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Nursing Pharmacology Position: Sitting with head tilted slightly

backwards, or supine with head tilted back in
The seven rights of medication hyperextended position
administration Hold dropper ¼ to ½ inch above nares
RIGHT DRUG Instruct client to take one short deep breath
RIGHT CLIENT after each instillation and to remain position for
RIGHT DOSE 3-5 minutes.
RIGHT TIME For oral medication:
RIGHT ROUTE Do not crush or chew enteric coated tablets.
RIGHT REASON Many oral medications require administration
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION with milk or food
General Principles in Drug Administration Schedule first doses of new medications on
Whoever prepares the medication, administers different hours from other medications
and charts it For Pediatric Patients
Consult a drug reference manual or pharmacist If drugs are being mixed with food or liquid, use
for information on unfamiliar drugs only small amount
For elderly clients: use devices like calendars, Medicine can also be given through nipples or
daily pill dispensers droppers
For pediatric clients, use syringe Toddlers: allow to choose on method of
Obtain assistance of parents to hold child in delivery- spoon, dropper, syringe, and allow to
position help
Assess client’s allergy Position: Semi-Fowler’s or sitting
Check drug’s expiry date Instruct client to place tablets/ capsules at the
Read labels three times before administration back of the throat and to follow with enough
Wash hands before and after administration liquid
Do not let the tip of the tube/dropper touch the Administer liquid medications after pills
client Remain with the client until all the medications
Document administration on medication record are taken. Check the client’s mouth
and client’s response to medication. Check client 30-60 minutes later for effects of
For eye medication: medication.
Position: supine or sitting position with
forehead tilted back slightly For buccal and sublingual medication
Medication is administered into the conjunctival Place under the tongue (sublinggual) and
sac between cheek and gum (buccal)
For ointments, apply from inner to outer If client’s mucous membranes are dry, offer a
canthus ending it with a twisting motion sip of water
Let the client close his eyes DRUGS
For liquid medications, press firmly 1.Local anesthetics:
nasolacrimal duct for at least 30 seconds -blocks nerve conduction
If medication temporarily affects vision, instruct -metabolized by hepatic enzymes
client not to move until vision is clearer -produces temporary loss of sensation
Lift side rails and place call light within reach and motion in a limited area of the body.
For ear (otic) instillation: E.g: Procaine (novocain),Benzocaine
Wash ear if excess wax in noted (americaine),mepivacaine (carbocaine)
Position: Side-lying, sitting, or semi-Fowler’s Nursing implications:
position a. force fluids
For adults: pull auricle of ear up and back b. keep side rail-up
For children: down and back (<3 years) LIDOCAINE TOXICITY
Instruct client to remain in position for 3-5 SLURRED SPEECH
minutes ALTERED CNS
For nasal instillation MUSCLE TWITCHING
Cleanse nares SEIZURES
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2. Non narcotic analgesics and antipyretics Tablet can be crushed and mixed with
Aspirin food/fluids
-analgesia Teratogenic
-antipyretic 5. Anticonvulsants
-anti-inflammatory Barbiturates (phenobarbital)
-anti-platelet -for gen. and absence seizures
Acetaminophen/Tylenol Benzodiazepines (valium)
-Analgesic,antipyretic -drug of choice for status epilepticus
-Antidote: acetylcysteine (mucomyst) Hydantoins (dilantin)
-monitor liver/kidney function and CBC. -prevents dissemination of electrical
SALICYLATE POISONING discharges in motor cortex area of the brain
TINNITUS LETHARGY/EXCITABILITY, Succinimides (zarontin)/valporic acid
HYPERVENTILATION HYPERTHERMIA (delpakene)
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS -absence seizures
NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND Acetazolamine (diamox)/ Tegretol
ANTIPYRETICS -diuretics,absence,tonic-clonic or myoclonic
Nursing Implications seizures.
Monitor CBC, PT, kidney and liver function Nursing Implications
studies -7-10 days therapeutic level
Additive effects if with use with anticoagulants -turn urine pink, red or red-brown.
