wah, 663
Channock, Martin, 193
Cabiedes, E. G., 708 Chapra, 916
Cabrillo, F., 892 Chapus, René, 534, 536, 539, 540, 543, 548
Cachia, 915 Charlemagne, 928
Cadarso Palau, J., 185 Charles VIII, 352
Cadiet, Loı̈c, 492, 515, 523, 710, 743, 763, Charlick, Robert, 128
790, 798, 805, 818, 820 Charmatz, 245
Cairns, B., 500, 691 Charmont, J., 863, 978
Cairns, John W., 7 Chartier, Y., 464
Calabresi, Guido, 229, 433 Charvet, D., 849
Calamandrei, Piero, 826 Chase, Oscar, 707, 709, 767
Calamari, 317 Chavez, Hugo, 206
Caldeira, Gregory A., 261 Chayes, Abram, 530
Calleros, C., 883, 888 Chemtob, S. M., 652
Callimachis, 340 Chen, 147
Camargo, P. P., 191 Chen, Albert H. Y., 195, 196, 303, 617
Cammack, Mark, 278 Chen, Edward I., 269
xxxiv TABLE OF AUTHORS

Cheng, Bin, 117, 626 Cooter, R., 647, 886, 892, 893
Cheng, Lucie, 912 Copeland, P., 239
Chenin, A., 504 Coquereau, G., 104
Cherednychenko, O. O., 962 Coquillette, Daniel R., 436, 478
Chesterman, M., 884 Coran, J.C., 743
Chiang, Kai-shek, 302, 303, 869 Cordero Moss, Giuditta, 112
Chiavario, Mario, 852 Cornelis, H. J., 421, 422
Chiba, Masaji, 253, 261 Cornu, G., 980
Childs, Louisa B., 53 Cortes, I. R., 188
Chiovenda, Giuseppe, 709 Cortes, Valentin, 616
Chirac, Jacques, 249, 250, 252, 257, 430 Cossio, 487
Chloros, A. G., 389, 403 Cosway, 200
Cho, Kyu–Chang, 200 Cotterrell, Roger, 268, 863
Choi, DK, 671 Coulon, Jean–Marie, 794
Choppinus, 326 Coulter, L., 652
Chorus, J. M. J., 422, 989, 990 Coyle, S., 191
Chroust, A. H., 478, 638 Craig, J.W., 887
Chu, 299 Craig, P., 89
Chua, Amy L., 271, 276 Crane, J. A., 937
Churchill, Winston, 477 Cremades, Bernardo M., 708
Cicero, Brutus, 311, 319, 630 Crépeau, 430
Cicoria, C., 909 Cretney, Stephen, 244
Clagett, Helen L., 191, 536 Crooker, Constance, 164
Clapham, C., 170 Cross, 478, 579
Clare, J. T., 402 Croze, 523
Clark, 245 Csizmadia, A., 400
Clark, David S., 66, 190, 259, 263, 268, 747 Cueto–Rua, J., 991
Clarke, Donald C., 31, 206 Curran, Vivian Grosswald, 97, 131, 153
Clarkson, K. W., 887, 896 Currie, D. P., 958
Clement V, 359 Currivan, J. D., 946
Clermont, K. M., 946 Czarnota, Adam, 253, 262
Clinton, Hillary, 14
Clinton, William, 163, 747
Closen, Michael L., 148 Daggett, 245, 246, 618
Clute, John, 227 Dahrendorf, R., 557
Coe, J. J., 472 Dainow, J., 198, 246, 618, 979
Cohen, H. K., 828 Daintith, Terence, 209
Cohen, Jennifer E., 378 Dale, W., 404
Cohen, Jerome A., 292 Damaška, Mirjan, 241, 264, 481, 637, 759,
Cohen, N., 881 761, 824, 827, 828, 830, 831, 832, 834,
Cohen, Stephen S., 210 837, 839, 841, 843, 844, 846, 847, 852, 854
Cohen, W., 263 Damhouder, 328, 329
Cohn, E. J., 394, 419, 467, 478, 519, 520, 756, Damian, E., 205
776, 788, 923, 924, 934 Dane, Perry, 235
Cohn, S. A., 835 Danelski, D. J., 178
Coing, Helmut, 331, 340, 341, 360, 361, 362, Danilenko, G. M., 524
443, 576, 629, 776, 880 Dannemann, Gerhard, 69
Coke, Edward, 67, 356, 358 Darby, J., 845
Colazingari, Silvia, 169 Dard, H. J. B., 399
Cole, G. F., 831 Dargo, G., 244
Coleman, J., 778 Darling, F. C., 201
Collinet, Paul, 630 Davey, W. J., 89
Collins, Hugh, 150, 214, 426 David, René, 50, 70, 72, 73, 201, 207, 259,
Colneric, N., 83 263, 399
Coloma, G., 921 Davies, P., 997
Comoglio, Luigi P., 508, 763, 798 Davis, Derek H., 249
Confucius, 283, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292 Davis, K., 845
Conrad, Claire, 163 Dawson, F. G., 170
Consolo, Claudio, 514, 518, 522 Dawson, John P., 146, 264, 389, 571, 592,
Constantinesco, L.-J., 48, 50, 259 615, 636, 643, 874, 879, 892, 906, 970
Contis, 805 de Burca, G., 89
Cook, C. M., 401 De Funiak, 245
Cooke, E., 931 De Las Casas, 348
Cooper, 197 De Lege, 426
Cooray, L. J. M., 197, 400 De Luca, A., 690
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xxxv
De Ly, 716 Edward I, 238, 336, 339
Deák, 351, 356, 357, 361, 397, 479, 522, 527, Eekelaar, John, 922
595 Eells, R., 170
Dean, Arthur H., 8 Eger, T., 892
Dean, Meryll, 832 Ehrenzweig, A., 396, 717, 946
DeBula Baines, Cynthia, 249 Ehrlich, 864, 869
Deese Skeen, Donna, 195 Eichendorff, 153
Dekeuwer–Défossez, Françoise, 593 Eidenmüller, H., 934
Del Duca, Louis F., 852 Eisenberg, Carol, 249, 250
Del Russo, 146 Eisenberg, M. A., 887
Delebecque, P., 980 Ekelöf, 825
deLisle, Jacques, 207 El–Bashir, Omar, 194
Delmas–Marty, Mireille, 3, 63, 70, 831, 847, El–Gemayel, Antoine Elias, 202
849 Ellickson, Robert C., 254
Deloukas, N. A., 989 Elling, Martin E., 210
Dennis, J., 582 Ellinghaus, M. P., 907
Derrett, 192, 193 Elliott, C., 848, 852
Descartes, 345 Elliott, Kimberly Ann, 169
Dessemontet, F., 438, 876, 989, 999 Ellis, Joseph J., 67
Deubner, K. G., 792 el-Morr, A., 525
Deutch, S., 907, 910 Elster, Jon, 209, 211
Devolvé, Pierre, 547 Emden, A. B., 342
DeVries, Henry P., 173, 399 Engelmann, Arthur, 709, 747
DeWitt–Arar, Keren C., 198 Enlai, Zhou, 14
Dezalay, Y., 665 Enneccerus, 571, 955
Di Mauro, C., 471 Eörsi, G., 261
di Robilant, Anna, 48, 242, 428 Errera, R., 383
Dicey, Albert Venn, 194, 383 Escarra, 243
Diehm, James W., 832 Esmein, 259, 831, 854
Diez–Picazo, Ignacio, 763, 798, 818, 820, 823 Esser, 614, 615
Dignan, J., 843 Eubel, P., 196
Dilcher, Gerhard, 635 Evans–Jones, Robin, 620
DiMatteo, L. A., 894 Ewald, William, 240, 241
Dinstein, Yoram, 144 Eyermann, E., 546
Djankov, Simeon, 267
Djibo, Bachirou, 128 Fairgrieve, D., 471
Doehring, Karl, 610 Falcón, Enrique M., 798
Dölle, H., 154, 243 Fallon, Richard H., 516
Domat, 246, 389, 391, 392 Farnsworth, E. Allan, 266, 536, 777, 873, 894,
Dondi, Angelo, 709 897, 907, 971, 972, 973, 999
Donellus, 345 Farrar, J. H., 243, 244, 403
Doran, S., 848 Fassler, Lawrence J., 852
Douglas, J., 838 Fauré, M., 455
Drago, Roland, 532, 537, 543, 544, 547 Faust, F., 13
Drakakis–Smith, David, 271 Fauvarque–Cosson, Benedicté, 7, 874, 980
Drexl, J., 910 Favali, L., 255
Dreyfous, G., 578 Federer, J., 557
Drobnig, Ulrich, 156, 461, 471, 509, 818, 934 Fedynskyi, J., 244
