International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 1, November-December 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Arduino Controlled CNC Printing Circuit Machine

Abdülkadir Çakir, Nagihan Mizrak
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Isparta, Turkey

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Abdülkadir

Arduino UNO development board, which controls the movement of Çakir | Nagihan Mizrak "Arduino
the axes in the Printed Circuit Machine with Arduino-Controlled Controlled CNC Printing Circuit
CNC, communicates with the CNC Shield board. 3 NEMA 17 Machine" Published
(stepper motor) and 3 A4988 step motor drivers are used in the in International
Journal of Trend in
Printed Circuit Machine in order to provide movement between the
Scientific Research
X-Y-Z axes. Commands were sent to the step motor drivers through and Development
the CNC Shield and the positioning of the drill bit was provided by (ijtsrd), ISSN:
operating the step motors controlling the axes. After the hardware 2456-6470, IJTSRD47903
part of the study was finished, the calibration settings of the CNC Volume-6 | Issue-1,
machine axes were made using the UGS (Univarsal G-code Sender) December 2021, pp.819-825, URL:
program and the Printed Circuit Machine was made ready for www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47903.pdf
operation. The circuit to create a printed circuit board was drawn in
the PROTEUS 8 program, the required GERBER file was taken from Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and
PROTEUS ARES and the G-codes of the circuit were created in the International Journal of Trend in
Copper CAM program. Finally, the GRBL Controller and G-codes Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
were sent to Arduino UNO and the printing circuits of the Printed
Open Access article
Circuit Machine with Ar-duino Controlled CNC were engraved and distributed under the
drilled. In this study, the removal and drilling of the printed circuit, terms of the Creative Commons
which is one of the electronic card design stages, was carried out with Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
the Arduino Controlled CNC Machine and the need for people in (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
electronic card printing was minimized.
KEYWORDS: CNC Machine, Printed Circuit Board, G-code

1. INTRODUCTION
In the industry sector, one of the most important have good knowledge of the machine in order to enter
inventions made on workbenches that process hard the correct data into the system. It requires
materials such as stone, wood and metal was the professionalism to know which material can be cut
introduction of CNC Router machines in the 1950s. more efficiently with which tip on the CNC Router
CNC Router machines were created by equipping the machine. The only aspect of CNC Router machines
benches with computers. CNC Router machines are a that compels the manufacturer is the high price of the
system that increases productivity and reduces the risk CNC Router. Due to the high transportation costs and
of broken parts. Many jobs can be done at the same taxes of the machines imported from abroad, domestic
time on CNC machines. Therefore, they are extremely manufacturers generally prefer domestic companies
efficient machines in terms of use. In CNC Router that manufacture CNC Routers. The price of CNC
machines, the processing time is fixed, and it is machines purchased from companies producing CNC
possible to follow the production to be made, to Router is cheaper than those purchased from abroad.
control the production and to estimate how long the In addition, domestic CNC Router manufacturers
production will take on average. In this respect, the producing CNC Routers provide better after-sales
CNC Router increases the control power of the support than those purchased from abroad.
manufacturer in terms of manufacturing options, cost
There are many large companies that manufacture
per job and production planning.
CNC Routers in Turkey. These companies export
The fact that those who use CNC Router machines are CNC Routers not only in the country but also abroad.
experts can result in the least damage to the work Domestic CNC Router manufacturers, whose
done. Regardless, even if interruptions occur in machines are of the highest quality as possible, do not
computerized systems and programs, it is necessary to use any Chinese parts in production. Thus, those who