Drink plenty of fluids -not given IM
Take with food or fluids. -gingival hyperplasia
Never given with children/adolescents with flu/ -caution use in pregnancy
chicken pox ENDOCRINE DRUGS
Don’t crush enteric-coated tablets. 1. ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
Avoid intake of alcohol Insulin
stop therapy one week before surgery Adverse Effects:
3. Narcotic analgesics Allergy
Codeine Hypoglycemia
hydromorphone (dilaudid), meperidine Lipodystrophy
(demerol), methadone, Nursing Implications:
oxycodone HCL Do not inject cold insulin.
-induces sedation, analgesia and euphoria. Discard discolored solutions or those with
-relief of moderate to severe pain in MI. precipitates. Do not shake vial.
- relief of dyspnea in Pulmonary edema or Left Draw up clear insulin first.
ventricular failure. Rotate injection sites
Nursing Implications: Monitor blood glucose levels regularly.
-assess pain before giving Inform patients regarding signs of
-monitor RR hypoglycemia and appropriate treatment.
-change position slowly If ill continue taking insulin and drink freely
-check urinary retention nancaloric liquids.
-nalaxone (narcan) available Inform regarding avoidance of smoking.
4.Sedative and Hypnotics Oral Hypoglycemic agents
Eg. Phenobarbital-luminal a. Sulfonylureas
Diazepam-Valium promotes inc. insulin secretion from pancreatic
Hinders movement of impulses from thalamus beta cells
of the brain cortex. First-Generation Agents:
Creates depression in the CNS Tolbutamide, Acetohexamide, Tolazamide,
Nursing Implications: Chlorpropamide
Deep IM Second-Generation Agents
IV adm. monitor insertion sites for Glypizide, Glyburide
extravasation b. Biguanides
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reduces hepatic production of glucose by Nursing Implications:

inhibiting glycogenolysis Review patient’s medical history prior to giving
decrease the intestinal absorption of glucose the drug
and improving lipid profile Administer in light-resistant containers
Agents Observe for mental changes.
Phenformin , Metformin , Buformin Monitor for BP, weight, I and O, glucose,
c. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors electrolytes.
Inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the Take with food or milk.
small intestine and alpha amylase in the Take drug before 9 AM.
pancreas Never abruptly stop taking the drug
Decrease rate of complex carbohydrate Teach patient ways to prevent infection.
metabolism resulting to a reduced rate Restrict sodium, alcohol and caffeine intake.
postprandially. Increase intake of foods high in potassium.
Agents Rinse mouth after using inhaled steroids
Acarbose (precose), Miglitol (glyset) Teach patient to avoid strenuous activities and
Nursing implications: falls
Tablets should not be crushed ANTITHYROID DRUGS
Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole
Use other forms of contraception aside from Mechanism of action
OCPs Blocks thyroid hormone synthesis
Alcohol can trigger a hypoglycemic effect. Adverse effects:
Cover body is sunshine. Use of sunscreen. Skin rash
Sulfonylureas are best taken before meals Urticaria
Monitor for drug to drug interactions. Agranulocytosis
CORTICOSTEROIDS Hepatitis
Cortisol, hydrocortisone, prednisone, Myalgia
prednisolone, methylprednisone, triamcinolone, Headcahe
dexamethasone Hypoprothrombinemia
Mineralocorticoid (fludrocortisone) hypothyroidism
Uses: Nursing considerations
Replacement therapy for adrenocortical Give the drug with meals to reduce GI effects
insufficiency Watch for signs of hypothyroidism
Anti-inflammatory agent WOF: Agranulocytosis
Adverse effects: Instruct patient to report for skin eruptions
1. Altered protein metabolism The drug should be stopped if severe rash
Muscle wasting develops or cervical lymph nodes become
Osteoporosis enlarged
Easy bruisability Advise patient to avoid foods high in iodine or
2. Altered fat metabolism potassium
Moon facies Warn the patient against the use of the
Buffalo hump over-the-counter medication
Truncal obesity Store the drug in a light-resistant container
hyperlipidemia Monitor for weight and PR regularly.
