TIA Fuel Cell Reference Guide

A Fuel
Cell
Guide
REGULATIONS, CODES, AND
STANDARDS FOR THE
DEPLOYMENT OF
STATIONARY FUEL CELLS
A TIA REFERENCE GUIDE
tiaonline.org
IMPORTANT NOTICE
The purpose of this Reference Guide is to provide an overview of regulations, codes, standards, permitting
processes, fuel supply considerations, information, and technologies relating to the deployment of stationary
fuel cells. It is a reference tool designed to complement other tools and sources of information available to
users.
This document is for information purposes only. The reader should not make deployment or maintenance
decisions based on the information contained herein. A reader is encouraged to carefully study source
materials related to the implementer's unique deployment conditions, and as necessary consult with experts
and government regulators. This document is not a standard and is merely providing to a reader access to
information that may be acquired from other sources.
Members of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) Fuel Cell Focus Group developed the Ref-
erence Guide over a period of two years based on their expertise, work experience and industry networks.
It is a good faith effort to develop a comprehensive, accurate guide but it not designed to be the sole,
definitive source of all information relating to the deployment of stationary fuel cells. Users should view the
information from the perspective of their unique situations, and determine independently whether the cited
regulations, standards, and related documents are the most current versions. The usefulness of the Refer-
ence Guide depends on the users’ understanding that although every effort was made to ensure that the
Reference Guide is accurate, there are no guarantees. The information will need to be reviewed and updated
with the passage of time. In addition, at times the opinions of the authors are expressed and should be
viewed as opinions rather than statements of fact.
TIA Fuel Cell Focus Group

TIA created an exploratory Focus Group on Fuel Cell Standards for Wireless and Information and Commu-
nication Technology (ICT) Infrastructure in 2013. The goal was to provide a forum for fuel cell companies,
mobile network operators, cell site leasing companies, engineering firms, government entities, and others
to develop a document that can provide the ICT industry with a broad reference guide on stationary fuel cell
deployment in support of wireless and other ICT infrastructure.
TIA thanks the following companies and organizations for their contributions to this document:
f Air Liquide f Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association

f Air Products & Chemicals f Hy9 Corpration
f Altergy Systems f IGX Group, Inc.
f Ballard Power Systems f Microsoft Corporation
f BNC Energy, LLC f National Renewable Energy Laboratory
f BTI/Fuel Cells 2000 f ReliOn
f Burns & McDonnell f Serenergy
f ClearEdge Power f Trulite, Inc.
f CommScope f U.S. Department of Transportation
f Department of Energy
B A Fuel Cell Guide • Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells
TIA
The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) represents manufacturers and suppliers of global com-
munications networks through standards development, policy and advocacy, business opportunities, market
intelligence, and events and networking. TIA enhances the business environment for broadband, mobile
wireless, information technology, networks, cable, satellite and unified communications. Members’ products
and services empower communications in every industry and market, including healthcare, education,
security, public safety, transportation, government, the military, the environment, and entertainment. Visit
tiaonline.org for more details.
Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells • A Fuel Cell Guide C
Stationary Fuel Cells
Table of Contents
(Click on listing to go to location)
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
2. Basic Schematic Showing Equipment and Purpose of Equipment ..................................2
3. Summary Codes and Standards Sheet..............................................................................3
3.1 Relevant Documents for Compliance – Mandated by Code or Law .......................3
3.2 Other Referenced Documents for Compliance
4. Generally Applicable Codes and Standards ......................................................................5
4.1 Organizations ...........................................................................................................5
4.2 Relevant Documents for Compliance – Mandated by Code or Law .......................5
4.3 Other Referenced Documents for Compliance ....................................................... 6
4.4 Order of Precedence for Code Compliance..............................................................7
4.5 Codes and Standards Relevant for Fuel Cell Power Systems –
Power Generator.......................................................................................................7
4.6 Codes and Standards Relevant for Fuel Storage .....................................................7
4.7 International Fire Code (IFC) – Implementation by State Governments ................ 8
4.8 International Fuel and Gas Code (IFGC) – Implementation
by State Governments............................................................................................. 8
4.9 General Requirements – Common to Compressed Gas Fuels ............................... 8
4.9.1 Container Types, Design and Storage Construction .................................... 8
4.9.1.1 Fuel Storage Containers – [29CFR1910.101] ................................... 8
4.9.2 Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls ..................................................... 9
4.9.2.1 Pressure Relief Devices................................................................. 9
4.9.3 Fire and Emergency Response ...................................................................... 9
5. Fuel Supply Considerations and General Guidance on Site Selection ...........................10
5.1 Hydrogen ................................................................................................................10
5.1.1 Sources .........................................................................................................10
5.1.1.1 Industrial Gas Companies ...........................................................10
5.1.1.2 Hydrogen Vehicle Refilling Stations............................................. 11
5.1.1.3 Hydrogen Resale by Heavy-Use Industries.................................. 11
5.1.1.4 Chemical Plants Producing Hydrogen as Waste By-Product....... 11
5.1.1.5 Gas Pipelines ...............................................................................12
5.1.1.6 Renewable Sources...................................................................... 13
Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells • A Fuel Cell Guide i
5.1.2 Fuel Delivery/Storage Options ..................................................................... 13
5.1.2.1 Compressed Gas.......................................................................... 13
5.1.2.2 Liquid Hydrogen........................................................................... 15
5.1.2.3 Advanced Hydrogen Storage Technologies .................................16
5.1.3 Refueling.......................................................................................................16
5.1.3.1 Storage Container Replacement ..................................................16
5.1.3.2 Storage Container Refilling ..........................................................16
5.1.4 Site Considerations ...................................................................................... 17
5.2 Methanol ................................................................................................................18
5.2.1 Sources .........................................................................................................18
5.2.1.1 Methanol Sources ........................................................................18
5.2.1.2 Renewable Sources......................................................................18
5.2.1.3 Methanol/Water Blenders ...........................................................18
5.2.2 Fuel Delivery/Storage Options .....................................................................19
5.2.3 Refueling...................................................................................................... 20
5.2.4 Site Considerations ..................................................................................... 20
5.3 Propane .................................................................................................................. 21
5.3.1 Sources .........................................................................................................21
5.3.3 Refueling...................................................................................................... 22
5.3.4 Site Considerations ..................................................................................... 22
5.4 Natural Gas.............................................................................................................23
5.4.1 Sources .........................................................................................................23
5.4.3 Refueling.......................................................................................................23
5.4.4 Site Considerations ......................................................................................23
5.5 Fuel Comparison.....................................................................................................25
6 Permitting Process ..........................................................................................................27
6.1 The Permit Application ......................................................................................... 28
6.2 Detailed Codes and Standards Requirements...................................................... 29
6.2.1 Compliance requirements identified for each subject category................. 29
6.2.1.1 Definitions................................................................................... 29
6.2.1.2 Components and Systems Certifications .................................. 30
ii A Fuel Cell Guide • Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells
Stationary Fuel Cells
1 Introduction
The purpose of this document is to support the deployment of fuel cells by identifying regulatory require-
ments and providing information on fuel supplies, permitting, and other procedures that would assist a
project developer. The guide may also be helpful to other parties involved in project deployment, such as:
f Equipment manufacturers
f Fuel suppliers
f Code officials
f Municipal planners
f Emergency responders.
This document is the first in a set of two. The second document is a users guide for deployment of station-
ary fuel cells and will be focused more on guidance for operating stationary fuel cells, as opposed to codes
and standards compliance.
This document covers the following topics:

f Basic systems structure
f Overview of codes and standards and generally applicable codes and standards
f Fuel supply considerations
f Permitting processes, including a detailed overview of codes and standards
f Reserved sections for such topics as an Emergency Response Plan and Standards Permits
The TIA Fuel Cell Focus Group, which authored this document, had extensive discussions about the user’s
needs and how they could best be addressed. These discussions led to the creation of a lengthy section on
fuel supply considerations.
The intent is that this will be a living document and that as deployment progresses, these sections will pro-
vide the necessary information.
Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells • A Fuel Cell Guide 1
Guide for Compliance with Regulations, Codes and Standards
for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells
2 Basic Schematic Showing Equipment and Purpose of Equipment
Figure 1 2 Basic
shows a basic Schematic Showing
fuel cell system. The Equipment
key components and
of the system are Purpose
as follows:
f Fuel
of Equipment
Figure 1 shows a basic fuel cell system. The key components of the system are as follows:
f Fuel cell
 Fuel
f Battery (provides reserve power)
 Fuel cell
f DC bus
 Battery (provides reserve power)
 DC bus
f Rectifier (converts direct current [DC] to alternating current [AC])
 Rectifier (converts direct current [DC] to alternating current [AC])
f AC distribution.
 AC distribution.

Figure 1. Basic system schematic
Figure 1. Basic system schematic
Graphic courtesy Anil Trehan, CommScope
Graphic courtesy Anil Trehan, CommScope
| 2
2 A Fuel Cell Guide • Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells
3 Summary Codes and Standards Sheet
3.1 Relevant Documents for Compliance – Mandated by Code or Law
1) ANSI/CSA FC1 Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

(2014 edition)
2) ANSI/CSA Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems

America FC 3 (2004 edition, reaffirmed 2017)
3) IFC International Fire Code (2014 edition most recent;

prior editions are still enforced)
4) NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

(2012 edition)
5) NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code (2015 edition)
6) NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code

(2016 edition; prior editions are still enforced)
7) NFPA 70® National Electrical Code® (2017 edition)
8) NFPA 853 Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

(2015 edition)
9) 29CFR1910 Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA)
10) 47CFR15 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
11) 49CFR172 Department of Transportation (DOT)
1) ASME/ANSI B31.3 Process piping
2) ANSI/IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided

by enclosures
3) ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5 Standard for automatic valves for gas

appliances with distributed energy
resources
4) ASTM E 108 Standard test methods for fire tests of roof

coverings
5) IBC International Building Code
6) IMC International Mechanical Code
7) NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code (2016 edition)

– see NFPA 2 note
NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, NEC®, 101®, and Life Safety Code® are registered trademarks of the National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA.
8) NFPA 24 Standard for the installation of private fire
service mains and their appurtenances
i9) NFPA 80 Standard for fire doors and other opening

protectives
10) NFPA 90A Standard for the installation of air-

conditioning and ventilating systems
11) NFPA 101® Life Safety Code
12) NFPA 220 Standard types of building construction
13) NFPA 251 Standard methods of tests of fire

resistance of building construction and
materials
14) UL 991 Standard for tests for safety-related

controls employing solid-state devices
15) UL 429 Electrically operated valves
16) UL 790 Standard test methods for fire tests of roof

coverings
17) UL1741 Standard for inverters, converters, controllers,

and interconnection system equipment for use
18) IFGC International Fuel Gas Code
NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, NEC®, 101®, and Life Safety Code® are registered trademarks of the National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA.
4 Generally Applicable Codes and Standards
4.1 Organizations
1) ANSI – American National Standards Institute

Responsible for approval of U.S. standards
2) ASTM – ASTM International
Standards writing organization for materials testing
3) CSA – Canadian Standards Association
A Nationally Recognized Test Laboratory and standards writing organization
4) FCC – Federal Communications Commission CSA Group, including CSA America
Responsible for control and use of radio frequency (RF) spectrum
FCC regulations for controlling and limiting equipment RF emissions are part of the Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 15 (47CFR15) – Radio Frequency Devices
5) ICC – International Code Council

International standards writing organization
6) IEC – International Electrotechnical Committee
International standards writing organization
7) OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Part of the United States Department of Labor
OSHA regulations are part of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Part 1910 (29CFR1910)
8) NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
United States national standards writing organization
9) UL – Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
A Nationally Recognized Test Laboratory and standards writing organization
4.2 Relevant Documents for Compliance – Mandated by Code or Law
1) ANSI/CSA FC1 Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

(2014 edition)
2) ANSI/CSA Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems

America FC 3 (2004 edition, reaffirmed 2017)

prior editions are still enforced)
4) IFGC International Fuel Gas Code (2015 edition most

recent; prior editions are still enforced)
5) NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

(2015 edition)
7) NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code (2016

edition; prior editions are still enforced)
9) NFPA 853 Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

(2015 edition)
10) 29CFR1910 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
11) 47CFR15 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
1) ASME/ANSI B31.3 Process piping
2) ANSI/IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
3) ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5 Standard for automatic valves for gas appliances
with distributed energy resources
4) ASTM E 108 Standard test methods for fire tests of roof coverings
5) IBC International Building Code
6) IMC International Mechanical Code
7) NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code (2016 edition)

– see NFPA 2 note
8) NFPA 24 Standard for the installation of private fire

service mains and their appurtenances
9) NFPA 80 Standard for fire doors and other opening protectives
10) NFPA 90A Standard for the installation of air-condi

tioning and ventilating systems
11) NFPA 101® Life Safety Code®
12) NFPA 220 Standard types of building construction
13) NFPA 251 Standard methods of tests of fire resistance

of building construction and materials
14) UL 991 Standard for tests for safety-related controls

employing solid-state devices
15) UL 429 Electrically operated valves
16) UL 790 Standard test methods for fire tests of roof coverings
17) UL1741 Standard for Inverters, Converters, Controllers, and Interconnection