Drolshammer, 663 Feenstra, R., 325, 329, 345
Drzemczewski, A. Z., 956 Feldbrugge, F. J. M., 207, 209, 212, 262
du Pontavice, E., 104 Feldman, Eric, 47, 63, 156, 269
Dubber, Marcus Dirk, 831, 845, 850, 851 Feng, Hu, 307
Dubuisson, B., 466 Fennell, Phil, 847
Dudziak, Mary, 217 Feral, T., 113
Duerr, Charles J., 632 Ferid, 70, 932
Duguit, 864, 978 Fernandez, J. W., 185
Dunham, 184 Ferrand, Frédérique, 511, 515, 523, 708, 714,
Dwyer, Denis, 271 763, 798, 820
Dyson, H., 875 Ferrer Mac–Gregor, Eduardo, 536, 715
Ferrer, A., 921
Earle, John S., 210 Ferri, Corrado, 508, 763, 798
Ebers, M., 909 Feuerich, Wilhelm, 660
Eder, Phanor J., 149, 191 Ficker, Hans G., 932
Edlin, A. S., 896 Field, David Dudley, 401, 489
xxxvi TABLE OF AUTHORS

Field, Steward, 847, 849 Fujita, Y., 894

Fikentscher, W., 170, 478 Fuke, Toshiro, 541
Fines, Barbara Glesner, 981 Fukushima, G. S., 652
Fingarette, Herbert, 289, 291 Fulda, C. H., 537, 622
Finnegan, 23 Funk, D. A., 208
Finnis, John, 213 Furnish, Dale Beck, 191, 614
Fiol–Matta, Liana, 248
Fisch, William B., 522, 697, 702, 789, 791,
Gadamer, Hans–Georg, 44
792, 856
Gagnér, Sten, 359
Fischer, 571
Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 169 Gaius, 296, 312, 313, 314, 315, 321, 347, 410
Fitzsimmons, Michael P., 385, 633, 634 Galabert, Jean–Michel, 534, 536, 537
Fix–Zamudio, Héctor, 536 Galanter, Marc, 38, 253, 266, 271
Fleiner, T., 949 Galenus, 332
Fleming, J. G., 856 Gall, Gerald L., 191
Fletcher, 998 Gallus, Aquilius, 319
Fletcher, George P., 107, 213 Gambaré, Abarā, 201
Flood, J., 640 Gandolfi, G., 427
Fockema Andreae, S. J., 329 Gane, Percival, 329
Foellmi, Reto, 169 Ganzglass, M. R., 202
Fontaine, 716 Gao, L., 663
Fontbressin, P. F., 794 Garcia Gallo, C., 349
Forder, Caroline, 87, 425 Garcia Martinez, A. L., 188
Foregger, 858 Garcı́a Pullés, F., 536
Forrester, I. S., 410 Garcı́a, C., 536
Forte, D. F., 204 Gardner, J. A., 239, 242, 275
Foster, Frances H., 209 Garro, Alejandro M., 73, 95
Fouchard, P., 653, 714 Garth, Bryant, 522, 665, 696, 825, 827
Fourneret, Jessica, 248, 257 Gaudemet, Eugène, 619
Fox, E.N., 89 Gaudemet, Yves, 532, 534, 539,
Fox, J. K., 148 Gaudemet–Tallon, H., 733, 735
Fragistas, C. N., 818 Gautama, Sudargo, 204, 205
Franck, T. M., 194 Geertz, Clifford, 253, 265
Franco, 867 Gehrke, Heinrich, 322, 631
Francovich, Andrea, 80, 85 Gelsi Bidart, Adolfo, 712
Frank, Jerome, 150, 155, 175, 485, 488, 578, Gennaioli, N., 863
844, 955, 995 Gény, François, 402, 864, 867
Frankenberg, Günther, 48, 49, 50 Gerber, David J., 240, 426, 763, 816
Frankfurter, J., 65 Gerhardt, R., 526
Franklin, M., 404 Gerlis, S., 500
Frankowski, S. J., 831 Germain, Claire M., 561
Frase, Richard S., 830, 831, 843, 846, 850 Gernstenberg, O., 426
Freccero, Stephen P., 852 Gertz, M. G,. 831
Freedeman, C. E., 537 Gerver, Pie Hein M., 422, 632, 989, 990
Freedland, M., 533, 534 Ghestin, Jacques, 548
Freeling, Nicholas, 849 Giannoulopoulus, D., 834
Freeman, Michael D. A., 578 Gibbs, J., 193
Freitas, José Lebre de, 763, 764, 798, 818, Gidi, Antonio, 71, 522, 713, 715, 771, 818,
820, 823 819
Fremantle, Adam , 55 Gierke, 864
Frezza, Paolo, 322, 631 Gifford, D. G., 455
Friedenthal, Jack, 819 Gilmer, W., 148
Friedman, Lawrence M., 259, 648, 887 Gilmore, Grant, 159, 485, 637
Friedman, M., 973 Ginsberg, J., 174
Friedmann, D., 198, 199, 487, 488, 887 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 205, 708, 782, 825
Friedmann, W., 241, 954 Ginsburg, Tom, 196
Friedrich, C. J., 354 Ginsburgs, George., 172, 212
Friendly, Henry J., 950 Glaeser, Edward, 267
Frier, B. W., 581 Glashausser, Alex, 175
Frier, Pierre–Laurent, 548 Glasson, 259
Frison–Roche, Marie–Anne, 794 Glendon, Mary Ann, 63, 150, 259
Fröhler, L., 546 Glenn, H. Patrick, 5, 50, 62, 70, 124, 191,
Frydman, Roman, 210 216, 230, 238, 372
Fujikura, Koichiro, 269 Gluckman, M., 98
Fujioka, Y., 991 Godding, Philippe, 359
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xxxvii
Goebel, R. J., 89, 170, 628, 659 Guadagni, M., 255
Goetz, C. J., 896 Gualazzini, Ugo, 322, 631
Goldberg, J. C. P., 993 Guarnieri, C., 831
Goldschmidt, H. W., 578 Guest, A. G., 111
Goldschmidt, Levin, 228 Guillemin, J.-F., 628
Goldstein, Abraham S., 838, 845, 859, 860, Guinchard, Serge, 515, 523, 532, 534, 535,
861 536, 708, 763, 798, 820
Goldstein, Stephen, 198 Gunderson, James L., 212
Goldziher, 368 Gunn, T. Jeremy, 250
Gomard, B., 205 Gurvitch, 864
Gomes, Orlando, 347 Gurwitch, G., 259
Gómez Lara, Cipriano, 794 Gutteridge, H. G., 50, 385, 615, 974, 976, 982,
Gong, Gerrit W., 43, 201 986, 989, 998
Góngora Pimentel, Genaro, 616 Guttmann, 193
Gonzáles Pérez, 536 Guyon, Y., 104
Goodhart, 620, 622 Gwidz, A., 213
Goodman, Carl F., 503, 510, 557, 708, 710,
751, 763, 783, 798, 820, 992
Gorbachev, 209 Haanappel, P. P. C., 422, 990
Gordillo, Agustı́n, 536 Haas, D., 879
Gordley, James, 3, 100, 108, 146, 238, 345, Haas, E. F., 246
386, 388, 389, 637, 642, 696, 863, 874, Habscheid, Walter J., 707, 795, 818
875, 883 Hachenburg, 572
Gordon, C. N., 194 Hager, G., 911
Goren, S. L., 410 Hager, L. M., 277
Gorla, Gino, 146, 238, 404, 479, 558, 561, Haile, D., 202
626, 637, 909 Haile–Mariam, Yacob, 209
Gottwald, Peter, 789, 792 Haimbaugh, Jr., G. D., 528
Gounod, 864 Haldy, J., 949
Goutal, J. L., 625 Haley, John Owen, 199, 269, 987
Gozaı́ni, Osvaldo A. 510 Halperin, David M., 44
Graham, K., 66 Halpern, S. W., 972
Graham, M. H., 842 Hamilton, V. Lee, 269
Grande, Elisabetta, 3, 7, 31, 118, 123, 202, Hammelmann, 758, 805
223, 229, 241, 242, 255, 256, 837, 841, Hammes, 77
846, 853, 854, 855 Hammurabi, 238
Gratianus, 333 Hamson, C. J., 200, 239, 537
Gray, Cheryl W., 147, 208, 210, 420 Han, Anna M., 195
Graziadei, Michele, 65, 100, 159, 160, 238, Han, Binjie, 169
242 Han, Kim Chung, 200
Grebert, A. S., 191 Hand, 478
Green, Stuart P., 860 Hanı̄fa, Abū, 368
Greene, B. H., 70, 420 Hankins, S., 743
Gretton, George L., 161 Hansmann, H., 922, 997