3. Altered carbohydrate metabolism SSKI/Lugol’s solution
Hyperglycemia Potassium or sodium iodide (potassium
Altered immune response iodide SSKI), strong iodine solution
Sodium and water retention (Lugol’s solution)
Hypertension Treatment for thyrotoxic crisis
7. Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
8. Emotional instability Mechanism of action:
9. Excessive androgen activity Inhibits the release and synthesis of thyroid
10. Gastric irritation hormones
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Decreases the vascularity of the thyroid gland Monitor BP, heart rate and I and O.
Decreases thyroidal uptake of radioactive Regularly monitor for uterine contractions and
iodine following radiation emergencies or FHR.
administration of radioactive isotopes of iodine Discontinue if:
Adverse Effects: With note of tetanic uterine contractions.
Unpleasant tase Signs of fetal distress
Hypersalivation Urinary flow is less than 30 ml/hour
Acne Signs of abruptio placenta and uterine rupture
Rashes For ergonovine/methergine- C/I for patients
angioedema with vascular, renal and hepatic problems
Burning sensation Ophthalmic Drugs
THYROID HORMONES A. Mydriatics and Cycloplegics
Levothyroxine -Atropine, Cyclogyl
Liothyronine -causes mydriasis (dilatation) and
Thyroglobulin (Proloid) cyloplegia, w/c paralyzes the lens and eye
Adverse Effects: muscles.
Signs of hyperthyroidism Nursing Implications:
Nursing Implications: -sunglasses
Different brands of levothyroxine may not be -artificial tears
bioequivalent -elderly caution to atropine-IOP
Warn the patient (especially the elderly) to tell B. Miotics
the doctor if with signs of hyperthyroidism Acetylcholine (miochol)
Instruct the patient to take thyroid hormones at Carbachol (isopto carbachol)
the same time each day to maintain constant Pilocarpine
hormone levels. -causes miosis (contraction) of pupils
Nursing Implications: and ciliary muscles
Medications taken in the morning -decreases IOP
Monitor apical pulse and blood pressure. If Cardiovascular Drugs
pulse is >100 bpm, withhold the drug Cardiac Glycosides
Store in air-tight and light-resistant containers Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Monitor prothrombin time; a patient taking -increases force of myocardial contraction (+
these hormones usually requires less inotropic effect
anticoagulant - improves blood supply to vital organs and
OXYTOCIN kidneys, providing a diuretic effect.
Uses: -decreases rate of contraction (-
Promotion of uterine contractions chronotropic effect)
Control of bleeding -CHF,Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,paroxysmal
Release of milk from breast atrial tachycardia.
Oxtocin-related drugs: Cardiovascular Drugs
Methergine Nursing Implications:
Ergonovine -avoid high Na, increase K
Adverse Effects: -Antidote: digoxin immune Fab
Tachycardia (digi-bind)
Water intoxication Hold if apical pulse:
Uterine rupture -infants: below 90 beats
Nausea and vomiting -children/adolescence: below 70
Cardiovascular collapse -adults: below 60 or above 120.
Anaphylaxis Monitor serum digoxin levels: 0-5 to
Hypertension (oxytocin-related drugs) 2.0ng/ml.
Nursing Implications: Anti anginal Drugs
Use infusion pump for administration. Never Nitrites & Nitroglycerin
give IM
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-dilates the peripheral vascular smooth -take early am & after meals
muscles of small vessels. -agranulocytosis
-decreases cardiac pre load and after load.- -take high K diet
decreased myocardial oxygen needs -change position gradually
-dilates large coronary arteries,which helps -daily weights
decrease anginal pain & hypoxia of the Loop Diuretics
myocardium Furosemide ( lasix )
Anticoagulants -Acts by inhibiting reabsorption of Na
Heparin and CL at the proximal portion of the
-blocks conversion of prothrombin to ascending loop of Henle,increasing H2O
thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin excretion.