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prefer local companies that manufacture CNC used to drive the stepper motors in the X-Y-Z axes
machine tools will have trouble-free use for many and to provide 1 movement for each of the X-Y-Z
years and in case of any malfunction, they will be able axes. In addition, geared and toothless 8 mm shafts are
to easily reach the company and find a solution to used for easy movement of the axes. It was controlled
their problems (Stras, 2019). by Arduino and the necessary G-CODEs were
searched and the appropriate G-CODE was used. 4
With the increase in the number of CNC machines and
CNC Shields and Arduino are powered by USB
the development of technology, electronic card
(Ausome, 2015).
production has increased in many fields. Many
processes are required to fully prepare the printed Yıldırım, In his project, Internet research was
circuit board. These processes cause delays in mass conducted and projects were carried out with the help
production. of certain sources. Using the AutoCAD program, the
mechanical parts of the machine and a full-size 3-axis
Akçaoğlu's aim in his project is to make exemplary
CNC Router drawing were completed. All parts of the
machines by referring to the CNC working principles
machine have been prepared with 2D technical
and the automation of these machines. The design and
drawings. For the construction of the external
work simulation of the machine was drawn using the
mechanism and some parts of the machine, outside
Solid Works drawing program. All parts of the
help was obtained by going to the industry. The
machine were created one by one with 3D drawing in
remaining parts were purchased online and externally.
the drawing program and the machine design was
He also considered using aluminium instead of
completed with the combination. He completed the
materials called hard plastic. In this way, the machine
drawings using ready-made parts and made the
parts are designed to be light and easy to process.
necessary drawings on CNC machines. Mechanical
These aluminium hard materials are prepared by
movement of the machine is provided by stepper
cutting into the required shapes and drilling holes.
motors and motors are controlled with necessary
Then, the materials were combined and experiments
motor driver circuits. The computer control program is
were carried out with a single axis stepper motor, a
created in 3 steps; design program, tool path creation,
simple driver and a computer program. The
machine tool control program. The CNC controlled
mechanical part of the machine was made ready by
machine tool project was made by controlling the
making precise measurements and bringing all the
system according to the international standards used in
materials together. The MCU (Micro Controller Unit)
the industry. While choosing the shapes and methods
and PC software of the project remained. They
used in their work, they considered that their work
controlled the system with the GUI (Graphical User
would yield the most appropriate results without
Interface) they designed and operated the machine
leaving the standard CNC machine format. The
automatically with the punch files (Baysal & Yıldırım,
mechanical design of the machine was made in a
2008).
virtual environment using Solid Works and Auto Cad.
The design has become a machine by drawing the Tekin used a board called MDF so that his work
existing materials and mechanical parts in one piece, would be cost-effective and he planned his design on
assembling and assembling. The motor is a stepper A4 paper. The design was inspired by another CNC
motor and the power is transmitted to the ball screw Router project. For the movement of the X, Y, Z axes
via a 1/2.5 ratio pulley and a timing belt. The of the CNC machine, 10x26x8mm iron bearings and
machining axis consists of 3 axes: X 50mm Y 50mm 18cm length, 17mm thick iron pull-pull rails were
Z 50mm. Movement of all three axes is provided by used. 6mm gear shafts are used to transfer the motion
stepper motors. The movement of the machine is coming from the motors to the X, Y, Z axes. Nema17
adjusted by sliding on 4 R20mm and 8 R16mm linear Stepper Motor, DC 5V 1.2A motors are used and
roller bearings. 16 mm / 5 mm screw shaft and 3 ball shield is used to drive these motors. This project is
nuts are used for power transmission. 20mm Plexiglas coded with Arduino Uno. Later, after the project was
is formed by using CNC milling machine as the collected, it was put into use as a milling machine
mechanical chassis material (Akçaoğlu, 2009). (Tekin, 2015).
Ausome, in his project, has ordered all parts and Duran, in the project he has done, a system that will
materials of the CNC Router machine over the cost less than the Arduino Mini CNC project in a
internet. Then, a set of DC cables is connected to the simpler way has been considered. A mechanism has
driver board of the main power cables coming from been established with the small engines of CD/DVDs.
the power supply. The cables from the connection Arduino Uno was used for this project and 2 servo
cables of the driver card to the X-Y-Z ports are motors were used. Two L293D motor drivers are used
connected to the driver card, and a stepper motor is to drive these motors. And CD/DVD mechanism is