Grevi, Vittorio, 852 Harbauer, W., 688
Grevisse, F., 81 Hardberger, 239
Gribbohm, G., 954 Hardin, Paul, 492
Griffin J.P., 816 Harding, Christopher S. P., 394, 847
Griffiths, John, 248, 816 Harmenopoulos, J., 340
Grigoleit, H.-C., 971 Harms, B.C., 955
Grinover, Ada P., 715, 794 Harpum, C., 931
Groenewegen, 318, 620 Hart, H. L. A., 203, 336, 516
Gromer–Broc, K., 947 Hart, Henry M. 516
Gross, 710, 806, 807, 824 Hartkamp, Arthur, 3, 422, 874, 877, 880, 883,
Gross, Hans K., 381 884, 888, 899, 907, 910, 979, 988
Gross, Samuel R., 710, 806, 807, 824 Hartley, T.C., 89, 743, 765
Grossen, J. M., 876 Hartmann, Peter, 550, 789, 792
Grossfeld, Bernhard, 153, 243 Hatchard, J., 831, 864
Grossi, Paolo, 361 Hattori, T., 269, 667, 752
Grosskopf, 316 Hatzis, A. N., 897, 970, 989
Grotius, Hugo, 116, 329, 344, 346, 382, 389, Hausmaninger, Herbert, 213
390, 620 Hay, Peter, 70, 145, 548, 717, 729, 970
Grundmann, S., 892, 897, 970 Hayek, F. A., 863
Gruson, Michael, 210, 938 Hazard, John N., 150, 172, 208, 260, 263,
Grzybowski, K., 208 266, 325, 854
xxxviii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Hazard, Jr., Geoffrey C., 71, 709, 713, 761, Honoré, T., 103
819, 822 Hooker, M. B., 192, 200, 207, 253, 265
Head, I. L., 170 Hope, Anthony, 227
Heaton, Tim, 278 Hopson, D., 628
Heberer, P., 955 Hopt, Klaus, 997
Hebert, 246, 618 Horn, Norbert, 210, 934
Hebly, J. M. 756, 763 Hornick, R. N., 205
Hedemann, Justus Wilhelm, 115 Horowitz, D. L., 254, 255, 270
Heede, K., 531 Hoskins, J. A., 239
Hefer, 316 Hourani, Albert, 363, 379
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, 44, 45, 46 Houseman, 701
Heidenhain, M., 559 Howard, A. E. Dick, 213
Heinemann, A., 100, 900 Howard, J. B., 8
Held, David, 2 Howells, G., 910, 946
Heller, K., 524 Hsu, Berry Fong–Chung, 195
Heller, M., 922 Hsu, C. Stephen, 200, 291
Hellner, M., 956 Huang, Kuo–Chang, 763, 764
Hellwig, H.-J., 947 Huang-di, Qin Shi, 292
Helmholz, R. H., 66, 238, 323, 339, 359, 631, Huber, Barbara, 831, 850
632 Huber, Eugen, 388, 423
Henderson, Dan Fenno, 156, 199, 269, 471, Hueck, Alfred, 157, 158, 569
752 Hug, Walther, 10
Hengstler, G. A., 524 Hughes, Heather, 248
Henkin, Louis, 65 Huo, X., 664
Herman, M. Shael, 198, 229, 386, 595 Hurd, S., 472
Hermisson, V., 751 Hurgronje, Snouck, 368
Herrmann, Joachim, 830, 831, 847, 850 Husa, Jaakko, 205
Hershkoff, Helen, 709 Hutter, S., 938
Hertig, G., 997 Hutton, N., 843
Hertz, Ellen, 49 Huyghé de Mahenge, Yves, 716
Herzog, P., 115, 470, 513, 537, 550, 708, 744,
758, 763, 862, 883
Ikuyo Toru, 987
Herzog, R., 526
Ilĕsı̆c, M., 83
Hesen, G., 879
Ilgen, H. M., 410
Hess, Burkhard, 721
Inselbuch, E., 946
Hesselink, M., 426, 874
Ioffe, O., 879
Hettne, Björn, 271
Irnerius, 50, 342
Heyman, 171
Isaac, G., 560
Highet, Gilbert, 237
Israel, Jerold H., 839
Hill, J., 324, 325, 329
Hill, T. M., 203 Issa, Yaye, 128
Hill, T. W., 439 Izdebski, Hubert, 209
Hill, W., 558
Hinteregger, Monika, 100, 476 Jackson, Bernard S., 238
Hirakawa, O., 745 Jackson, J., 396, 776, 837, 838, 842
Hirsch, 200 Jackson, John, 834, 847, 848
Hirte, Herbert A., 697 Jackson, T. H., 878, 880
Hobsbawm, Eric J., 66, 231, 608 Jacob, 648
Hodges, Christopher, 709 Jacob, Jack, 795
Hodgson, J., 830, 849 Jacob–Foltzer, Valérie, 73
Hoebel, 204 Jacobs, Francis, 228
Hoecke, M. Van, 427 Jacob–Steinorth, K., 937
Hoeflich, H.M., 66 Jacoby, N. H., 170
Hogue, A. R., 478 James, J., 180
Hohmann, Harold, 199 James, Jr., Fleming, 709, 819, 822, 768
Hoing, S., 816 Jamin, Christophe, 548
Hoke, R., 382 Janczyk, J. T., 931
Holdsworth, 148, 887 Jander, K. H. 938
Holly, N. E., 205 Janis, M. W., 53
Holmes, 194, 867 Jann, P., 83
Holmes, E. M., 908 Jansen, 316, 326
Holtman, 710 Jareborg, Nils, 3
Homburge, A., 643 Jauffret, C., 891
Homburger, 763 Jeantin, Michel, 104
Hondius, E. H., 911, 971, 989, 990 Jellinek, Walter, 929
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xxxix
Jennings, 400 Kennedy, David W., 49, 278, 864
Jensen, D. A., 887 Kennedy, Duncan, 248, 864
Jescheck, H. H., 152, 844 Kent, 65
Jeuland, Emmanuel, 515, 523, 743, 763, 790, Kenyatta, 869
798, 805, 818, 820 Kenyon, A. T., 995
Jhering, 524, 864, 870 Kerameus, Konstantinos D., 340, 989
Jiménez de Aréchaga, E., 110, 111 Kerr, W. K., 921
Joerges, C., 426 Keynes, John Maynard, 870
Joffe, O, 208 Khadduri, Majid, 363, 378
John XXII, 359 Khany, R., 204
Johnson, E. L., 861 Khokhlov, S. A., 212
Johnson, Jr., Earl, 642, 696, 700 Khosla, D., 259
Johnstone, Q., 628 Khoury, Lara, 103, 105
Joliet, R., 83 Kieninger, Eva–Maria, 100, 108, 109, 161,
Jolowicz, J. A., 190, 643, 856 934
Jones, A. H. M., 630, 631 Kikawa, Tecoichireco, 822
Jones, G. H., 877 Kilbourne, R. H., 181
Jones, H. L., 736, 738 Kilian, M., 688
Jones, Robert, 634 Kim, Chin, 196, 201, 641, 652
Jones, William C., 200, 291, 303, 453, 454 Kim, JW., 671
Jongbloed, Antonie W., 662 Kim, TJ., 670, 671
Jonsssen, 329
Kimball, S. L., 688
Jordan, Ann D., 195
Kiralfy, Albert, 228
Jörg, Nico, 847
Kirchheimer, Otto, 167, 171, 175
Jorgensen, S., 205, 387
Josserand, L., 864, 978, 991 Kirchhof, D. P., 573
Jost, 701 Kirchhof, P., 524, 573
Joubert, J., 311, 316, 326, 329 Kirkpatrick, Laird, C., 757
Jourdain, P., 105, 978, 982, 986 Kiss, Lester W., 833
Joutsen, Matti, 856 Kitagawa, Z., 199
Juenger, Friedrich K., 112, 719, 722, 731, 998 Kittrie, N. H., 202
Juhász, E., 83 Klabbers, 663
Jukier, R., 985, 990 Klaus Stern, 616
Justinian, 245, 296, 310, 311, 315, 318, 319, Kleffner, J. K., 847
320, 321, 322, 330, 331, 332, 333, 337, Klein, E., 527
338, 340, 342, 349, 350, 353, 358, 359, Klein, Franz, 749, 780
361, 381, 384, 387, 391, 392, 400, 478, Kleinheisterkamp, Jan, 95, 191
481, 609, 629, 630, 631 Kluwer, 421, 617
Jwaideh, 204, 484 Knapp, Victor, 262
Knaup, K., 244
Kadish, S. H., 839 Koch, H. 553, 740
Kahn–Freund, Otto, 240, 537 Kock, G. L., 830
Kaiser, Michael, 857 Kock, Stefan, 710, 824
Kalsbach, W., 947 Koekkoek, A. K., 422
