An American National Standard

Designation: D 91 – 02

Standard Test Method for

Precipitation Number of Lubricating Oils1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 91; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 5. Apparatus
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pre- 5.1 Centrifuge Tube, cone-shaped, conforming to the di-
cipitation number of steam cylinder stocks and black oils, and mensions given in Fig. 1, and made of thoroughly annealed
can be used for other lubricating oils. glass. The graduations, numbered as shown in Fig. 1, shall be
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be clear and distinct, and the mouth shall be constructed in a shape
regarded as the standard. suitable for closure with a cork. Scale-error tolerances and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the smallest graduations between various calibration marks are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the given in Table 1 and apply to calibrations made with air-free
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- water at 20°C.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5.2 Centrifuge, meeting all the safety requirements for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. normal use and capable of whirling two or more filled
centrifuge tubes at a speed which can be controlled to give a
2. Referenced Documents relative centrifugal force (rcf) between 600 and 700 at the tip
2.1 ASTM Standards: of the tubes. The revolving head, trunnion rings, and trunnion
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and cups, including the rubber cushion, shall be soundly con-
Petroleum Products3 structed to withstand the maximum centrifugal force capable of
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and being delivered by the power source. The trunnion cups and
Petroleum Products3 cushions shall firmly support the tubes when the centrifuge is
in motion. The centrifuge shall be enclosed by a metal shield or
3. Terminology case strong enough to eliminate danger if any breakage occurs.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Calculate the speed of the rotating head by means of the
3.1.1 ASTM precipitation number, of lubricating oils, following equation:
n—the number of millilitres of precipitate formed when 10 mL
rpm 5 1337 =rcf/d (1)
of lubricating oil are mixed with 90 mL of ASTM precipitation
naphtha, and centrifuged under the conditions of the test. where:
rcf = relative centrifugal force, and
4. Significance and Use d = diameter of swing, in mm, measured between tips of
4.1 Fully refined petroleum oils normally contain no naph- opposite tubes when in rotating position.
tha insoluble material. Semirefined or black oils frequently Table 2 shows the relationship between diameter swing, rcf,
contain some naphtha insoluble material (sometimes referred and revolutions per minute.
to as asphaltenes). This test measures the amount of naphtha
insoluble material in the oil. This quantity is reported as the 6. Reagent
precipitation number. 6.1 Hexanes, Reagent Grade. (Warning—Extremely flam-
mable, harmful if inhaled.)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on NOTE 1—Precipitation naphtha is sometimes referred to or sold by
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee other names, such as petroleum naphtha, petroleum ether, ligroine,
D02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants. petroleum benzin, and industrial naphtha. One should confirm that it meets
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002. Originally the requirements shown in 6.1.
published as D 91–21T. Last previous edition D 91–97.
2
This test method has been adopted for use by government agencies to replace
Method 3101 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 91 – 02
least 20 times, allowing the liquid to drain thoroughly from the
tapered tip of the tube each time. Place the tubes in a water bath
at 32 to 35°C for 5 6 1 min. Momentarily remove the corks to
relieve any pressure, and invert each tube again at least 20
times exactly as before. The success of this method depends to
a large degree upon having a thoroughly homogeneous mixture
which will drain quickly and completely from the tapered tip
when the tube is inverted.
8.2 Balance the two centrifuge tubes or pairs of tubes with
their respective trunnion cups and place them on opposite sides
of the centrifuge head. Then whirl them for 10 min at a rate
sufficient to produce a relative centrifugal force (rcf) between
600 and 700 at the tips of the whirling tubes (see 5.2). Repeat
this operation until the volume of sediment in each tube
remains constant for three consecutive readings. In general, not
more than four whirlings will be required for oils having a low
precipitation number.

9. Calculation and Report

NOTE—For volumetric tolerances see Table 1.
9.1 Read the volume of the solid sediment at the bottom of
FIG. 1 ASTM Cone-Shaped Centrifuge Tube each centrifuge tube, estimating to 0.1 mL or closer if possible.
If the two readings differ by not more than 0.1 mL, report the
TABLE 1 Calibration Tolerances for 200 mm Centrifuge Tube mean of the two as the ASTM Precipitation Number. If the two
readings differ by more than 0.1 mL, make two more determi-
Range, mL Subdivision, mL Volume Tolerance, mL
nations and report the average of the four determinations.
0 to 0.1 0.05 60.02
Above 0.1 to 0.3 0.05 60.03
Above 0.3 to 0.5 0.05 60.05 10. Precision and Bias
Above 0.5 to 1.0 0.10 60.05
Above 1.0 to 2.0 0.10 60.10
10.1 The precision of this test method as determined by
Above 2.0 to 3.0 0.20 60.10 statistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:
Above 3.0 to 5.0 0.5 60.20 10.2 Repeatability—The difference between two test re-
Above 5.0 to 10 1.0 60.50
Above 10 to 25 5.0 61.00
sults, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
Above 25 to 100 25 61.00 under constant operating conditions on identical test material,
would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
the test method, exceed the following values only in one case
TABLE 2 Rotation Speeds for Centrifuges of Various Diameters in twenty:
Diameter of Swing, mmA Rpm at 600 rcf Rpm at 700 rcf Precipitation Number Repeatability
0.00 to 1.20 10 % of Mean
483 1490 1610
508 1450 1570 10.3 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
533 1420 1530
559 1390 1500 and independent results obtained by different operators work-
A
Measured in millimetres between tips of opposite tubes when in rotating
ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in
position. the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
method, exceed the following values only in one case in
7. Sampling twenty:
Precipitation Number Reproducibility
7.1 For sampling techniques, see Practices D 4057 or Prac- 0.00 to 1.20 30 % of Mean
tice D 4177.
10.4 Bias—This procedure is empirical, precipitation num-
8. Procedure ber is defined solely by this procedure, therefore, no statement
8.1 Add 10 6 1 mL of the oil to be tested in each of two of bias can be made.
clean, dry centrifuge tubes at room temperature. Fill each tube
to the 100-mL mark with hexanes and close tightly with a 11. Keywords
softened cork (not a rubber stopper). Then invert each tube at 11.1 asphaltenes; lubricating oils; precipitation number

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 D 91 – 02

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