System Equipment for Use With Distributed Energy Resources
Fuel cell power systems and their fuel supplies must meet a number of compliance requirements for safe
and legal operation. Below is a detailed list of compliance requirements for the power system and fuel
supplies, covering hydrogen gas (H2), liquid hydrogen, biogas (e.g., methane and hydrogen mix), and liquid
fuels (e.g., methanol).
This list is not intended to replace existing code; consult referenced standards for exact language and
requirements.
4.4 Order of Precedence for Code Compliance
1) Code of Federal Regulations; specifically, OSHA (Title 29), FCC (Title 47), DOT (Title 49)
2) State government-approved safety and design codes – typically adopted from International
Code Council (ICC); these include the International Fire Code (IFC), International Fuel and Gas
Code (IFGC), International Building Code (IBC), etc.
3) State-, county-, or local municipality-approved standards or codes
4) ANSI-approved standards invoked by CFR, state, or local codes; including NFPA, ASME, UL, etc.
NFPA 2 note: NFPA 2 is a comprehensive document which consolidates hydrogen requirements from other
key NFPA codes and standards, including NFPA 1, 55, 853, etc, as a single source document for hydrogen
safety requirements. NFPA 2 is currently adopted as law in California and being considered by other state
legislatures; however, NFPA 2 requirements may be invoked by a local AHJ at its discretion.
4.5 Codes and Standards Relevant for Fuel Cell Power Systems—Power Generator
1) 47CFR15 Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
2) ANSI/CSA FC1 Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2014 edition)
3) ANSI/CSA Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems (2004 edition, reaffirmed 2017)
America FC3
5) NFPA 853 Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2015 edition)
4.6 Codes and Standards Relevant for Fuel Storage
1) 29CFR1910 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

previous editions are still enforced)
4) IFGC International Fuel Gas Code (2015 edition most recent; prior editions are still
enforced)
5) NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (2015 edition)

7) NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code (2016
edition; prior editions are still enforced)
8) NFPA 853 Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2016 edition)
4.7 International Fire Code (IFC) – Implementation by State Governments
Enacted as state and/or local law, versions (released by date) adopted by each state
(as of May 2016):
1) IFC2015 - 2015 edition: AL, CO, LA, MI, MS, MO, MT, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OK, TX, WA, WI, WY
2) IFC2012 – 2012 edition: AZ, AR, CA, DE, D.C., GA, ID, IN, KY, MN, NV, OR, SC, UT, VA
3) IFC2009 – 2009 edition: AK, IL, IA, NC, OH, PA, SD
4) IFC2006 – 2006 edition: KS, TN
4) IFC2003 – 2003 edition: CT, NM
4.8 International Fuel and Gas Code (IFGC) – Implementation by State Governments
Enacted as state and/or local law, versions (released by date) adopted by each state
(as of May 2016):
1) IFGC2015 - 2015 edition: AL, CO, DE, IA, KS, MD, MS, NE, NV, NJ, NM, NY, OK, SD, TN, TX, WA,
WV, WY
2) IFGC2012 – 2012 edition: AZ, D.C., FL, GA, ID, IN, LA, MI, MN, MT, ND, OR, RI, SC, UT, VA
3) IFGC2009–2009 edition: AK, IL, NC, OH, PA, WI
3) IFGC2006 – 2006 edition: AR
4) IFGC2000 – 2000 edition: MO
4.9 General Requirements – Common to Compressed Gas Fuels
4.9.1 Container Types, Design and Storage Construction
4.9.1.1 Fuel Storage Containers – [29CFR1910.101]
f Inspection of compressed gas cylinders “…Visual and other inspections shall be conducted as prescribed in the
Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR Parts 171-179 and 14 CFR Part 103).
Where those regulations are not applicable, visual and other inspections shall be conducted in accordance with
Compressed Gas Association Pamphlets C-6-1968 and C-8-1962.…” [29CFR1910.101(a)]
f Compressed gases. “The in-plant handling, storage, and utilization of all compressed gases in cylinders, portable
tanks, rail tank cars, or motor vehicle cargo tanks shall be in accordance with Compressed Gas Association
Pamphlet P-1-1965....” [29CFR1910.101(b)]
4.9.2 Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls
4.9.2.1 Pressure Relief Devices
f Safety relief devices for compressed gas containers. “Compressed gas cylinders, portable tanks, and cargo tanks
shall have pressure relief devices installed and maintained in accordance with Compressed Gas Association
Pamphlets S-1.1-1963 and 1965 addenda and S-1.2-1963.” [29CFR1910.101(c)]
f Pressure relief devices sized and selected per CGA S-1.1, S-1.2, and S-1.3 or the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VIII. [IFC2015 5303.3.2]
f “Pressure relief devices shall be arranged to discharge upward and unobstructed to the open air in such a
manner as to prevent any impingement of escaping gas upon the container, adjacent structures or personnel.
Exception: DOTn specification containers having an internal volume of 30 cubic feet (0.855 m3) or
less.” [IFC2015 5303.3.4]
f Pressure relief devices protected from freeze [IFC2015 5303.3.5]
4.9.3 Fire and Emergency Response
f Fire suppression required in gas rooms [IFC2015 5003.8.4.1] Note: Gas rooms are used to increase the Maximum
Allowable Quantity of stored or used gas in an interior room or building.
5 Fuel Supply Considerations and General Guidance on Site Selection
Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of a fuel to electrical energy. The fuel cell operates as long as fuel
is available. Hydrogen is often the chemical energy source for the system; alternatively, hydrogen-carrying
substances such as methanol, natural gas, propane, and ammonia can also be used, depending on the fuel
cell design. The choice of catalyst in the fuel cell determines whether a given fuel can be used directly or
must be processed (reformed) before the core electrochemical reaction takes place. The fuel cell design also
determines the operating characteristics, such as start-up time and load-following ability – some designs are
better aligned than others to wireless and other critical ICT power requirements.
Compressed hydrogen and liquid methanol are commonly used today by stationary fuel cells for backup
power at cellular sites (10 kW or less). The vast majority of deployments are proton exchange membrane
(PEM) fuel cells that require pure hydrogen, which can be supplied directly or reformed (e.g., from methanol)
on site. Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) technology is also used today for backup power, but in smaller
numbers. As the name suggests, DMFC technology is designed to use methanol directly without a reform-
er. Natural gas is used today in larger prime power fuel cell power plants (100 kW or more, e.g., for large
servers), and both natural gas and propane are used by micro-combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cells.
Smaller (5 kW or less) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology, used mainly in prime power applications, can
flexibly accept any of the fuels mentioned above. Natural gas, propane, and ammonia fuel cells for telecom
backup power are in active development.
The fuels chosen for the scope of this document are hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, and propane, based
on the applicability of fuel cells that use these fuels for wireless and other critical ICT infrastructure and on
availability of commercial products.
5.1 Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but stable molecular hydrogen gas is rare on Earth
because it is so diffusive and buoyant (characteristics that also make it a safe fuel). Hydrogen is found
abundantly in many chemical compounds (e.g., water), and is easily manufactured from feedstock fuels such
as methane. It is also often produced as a by-product of chemical processes and can be created as a form
of renewable energy through electrolysis and reformation of biogas. Hydrogen fuel cells have the simplest
design, but there is a tradeoff with fuel logistics, as hydrogen is often stored and transported at high pres-
sure. Fuel cells typically require a hydrogen purity of 99.95 percent, which is commercially available.
5.1.1 Sources
In addition to being a source of energy, hydrogen is used in a number of industries today: float glass manu-
facturing, metal production and welding, chemicals, refining, automotive and transportation equipment, and
aerospace and aircraft. The primary source of hydrogen for these industries is industrial gas companies, and
several other available options are listed below.
5.1.1.1 Industrial Gas Companies
Industrial gas companies are well represented across the continent and have the widest selection of delivery
options. Most offer both gaseous and liquid hydrogen. As a compressed gas in smaller quantities, hydrogen
can be sourced in a variety of cylinder sizes and bulk packs. For larger quantities, gaseous hydrogen can
be delivered in tube trailers. When cooled to liquid form, hydrogen can be transported in tanker trucks and
transferred to bulk liquid tanks; however, it needs to be converted to gaseous form before use in fuel cells.
Some of the industrial gas companies supplying hydrogen include Air Liquide, Air Products, Airgas, Linde,
and Praxair.
Some of the industrial gas companies supplying hydrogen include: Air Liquide, Air Products, Airgas,
Linde, and Praxair.
5.1.1.2 Hydrogen Vehicle Refilling Stations

