“Not only is the self entwined in

Sociology society; it owes society its

Perspective existence in the most literal
sense.”
 Sociology
Perspective
• Sociologists are concerned with questions
about the person in the community. For
example: “How does society influence you?”
“How do you affect society?”
• More importantly, “Who are you as a person in
the community?”
• Sociology posits that socially norms, beliefs,
and values come to exist with the person to a
degree where these become natural and
normal, thus developing the person’s identity.
Modernization
• Modernization has significantly changed society, and this affected
how an individual builds and develops his or her self-identity.
• Pre-Modern society was centered on survival. People behaved
according to social rules and traditions while the family and the
immediate environment provided supervision on how get through
life; such as choosing where to live, what line of work to do, and
who to be with.
• In modern societies, individualism is dominant, and developing
one’s self-identity is central.
 Key Characteristics of Modernity
Industrialism – the social relations implied in the extensive use of material power
and machinery in all processes of production.
e.g., The Fourth Industrial Revolution
“The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of describing the blurring of boundaries
between the physical, digital, and biological worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in
artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic
engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies. It’s the collective force
behind many products and services that are fast becoming indispensable to
modern life.”
The first one—the one with steam power—that was the first industrial revolution.
It was followed by the age of science and mass production, and then the digital
revolution. We’re now at the beginning of the next phase of dramatic technological
expansion and social change—the Fourth Industrial Revolution. (McGinnis, 2020)
Key Characteristics of Modernity
• Capitalism – a production system involving both competitive product markets
and commodification (putting a price tag)of labor power. It is also an economic
and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by
private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
• Institutions of surveillance – a massive increase of power and reach by
institutions, especially in government; and
• Dynamism - the most evident characteristic of a modern society. It is
characterized as having vigorous activity and progress. It is a society that is full of
possibilities.
• In dynamism, everything is subject to change, and changes happen much more
rapidly that ever before in human history.
Social Groups
and Social
Network
 • The social group is either organic or rational.
• An organic group is naturally occurring, and it is highly
influenced by your family. This is usually formed in
traditional societies because there is little diversity in
these communities.
• A person joins these organic groups because the family
is also part of it, this is called organic motivation.
Social • A rational groups occur in modern societies. Modern

Group
societies are made up of different people coming from
different places.
• The family in modern societies is not the main
motivation when joining rational groups.
• Rational groups are formed as a matter of shared self-
interests, moreover, people join these groups imply
greater freedom.
• People join these groups out of their own free will.
This is called rational motivation.
 • The “person” is an active process, not just
a mere reflection of society.
• The “me” and “I” have a didactic
relationship, which is like a system of
Two Sides checks and balances.
• “Me” is the product of what the person
of Self: “I” has learned which interacting with others
and “Me” and with the environment. Learned
behaviors, attitudes, and even
expectations comprise the “me.”
• The “me” exercises social control over the
self. It sees to it that rules are not broken.
 • The “I” is that part of the self that is
unsocialized and spontaneous.
• It is the individual’s response to the
community’s attitude toward the
Two Sides person.
• The “I” represents impulses and
of Self: “I” drives. It enables him or her to
express individualism and creatively.
and “Me” • The “I” understands when to possibly
bend or stretch the rules that governs
social interactions.
• It constructs a response based on
what has been learned by “me.”
“Indeed, much of
the self is learned
by making new
memories out of
Anthropology
old ones.” Perspective
Josheph E.
Ledoux
 Anthropology
Perspective
• What is Anthropology? what
is its view about the concept
of “self?”
• Anthropology is the study of
people, past and present.
• It focuses on understanding
the human condition in its
cultural aspect.
• In general sense,
anthropology is concerned
with understanding how
humans evolved and how
they differ from one another.
 • In modern anthropology, “self” characterizes the
term in its most general, ordinary, and everyday use.
• Katherine Ewing (1990) described the self as
encompassing the “physical organism, possessing
psychological functioning and social attributes.”
• This portrays the “self” as implicitly and explicitly
existing in the mind comprised of psychological,
Definition biological, and cultural processes.

of Self • Explicit self is the aspect of the self that you are
consciously aware of it.
• Implicit self is the one that is not immediately
available to the consciousness.
• LeDoux (2002) explained that the self is not static, it
is added to and subtracted from by genetic
maturation, learning, forgetting, stress, ageing, and
disease.
 • Ewing (1989) asserted that a “self” is illusory.
• People construct a series of self
representations that based on selected
cultural concepts of person and selected
Self as “chains of personal memories.
• Each self-concept is experienced as whole
Representation and continuous with its own history and
memories that emerge in specific context to
be replaced another self-representation
when the context changes.”
• By self-representation, it meant culturally
shaped “self” concepts that one applies to
oneself; it is the mental entities that are
supposed to represent self.
 The Self Embedded in Culture

• How individuals see themselves, how they relate to other people, and how they relate to
the environment are deeply defined by culture.
• If one finds the view that the “self” is a product of society, then it is plausible that the
ways of how the self is developed are bound to cultural differences as well.
• “Cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, and transform the human
psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind that ethnic divergences in mind, self,
and emotion.” (Shweder, 1991)
• The principle of how the mind works cannot be conceived of as universal, but that it is as
varied as the culture and traditions that people practice of over the world.
 Johari Window
• The Johari window is a technique that helps
people better understand their relationship
with themselves and others.
• Invented by Psychologists Joseph Luft and
Harry Ingham, the Johari Window help us to
understand self-awareness and the human
interaction that results from our personal self-
awareness.
• We are often unaware of how others perceive
us, how we present ourselves to others, and
even how well we know ourselves.
• Luft and Ingham created this model because
they believed that what happens in our life
depends upon our own self-awareness, and the
awareness others have of us.
 Assignment: Knowing Oneself From the Perspective of Others
PART I
• Identify or List down at 5 least information about your
Open Self.
• Hidden Self will not be revealed, of course.
• Unknown Self will remain unknown, still to be
discovered.
• Identify or gather information about your Blind self
from at least 5 individuals (it can be more), using the
following guide questions:
What is your first impression of me?
What can you say or your impression about me now?
PART II
Insights: How did you feel about this assignment?
What did you realize or discover about self?
About others?
*To be submitted on or before February 24, Thursday.

*No class video con on February 21 and 24.