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used to provide the movement of my system. First of screw pitch. 4-axis CNC control card is Mach3 brand
all, the inside of the CD or DVD readers was and supports up to 4 axes. The speed is controllable. It
dismantled and the necessary part, the engine and the shows high quality and high performance in high
sliding mechanism, was provided. He then fixed the speed operations. PWM has 0-10V output. There are
drives, one vertical and the other horizontal. A servo 15 inputs and 8 outputs. There is also a relay output
motor sled has been added to the vertical system, socket that can operate the paper cutter with computer
enabling the stylus to be lifted and lowered while control. The Mach3 control board is connected to the
writing with the servo motor. In this way, more computer with a USB cable. The record shift system is
beautiful and perfect writing is provided (Duran, designed to reduce and eliminate friction caused by
2016). motion, thus providing optimum motion by reducing
heat and instability caused by system motion. A 4-
Gül planned his project by considering the least cost.
stage motor is used in the system. Each stepper motor
Arduino Nano is used in the project. He used damaged
used is a motor capable of drawing 3 amps of torque
DVD or CD-ROM for the movement of the axes.
at 2.2 Nm. The diameter of the screw shaft nut pair
Servo motor Mg90 is used to provide movements and
used in the system is 16mm, the upper tooth = 20mm,
2 l293d motor drivers are used to drive these motors.
the diameter of the tooth root df = 18mm and the pitch
A 5V, 2 Ampere battery or adapter is used for power
of the tooth is 5mm. Thanks to the ball screw nut pair,
supply. 20×16 cm and 5 mm thick plexi-plate was
the movement on all shafts is dependent on the thread
used to fix the X-axis, and 15×16 cm and 5 mm thick
pitch. Thanks to the first system setting and
plexi-plate was used to fix the Y-axis, 75×75 mm and
mechanism definition setting input on the control card,
5 mm thick plexi-plate was used for the drawing
the control card calculates the number of revolutions
board. . 1 piece of M5 bolt and nut is used to fix the
after the ball screw is connected to the stepper motor
pen. The rail system inside the DVD or CD-Rom
and transmits the progress amount to the system. The
drive is used. In this part, the stepper motor is
component used to drive between the stepper motor
connected to the worm screw shaft and the laser
and the screw shaft in the drive system is a 24x34 mm
reader part connected to the shaft is adjusted to move
coupling. In the system, the collet group is used for
as the shaft rotates. In total, two stepper motor rail
inserting and removing the cutting tools. A collet set,
systems were removed and mounted on the
which is more advantageous than the chuck, is
mechanical part. The mechanical part that will provide
preferred because it has the advantage of fast tool
the movement of the axes has been used as these.
change. The power supply used in the system is 24
Other mechanical parts were removed from the 3D
volts, 14.6 amps and 350 watts. Delta VFD-EL
printer. In the electronic system, two stepper motors
spindle motor driver with an output frequency of 0.1-
that will move the x and y axes and one servo motor
600Hz will be used to control the speed of the spindle
that will raise and lower the pencil are connected.
motor to be used in the system (Uyar, Beler, &
Then the necessary codes were uploaded to the
Çetinkaya, 2012).
Arduino Nano. Gcode was output with INKSCAPE
and made available after necessary adjustments 2. CNC (COMPUTER NUMERICAL
(Robimek, 2016). CONTROL)
The printed circuit layout stage of electronic circuits
Cengiz and Ekim, In their research, the design of the
brings up an important issue, especially in the
four-axis CNC milling machine was carried out by
industry. The characteristics and dimensions of the
controlling the pre-made CNC system, taking
components on the circuit are the most important
measurements from it, and measuring the distance
factors affecting the layout (Çakır, Küçüksille, &
between the milling machines according to the usage
Altıntaş, 2018). CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
requirements of the four-axis CNC milling machine.
The movement of the CNC machine tool on the Y axis Machine is a system that performs automatic
is provided by the movement of the nut pair on the processing by programming with a computer installed
stepper motor. The table of the machine is fixed and on it. Examples include CNC machine tools, lathes or
other parts are moved. The slider is fixed to the four CNC (Topal, 2019).
corners of the counter with bolts. The records on
which these slide rails move are fixed to the
workbench with shaft brackets. The screw shaft,
which starts to move from the stepper motor, will
move the nut fixed on the work table due to the
reversibility effect. For this reason, the "Y" axis of the
system is designed to move precisely according to the