5.1.1.2 Hydrogen Vehicle Refilling Stations
The number of hydrogen refilling stations continues to grow as the infrastructure is being established for
The number hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In addition to vehicles, these stations could sell hydrogen to anyone who is
of hydrogen refilling stations continues to grow as the infrastructure is being established for
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In addition to vehicles, these stations could sell hydrogen to anyone who is
licensed and equipped to refill hydrogen storage containers.
licensed and equipped to refill hydrogen storage containers.

(a) (a) (b)
(b)
Figure 2.
Figure 2. (a) Hydrogen refilling station, and (b) close‐up of dispensing unit.
(a) Hydrogen refilling station
(b) close-up ofPhotos courtesy Carl Rivkin
dispensing unit.
Photos courtesy Carl Rivkin
5.1.1.3 Hydrogen Res-Sale by Heavy-Use Industries
In addition to automotive uses, the material‐handling industry is becoming a significant consumer of
5.1.1.3 Hydrogen Resale by Heavy-Use Industries
hydrogen as warehouses and industrial facilities migrate from battery‐driven and combustion‐engine‐
In addition to automotive uses, the material-handling industry is becoming a significant consumer of hydro-
driven forklift trucks to new hydrogen alternatives. These facilities need to store a sizable amount of
gen as warehouses and industrial facilities migrate from battery-driven and combustion-engine-driven forklift
trucks to newfuel—in liquid form if the truck fleet is large enough—and the managers of that fuel could re‐sell some
hydrogen alternatives. These facilities need to store a sizable amount of fuel—in liquid form if
of the hydrogen for backup power, providing an alternate source of revenue.
the truck fleet is large enough—and the managers ofGuide for Compliance
that fuel could resellwith Regulations,
some Codes and
of the hydrogen forStandards
backup
power, providing an alternate source of revenue.
| 9
Figure 3. Hydrogen fuel cell forklift being refueled at warehouse facility.1
Figure 3. Hydrogen fuel cell forklift being refueled at warehouse facility.
Photo courtesy Linde
1

Photo courtesy Linde
5.1.1.4 Chemical Plants Producing Hydrogen as Waste By-Product
5.1.1.4 Chemical Plants Producing Hydrogen as Waste By-Product
Industrial facilities, such as sodium chlorate, chlor-alkali, and caustic soda plants, often produce massive
Industrial facilities, such as sodium chlorate, chlor‐alkali, and caustic soda plants, often produce massive
quantities of by-product hydrogen that potentially can be captured and sold for other purposes, such as fuel
quantities of by‐product hydrogen that potentially can potentially be captured and sold for other
cell backup power.
purposes, such as fuel cell backup power.
As an example, in India, Aditya Birla Group operates a caustic soda plant in Nagda, Madhya Pradesh. By‐
product hydrogen from this process is captured, purified, stored in cylinders, and used to power fuel
____________
1 cells in a cellular network operated by IDEA Cellular, part of the Aditya Birla Group.
http://www.lindeus.com/en/innovations/hydrogen_energy/hydrogen_energy_applications/forklifts.html
The IWHUP project featured a Combined Heat and Power fuel cell powered by hydrogen recovered from
a nearby sodium chlorate plant.2
Industrial facilities, such as sodium chlorate, chlor‐alkali, and caustic soda plants, often produce massive
quantities of by‐product hydrogen that potentially can potentially be captured and sold for other
purposes, such as fuel cell backup power.
As an example, in India, Aditya Birla Group operates a caustic soda plant in Nagda, Madhya Pradesh. By‐
As an example, in India, Aditya Birla Group operates a caustic soda plant in Nagda, Madhya Pradesh.
product hydrogen from this process is captured, purified, stored in cylinders, and used to power fuel
By-product hydrogen from this process is captured, purified, stored in cylinders, and used to power fuel cells
incells in a cellular network operated by IDEA Cellular, part of the Aditya Birla Group.
a cellular network operated by IDEA Cellular, part of the Aditya Birla Group.
The IWHUP project featured a Combined Heat and Power fuel cell powered by hydrogen recovered from
The IWHUP project featured a Combined Heat and Power fuel cell powered by hydrogen recovered from a
a nearby sodium chlorate plant.
nearby sodium chlorate plant.2 2

3
Figure 4. Waste hydrogen capture facility
Figure 4. Waste hydrogen capture facility.3

Photo courtesy HTEC
Photo courtesy HTEC
5.1.1.5GasGas
5.1.1.5 Pipelines
Pipelines
Hydrogen gas pipelines are often found in oil refinery zones such as in Southern California and Texas.
Hydrogen gas pipelines are often found in oil refinery zones
Guide for such as in Southern
Compliance California
with Regulations, andand
Codes Texas. This
Standards
This continuous flow of fuel is ideal for fuel cells that produce high power and/or run continuously.
continuous flow of fuel is ideal for fuel cells that produce high power for the Deployment
and/or of Stationary Fuel Cells
run continuously.

1
http://www.lindeus.com/en/innovations/hydrogen_energy/hydrogen_energy_applications/forklifts.html
2
http://www.americanoilinvestments.com/articles/Oil‐Gas‐News_4618.html
3
http://www.htec.ca/#!history/c588
| 10
.
Figure 5. Section of hydrogen gas pipeline4
Figure 5. Section of hydrogen gas pipeline.
Photo courtesy Department of Energy
4

Photo courtesy Department of Energy
As an example, Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc., operates a 1.1-MW hydrogen PEM fuel cell at its Sales and Mar-
As an example, Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc., operates a 1.1‐MW hydrogen PEM fuel cell at its Sales and
keting Headquarters in Torrance, California. The fuel cell is used to satisfy peak and mid-peak power needs.
Marketing Headquarters in Torrance, California. The fuel cell is used to satisfy peak and mid‐peak power
The pipeline that provides hydrogen to this fuel cell also supplies a nearby hydrogen fueling station
needs. The pipeline that provides hydrogen to this fuel cell also supplies a nearby hydrogen fueling
station
____________
2
http://www.americanoilinvestments.com/articles/Oil-Gas-News_4618.html
3
http://www.htec.ca/#!history/c588
4
https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/permitting/pdfs/doe_h2_delivery.pdf