Kanda, H., 997 Koetz, H., 509, 643
Kane, Mary Kay, 509, 516, 526, 819 Kohler, J., 922
Kantorowicz, 337 Koizumi, Jun’ichiro, 664
Kapteyn, P. J. G., 81 Kojima, 763
Karam, N. H., 203 Kojima, Takeshi, 763
Karlen, 200, 614, 842 Kokott, J., 83
Kaser, Max, 381, 389 Kolaj, 207
Kato, Masanobu, 269, 795 Kommers, D. P., 524
Katz, J. S., 204, 278 Konvitz, Milton R., 196, 239, 824, 884
Katz, Milton, 8, 283 Korman, Sharon, 232
Katz, R. S., 204, 278 Korn, Harold L., 545
Katz, Sherman, 55 Koschaker, P., 361
Kaufmann, O., 976 Kötz, Hein, 3, 10, 50, 112, 153, 221, 259, 548,
Kavass, I. I., 213, 524 818, 879, 880, 898, 899, 970, 998
Kearney, R. D., 71 Koyuncu, Adem, 709
Kedem, A., 982 Kozolchyk, B., 191, 277, 393, 930
Kegel, G., 157 Kozyris, Phaedon John, 243, 340, 989
Kelemen, R. Daniel, 199, 261 Kraakman, R., 922, 997
Kelley III, Thomas A., 15, 126, 127, 131 Kramer, Jane, 250
Kelley, Donald R., 268 Krapac, Davor, 847
Kelman, M., 891 Krause, Harry D., 598
Kennedy, D., 639 Kreller, 390
xl TABLE OF AUTHORS

Kretzmer, David, 198 LeGall, J. P., 935

Krieger, Joel, 209 Legrand, Pierre, 49, 144, 241, 253, 888, 891
Kritz, Neil J., 211 Lehmann, 571
Kronman, A., 879 Leigh, Leonard H., 848
Kropholler, J., 158 Leipzig, Rudolph, 329, 577
Krueger, 316, 321 Lempert, Richard, 268, 833
Kruse, F. V., 922 Lena, Jeffrey, 9, 421, 502, 786, 853
Krygier, Martin, 253, 262 Lenel, E., 347
Kucherov, S., 243 Lenhoff, 53, 481, 780, 873, 976
Kudriavtsev, V. N., 238, 261 Lepaulle, 242, 685
Kuhn, Zdenek, 207 Lepper, Steven J., 829
Kulzer, 402 Lequette, Y., 463, 979
Kuniková, Jana, 169 Leser, H. G., 934
Kunkel, W., 295 Leterneur, 537
Künnecke, M., 537 Leubsdorf, John, 709, 819, 822, 983
Kury, Helmut, 857 Lev, S. D., 205
Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar, 204 Levasseur, Alain A., 386, 595
Kutcherov, S., 208 Levasseur, G., 202,
Kutschera, M., 938 Lever, J., 468
Kutty, Faisal, 913 Levi, E. H., 577
Levin. A. Leo, 828
Levinson, L. H., 549
La Porta, Rafael, 27, 267 Levitt, A. J., 741
Lacy, F. R., 554 Lévy, 537, 851
LaFave, Wayne R., 839 Levy, B. H., 578
Lagrange, 75, 537 Levy, E., 340
Lagrange, M., 75, 537 Lévy-Ullman, 259
Laithier, Yves–Marie, 548, 881 Lewan, K. M., 958
Lali, Issafou, 128 Lewis, D. I., 192
LaMaster, John C., 991 Lewis, Philip S. C., 637, 640, 641, 645, 648,
Lambert, Edouard, 11, 452, 457, 864 649
Lambert–Faivre, Y., 456 Leyser, 148, 197, 204, 921
Landis, E. S., 197 Li, V., 193
Lando, Ole, 12, 70, 72, 107, 205, 426, 427, Liebesny, H. J., 202, 203, 265, 363, 775
444, 898, 911, 971 Lilkoff, L., 191
Langbein, John, 63, 64, 710, 749, 756, 807, Limpens, 202
809, 824, 827, 830, 831, 845, 854, 859 Linant de Bellefonds, Y, 452
Lange, Hermann, 340 Lindblom, 701, 826
Langer, Maximo, 191, 241, 834, 848, 850, 855 Lindell, Bengt, 782, 785, 825
Langrod, 547 Lindon, R., 515
Langum, D., 244 Lindsey, Tim, 204
Larguier, 856 Lipson, L., 259
Larouche, P., 468 Lipstein, Kurt, 71, 154, 614
Larroumet, Ch., 465, 470 Litchfield, E. H., 954
Larson, 62 Litvinoff, S., 880, 881
Larsson, G., 922 Llewellyn, Karl, 115, 228, 229, 242, 444, 644
Larsson, Tomas, 168 Lloyd, Dennis, 578
Lasser, Mitchell de S.O.I’E., 49, 507, 522, Lloyd, Lord, 578
523, 556, 625 Lobedanz, E., 856
Laubadère, André, 542, 546, 547 Lobinger, 239
Lauterbach, Wolfgang, 550, 789, 792 Lobingier, 185
Lauterpacht, Hersh, 116, 117 Locke, John, 345, 348
Lawscope, 148 Loeber, D., 208
Lawson, C. M., 261 Loevinger, 240
Lawson, F. H., 457, 548, 875, 880, 921 Loewenstein, K., 954
Lay, J.-P., 493 Lombardus, 332
Layish, Aharon, 194 Lopez Medina, Diego Eduardo, 191, 227, 241,
Layton, 709 683
Lazareff, S., 829 López-Ayllón, Sergio, 191
Learned Hand, 485, 755, 955 Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, 267
Lecourt, 75 Lord, R. A., 53, 878, 907, 942, 945
Lederman, Daniel, 169 Lorenz, W., 386, 390, 399, 470, 471
Lee, Ilhyung, 663 Lorenzen, 146, 389, 778, 874
Lee, R. W., 324, 325, 329, 360, 389, 880 Lorvellec, L., 628
Lee, Seung–Hyun, 169 Loughlin, P., 500
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xli
Loussouarn, Yvon, 592, 731, 743 Marshall, J., 471
Love, L. C., 172 Marshall, Sims, 445
Löwe, 834, 837, 840 Marx, Karl, 45, 46, 241
Lowe, Donald M., 45 Masao, T., 201
Lowe, S., 472 Masters, Brooke A., 274
Lowenfeld, Andreas, 219, 713 Matscher, F., 444
Luban, David, 944 Mattei, Ugo, 3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 48, 49, 66, 87, 88,
Lubman, Stanley, 31 100, 101, 106, 107, 115, 131, 146, 160,
Luchaire, F., 529 161, 191, 194, 213, 217, 219, 220, 221,
Ludwigs, A., 908 223, 229, 240, 248, 254, 255, 256, 257,
Luiso, Francesco P., 514, 518, 764, 798 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 268, 279, 348,
Lukic, S., 949 392, 405, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 440,
Lund, Christian, 127 502, 636, 637, 786, 853, 855, 863, 874,
Luo, Yadong, 169 897, 922
Lupoi, M. 625 Matthaeus, 327, 328, 329
Lupoi, Michele A., 742 Maung, Maung, 193
Lusthaus, V., 910 Mawdūdi, 916
Lutter, Marcus, 66 Maxeiner, James, 240, 710, 749, 824
Mayda, Jaro, 403, 484
Ma, H. H. P., 200 Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, 378
Maasdorp, Andries, 329 Mayer, P., 743
MacCormick, D. Neil, 336, 579 Mayer, Pierre, 743
MacDonald, J. W., 244 Mayrand A., 980
MacDonald, R. St. J., 444 Mazeaud, D., 892, 874, 888, 980
MacDonald, R., 191 McCaffrey, Stephen, 552, 709
Mackaay, E., 422, 990 McCarthy, H. L., 989
MacKinnon, F. B., 942, 945, 947 McCarthy, Joseph, 41
Macneil, I. R., 156, 266, 578, 894 McClurg, Andrew, 709
MacQueen, H. L., 880 McCormick, 757, 807, 828, 840, 844, 857
Maddox, J. R., 472 McCrudden, 62
Mádl, F., 208 McCutcheon, George Barr, 227
Maga, C. J., 189 McFarlane, J., 642
Maggs, Peter B., 172, 208, 212, 879 McGregor, Harvey, 860
Magro, J., 350 McKendrick, E., 881
Mahoney, R., 455 McKenna, John J., 274
Main, Thomas O., 709 McKenney, D. D., 761, 763, 816
Maitland, 339 McKillop, Bron, 830