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produced by scraping the paths of the circuits and
drilling their pads. In the hardware part of the study,
the mechanical part and the circuit of the Arduino
Controlled CNC and Printed Circuit Machine are
included. In the mechanical part, the skeleton of the
CNC machine was formed and the position of the
stepper motors and drill bits that would enable the
movement of the axes were determined. The
components that provide control in the hardware part
are Arduino UNO, CNC Shield V3.0, A4988 stepper
motor driver board and NEMA 17 (step motor). CNC
Shield V3.0 expansion board is installed on Arduino
UNO microcontroller board. A4988 stepper motor
driver was installed in the slots of CNC Shield V3.0
and the motors were started with the energy applied
by A4988 to the pins of NEMA 17. After the
hardware part of the Printed Circuit Machine was
Figure 1. CNC Control Panel completed, calibration settings were made from the
The basic working logic of CNC machine tools is UGS (Universal G-CODE Sender) program.
based on human language operations. Machine tools After designing the hardware of the Printed Circuit
can be operated by translating commands encoded Machine with Arduino Controlled CNC, the circuit for
with numbers, letters and similar symbols into which the printed circuit will be extracted was drawn
machine language. At any step of the process, the using the PROTEUS 8 program and the GERBER
command loaded into the control unit of the CNC files of the circuit were created. GERBER files
machine tool can be stopped. It is possible to stop the contain information about the paths of the electronic
work of the working CNC machine, make changes card. The depth of engraving in how many mm to
and continue again. Depending on the brand and remove the circuit paths is set in the CopperCAM
model of the equipment, the commands written in the program. Drill bits to be used in engraving and drilling
computer environment can be loaded into the CNC of the printed circuit board are introduced in
machine in many different ways. Figure 1 shows the CopperCAM. In addition, G-CODEs that will enable
CNC control panel. The CNC control panel contains the movement of the CNC machine have also been
an electronic circuit that sends signals to the motor created in this program. In order to control the CNC
driver. Thus, the axis of the CNC machine can be machine with G-CODEs, HEX codes have been
moved to the coordinates specified in G-CODE. In uploaded to the Arduino UNO development board
order for the CNC control panel to control the through the Xloder program. In this way, the Arduino
operation of the machine tool, the CAD/CAM UNO development board will determine the rotation
operations must be executed correctly, the G-CODE angle and rotation speed of the stepper motors with
data file must be created and transferred to the CNC the G-CODEs sent from the GRBL Controller
control (Robotiksistem, 2019). program to the Arduino UNO development board.
3. ARDUINO CONTROLLED CNC PRINTING The steps to be followed for the creation of the
CIRCUIT MACHINE printed circuit board using the Arduino Controlled
In this study, Arduino Controlled CNC and Printed CNC and Printed Circuit Machine are shown in the
Circuit Machine was designed. Electronic cards were diagram in Figure 2.

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Figure 2 Working Diagram of Arduino Controlled CNC Printing Circuit Machine

