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02 Database Development
CII1J3 Database Modelling
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Learning Outcomes
Students can explain the process of database development life
cycle, people involved in the development process, and the
evolution of database system
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Topics
Database Lifecycle
People Involved in Database Development
Evolution of Database System
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Database Life Cycle

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Planning

Database
Life Cycle

Maintenance Analysis

Implementation Design
 Planning
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Purpose
Planning
To develop a preliminary understanding of
a business situation and how information
systems might help solve a problem or
Maintenance Analysis
make an opportunity possible

Consist of two steps:

• Enterprise modelling
Implementation Design
• Conceptual modelling
 Enterprise Modelling
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Planning
• Analyse current data processing
• Analyse the general business
Maintenance Analysis
functions and their database needs
• Justify need for new data and
databases in support of business
Implementation Design
 Conceptual Data Modelling
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Planning • Identify scope of database

requirements for proposed
information system
Maintenance Analysis

• Analyse overall data requirements

for business function(s)
supported by database
Implementation Design
 Analysis
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Planning Purpose
To analyse the business situation
thoroughly to determine requirements, to
Maintenance Analysis structure those requirements, and to select
among competing system features

Implementation Design
 Conceptual Data Modelling (part 2)
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• Develop preliminary conceptual data

Planning
model, including entities and
relationships
• Compare preliminary conceptual data
Maintenance Analysis
model with enterprise data model
• Develop detailed conceptual data model,
including all entities, relationships,
attributes, and business rules
Implementation Design
• Make conceptual data model consistent
with other models of information system
• Populate repository with all conceptual
database specifications
 Design
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Purpose
Planning
To elicit and structure all information
requirements; to develop all technology and
organizational specifications
Maintenance Analysis

Consist of two step:

• Logical database design
• Physical database design and definition
Implementation Design
 Logical Database Design
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Planning
• Analyse in detail the transactions, forms,
displays, and inquiries (database views)
required by the business functions
Maintenance Analysis
supported by the database
• Integrate database views into conceptual
data model
• Identify data integrity and security
Implementation Design
requirements, and populate repository
 Physical Database Design and Definition
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Planning
• Define database to DBMS (often
generated from repository)
Maintenance Analysis
• Decide on physical organization of
data
• Design database processing
programs
Implementation Design
 Implementation
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Planning

Purpose

Maintenance Analysis
To write programs, build databases, test and
install the new system, train users, and
finalize documentation

Implementation Design
 Database Implementation
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Planning

• Code and test database processing

programs
Maintenance Analysis
• Complete database documentation
and training materials
• Install database and convert data
from prior systems
Implementation Design
 Maintenance
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Planning

Purpose
Maintenance Analysis To monitor the operation and
usefulness of the system, and to repair
and enhance the system

Implementation Design
 Database Maintenance
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Planning • Analyse database and database

applications to ensure that evolving
information requirements are met
Maintenance Analysis
• Tune database for improved
performance
• Fix errors in database and database
Implementation Design
applications and recover database
when it is contaminated
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People Involved in
Database Development
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Managing People Involved in Database

Development (1)
• Business analysts - These individuals work with both management and
users to analyse the business situation and develop detailed system and
program specifications for projects.
• Systems analysts - These individuals may perform business analyst
activities but also specify computer systems requirements and typically have
a stronger systems development background than business analysts.
• Database analysts and data modelers - These individuals concentrate on
determining the requirements and design for the database component of
the information system.
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Managing People Involved in Database

Development (2)

• Users - Users provide assessments of their information needs and monitor

that the developed system meets their needs.
• Programmers - These individuals design and write computer programs that
have commands to maintain and access data in the database embedded in
them.
• Database architects - These individuals establish standards for data in
business units, striving to attain optimum data location, currency, and
quality.
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Managing People Involved in Database

Development (3)
• Data administrators These individuals have responsibility for existing and
future databases and ensure consistency and integrity across databases, and
as experts on database technology, they provide consulting and training to
other project team members.
• Project managers Project managers oversee assigned projects, including
team composition, analysis, design, implementation, and support of
projects.
• Other technical experts Other individuals are needed in areas such as
networking, operating systems, testing, data warehousing, and
documentation.
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Evolution of Database
System
Evolution of Database System
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Hierarchical Database Model
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In the hierarchical model, files are

organized in a top-down structure
that resembles a tree or genealogy
chart.
Network Database Model
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In the network model, each file can be

associated with an arbitrary number of
other files.
Relational Database Model
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The relational model (the primary focus

of this course) organizes data in the
form of tables and relationships among
them.
Object-oriented Database Model
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The object-oriented model is based on

object classes and relationships among
them. As shown in the figure, an object
class encapsulates attributes and
methods
 Multidimensional Database Model
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Multidimensional databases, which form the basis for data warehouses, allow
us to view data in the form of cubes or a star schema
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Evolution of Database System - Resume

The development and evolution of database technology generally drove by:

1. The need to provide greater independence between programs and data,
thereby reducing maintenance costs
2. The desire to manage increasingly complex data types and structures
3. The desire to provide easier and faster access to data for users who have
neither a background in programming languages nor a detailed
understanding of how data are stored in databases
4. The need to provide ever more powerful platforms for decision support
applications
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Reference

Hoffer, Jeffrey A., et.al., "Modern Database Management", Twelfth Edition,

Pearson, 2016. Chapter 1
Questions
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