5
Marketing Headquarters in Torrance, California. The fuel cell is used to satisfy peak and mid‐peak power
needs. The pipeline that provides hydrogen to this fuel cell also supplies a nearby hydrogen fueling
station
Figure 6. 1.1-MW fuel cell at Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc.,

Figure 6. A 1.1‐MW fuel cell at Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc. fueled by pipeline hydrogen. 5
5
fueled
Photo by pipeline hydrogen.
courtesy Ballard Power Systems, Inc.
Photo courtesy Ballard Power Systems, Inc.
5.1.1.6 Renewable Sources
Hydrogen can be
5.1.1.6 produced renewably through the electrolysis of water, where electrolysis (and optional
Renewable Sources
compression) is powered by energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic panels, hydropower, biomass,
Hydrogen can be produced renewably through the electrolysis of water, where electrolysis (and optional
and geothermal.
compression) is powered by energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic panels, hydropower, biomass, and
geothermal.
A few examples of trials of electrolyzer/fuel cell systems are described on this website:
http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2014/07/03/hydrogen‐production‐systems‐provider‐acta‐s‐p‐a‐
A few examples of trials of electrolyzer/fuel cell systems are described on this website:
http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2014/07/03/hydrogen-production-systems-provider-acta-s-p-a-announc-
announces‐commercial‐update/
es-commercial-update/.
Although early in its development stage, manufacturing hydrogen from biomass is another alternative for the
4
https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/permitting/pdfs/doe_h2_delivery.pdf
renewable production of biomass.6
5
http://www.ballard.com/about‐ballard/newsroom/news‐releases/news10171201.aspx.
5.1.2 Fuel Delivery/Storage Options
| 11
Hydrogen is delivered and can be stored as a compressed gas, a liquid, or bonded in matter; however,
liquid hydrogen must be gasified before delivery to the fuel cell, and bonded hydrogen must be released, as
fuel cells consume hydrogen in gaseous form. Hydrogen is stored as a compressed gas at the point of use.
5.1.2.1 Compressed Gas
Pressure vessels of various sizes, shapes, and composition are used for the transport and storage of com-
pressed hydrogen gas.
In small quantities, steel cylinder tanks are the most common form of delivered gaseous hydrogen, but
aluminum tanks are also available. The cylinders can also serve as the storage medium on site and are
swapped when empty (or near empty). In this “cylinder swap” case, the cylinder tanks typically remain the
property of the fuel supplier, and a monthly rental fee is applied for each cylinder at the purchaser’s site.
Alternatively, a permanent installation of cylinders on site can serve as the storage medium and is refilled
by transferring hydrogen from a delivery vehicle. In this “fill-in-place” scenario, the storage medium is often
purchased as a package with the fuel cell.
____________
5
http://www.ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases/news10171201.aspx.
6
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/51726.pdf
the property of the fuel supplier, and a monthly rental fee is applied for each cylinder at the purchaser’s
site. Alternatively, a permanent installation of cylinders on site can serve as the storage medium and is
refilled by transferring hydrogen from a delivery vehicle. In this “fill‐in‐place” scenario, the storage
medium is often purchased as a package with the fuel cell.

(a)
(a) (b) (c)
(b) (c)
Figure 7. (a) Steel cylinders installed in a cabinet for individual cylinder service, (b) steel cylinders installed in a
Figure 7.
cabinet, manifolded together for “fill‐in‐place” service, and (c) sample range of steel cylinder sizes.7
(a) Steel cylinders installed in a cabinet for individual cylinder service
Photos courtesy of Ballard Power Systems, Inc. (a), Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (b), and Air Liquide (c)
(b) steel cylinders installed in a cabinet, manifolded together
In larger quantities, compressed hydrogen can be delivered in bulk trailers. Capacities for conventional
for “fill-in-place” service
tube trailers typically range from about 25,000 – 140,000 scf (60 – 330 kg). A variety of advanced high‐
(c) sample range of steel cylinder sizes7
pressure solutions are now available that can double capacity with the use of composite materials that
Photos courtesy of Ballard Power Systems, Inc. (a), Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (b), and Air Liquide (c)
withstand higher pressures. The trailers can be used to refill onsite storage vessels or can be left on site
In larger quantities, compressed hydrogen can be delivered in bulk trailers. Capacities for conventional tube
trailers 6typically range from about
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/51726.pdf
25,000 – 140,000 scf (60 – 330 kg).
forAthe
variety of advanced
Deployment Fuel Cells
high-pressure
of Stationary
solutions7 are now available that can double capacity with the use of composite materials that withstand
http://www.alspecialtygases.com/Prd_high‐pressure_steel.aspx
as a form of storage. A monthly rental fee may apply if the storage asset remains the property of the
higher pressures. The trailers can be used to refill onsite storage vessels or can be left on site as a form of
A monthly rental fee may apply if the storage asset remains the property of the hydrogen| vendor.
12
storage.
hydrogen vendor.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 8.
Figure 8. (a) Conventional steel tube trailer, and (b) trailer with 450‐bar (6,500‐psi) composite cylinder blocks (6 x
(a) Conventional steel tube trailer
89 kg of hydrogen).
(b) trailer with 450-bar (6,500-psi) composite cylinder blocks
Photos courtesy PlugPower (a) and HTEC (b)
(6 x 89 kg of hydrogen).
As mentioned above, cylinders made of high‐strength carbon composite materials enable storage at
Photos courtesy PlugPower (a) and HTEC (b)
Ashigher pressure and increase the density of stored hydrogen. These cylinders can be manifolded
mentioned above, cylinders made of high-strength carbon composite materials enable storage at
together in modular bulk packs or installed as individual cylinders into hydrogen cabinets. Carbon‐
higher pressure and increase the density of stored hydrogen. These cylinders can be manifolded togeth-
composite cylinders are not a standard offering from hydrogen vendors, so these assets are often
er in modular bulk packs or installed as individual cylinders into hydrogen cabinets. Carbon-composite
purchased rather than rented. Composite cylinders were developed primarily by the automotive
cylinders are not a standard offering from hydrogen vendors, so these assets are often purchased
industry, which demanded demanding lightweight, high‐density hydrogen storage tanks for hydrogen
rather than rented. Composite cylinders were developed primarily by the automotive industry, which
fuel cell vehicles. The lighter weight and higher pressure attributes also make them attractive also for
demanded lightweight, high-density hydrogen storage tanks for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The lighter
weight and higher pressure attributes also make them attractive for stationary applications where
stationary applications where weight and/or space must be minimized.
weight and/or space must be minimized.
____________
7
http://www.alspecialtygases.com/Prd_high-pressure_steel.aspx
(a) (b) (c)

industry, which demanded demanding lightweight, high‐density hydrogen storage tanks for hydrogen
fuel cell vehicles. The lighter weight and higher pressure attributes also make them attractive also for
stationary applications where weight and/or space must be minimized.