3.1. Control and Power Circuit
The control of the Printed Circuit Machine is carried
out using Arduino Uno microcontroller board. CNC
Shield V3.0 expansion board is installed in Arduino
UNO. In Figure 3, it is seen that CNC Shield V3.0 is
attached to Arduino Uno and 3 A4988 stepper motor
drivers are integrated into the pin sockets of CNC
Shield V3.0. The CNC Shield V3.0 expansion board
houses 4 stepper motor driver slots and facilitates
motor control in multiple stepper motor control
applications. 3 NEMA 17 (stepper motor) and 3 Figure 4. Connection of CNC Shield V3.0 and
A4988 stepper motor drivers are used for the control NEMA 17s
of 3 different axes (X-Y-Z) in the Printed Circuit 3.2. Calibration Setting
Machine. The calibration of the Arduino Controlled CNC and
Printed Circuit Machine was made with the UGS
program. By using the UGS (Universal G-CODE
Sender) program, communication between the
computer and the circuit board is provided. For
communication between the card and the computer,
the port in which the card is inserted is selected and
the baud rate is set to 115200. When the
communication is successfully established, the
calibration settings of the machine can now be made.
Figure 3. Arduino UNO, CNC Shield V3.0 and With the values entered in the UGS program, the X-
A4988 Stepper Motor Driver Y-Z axes of the CNC machine can be moved forward-
backward, right-left, up-down, in mm length. By
The commands sent from the Arduino UNO
measuring how many mm the moved axes move with
development board were transmitted to the A4988
the caliper, the relevant section of the UGS program is
stepper motor driver via the CNC Shield V3.0 board,
entered. In this way, it is ensured that the values
and the rotation angle and rotation speed of NEMA
entered on the screen and the actual values match each
17 were controlled by changing the voltage values
other and the error is minimized.
applied by the driver IC to the pins of NEMA 17. 3
NEMA 17 (stepping motors) were used to provide 3 Figure 5 shows the calibration settings and related
separate axis movement in the Printed Circuit sections with the UGS program. The values entered in
Machine and the drill bit was moved between the the Move section allow the axes of the CNC machine
axes with the commands sent from the Arduino UNO to move in mm. The Measure section is the field
board. Figure 4 shows the connection diagram of where the data obtained from the measurement of the
CNC Shield V3.0 and NEMA 17. moving axes with the caliper are entered. Calibrate

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section is the section where the tested Move/Measure program and the selection of drill bits suitable for
ratio is entered and the current measurements of the engraving, drilling and cutting operations should be
CNC machine are saved. By saving the tested matched. GERBER files, where engraving, drilling
dimensions in the Calibrate section, the calibration and cutting operations will be made, were also called
setting of the CNC machine was made and the shifts into the program and the drill bits with which the files
in the axis movements were minimized. would be processed were selected. Figure 7 shows the
selection of drill bits.

Figure 5. Calibration Adjustment with UGS

Program Figure 7. Drill Bit Selection
By saving these values to the program, it can be The drill bit used in this study is 0.1 mm in diameter.
ensured that the CNC machine works according to In the CopperCAM program, the tool to perform the
these values in every printed circuit production. engraving was selected and the engraving depth was
However, it is recommended to update these values 0.35 mm, and the cutting depth was chosen as 1mm
again when changing the position of the CNC for the tip that would perform the cutting. While the
machine. drill bit is cutting, its speed is reduced to 5mm/s to
3.3. Removing G-code prevent damage to the circuit board.
The circuit board to be produced in the Printed Circuit The way in which the CNC machine will engrave is
Machine with Arduino Controlled CNC was drawn in also calculated at this stage. For the scraping process,
the PROTEUS 8 program. GERBER files of the the matched drill bit is automatically selected and the
drawn circuit were created in PROTEUS 8 program. scraping path is created. Then, the created engraving
The GERBER files of the circuit board where paths were translated into the machine language G-
engraving, drilling and cutting operations will be CODE. Separate G-CODEs for scraping, drilling and
applied are saved as documents with .txt extension. cutting layers have been issued and axis and drill
Figure 6 shows the selection of the desired features in commands have been made suitable for use on the
GERBER files. CNC machine. In addition, G01 X0 Y0 commands are
written between M05-M02 at the end of the G-CODEs
created, and after the CNC machine finishes its
operation, its axes return to the starting point and are
ready for the next printed circuit design.
3.4. GRBL Controller
In order to ensure the communication between the
program and the CNC machine from the interface of
the GRBL Controller program, the communication is
started by selecting the port. When the communication
Figure 6. Properties in the GERBER File starts, the motors are locked and the CNC machine is
ready for engraving according to the data sent from
In the CopperCAM program, the length and thickness the computer. The G-CODEs are called into the
of the drill bits to be used for engraving, drilling and GRBL Controller program, when the start command is
cutting operations can be recorded. After the given, the CNC machine starts engraving the circuit
GERBER files are created, drill bits with different board. Figure 8 shows the status after G-CODEs are
properties should be introduced to the CopperCAM loaded into the GRBL Controller interface.

