LINEAR ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY

-
EXERCISES

by

Anna Chiara Bartucca

Prof. Enrico Carlini

2020/2021

Exercises 1 – Geometric vectors 04 03

Esercizio1.1 . Let T be triangle of vertices A(1, 0, 0), B(0, 1, 0) e C(0, 0, 1). Is T an equilat-

eral, isoscele or a rightangle triangle?. Compute the perimeter and the area of T .

Esercizio1.2 . Repeat the same exercise with A(1, 2, 3), B(4, 5, 6) e C(7, 8, 9).

Esercizio1.3 . If they exist, find the values of t 2 R such that A(1, 2, 3), B(3, 2, 1) and

C(5, t, 7) are collinear.

Fa
Esercizio1.4 . Repeat the same exercise with A(1, 2, 3), B(4, 5, 6) e C(7t, 8, 9 + t).

! ! !

Esercizio1.5 . If they exist, find the values of t 2 R such that the vectors !
a = i j, b =
! ! ! ! ! !

j k e c = i 2t j + k are coplanar.

! ! !

Esercizio1.6 . Repeat the same exercise with the vectors i , j e t k .

! !

Esercizio1.7 . Solve the equation !

x ⇥ j · k = 0.

! ! !

Esercizio1.8 . Solve the equation !

x ⇥ j + k = 0.

Esercizio1.9 . Prove Pitagora’s Theorem.

Esercizio1.10 . Prove Carnot’s Theorem.

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Exercises 2 – Lines and planes

Exercise2.1 . Find a line on the plane ⇡ : x + y + z = 1. Is it possible to find a line on ⇡

passing through the point P (1, 0, 0)?

Exercise2.2 . Consider the line r : x = 2y = 3z . If possible, find a line on the plane

⇡ : x + y + z = 1 orthogonal to the line r and a line parallel to r .

Exercise2.3 . Given any two distinct points there exists a unique line joining them. Find the
unique line joining A(a, b, c) and B(a0 , b0 , c0 ).

Exercise2.4 . How many points determine a plane? Find a plane passing through the points

A(1, 0, 0), B(0, 1, 0) and C(0, 0, 1). Can we generalize the procedure?

Exercise2.5 . Given the planes ↵ : x + y + 2z = 0, : x + 2y + z = 0, : 2x + y + z = 0 and

the lines r : x + y + 2z = x + 2y + z = 0 e s : x + 2y + z = 2x + y + z = 0. Find ↵ \ \ ,

↵ \ r , ↵ \ s e r \ s.

Exercise2.6 . Find the orthogonal projection of a point on a line.

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(i) l : x = 2y = 3z .

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x 2y = 0

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Exercises 3 – Matrices, square matrices and determinants

Esercizio3.1 . Compute (AB)> and A> B> in the following cases:

(i) A = (1, 2, 3) and B = (1, 0, 1)> ,

(ii) A = (1, 2, 3)> and B = (1, 0, 1).

Esercizio3.2 . Prove that it is always true that (AB)> = B> A> .

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 0 0 1

Esercizio3.3 . Let A = and B = . Compare (A+B)2 and A2 +2AB+B 2 .

0 0 1 0

Esercizio3.4
✓ .◆Compute the values of a 2 R for which A is invertible and compute A 1 for

A=
1 a
.

a 1

Esercizio3.5
✓ .◆Compute the values of b 2 R for which B is invertible and compute B 1 for

1 b
B= .
0 1

Esercizio3.6 . Let A = (aij ) be a diagonal matrix, that is A is a square matrix such that

aij = 0 if i 6= j . Find a formula for An .

✓
1 a
◆

Esercizio3.7 . Let A = and compute A2 , A3 , . . ..

0 2

✓ ◆
1 (2n 1)a

Prove that An =
0 2n
.

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Esercizio3.8 . Prove that, if An = 0 for some n 2 N, then A is not invertible. More generally,

if AB = 0, then A and B are not both invertible.

Esercizio3.9 . Can you find a square matrix A 6= In such that A2 is the identity matrix? Can

you find it such that A3 = In ?