(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 9
Figure 8. (a) Cutaway of composite cylinder bulk pack, (b) arrangement of composite cylinders in trailer from
(a) Cutaway of composite cylinder bulk pack
Figure x‐1 (c) above, and (c) composite cylinder installed in a wheeled cart to facilitate rooftop delivery.
(b) arrangementPhotos courtesy HTEC (a) and GTM Technologies (b and c)
of composite cylinders in trailer from Figure 8 (b) above
(c) composite cylinder installed in a wheeled cart to facilitate rooftop delivery.
5.1.2.2 Liquid Hydrogen
Photos courtesy HTEC (a) and GTM Technologies (b and c)
Transportation and storage of liquid hydrogen is an economical option for applications where large
5.1.2.2 amounts of hydrogen are consumed. As a fuel cell requires hydrogen in gaseous form, additional
Liquid Hydrogen
infrastructure is needed at, or near, the point of consumption to convert liquid hydrogen to gaseous
Transportation and storage of liquid hydrogen is an economical option for applications where large amounts of
hydrogen. At atmospheric pressure, hydrogen exists as a liquid below 33 K, but must be cooled to about
hydrogen are consumed. As a fuel cell requires hydrogen in gaseous form, additional infrastructure is needed
20 K (‐253°C / ‐424°F) for it to exist in liquid state without evaporating. Storage and handling procedures
at, or near, the point of consumption to convert liquid hydrogen to gaseous hydrogen. At atmospheric pressure,
for cryogenic liquids must be employed. Guide for Compliance with Regulations, Codes and Standards
hydrogen exists as a liquid below 33 K, but must be cooled to about 20 K (-253°C for the /Deployment
-424°F) to of
exist Fuel Cells
in liquid
Stationary
state without evaporating. Storage and handling procedures for cryogenic liquids must be employed.
| 13
Liquid hydrogen is transported by trailer trucks in large cryogenic tanks ranging in capacity from 7,500 to
Liquid hydrogen is transported by trailer trucks in large cryogenic tanks ranging in capacity from 7,500 to
13,000 gallons (28,400 to 49,200 L), which equates to about 2,000 to 3,500 kg of hydrogen. An example
13,000 gallons (28,400 to 49,200 L), which equates to about 2,000 to 3,500 kg of hydrogen. An example is
is shown below of a cryogenic tanker trailer. as well as a liquid hydrogen storage and gasification facility
shown below of a cryogenic tanker trailer. as well as a liquid hydrogen storage and gasification facility at a
at a site employing a fleet of fuel cell forklift trucks. The additional capital required for storage and
site employing a fleet of fuel cell forklift trucks. The additional capital required for storage and gasification
gasification of the liquid hydrogen is economical in warehouse facilities that deploy at least 40 fuel cell
of the liquid hydrogen is economical in warehouse facilities that deploy at least 40 fuel cell forklift trucks.
Although forklift trucks. Although not common today, there may be applications where liquid hydrogen is
not common today, there may be applications where liquid hydrogen is economical for stationary
fuel cellseconomical for stationary fuel cells that produce large amounts of power and/or experience heavy use.
that produce large amounts of power and/or experience heavy use.

(a) (a) (b) (b)
Figure 10.
Figure 9. (a) Liquid hydrogen transport tank,8 and (b) liquid hydrogen storage and gasification facility at a
Liquid hydrogen transport tank8
(a)warehouse deploying a fleet of fuel cell forklifts.9

(b) liquid hydrogen Photos courtesy Plug Power, Inc.
storage and gasification facility at a
9
warehouse deploying a fleet of fuel cell forklifts
5.1.2.3 Advanced Hydrogen Storage Technologies
Photos courtesy Plug Power, Inc.
There are mMany new technologies are being developed for hydrogen storage, motivated primarily by
____________
8
9
the growing number of hydrogen applications, including hydrogen fuel cell power generation. These
http://hydrogentank.en.busytrade.com/products/info/2087771/Liquid-Hydrogen-Transport-Truck-Tank.html
http://www.plugpower.com/Libraries/Documentation_and_Literature/Whitepaper_Debunking_Hydrogen_Fuel_Cell_Myths.sflb.ashx
new technologies include, for example, metal hydrides, ammonia, formic acid, and carbon nanotubes, to
name just a few. As these technologies are in the development stage, they are not included here as
commercial options at time of publication, but industry is moving quickly.
5.1.2.3 Advanced Hydrogen Storage Technologies
Many new technologies are being developed for hydrogen storage, motivated primarily by the growing
number of hydrogen applications, including hydrogen fuel cell power generation. These new technologies
include, for example, metal hydrides, ammonia, formic acid, and carbon nanotubes, to name just a few. As
these technologies are in the development stage, they are not included here as commercial options at time
of publication, but industry is moving quickly.
5.1.3 Refueling
Hydrogen is refueled either by replacing or refilling the storage container.
5.1.3.1 Storage Container Replacement
For hydrogen storage cabinets designed for cylinder swapping, individual cylinders are delivered to the
site by truck, and technicians move the cylinders to and from the storage location with hand trucks. In
some cases, bulk solutions are designed to be “drop-and-swap,” allowing a large amount of hydrogen to
be replaced in a short period of time if the site area is largeGuide
enough to accommodate
for Compliance the heavyCodes
with Regulations, equip-
and Standards
ment required. for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 11.
Figure 10. (a) Hand‐truck for moving individual cylinders to and from storage location,
(a) Hand-truck for moving individual cylinders to and from storage location and (b) “drop‐and‐swap”
10
10
(b) “drop-and-swap” ofof a bulk container of composite cylinders.

a bulk container of composite cylinders.
Photos courtesy HTEC
Photos courtesy HTEC
5.1.3.2 Storage Container Refilling
5.1.3.2 Storage Container Refilling
Compressed hydrogen storage systems can be designed to be “fill‐in‐place,” allowing refueling from a
Compressedtruck through a hose. This model avoids wasting any hydrogen remaining in cylinders that are swapped,
hydrogen storage systems can be designed to be “fill-in-place,” allowing refueling from a truck
through a hose. This model avoids wasting any hydrogen remaining in cylinders that are swapped, and
and as well allows heavy fuel storage vessels to remain in place. This model is suitable for accessible
as well allows heavy fuel storage vessels to remain in place. This model is suitable for accessible sites in
sites in regions where there are trucks equipped to refill cylinders at high pressure.
regions where there are trucks equipped to refill cylinders at high pressure.