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5. REFERENCES
[1] Akçaoğlu, Y. (2009). Gebze M.Y.O
Mekatronik programı 3 eksen CNC projesi.
Retrieved from https://320volt.com/gebze-m-y-
o-mekatronik-programi-3-eksen-cnc-projesi/
[2] Ausome, E. (2015). Sable 2015 CNC +
Arduino + GRBL = LunchBox CNC. Retrieved
from https://www.instructables.com/Sable-
2015-CNC-Arduino-GRBL-LunchBox-CNC/
Figure 8. GRBL Controller Interface
[3] Baysal, U., & Yıldırım, A. (2008). CNC Baski
4. CONCLUSION Devre Delme Makinasi. Retrieved from
In this study, a Printed Circuit Machine was designed https://320volt.com/cnc-baski-devre-delme-
using Arduino UNO development board. By using makinasi-maximus/
Arduino UNO development board, CNC Shield V3.0,
[4] Çakır, A., Küçüksille, E. U., & Altıntaş, V.
A4988 stepper motor driver and NEMA 17 (stepper
(2018). Genetic Algorithm for Print Circuit
motor) as the main components in the control and
Layout Optimization. Journal of Technical
power circuit, the Printed Circuit Machine is made
Sciences, 8(2), 5-10.
ready for engraving and drilling operations based on
G-CODEs. Before creating the G-CODEs, the [5] Duran, M. (2016). Arduino Mini Cnc Yapimi.
GERBER files of the circuit to be taken from the Retrieved from
printed circuit must be created. In this study, https://www.projehocam.com/arduino-mini-
GERBER files of the circuit drawn in PROTEUS cnc-yapımı
environment were created and G-CODEs were created [6] Robimek. (2016). Çizim Yapan Mini Cnc
using GERBER files in CopperCAM program. Yapımı. Retrieved from
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program were sent to Arduino UNO to ensure the cnc-yapimi/
operation of the Printed Circuit Machine.
[7] Robotiksistem. (2019). Arduino Nedir?
Conventional printed circuit building methods are Arduino 'nun Özellikleri. Retrieved from
laborious, expensive and time-consuming. Within the http://www.robotiksistem.com/arduino_nedir_a
scope of this study, Arduino Controlled CNC and rduino_ozellikleri.html
Printed Circuit Machine was designed and time was
saved by reducing the steps of preparing the printed [8] Stras. (2019). CNC Router ve CNC Router
circuit board. At the same time, the need for people in İmalatı İle İlgili Bilgi. Retrieved from
electronic card printing was minimized by using the http://yararlimakaleler.blogspot.com/2011/12/c
Printed Circuit Machine and it was aimed to reduce nc-makine-fiyat-cnc-router-ve-cnc.html
human-induced errors. On the basis of this study, the [9] Tekin, I. (2015). Ev Yapimi Mini CNC Freze
placement and soldering of electronic materials to be Hazirlama. Retrieved from
soldered on the printed circuit boards can also be done https://www.ibrahimtekin.de/ev-yapimi-mini-
using a CNC machine. In this study, the engraving and cnc-hazirlama/
drilling of the printed circuit board's paths was carried
out with an Arduino Controlled CNC Machine and the [10] Topal, H. (2019). CNC Makineleri Nedir? Nasıl
need for people in electronic board printing was Çalışır? CNC Nedir? Retrieved from
minimized. Arduino Controlled CNC and Printed https://muhendistan.com/cnc-makineleri-nedir-
Circuit Machine developed within the scope of the cnc-nedir/
project; industry, R&D units, educational institutions, [11] Uyar, S., Beler, F., & Çetinkaya, K. (2012).
etc. It can be used in the production of electronic cards Eğitim Amaçlı 4 Eksenli Masa Üstü CNC Freze
in institutions. In this way, the production steps of the Tasarımı ve Prototipi. Paper presented at the 3.
printed circuit board can be accelerated, saving both Ulusal Talaşlı İmalat Sempozyumu, Ankara in
time and cost for its users. Turkey.
[1]

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