Esercizio3.10 . Let A = (aij ) be a n ⇥ n matrix such that the only non-zero element are

a12 = a23 = . . . = an 1n = 1. Prove that A is a nilpotent matrix, that is A is a square matrix

such that Am = 0 for some m 2 N.

Esercizio3.11 . Prove that the inverse operation and the transpose operation commute, that

is prove that (A> ) 1 = (A 1 )> . This is why some authors denote the traspose with a >

superscript at the top left of the matrix.

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Exercises 5 – Gaussian elimination, rank and linear sys-

tems.

Exercise 5.1 . Which of the following matrices are row reduced?

! " ! " ! " rows

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 invert
(i) , (ii) , (iii) ,

!
1 1 1
" !
0 0 0
"
1 0 1
! "

(iv)
0 0 0
. (v)
1 b 1
a, b ∈ R, (vi)
a 1 0
a, b ∈ R.

0 0 0 a 1 0 1 b 1

Exercise 5.2 . Row reduce the following matrices:

# % # %
1 1 1 1 0 0 ! "

$ & $ & 1 2
(i) 0 1 1 , (ii) 1 1 0 , (iii) with a ∈ R

0 0 1 1 1 1
3 a

#
0 1 1
% #
0 1 0
%

(iv) $ −1 0 1 & , (v) $ −1 0 a & , a ∈ R.

−1 −1 0 −a 0

Exercise 5.3 . Compute the rank of the following matrices:

# %

! "
# % 1 2 3
1 2 3 ) 4 5 6 *

'
(i) 1 2 3 ,
(
(ii)
1 2 3
, (iii) $ 4 5 6 & , (iv) ) *
$ 7 8 9 &,

4 5 6
7 8 9

10 11 12
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1 0 1 1 0 a 1 2 3

(v) $ 0 a 0 & a ∈ R, (v) $ 0 1 0 & a ∈ R, (vi) $ 4 5 6 & a ∈ R

1 0 1 a 0 1 7 8 a

#
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*

13 14 15 16

Exercise 5.4 . Prove that r(A) = r(A⊤ ).

Exercise 5.5 . Use Rouche-Capelli Theorem to decide whether the following systems admits
solutions
+ and solve them:

+ +
, y+z =1 , y+z =3 , y+z =1

(i) x + z = 2 (ii) x + z = 2 (iii) −x + z = 2

-
x+y =3
-
x+y =1
-
−x − y = 3

+ +
, x + 2y + 3z = 1 , x + 2y + 3z = 3

(iv) 4x + 5y + 6z = 2 (v) 4x + 5y + 6z = 2
- -

7x + 8y + 9z = 3 7x + 8y + 9z = 1

+
, x+y+z+t=1
.
.
,
x+y+z+t=1

(vi) x − y + z − t = 2 (vii)
x−y+z+t=0
- . x+y−z+t=1

x+y−z−t=3 .
-
x+y+z−t=0

Exercise 5.6 . For each system in the previous exercise decide whether it is possible add one

equation such that the new system:

(i) has the same solutions as the original one

(ii) has no solutions

(iii) has exactly one free variable less than the original one

(iv) has exactly two free variable less than the original one.

Exercise 5.7 . Discuss the following systems for a, b ∈ R that is decide whether the systems

has solutions or not, find the free variables and, if possible, find the solutions.
/ / /

x + ay = 1 x + ay = 1 x + 2y = a
(i) (ii) (ii)

+
x+y =b x + by = 2
+
3x + 4y = b

, x + 2y + 3z = 1 , x + 2y + 3z = 1

(iv) 4x + 5y + 6z = 2 (v) 4x + 5y + 6z = 2
- -

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Exercises 6 – Determinant (PartII) and subspaces of Rn .

Exercise 6.1 . Compute det λA using det A in the following case:

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, 1 3

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Can you find a formula for det λA?

Exercise 6.2 . Prove that det λA = λn det A using Binet’s Theorem and multiplying by the

matrix λIn

Exercise 6.3 . Compute the determinant of the following triangular matrices:

# %

!
1 0
" 1 0 0

(i) A = , (ii) A = $ 2 3 0 & ,

2 3

4 5 6
# %
! " 1 2 3

1 2
(iii) A = , (iv) A = $ 0 4 5 & ,

0 3
0 0 6

Can you find a formula valid in general for triangular matrices?