____________
10 (a) (b)
http://h2bestpractices.org/storage/compressed_gas/storage_vessels/cylinderhandling.asp
Figure 11 (a) Fill‐in‐place delivery by a hydrogen bobtail truck to compressed hydrogen storage at a cellular site,11
and (b) fill‐in‐place delivery by composite bulk storage cylinders on a trailer.
Photos courtesy GTM Technologies
truck through a hose. This model avoids wasting any hydrogen remaining in cylinders that are swapped,
and as well allows heavy fuel storage vessels to remain in place. This model is suitable for accessible
sites in regions where there are trucks equipped to refill cylinders at high pressure.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 12
Figure 11 (a) Fill‐in‐place delivery by a hydrogen bobtail truck to compressed hydrogen storage at a cellular site,11
(a) Fill-in-place delivery by a hydrogen bobtail truck to
and (b) fill‐in‐place delivery by composite bulk storage cylinders on a trailer.
compressedPhotos courtesy GTM Technologies
hydrogen storage at a cellular site11
(b) fill-in-place delivery by composite bulk storage cylinders on a trailer.
Liquid hydrogen storage tanks are always refilled (as opposed to swapped), and refueling must be done
Photos courtesy GTM Technologies
with attention to cryogenic procedures. For a fuel cell application, stored liquid hydrogen must be
Liquid converted to gaseous form before it can be used by the fuel cell.
hydrogen storage tanks are always refilled (as opposed to swapped), and refueling must be done with
attention to cryogenic procedures. For a fuel cell application, stored liquid hydrogen must be converted to
gaseous5.1.4 Site Considerations
form before it can be used by the fuel cell.
For ground‐based sites, replacement and refilling modes are both viable options for refueling gaseous
5.1.4 Site Considerations
hydrogen. The refilling mode is desirable as it avoids moving heavy storage containers; however, site
For ground-based sites, replacement and refilling modes are both viable options for refueling gaseous hydro-
gen. The refilling mode is desirable as it avoids moving heavy storage containers; however, site accessibility

can limit
10 its use. Although a slower and more labor intensive mode of refueling, cylinders can be moved
http://h2bestpractices.org/storage/compressed_gas/storage_vessels/cylinderhandling.asp
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review12/h2ra006_maxwell_2012_p.pdf
11 hand-cart through spaces that cannot be navigated by a vehicle.
safely by
For rooftop sites, replacement and refilling modes are both viable options, but more challenging than|for15
ground-based sites. It is assumed in both cases that the hydrogen storage is on the roof with the fuel cell,
as there often is no suitable space available around the building at ground level or inside the building. For
the fill-in-place mode, if allowed by the building owner, hydrogen piping can be installed from the storage
tanks down the outside of the building to ground level where the delivery truck can connect a refilling hose.
For the replacement mode, cylinders (steel or carbon composite) can be taken up an elevator, after which
there may be some stairs to roof level. During a power outage or other times when elevators are not opera-
tional, cylinders can be carried with a cylinder hand-truck up the stairwell if the building is not too tall.
For both ground-based and rooftop sites, compressed gas fuel such as hydrogen is almost always stored
separately from the fuel cell cabinet, so compressed gas fuel cell systems tend to have a larger physical
footprint compared to liquid-fueled systems, where fuel can be stored in the base of the fuel cell enclosure.
Storing hydrogen in higher pressure carbon composite tanks can help to reduce the footprint required for
fuel.
Taking appropriate setback distances into account for hydrogen storage, the effective footprint (i.e., the phys-
ical occupied footprint plus the clearance area required for regulatory compliance) of the hydrogen solution
tends to be the largest of available options.
Hydrogen is a very safe fuel for use on a rooftop, as it is the most buoyant of all gases (relative density of
0.0693 relative to air), and disperses quickly (diffusion coefficient12 of
____________
11
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review12/h2ra006_maxwell_2012_p.pdf
12
http://www.hysafe.org/download/997
0.61 x 10-4 m2/s, compared to gasoline diffusion coefficient range13 of 0.006 – 0.02 x 10-4 m2/s). In the
unlikely event of a leak, hydrogen rises straight up into the open air and rapidly dilutes to noncombustible
concentrations. The lower flammability limit (LFL) of hydrogen is 4 percent,14 which is higher than the LFL of
gasoline at 1.2 percent.15
5.2 Methanol
The methanol/water mixture used in fuel cells exists naturally as a liquid at room temperature and atmo-
spheric pressure, and typical blends freeze at around -73°C (-100°F). As it is a stable liquid, it can be
transported and stored in plastic or metal containers, making fuel logistics simple. Methanol can be used
directly, for example, by DMFC and SOFC systems, or indirectly, for example, by PEM fuel cells with a suitable
reformer.
5.2.1 Sources
Pure methanol is one of the most widely distributed chemicals in the world. It is used in numerous products
such as windshield washer fluids, automotive fuels, furniture refinisher, paint remover, windshield deicer,
and household cleaners/solvents, as examples. The water in the methanol/water mix must be purified and
de-ionized before blending with methanol at the prescribed ratio.
5.2.1.1 Methanol Sources
Methanol with the required degree of purity can be obtained from many sources worldwide. Please see,
for example, the list of member companies of the Methanol Institute (http://www.methanol.org/about-us/
member-companies.aspx).
5.2.1.2 Renewable Sources
Methanol can be produced renewably and sustainably through conversion of bio-mass. For example,
BioMCN,16 a company in the Netherlands, produces and sells industrial quantities of “bio-methanol” that is
chemically equivalent to methanol manufactured conventionally and meets International Methanol Producers
and Consumers Association (IMPCA) standards. The process implemented by BioMCN converts crude glycer-
ine, a residue from biodiesel production, into bio-methanol. The product is either shipped to consumers of
the chemical, or alternatively, BioMCN has established a certificate trading system whereby the sustainability
rights of the bio-methanol produced by BioMCN in the Netherlands are transferred to a chemical consumer,
while the chemical consumer sells an equivalent amount of conventional methanol back to BioMCN. The
certificate trading system saves freight costs and avoids unnecessary production of CO2 by transport of
bio-methanol.
5.2.1.3 Methanol/Water Blenders
To prepare a pre-blended fuel, the fuel supplier is responsible for sourcing methanol, sourcing or producing
water, and blending them so that the final product meets the requirements of the fuel cell.
One such company supplying methanol/water fuel under the brand name HydroPlus™17 is Brenntag Pacific,
which can distribute the blended product throughout North America.18 The HydroPlus mixture is between 61
____________
13
http://www.jocet.org/papers/012-J30011.pdf
14
Hydrogen density and LFL from http://www.hysafe.org/download/997
15
https://www.mathesongas.com/pdfs/products/Lower-(LEL)-&-Upper-(UEL)-Explosive-Limits-.pdf
16
http://www.biomcn.eu/
17
HydroPlus™ is a trademark of Ballard Power Systems, Inc.
18
http://www.brenntagpacific.com/en/
percent and 63 percent methanol by weight, approximately 70 percent methanol by volume. Other blending
ratios may apply to specific products or as required by local authorities.
Generally, there are two methods for delivery of fuel: (a) to deliver pre-blended fuel, or (b) to deliver pure
methanol. In the latter case, blending with water can be performed on site before transfer to the fuel storage
tank, or it may be blended internally within the system if the site can provide its own water. Note that care
must be taken to ensure that the methanol and water or the methanol/water blend meet the quality and
methanol/water ratio requirements of the particular fuel cell equipment.
With either form of delivery, the storage medium for the fuel is very commonly a fixed tank that remains on
site. The tank may be internal — located within the envelope of the fuel cell
Guide for Compliance with solution, or external
Regulations, Codes and—Standards
located
Guide
outside the envelope of the fuel cell solution, but nearby. for Compliance
for with
the Regulations,
Deployment of Codes and
Stationary Standards
Fuel Cells

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 13
Figure 12. (a) Internal methanol/water tank (part of base), and (b) external tank supplying three 5‐kW fuel cells
Figure 12. (a) Internal methanol/water tank (part of base), and (b) external tank supplying three 5‐kW fuel cells
(a) Internal methanol/water tank (part of base)
electrically connected in parallel.
(b) external tank supplying three electrically connected in parallel.
5-kW fuel cells electrically connected in parallel.
Photos courtesy Ballard Power Systems, Inc.
Fuel can be delivered to the fixed tank in a variety of transportable container sizes.
Fuel Fuel can be delivered to the fixed tank in a variety of transportable container sizes.
can be delivered to the fixed tank in a variety of transportable container sizes.