Mak, C., 962 McKinney, 651, 927, 986
Makovsky, A. L., 212
McKnight, Joseph W., 244
Malavet, P. A., 146, 632
McLaughlin, G. T., 170, 524
Malcolm, J., 178, 188, 189, 190, 264
McLaughlin, J. M., 524
Mallat, Chibli, 202, 204, 379, 525
McLean, Ana Cecilia, 682
Malmström, A i ke, 259
McLendon, Timothy, 683
Mancini, G. Federico, 12, 80, 81
Mandrioli, Crisanto, 515 McLeod, G., 321
Mansfield, 166, 356, 435, 436 McLiesh, Caralee, 267
Mansrea, 184, 185 McMahon, 246, 618
Mao Zedong, 206, 305, 308, 309 McNair, Arnold, D., 396, 880
Mao, L., 664 McWhinney, E., 194, 263
Marafioti, Luca, 852, 854 Meador, Daniel J., 262, 518
Marcos, 189 Meadow, Menkel, 645
Marcus, M. 845 Megarry, R., 974
Margadant, Guillermo. F., 146, 329, 349, 357, Meier–Hayoz, Arthur, 484
381 Meltzer, Daniel J., 516
Marinoni, Luiz G., 794 Mengistu, 256
Markesinis, Basil, 10, 104, 111, 261, 426, 457, Menski, Werner, 50, 193, 196, 231, 253, 259,
469, 597, 599, 847, 857, 874, 906, 955, 362
957, 958, 971, 987, 988 Mercer, 709
Markham, 244 Mercier, V. 761, 763, 816
Markovits, Inga, 157, 208, 210, 211, 259, 261, Merle, P., 104
262, 267 Merle, R., 858
Marr, David G., 273 Merrill, T. W., 922
Marsh, N. S., 168, 175, 243, 954 Merry, Sally Engle, 194, 200, 248, 253, 254,
Marshall, Donald G., 44 257
xlii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Merryman, John Henry, 193, 221, 253, 254, Muscheler, K., 207
259, 268, 276, 357, 395, 506, 532, 534, Mussell, G. J., 200
640, 774, 921 Mustafa, Z., 193, 194
Mestre, J., 935 Musy, Alberto, 9
Michaels, Ralf, 107, 144
Millar, Robert W., 396, 503, 747, 748, 763, Nadaraja, T., 400
772, 775, 819, 823 Nadelmann, K. H., 402, 557, 729
Miller, Arthur, 545, 819 Nader, Laura, 3, 31, 131, 213, 240, 248, 260,
Miller, Jeffrey J., 852 278, 348
Miller, L., 897 Nahum, F., 202
Miller, P., 66 Nakazato, Minoru, 269
Miller, R. L. R., 887, 896 Napoleon, 111, 183, 202, 203, 204, 240, 246,
Miller, Richard S., 269 341, 354, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 390,
Miller, Stuart Creighton, 46, 269 391, 393, 435, 477, 479, 534, 595, 626,
Millner, 110, 111, 112 633, 635, 710, 863, 710, 863, 864, 875,
Mills, John, 683 880, 891, 892, 920
Mirow, Matthew C., 424 Nathan, 329
Mitchell, John D. B., 545 Naumov, Anatolyi V., 212
Miterrand, François, 529 Nazzini, Renato, 714
Miyake, Hiroto, 507, 510, 557, 708, 710, 763, Nehemekis, P., 170
782, 798, 820 Nelken, David, 50
Miyazawa, Setsuo, 269, 663, 665, 666, 667, Neumayer, K. H., 168, 424
669 Ngouabi, Marien, 256
Moccia, Luigi, 238, 341, 479, 558, 637 Nicholas, Barry, 111, 264, 341, 548, 873, 875,
Moderne, Franck, 546, 547 883, 971
Modestinus, 321 Nicholls, Peter, 227
Moellers, T., 900 Nichols, 185, 238
Moench, C., 612 Nicola, Fernanda, 87, 428
Moitinho de Almeida, J. C., 81 Nieva Fenol, Jorge, 511
Möllers, Thomas, 100
Nilles, K. M., 472
Mommsen, W. J., 261, 316, 321
Nipperdey, 955
Monnier, F., 536
Nnaemeka, Obioma, 120
Monsma, S., 62
Noda, Y., 199
Montagnier, Gabriel, 532, 534, 535, 536, 798
Nolde, B., 240, 259
Montagnier, Luc, 756
Nollkaemper, A., 847
Montesquieu, 52
Noonan, Jr., John T., 168
Monti, Alberto, 9
Nordhausen, A., 946
Moore, Sally Falk, 242, 259
Normand, 620
Morel, 523
Moretti, Pierre, 103 Nörr, K. W., 362
Morgan, J. D., 991 North, Douglass C., 6
Moris, G. T., 329 Nsouli, M. M., 202
Morton, F. L., 527 Ntumy, Michael A., 196
Morton, R., 759, 828 Nun, S. Y., 191
Moscati, Laura, 432 Nuotio, Kimmo, 205, 909
Moses, Fritz, 154, 155, 396, 620 Nussbaum, Arthur, 156, 488
Mosler, H., 530 Nyerere, 869
Motilla, Augustin, 249 Nygh, Peter, 713
Motomura, H., 822
Mueller, Christopher B., 757 O’Connor, P., 931
Mueller, Gerard O. W., 55, 835, 847 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 14, 59, 65, 568
Müller-Graff, P., 87 O’Hare, John, 510
Munday, Roderick, 144, 832 Oba, Abdulmumini A., 123
Mundi, Martha, 204 Octavius, Lucius, 314
Mundy, Roderick, 144, 253 Oda, Hiroshi, 196, 199, 269, 987
Muniz Arguelles, L., 991 Oechslin, Manuel, 169
Murchison, B. C., 995 Ogawa, Ichiro, 196
Muris, T. J., 887, 896 Ogus, Anthony, 244
Murphy, J. F., 597 Oh, Kyeun-grae Kenny, 169
Murphy, Jr., E. E., 662 Oliva, Andrés de la, 763, 798, 818, 820, 823
Murray, Daniel 837 Olmstead, C., 55
Murray, Peter, 491, 494, 501, 503, 504, 507, Oppenheim, Lassa, 233, 235
508, 510, 533, 687, 689, 697, 708, 723, Orden, Stewart, 132, 135
749, 763, 766, 780, 782, 798, 805, 819, Orfield, 825
820, 821, 823, 826, Ortega Torres, J., 991
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xliii
Ortells Ramos, Manuel, 503, 510, 820 Philastre, 294
l
Orücü, Esin, 50, 191 Philipp, David, 922
Oser, 969 Phillimore, Sir Walker, 324
Ost, F., 427 Photinopoulos, Michael, 340
Oster, J. S., 537 Picker, Colin B., 259
Ota, S., 639, 648 Pieck, M., 758, 842
Oteiza, Eduardo, 991 Pihlajamäki, Heikki, 205, 909
Otsuka, H., 665 Pincus, Edward, 132, 135
Ott, G., 892 Pinto Monteiro, A., 894
Ottenberg, Simon, 168, 266 Pisani, R.L., 56
Owen, DG, 103 Pistor, Katharina, 14, 242
Pizzi, William T., 845, 846, 852, 856, 857
Pizzorusso, Alessandro, 524, 852
Pahl, Michael R., 853 Planel, Philippe G., 95, 127, 253
Paisant, G., 979 Planiol, Marcel 111, 593, 620, 779, 888, 976
Palandt, O., 411, 421, 468, 543, 575, 576, 577, Plato, 52
581, 599, 889, 891, 902, 925 Plender, Richard, 228
Paliwala, Abdul, 38 Ploscowe, 808, 831
Palmer, Vernon V., 100, 101, 108, 165, 191, Plotkin, I. H., 931
220, 254, 390, 461 Plötzgen, A. F. M., 615
Pancrazi, M.-E., 935 Pocar, Fausto, 713
Pandekten, 329 Pocock, John G. A., 382
Pantle, N., 503 Podgorecki, A., 259
Papinianus, 321 Pogany, Istran, 213
Parisi, Francesco, 920, 922 Polakiewicz, Jörg, 73, 956
Parkerson, John E., 829 Polanyi, Michael, 222
Parry, D., 946 Polinsky, A. Mitchell, 165
Pascal, Rober A., 246, 247 Pollaud–Dulian, F. 978
Pashukanis, E. B., 214, 215, 306 Pompidou, 995
Pasley, 545 Pomponius, 319
Pasternak, Burton , 132, 133, 134, 135 Poole–Griffiths, Fre Le, 835