Warfarin (coumarin) -use in HPN, Pulmonary edema,
-blocks prothrombin synthesis cirrhosis, renal disease
-takes 2-5 days –effect Nursing Implications
Thrombolytic Drugs -take with meals
Streptokinase -monitor for hearing loss
Activase, urokinase -use with 5 % dextrose in water, NaCL &
-when use in treatment of MI, start LR
therapy within 6 hours of attack. -incorporated lasix should be use in 24
- corticosteriods -given to decrease hours
allergic reaction -take dose in am
-Reconstitute it with normal saline or 5% -diet high in K
dextrose solution -stay out of sun, use sunscreen
-Avoid IM route
-Antidote: Aminocaproic acid K-sparing diureticss
Antihypertensives spironolactone ( aldactone )
ACE INHIBITORS - CAPOTEN/CAPTOPRIL, -blocks aldosterone receptors in the
VASOTEC/ENALAPRIL, kidney tubules,thus causing excretion of water
LOTENSIN/BENZAPRIL & sodium & K retention
BETA – BLOCKERS- Nursing Implications:
INDERAL/PROPANOLOL, - may last 2-3 days after drug is stopped
TENORMIN/ATENOLOL -avoid high K diet
CALCIUM ANTAGONIST- CALAN
ISOPTIN/VERAPAMIL, Osmotic Diuretics (mannitol)
CARDIZEM/DIALTIZEM, -acts by increasing osmotic pressure of
PROCARDIA/ NIFEDIPINE the glomerular filtrate inside the renal tubules
Nursing Implications -this causes less reabsorption of F &
-avoid alcohol & hot showers E+ by tubules & increase loss of Fluid,CL &
-low Na diet Na.
-change position gradually Nursing Implications:
-monitor CBC,E+,urinalysis -warm solution to dissolve crystal
Diuretics -used IV filters
Thiazides: hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril) -I&O q 30 minutes
Chlorathiazide (Diuril) -Signs of E-
- Blocks Na reabsorption in the distal Respiratory Drugs
convoluted tubule,which prevents H20 A. Antiasthmatic Drugs
reabsorption Theophylline,Aminophylline
-increases urine output -relaxes bronchial smooth muscles cells
-decrease blood volume -increases renal blood flow, producing
-K excretion diuretic effects and acts as CNS stimulant.
-use in HPN, edema with CHF Respiratory Drugs
Nursing Implication: Nursing Implications
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-theophylline level: 10-20 mcg/ml Nursing Implications:

-with milk or meals:GI upset present -emesis should occur w/in 20-30 min
-not present give 1-2 hours before -repeat dose
meals with water -less than 10 yrs old,one dose only
-avoid excessive caffeine -not given: corrosive,petroleum based or
cyanide
B. Cromolyn sodium
-acts on lung mucosa to prevent E. Anti gout
histamine release Allopurinol (Zyloprim) - prevents production of
uric acid
C. Mucolytics Nursing Implications:
-reduces the viscosity of mucus in the -force fluid:2-3 liters
bronchial tree -take after meals
GIT Drugs -monitor Liver function test/CBC
A.Histamine (H2) antagonists
Cimetidine (Tagamet) Colchicine (Novocolchine)
-Decreases stomach acidity by -drug of choice for acute gouty attacks
impending the action of histamine -decreases the inflammatory response
-Competes with Histamine for to deposits of monosodium urate crystals
occupancy of H2 receptors site on the parietal Nursing Implications:
cells in the stomach -acute attack: given 1-2 hrs until pain
-Suppresses the release of gastric acid ceases
Antimicrobials
Nursing Implications: A. Aminoglycosides:
-antacids decreases absorption Gentamicin (Garamycin)
-4-6 weeks treatment ,ulcer disease. -bactericidal
-toxic effect: confusion Nursing Implications:
-caution with decreased renal function,
B. Antidiarrheals agents reduced hearing, dehydration,neuromuscular
Absorbent disorders
-Pepto-bismol -adequate hydration
-kaopectate B.Penicillin G Potassium (Pentids)
Opiate -Bactericidal
-Imodium Nursing Implication:
-Lomotil -check allergic reactions
-Paregoric -Skin test
Nursing Implications: -give oral tablet empty stomach,
with full glass of water
-not taken with CNS depressants -monitor CBC, BUN, Creatinine
- C. Cephalosporins:
C. Laxatives -Bactericidal
-use to promote movement of feces Nursing Implications:
Ex. Dulcolax, Lactulose, Metamucil -IM: rotate sites
Nursing Implications: -Assess for hx.of penicillin allergy: cross allergy
-not given with nausea, vomiting, abd’l between cephalosporin & penicillin
pain, s/s appendicitis or intestinal obstruction -reduce dose with renal/liver problems.