Exercise 6.4 . Prove that det A⊤ = det A.

Exercise 6.5 . A matrix A is called skew-symmetric if A⊤ = −A. Prove that skew-symmetric

matrices of odd size have zero determinant.

Exercise 6.6 . Let A be a a × b matrix and B be a b × a matrix. Prove that, if a > b, then
det AB = 0.

Exercise 6.7 . Show that each of the following subsets of Rn is not a subspace:

(i) {(x, y) : x + y = 1},

(ii) {(x, y) : xy = 1},

(iii) {(x, y) : x2 − y = 0},

(iv) {(x, y, z) : x = y = z − 1}.

Exercise 6.8 . Show that each of the following subsets of Rn is a subspace:

(i) {(x, y) : x + 2y = 0},

(ii) {(x, y) : x2 = 0},

(iii) {(x, y, z) : x = y = z},

(iii) {(x, y, z) : x + y + z = 0}.

Exercise 6.9 . Compute the subspaces Col A, Row A, and Ker A for A one of the following

matrices:
! " ! " ! "

1 0 1 1 1 1
(i) , (ii) , (iii) .

#
0 1
%
0 1 1 1
# %

1 2 ! " 1 2 3
$ & 1 2 3 $

(iv) 3 4 , (v) , (iii) 4 5 6 &

4 5 6
5 6 7 8 9

Exercise 6.10 . Describe the spaces Col In , Row In , and Ker In . What can you say about

these spaces for any invertible matrix?

Exercise 6.11 . Can you find a relation between Col A2 and Col A? And between Row A2

and RowA? And between Ker A2 and Ker A?

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Exercises 7 – Bases and dimension of subspaces of Rn

and vector spaces.

Exercise7.1 . Compute a basis and the dimension of the following subsapces of Rn :

(i) L((1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))

(ii) {(x, y, z, t) ∈ R4 : x − y + z − t = 0}

(iii) {−
→
v ∈ R3 : v · (1, 1, 1) = 0}

−
→
(iii) {v ∈ R3 : − →v × (1, 1, 1) = 0 }

Exercise7.2 . Compute a basis and the dimension of Row A, Col A, Ker A for A one of the

following:
! "

(i)
1 0

0 1
! "

1 1
(ii)
1 1

! "

1 1
(ii)
−1 −1

Exercise7.3 . Compute a basis and the dimension of Row In , Col In , Ker In whereIn is the

identity matrix.

Exercise7.4 . If possible find a bases of {(x, y, z, t) ∈ R4 : x + y + z + t = 0} containing the

vectors

(i) (1, −1, 0, 0) and (1, −1, 1, −1)

(ii) (1, −1, 1, −1) and (−1, 1, −1, 1)

(iii) (1, 2, 3, −6)

Exercise7.5 . Prove that, if V ⊆ W ⊆ Rn are subspaces of Rn , then dim V ≤ dim W .

Exercise7.6 . Determine whether the following sets, with the natural operations, are vector

spaces over R.

(i) {p(x) ∈ R3 [x] : p(0) = 0}

(ii) {p(x) ∈ R3 [x] : p(0) = 1}

(iii) {p(x) ∈ R3 [x] : p′ (x) = x}

(iv) {A ∈ R2,2 : det A = 0}

(v) {A ∈ R2,2 : A⊤ = A}

Exercise7.7 . The trace of a matrix A = (aij ) n×n is TrA = a11 + . . . + ann . Prove that the

set of n×n matrices with zero trace is a vector space.

Exercise7.8 . A matrix is called symmetric if A⊤ = A. Prove that the se of n×n symmetric

matrices is a vector space.

Exercise7.9 . A matrix is called skew-symmetric if A⊤ = −A. Prove that the se of n × n

skew-symmetric matrices is a vector space.

Exercise7.10 . For which choices of A ∈ Rn,n the set {B ∈ Rn,n : AB = BA} is a vector

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Exercises 8 – Bases and linear mappings

Exercise 8.1 . Decide whether the following are real vector spaces and, in the case, find a

bases: ! " ! "

(i) Ker A, Row A e Col A per A =

1 2 3
eA=
1 2 3

3 6 9 4 5 6

(ii) L{(1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0, 2), (3, 0, 3, 0), (4, 4, 4, 4))} (iii) L{(1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3, 4)},
(iv) {p(t) ∈ R3 [t] : p′ (0) = 0}, (v) {p(t) ∈ R3 [t] : p′′ (1) = 0}.