Patchett, 400 Porrata–Doria Jr., Rafael A., 94
Patterden, R., 835 Portalis, 386, 595
Patterson, E., 150, 403, 404, 863, 971 Portemer, Jeau, 382
Paul, J. C. N., 201 Posner, Richard A., 826, 835, 863, 896
Paulus, 321 Pothier, 246, 361, 387, 389
Pause, 808 Pound, Roscoe, 41, 65, 237, 594, 595, 618,
Pechota, Vratislov, 210 685, 863, 867, 868, 869, 974
Peden, E., 894 Powell, 926, 927, 932, 974
Peerenboom, Randall, 31, 206 Powell, R. R., 245, 926, 927, 933, 974
Peifer, Karl–Nikolaus, 598 Powicke, M., 342
Pekelis, Alexander H., 776, 824, 884 Pozzo, Barbara, 100
Penvern, 805 Pradi, Andrea, 219
Pérez-Perdomo, Rogelio, 259, 532, 534, 774 Preuı̈, U., 957
Perillo, J. M., 150, 317, 357, 537, 708, 747, Preuss, Ulrich K, 210
778, 974, 978, 990, 993, 994 Pringsheim, 396, 480
Perlin, M. L., 228 Pritchard, H. R. S., 695
Perron, Walter, 856, 857 Pritsch, 207
Perrot, Roger, 532, 534, 535, 536 Prosser, 993
Perry–Kessaris, A., 864 Puchta, 329
Perset Reig, M., 350 Pufendorf, Samuel, 116
Pes, Luca, 261 Pugh, G. W., 762, 830, 845
Pescatore, 78 Pugsley, D., 321
Petchsiri, Apirat, 201, 239 Pupeschi, A., 471
Peters, E., E., 751 Pye, K. A., 55, 829
Petersen, Hanne, 253
Peterson, Courtland H., 174, 691, 821
Petrén, S., 205 Qayyim, Ibn, 915
Petronio, Ugo, 432 Qin, Julia Ya, 31, 36
Petzold, H., 444 Quaere, 157
Peyrot, M., 707 Queen, Frances, 848, 852
Pfeifer, 663 Quigley, John, 216, 217, 261
Pfeiffer, Thomas, 721 Quint, Peter E., 210, 211, 262, 955, 958
Pfennigstorf, W., 455, 468, 641, 688 Quraishi, A., 373
Pfund, Peter H., 70, 71, 72
xliv TABLE OF AUTHORS

Rabel, 238, 426 Rigby, Arthur, 135

Rabelais, 343 Ripert, George, 111, 593, 620, 779, 863, 888,
Rabello, Alfredo M., 400, 480, 991 976, 978
Rabie, 316 Ristau, B. A., 736
Radcliffe, 478, 652 Ritterspach, T., 524
Radding, Charles M., 322, 631 Rivero, Jean, 539, 540, 542, 543
Radin, Max, 185, 238 Roberts, C. H., 322
Raffarin, Jean–Pierre, 250 Roberts, P., 829, 834, 841
Raffi, R., 465 Robertson, D. W., 562
Ragland, 776 Robinson, 485
Rahman, Fazlur, 914, 915 Rochemont, R. Du Mesnil de, 938
Raiser, T., 393, 613 Rock, E., 997
Rait, Robert S., 383 Rodière, R., 239, 462, 474
Rajneri, E., 471 Rodotá, Stefano, 429
Raley, G. B., 739 Rodrigues, J. N. Cunha, 83
Ramseyer, Mark, 269 Rodriguez Iglesias, G. C., 81
Rancent, Léon, 146 Roebuck, Derek, 195
Ranger, Terence, 608 Roemer, 77
Rapaczynski, Andrzej, 210 Rohde, G., 662
Rashba, 571 Rokumoto, K., 639, 648, 653
Rashdall, H., 342 Romano, C. P. R., 847
Rayner, Stephen A., 210 Rosas, A., 83
Raz, Joseph, 213, 336 Rose, Carol V., 275
Razi, 620 Rose–Ackerman, Susan, 168, 169
Re, E. D., 239, 341 Rosen, D. Toby, 710, 824
Redding, Jeffrey A., 378 Rosenberg, 834, 837, 840
Redman, G. Moreland, 991 Rosenn, Keith S., 169, 277, 616, 747
Reese, W. L. M., 174 Rosenzweig, 196
Regan, 696 Rosett, Arthur, 912
Rehnquist, JJ., 62, 839 Rösler, H., 957
Reich, Pauline C., 507, 510, 557, 708, 710, Ross, Jacqueline, 849
763, 782, 798, 820 Rotondi, M., 208, 420, 989
Reichel, 965 Rouhette, G., 707
Reichenberg, Kurt, 710, 824 Rouland, Nobert, 71, 95, 127, 253
Reid, C. J., 359 Röver, J.-H., 934
Reid, E., 985, 991 Rowell, M. S., 394
Reid, J. P., 244 Royer, Jean Pierre, 323, 631
Reid, Kennet, 197 Rudden, 537
Reimann, Mathias, 7, 8, 10, 48, 66, 69, 70, 97, Rudden, Bernard, 238, 537, 559, 884, 922
98, 106, 124, 125, 144, 153, 191, 207, 228, Rueschemeyer, D., 944
238, 242, 261, 265, 268, 410, 863, 922 Runciman, 848
Reinicke, G., 988 Runciman, Lord, 848
Reinke, 338 Rupp, H. G., 958
Reischl, 78 Rupp-von Brünneck, Wiltraut, 558
Reisman, W. Michael, 141, 144 Ruskola, Teemu, 43, 49, 201, 217
Reitz, J. C., 278, 710, 756, 824 Russell, F. F., 201, 202
Remington, M. J., 537 Rutledge, Peter B., 813
Rengifo Garcı́a, E. 991
Reske, J., 455 Sacco, Rodolfo, 5, 49, 50, 154, 159, 202, 220,
Ress, G., 110 221, 222, 227, 237, 241, 254, 261, 637
Reymond, J.-M., 949 Sachs, Albie, 197
Reyntjens, F., 264 Sachs, Michael, 611
Rheinstein, M., 50, 146, 150, 265, 266, 351, Saeed, Abdullah, 913
357, 361, 397, 479, 522, 527, 595, 920, 921 Sah, Monica, 209
Rhode, Deborah L., 696, 946 Sajó, A., 648, 957
Rice, Condoleezza, 14 Saleh, Nabil, 451
Richard, J. F., 242 Saleilles, 864, 978
Richardson, Grant, 169 Salgado de Samoza, 338
Richardson, M., 995 Salmonte, A. B., 178
Riegert, R. A., 361, 688 Saltzman, 701
Ries, Peter, 210 Samuels, A., 931
Riesenfeld, Stefan, 229, 479, 829 Sand, P. H., 239
Riesenfeld, Stefan, 229, 479, 829 Sandeep, Gopalan , 72
Riezler, 574, 575 Sanders, Joseph, 268, 269
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xlv
Sandholtz, Wayne, 168 Schwartz, Benjamin, 202, 283, 354, 537
Sandrock, O., 908 Schwartz, Herman, 213
Sanhuri, 451, 868 Schwartz, I., 900
Santos, B., 253, 683 Schwarze, Jürgen, 382
Sarcevic, P., 956 Schwarzer, W. W., 493, 524
Sardan, Jean–Pierre Olivier de, 128, 129, 130 Schwebel, S. M., 970
Sarfatti, 98, 259 Schwenk, 829, 854
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 849 Schwenzer, Ingeborg, 7, 911
Sassani, Bruno, 514, 518 Scoles, E., 729
Saumarez Smith, Richarda, 204 Scott, 185
Sauser–Hall, 259 Scott, C. A., 976
Saussy, Haun, 46 Scott, Joan W., 455, 993
Sauvel, T., 555, 625 Scott, R. E., 892, 896
Sauveplanne, J. G., 393 Scupin, Hans U., 382
Savatier, J., 864 Seat, T. C., 322
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 66, 361, 405, Sebok, A. J., 455, 993
608, 869 Sedler, R. A., 201, 202
Sawyer, G., 842 Seerden, R. J. G. H., 537
Saxena, 193 Sefton–Green, Ruth, 100, 108, 430
Scalia, Antonin, 59, 60, 63, 99, 176 Seidman, 266
Scarman, L., 244 Selassie, Haile, 201, 202, 254
Schaar, M., 196 Sellers, 663
Schabas, William A., 73 Selvaggi, Eugenio, 852
Schack, H., 648, 649 Sen, Sun Yat, 869
Schauer, M., 897 Sendler, 805
Schenck, Perry C., 120 Seneca, 245
Scherer, 476 Seneviratne, M., 531
Schervier, Joachim, 158 Senghor, 869
Schick, B. C., 931 Sepulveda, 348