-Thrombophlebitis: long IV administration.
D. Ipecac Syrup Report diarrhea,rash,hives,dyspnea, bleeding
-irritates the GIT to induce vomiting / D. Erythromycin:
delaying the absorption time of toxic -Bacteriostatic
substances Nursing Implications:
-do not crush enteric coated tablet
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-take in empty stomach ,full glass of -with meals & divide daily dose into 3
water equal parts: GI upset.
-do not give w/ antacids Ethambutol (Myambutol
-GI s/s are dose related -report any s/s blurring of vision
E. Tetracyclines (unable to see red or green)
-Bactericidal -Caution with renal impairment
Nursing Implications:
-avoid with pregnant women .Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
Nursing mothers, Children under 8 y/o -expect orange tinged body fluids
as drug binds to calcium in teeth & new bone -report anorexia,nausea/vomiting,
growth jaundice, malaise,dark urine
-lead to tooth discoloration of permanent Computations
teeth & retarded bone growth. Preparing Solutions
-Avoid taking w/ dairy products, 1. Liquid to Drug Solutions
antacids, vitamins, minerals. Determine the strength of the solution, the
-take 1 hr before meals,2 hrs after strength of the drug on hand and the quantity
meals. of the solution required
-report diarrhea episodes Formula
F. Urinary-Anti-infectives Dose = Amount of Solution
Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) Strength on hand
-Bacteriostatic Example
Nursing Implications: You have a 100% solution of hydrogen
-monitor pulmonary ,neurologic status peroxide on hand. You need a liter of 50%
-give w/ milk or meals solution.
-avoid crushing tablet: tooth staining
-dilute suspension 50 X 1000 ml = 500ml
-rinse mouth 100
-nausea/vomiting common effect Solid Dose of Oral Administration
G.Vancomycin HCL (Vancocin) Physician orders patient to have 1.0 g of
-Exhibit bactericidal & Bacteriostatic ampicillin. The ampicillin bottle states that
effect. each tablet in the bottle contains 0.5 g.
Nursing Implications: 2 Methods
-monitor renal/auditory function test dosage desired = 1.0 g =2
-adm.IV slow 60 minutes: prevent dosage on hand 0.5 g
phlebitis, extravasation, red-neck syndrome Exercise
( fever, hives, rash & redness of the face) The physician order 1000 mg of
ampicillin. On hand: 0.25 grams per tablet.
H. ciprofloxacin (Cipro) X=
-Bactericidal Liquid Dose of Oral Administration
Nursing Implications: 30 ml = 1 oz
-adm. with large glass of water Physician orders 60 ml of a liquid medication.
-do not give with antacids How many ounces will be given?
-give 2 hours after meals Physician orders 45 ml. How many ounces will
I. Antitubercular Drugs be given?
Isoniazid (INH) Liquid Dose of Oral Administration
-Bacteriostatic, If high concentration Order: 500 mg;Dose at hand: 250mg/5 ml.
becomes Bactericidal How many ml will be given?