Exercise 8.2 . Find a bases of the real vector space Rm,n and of the real vector space Cm,n .

Exercise 8.3 . Given the vector v = (1, 2, 3) decide whether the following are subspaces of

R3,3 and, in the case, find a bases:

(i) {A ∈ R3,3 : vA = 0}, (ii) {A ∈ R3,3 : Av⊤ = 0}, (iii) {A ∈ R3,3 : vA = v}.

Exercise 8.4 . Decide whether the following sets are a bases for the relative vectors space:

(i) {(1, 2), (3, 4)} for L{(1, 0), (0, 1)}, (ii) {(1, 2), (3, 4)} for L{(1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)},

(iii) {(1, 2 + 3x, 4 + 5x + 6x2 } per R2 [t] , (iv) {(1 − x, 1 + x2 , 1 + x + x2 } per R2 [t].

Exercise 8.5 . Find all possible bases for the real vector space R and for the real vector space
R2 .

Exercise 8.6 . Find the linear mappings:

(i) f : R → R, f (x) = 3x, (ii) f : R → R, f (x) = 2x + 1,

(iii) f : R3,3 → R3,3 , f (A) = det A , (iv)f : R3,3 → R3,3 , f (A) = TrA

(v) f : R2 [t] → R2 [t], f (p(t)) = p (t) ,

′ (vi)f : R2 [t] → R2 [t], f (p(t)) = p′ (t) + t.

Exercise 8.7 . Compute the matrix associated to the following linear mappings with respect
to the chosen basis:

(i) f : R2 → R3 , f (x, y) = (x + 2y, 3x + 4y, 5x + 6y) wrt the canonical bases

(ii) f : R3 → R2 , f (x, y, z) = (x + 2y, 2y + 3z) rispetto alle basi canoniche

(iii) f : R3 → R3 , f (x, y, z) = (x − y, x − z, y − z), wrt the canonical bases

(iv) f : R2 [t] → R2 [t], f (p(t)) = p′ (t) wrt the basis {1, x, x2 } in both spaces

(vi)f : R2 [t] → R, f (p(t)) = p(0) wrt the basis {1, x, x2 } e {1}.

Exercise 8.8 . Choose a basis for R2,2 and find the associated matrix wrt to that basis for the

linear mapping f : R2,2 → R2,2 defined as f (A) = A − A⊤ .

Exercise 8.9 . As the previous exercise for f : R3,3 → R3,3 .

Exercise 8.10 . Find a basis for Ker f and for Im f for the linear mappings of exercises 8.7

and 8.8.

Exercise 8.11 . Given the linear map f : R3 → R3 defined as f (x, y, z) = (x + 2y + 3z, 4x +

5y + 6z, 7x + 8y + 9z) compute the preimage f −1 (1, 2, a) for a ∈ R.

Exercise 8.12 . For each linear mapping in exercises 8.7 and 8.8. decide whether this is
injective, surjective or if it is an isomorphism.

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eigenvectors (Part I).

Esercizio9.1 . Compute a basis for U \ V and for U + V (Grassmann’s might help in some
cases) :
(i) U = L{1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)}, V = L{1, 0, 2), (0, 3, 0)}
(ii) U = L{1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8)}, V = L{9, 10, 11, 12), (13,✓14, 15, 16)}, ◆
1 1 1 1
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✓ ◆
0 1 0 1
(iv) U = L{1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 1)}, V = Ker B con B = ,
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✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
(v) U = Ker A where A = , V = Ker B where B =
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
(vi) U = Row A where A = , V = Ker B where B = ,
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
(vi) U = Row A where A = , V = Row B where B = .
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Esercizio9.2 . Let U = {A 2 R2,2 : tr A = 0} and let V = {A 2 R2,2 : Av = 0, v> = (1, 1)}.

Compute U \ V and U + V .