Schiller, 204 Serini, 858
Schippel, H. H., 150, 937 Serra Dominguez, Manuel, 482, 616
Schlechtriem, P., 877, 898, 908, 911 Serra, Antonio T., 345, 616
Schlesinger, Rudolf B., 4, 8, 50, 54, 65, 69, 98, Serrano, Antonio, 616
99, 110, 112, 115, 117, 146, 150, 151, 152, Sessarego, C.F., 991
174, 193, 197, 208, 219, 220, 228, 386, Setalvad, M. C., 240
390, 397, 420, 435, 484, 554, 561, 578, Sfeir, George N., 203
623, 626, 637, 648, 687, 702, 717, 757, Shahabuddeen, M., 325
824, 830, 845, 855, 863, 875, 881, 897, Shakespeare, William, 154
898, 906, 908, 970 Shaley, G., 198
Schlosser, Peter, 721 Shanhuri, Al, 429
Schmid, Christoph U., 427 Shaoqi, Liu, 309
Schmidt, F., 624, 625 Shapira, Amos, 198
Schmidt, K., 568 Shapiro, David L., 516
Schmidt, Reimer, 938 Shapiro, I., 167
Schmitthoff, 72, 242 Shapiro, Martin, 107, 955
Schneider, C., 62 Sharlet, R., 172
Schneider, E., 751 Sharma, K. M., 194
Schnitzer, A. F., 239, 259 Shattuck, 200
Schnur, Roman, 381 Shavell, Steven, 165, 879
Schoch, M. M., 174 Sheehan, A. V., 830, 856, 858
Schockweiler, F. A., 81 Shick, R. P., 872
Schoenenberger, 969 Shimin, Li, 296
Schoenrich, Otto, 486, 876 Shingleton, A. Bradley, 210
Schrage, E. J. H., 359 Shirley, Mary M., 274
Schroeder, O., 66 Shleifer, Andrei, 267, 863
Schroth, P. W., 228 Shmid, Christoph, 152
Schubert, G., 178 Shultz, U., 637, 648, 649
Schulman, S. H., 998 Sibbitt, Eric C., 199
Schulte–Nölke, H., 909 Sibree, J., 44
Schultz, U., 944 Siches, Recasens, 191, 487
Schulz, F., 389 Sicure, Regole, 146
Schuster, E. J., 874 Siddiqi, 916
Schwab, D., 954 Sidel, Mark, 273
Schwander, I., 743 Sidhu, K. S., 193
Schwartz, A., 210, 879, 892, 896 Siegrist, Hannes, 633
xlvi TABLE OF AUTHORS

Siehr, K., 394, 910 Stevens, C. R., 199

Siemer, S., 652 Stevens, J., 57
Siklova, Jirina, 211 Stewart, J., 842
Silberman, Linda, 709, 713 Stiefel, Ernst. C., 66, 710, 749, 824, 938
Silva de Lapuerta, R., 83 Stoehr, Carolyn S., 829
Silvestri, Elisabetta, 756 Stolleis, Michael, 382
Silving, H., 758, 775, 854 Stoller, Paul, 127
Simon, R., 61 Stollmann, F., 555
Simons, William B., 212 Stone, A., 528
Sin, King-kui, 195 Stone, Bailey, 633
Singh, M. P., 537 Stone, H. F., 578
Sirat, A. S., 203 Stone, J., 577
Sisneros, E. Z., 741 Storme, M. E., 873
Skouris, V., 83 Storme, Marcel, 712, 713, 764, 794, 795
Slobogin, C., 61 Storme, Matthias E., 873
Slynn, Gordon, 81 Story, Joseph, 65, 66, 396
Smit, Hans, 786, 828, 970 Stotzky, I. P., 55
Smith, D. G., 472 Stourzh, Gerald, 382
Smith, D. N., 194 Strange, Susan, 3
Smith, Gordon B., 212 Straus, M., 774
Smith, H. E., 922 Strauss, Gerald, 632
Smith, Lionel, 100, 160 Street, Harry, 541 545
Smith, Malcolm D. H., 199 Strömholm, 701
Smith, T. B., 197, 229, 400, 402, 620 Strong, J. W., 757, 807, 828, 840, 857
Smits, J., 879, 909 Stults, R., 208
Smout, T. C., 345 Sturm, F., 932
Smythe, D. J., 971, 972 Stürner, Rolf, 71, 491, 494, 501, 503, 504,
Snee, J. M., 829 507, 508, 510, 530, 532, 533, 687, 689,
Sneed, J., 64 697, 707, 708, 713, 723, 749, 763, 766,
Snijders, H. J., 662, 663 780, 782, 798, 805, 819, 820, 821, 823,
Snyder, F., 245, 254, 264 826,
Snyder, J., 877 Sugarman, S., 641, 642
Soell, H., 622 Suleyman, Ezra N., 632
Solender, E. K., 455 Summers, C. W., 244
Sommerich, O. C., 921 Summers, Robert S., 116, 151, 228, 437, 579,
Song, Sang Hyun, 196, 200, 671 615, 907
Song, SH, 671 Sun, Yat-sen, 301, 302
Sonnen, B. R., 955 Sundberg, J. W. F., 205
Sonnenberger, H. J., 932 Sunstein, Cass, 557, 579
Sono, K., 991 Swain, F., 439
Soper, J., 62
Swan, A. C., 55
Southern, D. B., 211
Swart, Bert 847
Spada, Paolo, 432
Sweet, J., 578, 887, 897, 906
Spencer, J., 63, 831
Swenson, 245
Spinosi, 881
Symeonides, Symeon, 246, 743
Spinoza, 345
Sypnowich, Christine, 213
Spiret, J. E., 741
Szabo, I., 208
Sprovieri, Luis E., 709
Szladits, Charles, 160, 381, 561, 878, 880
Stadler, A., 909
Stammler, 286
Stamphli, Berne, 390 Taagepera, Rein, 168
Starck, B., 475 Taelman, Piet, 708
Staudinger, 574, 575, 576 Taggart, M., 974
Steadman, J. M., 420 Takaishi, Y., 745
Stebbins, Chantal, 619 Takayanagi, 199
Stecher, K., 921 Tallon, D., 874, 877, 880, 883, 884, 888, 899,
Steefel, E. C., 564 907, 910, 979, 988
Steifel, Ernst C., 66, 710, 749, 824, 938 Tamanaha, Brian Z., 38, 213, 254, 272
Stein, Eric, 240, 243, 244, 391, 524 Tambiah, 400
Stein, Peter G., 66, 238, 323, 631, 880 Tamm, Ditlev, 146
Steiner, J., 89 Tan, Carol G. S., 192
Stelling–Michaud, 334 Tanaka, Hideo, 199, 666
Stephen III, Paul B., 209 Taniguchi, Yasuhei, 507, 510, 557, 708, 709,
Stephens, Thomas, 43 710, 763, 782, 798, 820
Stern, Rachel, 194 Tanner, R. E. S., 156, 266
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xlvii
Tappy, D., 949 Ulen, T. S., 648, 879, 886, 892
Taruffo, Michele, 71, 502, 503, 508, 555, 709, Ulpian, 245, 310, 313, 319, 321, 381, 630
713, 743, 763, 764, 786, 798, 819, 991 Unberath, H., 457, 906, 955, 957, 958, 971,
Tata C., 843 987, 988
Tedeschi, G., 198, 400 Upham, Frank K., 31, 199, 269, 648
Teitel, Ruti G., 6 Uzair, 916, 917
Teitz, Louise E., 743
Temin, Peter, 146
Ter Haar, 204 Vacarius, 342
Terré, F., 463, 979 Van Alystyne, 403
Teske, Jr., Raymond, 857 Van Boom, W. H., 455
Tetley, William, 247 Van Caenegem, R. C., 238, 339, 709
Teubner, Gunther, 254, 264 Van Dam, C., 457, 461, 468
Thaman, Stephen C., 243, 832, 847, 849, 850 Van de Kerchov, Michel, 359
Thayer, Carlye A., 273 Van Den Horst, M. H. J., 197
Thayer, J. B., 827 Van den Wyngaert, C., 831
Theodoro Jr., Humberto, 798 Van der Graef, I. P. F., 382
Théry, P., 533 Van der Keessel, 620
Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus, 405 Van Der Linden, Jacques, 5, 201, 202, 329
Thieffry, P., 472 Van der Merwe, C., 921
Thieme, Hans, 481, 635 Van Doorn, Ph., 472
Thomann, F. H., 758 Van Ee, D., 401
Thome, J. R., 169
Van Erp, S., 850, 855
Thompson, Winfred Lee, 196
Van Gerven, 468
Thürman, D., 908
Van Kessel, G., 843, 846
Tille, A. A., 208