Nursing Implications: Formula: D/H x Q
-assess neuromuscular function 500/250 x 5 ml= 10 ml
-give B6 pyridoxine Order: 250 mg; dose at hand: 125 mg/ml
-empty stomach-single daily dose Order: 500 mg; dose at hand: 125 mg/ml
Calculation of Flow Rates
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Drops/ min Carbohydrates 4

Formula: Protein 4
vol in ml x gtts (ugtts)/ml = drops/min Lipids (Fats) 9
time in minutes Vitamin B1, (Thiamine)
Infuse 1000 ml Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution Vitamin B2, (Riboflavin)
over 10 hour to a 40 year old male. Vitamin B3, also Vitamin P (Niacin)
1000ml x 15 gtts/min = 25 gtts/min Vitamin B5, (Pantothenic acid)
10 hrs x 60 min/hr Vitamin B6, (Pyridoxine)
Infuse 1 liter of 0.9 NACl over 8 hours using 10 Vitamin B7, also Vitamin H (Biotin)
gtt factor. Vitamin B9, (Folic acid)
Infuse 500ml of .45 NaCl over 12 hours to a Vitamin B12, (Cyanocobalamin)
3-year-old child. Thiamine (B1)
Milliliters per Hour (ml/hr) A coenzyme
Formula: Volume in ml Need increases as metabolism increases
Total # of hours= ml/hr Sources: lean pork, whole grains, legumes,
Infuse 1000 ml Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution seeds, nuts
over 10 hour. Deficiency: Beri-beri
1000 ml ÷ 10 hour = 100 ml/hr Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Riboflavin (B2)
Drugs ordered in Units per Hour or Milligrams Coenzyme
per Hour Sources: enriched grain, broccoli, asparagus,
Doctor’s order: mix 10,000 U heparin in 1000 dark leafy vegs, milk, meat, fish, poultry
ml D5W; infuse 80 units per hour Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis
1000 ml : 10,000 units :x ml : 80 U/hr Niacin (B3)
10,000 units x =80,000 ml-U/hr Active vitamin percursor
10,000 U 10,000 U Sources: meat, poultry. Fish, legumes. Milk,
x= 8 ml/hr coffee ands tea
milliliters per hour Def: Pellagra ( diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia
Mix 10,000 U heparin in 1000 ml D5 W; infuse Pyridoxine (B6)
at 15 ml/hr. How many units of heparin are deficiency causes blood, skin, and nerve
being delivered per hour? changes. This vitamin is unique in that both
1000 ml : 10,000 U : : 15 ml : x U deficiency and excess can cause peripheral
1000 ml X = 150,000 U-ml neuropathy
1000 ml 1000 ml Biotin (B7)
x= 150 U Assist in transfer of carbohydrate from one a
Calculation of Flow Rates compound to another
Milliliters per Hour (ml/hr) Deficiency: dry scaly rash, hair loss, loss of
Formula: Volume in ml appetite, depression, glossitis
Total # of hours= ml/hr Sources: liver, kidney, peanut, egg yolk
Infuse 1000 ml Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution Folic Acid (B9)
over 10 hour. Coenzyme
1000 ml ÷ 10 hour = 100 ml/hr Sources: green leafy vegs, fruits, juice,
NUTRITION legumes
Food Pyramid deficiency: in pregnant women, can lead to
Bread, cereal, rice, pasta- 6-11 neural tube defects
Fruit- 2-4 Cyanobalamin B12
Vegetable- 3-5 servings Coenzyme
Milk- 2-3 servings Sources: meat, chicken, fish, pork,
Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, eggs, dairy products
nuts- 2-3 servings Deficiency: Pernicious anemia
Fats- use sparingly Vitamin C
K Caloric Values Anti oxidant; collagen formation
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Enhances absorption of iron iron

RDA 90-125mg/day Responsible to distribute oxygen throughout
Deficiency: scurvy our body
Vitamin A Found in RBC, muscles
Maintains skin and mucous membranes Spleen and liver
throughout the body Deficiency: anemia
Vision, immune system, bone growth Toxicity: hemosiderosis
Sources: zinc
Whole milk, butter, liver, egg yolks, fatty fish Growth processes, taste, smell, healing
Carotenoids: deep green, yellow, orange fruits process, immune system, carbohydrate