Esercizio9.3 . Let U = {A 2 R2,2 : uA = 0, u = (2, 1)} and let V = {A 2 R3,2 : Av =

0, v> = (1, 1)}. Compute U \ V and U + V . i
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Esercizio9.4 . Let U = {A 2 R2,2 : uA = 0, u = (1, 1)} and let V = {A 2 R2,2 : Av =
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Esercizio9.5 . Let U = {p(x) 2 R2 [x] : p(0) = 0} and let V = {p(x) 2 R2 [x] : p0 (1) = 0}.
Compute U \ V and U + V .

Esercizio9.6 . Let U, V be subspaces of Rn,n : U is the subspace of symmetric matrices while

V is the subspace of skew-symmetric matrices. Compute U \ V and U + V for n = 2, 3, 4.
What does it happen in general?

Esercizio9.7 . Find the eigenvalues of the following:

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
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(i) , (ii) , (iii) ,
0 4 0 4 3 4
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(iv) @ 0 4 0 A, @
(v) 0 4 5 A, (vi) @ 2 3 0 A,
0 0 6 0 0 6 4 5 6
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1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
(vii) @ 0 1 0 A, (viii) @ 1 0 1 A, (ix) @ 1 1 1 A
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

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Esercizio9.8 . Find the eigenvalues of the matrices A = and B = and
1 1 0 0
note that A ⇠ B .

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Esercizio9.9 . Consider the linear mapping f : R2 ! R2 defined as f (x, y) = 22 (x y, x+y).
Note that f is the counterclockwise rotations of ⇡/4. What are the real eigenvalues of f ?
What are the complex ones?

Esercizio9.10 . Find the eigenvalues of A for a 2 R:

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 0 1 a 0 a
(i) , (ii) , (iii) ,
0 a 0 4 3 4

Esercizio9.11 . Find the eigenvalues of a n⇥n matrix with all the entries equal 1 for n = 2, 3.
What does it happen in general?
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izability.

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(i) , (ii) , (iii) ,
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# % # % # %
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(iv) $ 0 1 0 & , (v) $ 1 0 1 & , (vi) $ 1 1 1 &
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

Esercizio10.2 . Find the eigenvalues and the eigenspaces of the following endomorphisms:
(i) f (x, y) = (y, x), (ii) f (x, y, z) = (y + z, x + z, x + y), (iii) f (x, y, z) =
(x, 2x + y, 3x + 2y + z).

Esercizio10.3 .Let f : R2,2 → R2,2 be the endomorphisms defined as f (A) = A − A⊤ . Find

the eigenvalues and the eigenspaces of f .

Esercizio10.4 .Let f : R2 [x] → R2 [x] be the endomorphisms defined as f (p(x)) = p′ (x).

Find the eigenvalues and the eigenspaces of f .

Esercizio10.5 . Prove that, if A, B are similar square matrices, than they have the same
characteristic polynomial. (Note: row equivalent matrices, in general, do not have the same
characteristic polynomial.)

Esercizio10.6 . As the parameters vary, find the eigenvalues and the eigenspaces of the
following matrices.
! " ! " ! "
1 a 1 a a 2
(i) ,a∈R (ii) , a, b ∈ R (iii) ,a, b ∈ R
0 2 0 b 0 b
# %
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0 a
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$
a 0
0 1 0

Esercizio10.7 . Are the matrices of Ex 10.1 diagonalizable? (Hint: sometimes you can answer
even without solving Ex 10.1)
 Esercizio10.8 . For what values of the parameters are the matrices of Ex 10.6 diagonalizable?

2 Esercizio10.9 . Will a randomly chosen 2×2 matrix be diagonalizable?

Esercizio10.10 . Find an invertible which is not diagonalizable.

Esercizio10.11 . Find a diagonalizable matrix which is not invertible.

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Schmidt and Caylay-Hamilton.

Exercise 11.1 . Show that a P 2 Rn,n is an orthogonal matrix if and only if its rows (and
columns) are an orthonormal basis of Rn .

Exercise 11.2 . Let P 2 Rn,n be orthogonal. Is it true that, for n = 2 or n = 3 the matrix P
is diagonalizable?