Van Leeuwen, 329, 620
Tillema, A. J. P., 421, 422
Van Patten, J. K., 981
Tiller, 758
Tillers, Peter, 834 Van Reenen, T. P., 259, 400
Timmermans, C. W. A., 83 Van Rhee, C. H., 709, 773
Tindall, 318 Van Voorhis, J., 172
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 52, 67, 671 Van Warmelo, 315
Todd, S., 455 Vance, 185
Tomatsu, F., 745 Varady, Tibor, 164, 217
Tomatsu, H., 199 Varano, Vincenzo, 501, 502, 505, 508, 510,
Tomlinson, Edward A., 461, 830 690, 709, 712, 714, 763, 769
Torello, Luis, 712 Vargas, Jorge A., 191, 867, 873
Torr, Dona, 45 Varinard, André, 532, 534, 535, 536, 798
Torsello, M., 880, 881, Vassopoulou, V., 649
Toyohisa Isobe, 822 Vaughn, 245, 748
Trakman, L. E., 196, 971 Vázquez Alfaro, J. L., 536
Traynor, Roger J., 578, 842 Vazquez Bote, E., 932
Trebilcock, M., 892 Veljanovski, C. G., 896
Tremml, B., 689 Vescovi, Enrique, 712, 747
Trias Monge, Jose, 247 Vesey–Fitzgerald, S. G., 363
Tribonianus, 311, 321, 330, 343 Vidal, D., 104
Tricot, M., 994 Vidmar, Neil, 832, 833
Triomphe, 805 Vigoriti, Vincenzo, 506, 524, 701, 702
Tripathi, Pradyumna K., 194 Villamor, J. J., 189
Trocker, Nicolo, 501, 505, 508, 510, 712, 714, Vincent Heuzé, 743
763, 769 Vincent, Jean, 532, 534, 535, 536, 798
Trouille, Helen, 849 Viney, G., 105, 456, 978, 982, 986
Trubek, David M., 38, 40, 271, 275, 276, 683 Vinnius, 329, 350, 620
Tschäni, R., 420 Vishny, Robert, 267
Tucker, 246 Visser, D., 197, 344, 345
Tumanov, V. A., 261 Vitu, A., 858
Tunc, André, 462, 465, 466, 473, 474, 477, Vliet, R. Dale, 401
507, 557, 620 Voet, Johannes, 318, 329, 620
Tunc, Suzanne, 620 Vogenauer, Stefan, 709
Turpin, C. C., 545 Vogler, R., 830, 831
Twigg–Flesner, C., 89, 946 Volken, P., 956
Twining, William, 3, 228 Volpp, Leti, 46, 132, 136, 141
Von Bahr, S., 83
Uitz, R., 957 Von Bar, Ch., 457, 461, 468, 471, 954, 957,
Ujejski, Tomasz, 195 977
xlviii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Von Borries, R., 50 Wessels, J. W., 197

von Büren, 755 West, Andrew, 849
Von Eyben, 205 Westlake, John, 234
von Falkenhausen, B., 564 Weston, Burns H. , 117
Von Hülsen, H. V., 110 Wetter, J.G., 554, 624
Von Mehren, Arthur T., 823, 875, 879, 883 Weyrauch, Walter Otto, 136, 141, 554, 953
Von Overbeck, A. E., 484, 998 Wheeler, S., 259
Von Planta, A., 420 Whelan, C. J., 244, 259
Von Repgow, Eike, 352 White, James J., 151, 437, 838
Von Szladits, 400 White, Stephen, 209
Von Wangenheim, G., 892 Whitman, James Q., 229, 343, 353, 846
Vyshinsky, 215, 216, 306 Whittaker, Simon, 100, 107, 115, 548, 970
Whittington, Keith E., 261
Wickersham, W. G., 202
Waal, C. J. D., 329 Wieacker, Franz, 205, 268, 361, 390, 864
Wacks, Raymond, 195, 995 Wiegand, Wolfgang, 68, 679
Wade, H. W. R., 974 Wieland, 997
Waelde, Thomas W., 212 Wierzbowsky, M., 552
Wagner, Gerhard, 72 Wigmore, John Henry, 175, 783, 758, 807
Wagner, W. J., 150, 207, 208, 597 Wilhelm, 106
Wahl, E., 98, 622 Wilhelmsson, T., 427, 910
Waibl, K., 170 Will, M., 468, 470
Walder, H. U., 438 Willard, R. E., 981
Waline, Jean, 539, 540, 542, 543 Willging, Thomas E., 807, 808
Waline, Marcel, 542, 543 Williams, Glanville, 644, 646
Wallace, D., 200 Williams, J. H., 829
Wallach, Kate, 246 Williston, 53, 878, 907, 942, 945
Walter, Gerhard, 501, 505, 510, 763 Wilner, G. M., 203
Walter, S., 856 Winship, Peter, 71, 151, 877, 897
Walton, Frederick P., 386, 548, 875, 883, 978 Wisdom, J., 65, 390, 391, 554, 578
Wang, Z., 663 Wise, Edward M., 55, 71, 115, 240, 244, 519,
Warburg, Gabriel R., 194 619, 842, 847
Ward, P., 993 Witte, Bruno De, 87, 425
Warren, C., 638 Wittfogel, Karl A., 45
Warren, J., 176, 830, 842 Wittman, R., 955
Watanabe, Kazuo, 715 Wohl, R. H., 652
Watson, Alan, 38, 153, 223, 237, 238, 240, Wolf, Eric, 64
241, 248, 254, 314, 316, 319, 321, 392, 400 Wolff, J., 56
Watt, Horatia Muir, 8, 97 Wolff, M., 240, 259, 393, 926, 974
Weatherill, S., 89 Wolfram, C. W., 636, 638, 646, 942, 946, 947
Weber, Max, 45, 46, 241, 264, 275, 276, 288, Woodley, S., 471
380 Woodman, Gordon R., 253
Wechsler, Herbert, 516 Woods, L., 89
Weeks, J. K., 995 Woodside, Alexander, 282
Weeramantry, L. G., 400, 577 Woolf, Lord, 803, 804, 806, 808
Weigend, Thomas, 831, 845, 846, 852 Wright, Charles A., 509, 516, 526
Würfel, J., 503
Weinberger, O., 336
Wyduckel, Dietev, 381
Weinreb, L. L., 845
Weinsheimer, Joel, 44
Weinstein, Jack B., 545, 759, 828, Xu, Wang, 34
Weintraub, R., 717
Weir, J. A., 980 Yadin, U., 198, 897
Weir, Tony, 10, 50, 112, 153, 205, 221, 243, Yale, W., 265
259, 361, 390, 879, 934 Yang, Kun, 525
Weisbrot, D., 194 Yaocan, Jingji, 34
Weiskopf, N. R., 971 Yessiou–Faltsi, Pelaya, 503, 504, 506, 514,
Weissbrodt, David, 64 523, 686, 708, 764, 798, 820
Welch, 915 Yiannopoulos, A. N., 229, 246, 247, 340, 431,
Welchman, Lynn, 203 588, 921, 990, 991
Welser, 105 Yntema, Hessel E., 154
Wendler, M., 689 Ynzonides, M., 662, 663
Wenger, L., 555 Yoon, Dae–Kyu, 269
Werro, Franz, 100, 108, 390, 461 Yoshida, I., 894
Wesley–Smith, Peter, 194, 195 Young, Lawrence A., 278
 TABLE OF AUTHORS xlix
Young, M. K., 199, 269, 991, 992 Zeuner, A., 818
Ypsilantis, Alexander, 340 Zevenbergen, J., 932
Yuille, 696, 701 Zhang, Yong, 541
Yūsuf, Abū, 368 Zhiltsoy, A. N., 212
Ziadeh. F. J., 204
Zagaris, B., 55 Zietz, Hedwig, 921
Zahle, Henrik, 253 Zile, Z. L., 172
Zajtay, I., 202, 239, 400, 625, 796 Zimmermann, Reinhard, 7, 8, 10, 66, 69, 70,
Zaphiriou, George A., 70, 244 87, 97, 98, 100, 107, 115, 124, 125, 144,
Zarin, Don, 55 146, 153, 191, 197, 207, 228, 238, 242,
Zart, I.W., 3 261, 265, 268, 325, 326, 343, 344, 400,
Zedillo, Ernesto, 191 425, 426, 444, 620, 863, 880, 910, 970, 971
Zedner, Lucia, 848 Zipursky, B. C., 993
Zeisel, 832 Zollers, F., 472
Zekoll, Joachim, 410, 419, 922 Zuckerman, Adrian, 687, 691, 709, 712
Zemach, Y. S., 198 Zunz, Olivier, 66
Zemans, F. H., 642, 696, 701 Zweigert, K., 10, 50, 112, 153, 221, 259, 509,
Zepos. 70, 238, 424 548, 818, 879, 880, 898, 899, 970, 998