Deficiency: Xeropthalmia metabolism by assisting insulin function
night blindness Found in: meat, fish, poultry, whole grains,
keratomalacia legumes, eggs
Toxicity: Hypervitaminosis A Deficiency: related to function
Vitamin D Dwarfism, hypogonadism, hypogeusia,
Enhance absorption of calcium hyposmia
Deficiency: poor wound healing, reduce immunity
Rickets toxicity: Vomiting, diarrhea,
Osteomalacia fever, exhaustion
Osteoporosis iodine
Toxicity: hypercalcemia Part of thyroxine
Vitamin E Increase in hypothyroidism
Anti oxidant Decrease in hyperthyroidism
aphrodisiac Water
Sources: Fluid in which the substances can be use by
vegetable oil; margarine the body
Whole grains, seeds, nuts, wheat germ, green Provides a means of transportation for
leafy vegetable nutrients to and from cells
May interfere with Coumadin 8 glasses of water/day
Primary deficiency: rare Clear liquid diet
Vitamin K Illness or surgery, acute inflammatory
Cofactor in synthesis of blood clotting conditions of the GIT, for conditions requiring
Sources: decreased fecal material
bacteria in GIT Inadequate in nutritional essentials
Liver production liquid at room temperature; Use for 1 -2 days
Sources: green, leafy vegetable only
Lesser amt in cereals, dairy products, meats Clear fat free broths , strained juices, tea and
and fruits coffee , salabat, plain gelatin , sugar plain, hard
Calcium candies
Nerve impulse Full liquid diet
Muscle contraction and relaxation Post –op , acute infection, acute inflammatory
Blood clot conditions of the G.I.T. for patients too ill to eat
Blood pressure regulation solid or semi solid foods, impaired chewing and
Sources: swallowing ability
Milk and milk products Liquid at room temp. and free from cellulose
except cream cheese and butter and irritating spices and condiments. 6-8 small
Broccoli feedings recommended
Small fish with bones Strained cream or soups, pureed strained meat
+Tea and tannins reduce absorption of and fish, strained fruit juices ,plain ice cream
calcium+ and custard, cornstarch pudding and milk and
Deficiency: osteoporosis cocoa
Toxicity: urinary stone Soft Diet
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Patients who are unable to chew, swallow or

digest foods
Modification in consistency and texture
Foods low in cellulose content, low in fiber free
from connective tissues and strong flavors,
simple and easily digested
Low residue diet
Dysentery , diarrheas , pre-op and post –op
when it is desired to reduce fecal residue, as in
colostomy, ileostomy , and bowel resection
foods which form least amount of fecal matter;
may require supplementation
Cereals strained soups, chicken
Bland diet
Gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis ,
ulcerative colitis
Foods are non irritating
Mildly flavored foods without fiber, connective
tissue
avoid – alcohol , coffee black pepper and
chili powder
High fiber diet
Atonic constipation, Atherosclerosis,
diverticulosis, DM
Full diet with emphasis on long fibered
vegetables , raw fruits and vegetables, whole
grain cereals and coarse breads
High caloric
Underweight, protein energy malnutrition,
fevers and infections, hyperthyroidism, burns,
growth pregnancy and lactation
3 meals with in between feeding – gradual
rather than drastic. Vitamins and minerals at or
above RDA. Contains greater amount of total
energy
Cereals, bread, butter , cream and other fats
and sugar
Low caloric
Obesity and those cases where excess weight
is a complicating factor as DM, CVD, renal,
HPN, gout, gall bladder and preceding surgery
Contains reduced amount of energy to effect a
negative energy balance
Sufficient bulk , low in calories . Avoid high fat
foods and high CHO foods