Digital Techniques VIVA ANSWERS 3rd SEM

Digital Techniques (22320)
*This question to be prepared for Practical Examination*

Q.1 What is binary number system?
1. Binary number system, in mathematics, positional numeral system employing 2 as the
base and so requiring only two different symbols for its digits, 0 and 1.
2. The binary system works the same way as decimal. The only difference is that instead
of multiplying the digit by a power of 101010, we multiply it by a power of 222.
Q.2 State De Morgan's Theorem
DE Morgan’s Theorem is mainly used to solve the various Boolean algebra expressions. The
DE Morgan’s theorem defines the uniformity between the gate with the same inverted input
and output. It is used for implementing the basic gate operation likes NAND gate and NOR
gate.
The DE Morgan’s theorem mostly used in digital programming and for making digital circuit
diagrams.
DE Morgan’s First Theorem: According to DE Morgan’s first theorem, a NOR gate is

equivalent to a bubbled AND gate.
DE Morgan’s Second Theorem: DE Morgan’s Second Theorem states that the NAND gate
is equivalent to a bubbled OR gate.
Q.3 Define Digital system
A digital system is a system that stores data in a discrete way. ... Larger amounts of data are
stored as a string of these bits, which means a set of 0s and 1s together make a meaning to
the system.
Q.4 What is meant by bit?
A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on a computer. A bit can hold only one
of two values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on, respectively
Q.5 How many types of number system are there?
There are various types of number system in mathematics. The four most common number
system types are:
1. Decimal number system (Base- 10)

2. Binary number system (Base- 2)
3. Octal number system (Base-8)
4. Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)
Q.6 What is logic gate?
A Digital Logic Gate is an electronic circuit which makes logical decisions based on the
combination of digital signals present on its inputs. Digital logic gates can have more than
one input, for example, inputs A, B, C, D etc., but generally only have one digital output, (Q).
1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT
4. XOR
5. NAND
6. NOR
7. XNOR
Q.6 (b) What are the basic logic gates?
- All digital systems can be constructed by only three basic logic gates. These basic gates are
called the AND gate, the OR gate, and the NOT gate.
Q.7 Which gates are called as Universal gate and what are its advantages?
- The NOR gate and NAND gate are universal gates. This means that you can create any
logical Boolean expression using only NOR gates or only NAND gates.
Adv. Of Universal gates: No labeling, Single intervention for multiple problems.
Q.8 What are the applications of the octal number system?
The octal numbers are not as common as they used to be. However, Octal is used when the
number of bits in one word is a multiple of 3
Q.9 What are the fundamental properties of Boolean Algebra?
1a. x + y = y + x 1b. x y=y x commutative

properties
2a. (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) 2b. (x y) z=x (y z) associative

properties
3a. x + (y z) = (x + y) (x + z) 3b. x (y + z) = x y+x z distributive

properties
4a. x + 0 = x 4b. x 1=x identity

properties
5a. x + x' = 1 5b. x x' = 0 complement

properties
Q.9 (b) What is meant by K-Map or Karnaugh Map?
A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a pictorial method used to minimize Boolean expressions
without having to use Boolean algebra theorems and equation manipulations. A K-map can
be thought of as a special version of a truth table .
Q.10 Name two forms of Boolean Expression
• Sum-of-Products (SOP) Form.
• Product-of-sums (POS) form.
Q.11 Write down the characteristics of Digital IC's?

1. Fan out
2. Power dissipation
3. Propagation Delay
4. Noise Margin
5. Fan In
6. Operating temperature
7. Power supply requirements
Q.12 what are the advantages & Disadvantages of the K- Map method
Advantage:
1.Minimizes boolean expressions without the need using various boolean theorems &
computations.
2.Minimizes number of Logical gates used.
Disadvantage:
1.It is not suitable for computer reduction.
2.It is not suitable when the number of variables involved exceed four.
3.Care must be taken to field in every cell with the relevant entry, such as a 0, 1 (or) don't
care terms.
Q.13 Define Fan-in and Fan-Out?