Exercise 11.3 . If S 2 Rn,n be symmetric, and S m = 0 for some m, what can we say about
the eigenvalues of S ? Can S be different from the zero matrix?

Exercise 11.4 . Decide for which of the following matrices A one can find an orthogonal
matrix P such that P > AP is diagonal?
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 2 1 2 0 0
(i) , (ii) , (iii)
2 1 2 1 0 0

Exercise 11.5 . Let v1 , . . . , vm be pairwise, not zero, orthogonal vectors, that is vi · vj = 0

for i 6= j . Prove that {v1 , . . . , vm } is LI.

Exercise 11.6 . Find an orthonormal bases for the following vector spaces:
(i) L{(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)}, (ii) L{(1, 2, 0), (2, 0, 1)}, (iii) L{(1, 2, 0, 0), (2, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1, 0)}
(iv) {(x, y, z, t) : x + y + z + t = 0}, (v) {(x, y, z, t) : x + y + z + t = x y + z t = 0},
(vi) {(x, y, z, t) : x + y = z t = x + y + z + t = 0}

Exercise 11.7 . Find an orthonormal basis for Row In and Col In ; repeat for any invertible
matrix.

Exercise 11.8 . If A has characteristic polynomial p(x) = (2 x)(3 x) compute A2 and A3

in terms of A. Are the matrices A, A2 and A3 diagonalizable?

Exercise 11.9 . If A has characteristic polynomial p(x) = (2 x)2 compute A2 and A3 in

terms of A. Is A diagonalizable?
Exercise 11.10 . Let A 2 Rn,n be a matrix such that Am = 0. Can we find the eigenvalues of
A? Is A diagonalizable? Can we write down A?

Exercise 11.11 . Try the previous exercise knowing that Am = I . (Mind the difference
between R and C!)
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Exercise 13.1 . Find the distances between the pairs:

(i) P (0, 0, 0) (ii) Q(1, 2, 3) (iii) ⇡ : x + y + z = 0

(iv) r : x + y + z = y + z = 0 (v) s : x + 2z = x + y = 0

Exercise 13.2 . Find the distances between the pairs:

(i) P (0, 0) (ii) Q(1, 2) (iii) r : x + y = 0

(iv) C1 : x2 + y 2 = 5 (v) C1 : x2 + y 2 x y=0

Exercise 13.3 . Find center and radius:

(i) x2 + y 2 = 1 (ii) x2 + y 2 + x = 1 (iii) x2 + y 2 + x + y = 1

(iv) x2 +y 2 +z 2 x = 1 (v) x2 +y 2 +z 2 +x y = 1 (vi) x2 +y 2 +z 2 +x+y+z = 1

(vii) x2 + y 2 + z 2 1=x+y =0 (viii) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 2y 1=z=0

(ix) x2 + y 2 + z 2 1 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2y 1=0

Exercise 13.4 . Find a circle tangent in the given point to:

(i) x + y = 0, P (0, 0)
(ii) x + 2y 1 = 0, P (1, 0)
(iii) x2 + y 2 = 2, P (1, 1)
(iv) x2 + y 2 = 1, P (1, 0)

Exercise 13.5 . Find a sphere tangent in the given point to:

(i) x = 0, P (0, 0, 0)
(ii) x + y + z = 0, P (0, 0, 0)
(iii) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, P (1, 0, 0)
(iii) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3, P (1, 1, 1)

Exercise 13.6 . If possible, find two circles C1 , C2 having the same center and such that
(i) C1 \ C2 = {P }
(ii) C1 \ C2 = {P, Q}, P 6= Q
(iii) the circle have the same radius and C1 6= C2
Exercise 13.7 . Find all circle tangent to the line:
(i) x = 1
(ii) x + y = 0
(iii) x y = 0

Exercise 13.8 . Find all spheres tangent to the plane:

(i) x = 1
(ii) x + y = 0
(iii) x + y + z = 0

Exercise 13.9 . Find a circle and three points on it which are the vertices of a right-angle
triangle.

Exercise 13.10 . Find a circle and three points on it which are the vertices of a equilateral
triangle.

Exercise 13.11 . Find a sphere and four points on it which are the vertices of a rectangle.

Exercise 13.12 . Find a sphere and four points on it which are the vertices of a square.
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