Fan-in and Fan-out are the parameters of Digital IC. Apart from voltage and current
parameters of digital ic, these parameters has their own specification in bipolar families i.e
TTL, DTL. Bipolar families construct logic circuits and basically it is technique for I C
manufacture.
Q.14 what is half- adder?
Half Adder is a combinational logic circuit which is designed by connecting one EX-OR gate
and one AND gate. The half adder circuit has two inputs: A and B, which add two input
digits and generates a carry and a sum. ... Thus, this is called Half Adder circuit.
Q.15 what is full- adder ?
A full adder is a logical circuit that performs an addition operation on three one-bit binary
numbers. The full adder produces a sum of the three inputs and carry value. It can be
combined with other full adders (see below) or work on its own.
Q.16 What is a Multiplexer?
A multiplexer is best defined as a combinational logic circuit that acts as a switcher for
multiple inputs to a single common output line
A multiplexer is a device which converts many signals into one.
Q.17 Define number system?
The number system or the numeral system is the system of naming or representing numbers.
There are various types of number systems in maths like binary, decimal, etc.
Q.18 Which code is called as minimum change code and why (OPTIONAL)
Q.19 What are universal gates?
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any
other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. In practice, this is
advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are the
basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.
Q.20 What is a flip-flop?
Flip flops are essential in data storage. They are electronic circuits with two stable states used
to store binary data. Such a circuit has one or more control inputs and one or two outputs. By
applying varying input, the data stored can be changed. In sequential logic, the flip flop is the
basic storage element. They are fundamental building blocks of electronics systems such as
computers and communication devices.
Types of flip-flops: SR-FLIP FLOP, JK-FLIP FLOP, D-FLIP FLOP,T-FLIP FLOP.
Q.21 What are the applications of demultiplexer?

Applications of Demultiplexer:
• Demultiplexer is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. ...
• Communication System – Communication system use multiplexer to carry multiple data like
audio, video and other form of data using a single line for transmission.
Q.22 The truth table for an S-R flip-flop has how many VALID entries?
three inputs
The truth table for an S-R flip-flop has how many VALID entries? Explanation: The SR
flip-flop actually has three inputs, Set, Reset and its current state. The Invalid or Undefined
State occurs at both S and R being at 1.
Q.23 A basic S-R flip-flop can be constructed by cross-coupling of which basic logic
gates?
A basic S-R flip-flop can be constructed by cross-coupling of which basic logic gates?
Explanation: The basic S-R flip-flop can be constructed by cross coupling of NOR
or NAND gates. Cross coupling means the output of second gate is fed to the input of first
gate and vice-versa.
Q.24 The logic circuits whose outputs at any instant of time depends only on the present
input but also on the past outputs are called?
(SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT) Explanation: In sequential circuits, the output signals are fed
back to the input side. So, The circuits whose outputs at any instant of time depends only on
the present input but also on the past outputs are called sequential circuits. Unlike sequential
circuits, if output depends only on the present state, then it’s known as combinational
circuits.
Q.25 How many types of sequential circuits are?
two main types of sequential circuits: (a) Synchronous and (b) Asynchronous
Q.26 In S-R flip-flop, if Q = 0 the output is said to be ?
(RESET)
Explanation: In S-R flip-flop, if Q = 0 the output is said to be reset and set for Q = 1
Q.27 How many types of flip-flops are there
(FOUR TYPES)
Types of Flip Flops. Flip flop circuits are classified into four types based on its use, namely
D-Flip Flop, T- Flip Flop, SR- Flip Flop and JK- Flip Flop.
Q.28 Give one disadvantage of an S-R flip-flop.

Explanation: The main drawback of s-r flip flop is invalid output when both the inputs are
high, which is referred to as Invalid State. Explanation: S-R refers to set-reset. So, it is used
to store two values 0 and 1.
Q.29 The characteristic of J-K flip-flop is similar to which flip-flop?
Explanation: In an S-R flip-flop, S refers to “SET” whereas R refers to “RESET”. The same
behaviour is shown by J-K flip-flop.
Q.30 In J-K flip-flop, “no change” condition appears when
Explanation: If J = 0, K = 0, the output remains unchanged. This is the memory storing

state

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Digital Techniques (22320)

*This question to be prepared for Practical Examination*

DE Morgan’s First Theorem: According to DE Morgan’s first theorem, a NOR gate is

Q.3 Define Digital system

Q.4 What is meant by bit?

Q.5 How many types of number system are there?

1. Decimal number system (Base- 10)

1a. x + y = y + x 1b. x y=y x commutative

2a. (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) 2b. (x y) z=x (y z) associative

3a. x + (y z) = (x + y) (x + z) 3b. x (y + z) = x y+x z distributive

4a. x + 0 = x 4b. x 1=x identity

5a. x + x' = 1 5b. x x' = 0 complement

Q.11 Write down the characteristics of Digital IC's?

2.Minimizes number of Logical gates used.

1.It is not suitable for computer reduction.

Q.13 Define Fan-in and Fan-Out?

Types of flip-flops: SR-FLIP FLOP, JK-FLIP FLOP, D-FLIP FLOP,T-FLIP FLOP.

Q.21 What are the applications of demultiplexer?

Q.28 Give one disadvantage of an S-R flip-flop.

Explanation: If J = 0, K = 0, the output remains unchanged. This is the memory storing

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This question to be prepared for Practical Examination