(a) (b)
(a)(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d)
(b) (c) (d)
Figure 13. (a) 275‐ or 330‐gallon intermediate bulk container (IBC) totes, (b) 55‐gallon drums (four per pallet), (c) 5‐
Figure 13. (a) 275‐ or 330‐gallon intermediate bulk container (IBC) totes, (b) 55‐gallon drums (four per pallet), (c) 5‐
Figure 14
gallon pails, and (d) 1‐gallon jugs.
gallon pails, and (d) 1‐gallon jugs.
(a) 275- or 330-gallon intermediate bulk container (IBC) totes
(b) 55-gallon drums (four per pallet)
(c) 5-gallon pails
Alternatively, the external fuel tank can be swapped out, similar in concept to hydrogen cylinder
Alternatively, the external fuel tank can be swapped out, similar in concept to hydrogen cylinder
(d) 1-gallon jugs.
swapping. An IBC tote can be used for this mode of delivery. Common IBC capacities are 275 gallons
swapping. An IBC tote can be used for this mode of delivery. Common IBC capacities are 275 gallons
(1,040 L) and 330 gallons (1,250 L). Unlike the more common cylinder swapping for hydrogen fuel cells,
(1,040 L) and 330 gallons (1,250 L). Unlike the more common cylinder swapping for hydrogen fuel cells,
this method of fuel delivery is less common for methanol/water fuel cells. The tank can be swapped
Alternatively, the external fuel tank can be swapped out, similar in concept to hydrogen cylinder swapping.
this method of fuel delivery is less common for methanol/water fuel cells. The tank can be swapped
Anwhile the fuel cell is inactive or, to avoid loss of availability, the tank may be hot‐swapped with one or
IBC tote can be used for this mode of delivery. Common IBC capacities are 275 gallons (1,040 L) and
while the fuel cell is inactive or, to avoid loss of availability, the tank may be hot‐swapped with one or
more other tanks on a manifolded fuel supply.
more other tanks on a manifolded fuel supply.
5.2.3 Refueling
5.2.3 Refueling Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells • A Fuel Cell Guide 19
Once delivered to the site, the methanol/water fuel can be transferred to the storage tank by a variety
330 gallons (1,250 L). Unlike the more common cylinder swapping for hydrogen fuel cells, this method of
fuel delivery is less common for methanol/water fuel cells. The tank can be swapped while the fuel cell is
inactive or, to avoid loss of availability, the tank may be hot-swapped with one or more other tanks on a
manifolded fuel supply.
5.2.3 Refueling Guide for Compliance with Regulations, Codes and Standards
Once delivered to the site, the methanol/water fuel can be transferred to the storage tank by a variety of
 Fuel in smaller containers (1‐gallon jugs and 5‐gallon pails) can be poured directly into the fuel
mechanisms:
f Fuel in tank with an appropriate spout or funnel to avoid spillage.
smaller containers (1-gallon jugs and 5-gallon pails) can be poured directly into the fuel tank with an

appropriate spout or funnel to avoid spillage.
 Fuel in larger containers (55‐gallon drums and larger IBC totes) can be pumped out with AC‐ or
f Fuel in larger containers (55-gallon drums and larger IBC totes) can be pumped out with AC- or DC-powered
DC‐powered pumps, hand pumps or siphons, or tanker trunk with a hose.
pumps, hand pumps or siphons, or tanker trunk with a hose.

(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 15
Figure 14. (a) AC‐powered pump, (b) hand pumps and a jiggle siphon, and (c) fuel delivery system in pickup truck
(a) AC-powered pump
(b) hand pumpswith extendable hose.
and a jiggle siphon
(c) fuel delivery system in pickup truck with extendable hose
5.2.4 For ground‐level sites, methanol fuel can be delivered and dispensed easily from containers such as
Site Considerations
drums or pails or directly from a fixed‐tank fuel truck if the truck can get close enough to the site that it
For ground-level sites, methanol fuel can be delivered and dispensed easily from containers such as drums
or pailscan be reached by hose.
or directly from a fixed-tank fuel truck if the truck can get close enough to the site that it can be
reached by hose.
For rooftop sites, liquid methanol/water fuel can be transported by elevator in drums, pails, or jugs to
the top floor, after which there may be stairs to the roof level. During a power outage or at other times
For rooftop sites, liquid methanol/water fuel can be transported by elevator in drums, pails, or jugs to the
when elevators are not operational, fuel can be carried up the stairwell in pails or jugs, whichever is
top floor, after which there may be stairs to the roof level. During a power outage or at other times when
more manageable for the service personnel.
elevators are not operational, fuel can be carried up the stairwell in pails or jugs, whichever is more manage-
able for the service personnel.
As a liquid fuel, methanol/water has a higher energy density than a gaseous fuel, and thus occupies less
As a liquid fuel, methanol/water has a higher energy density than a gaseous fuel, and thus occupies less
volume and can be integrated into the fuel cell cabinet, reducing the physical footprint. For quantities
volume and can be integrated into the fuel cell cabinet, reducing the physical footprint. For quantities less
than 60less than 60 gallons, 19
there are no setback requirements, so the effective footprint can be very small,
gallons,19 there are no setback requirements, so the effective footprint can be very small, which is
which is particularly advantageous for rooftops where available area is scarce and expensive.
particularly advantageous for rooftops where available area is scarce and expensive.
The LFLThe LFL of methanol is higher (6.7 percent 20
by volume) than the LFL of all the other fuels considered
of methanol is higher (6.7 percent20 by volume) than the LFL of all the other fuels considered here
here (see Table 1), meaning that more of it needs to accumulate before it can ignite. Methanol vapor
(see Table 1), meaning that more of it needs to accumulate before it can ignite. Methanol vapor density is
density is slightly heavier than air (1.1121), but it disperses (with a diffusion coefficient22 of 0.15 x 10‐4
____________
19
NFPA 30, /s, compared to the gasoline diffusion coefficient
m2Chapter 21
23
range of 0.006‐0.02 x 10‐4 m2/s) 50 percent faster
20
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/explosive-concentration-limits-d_423.html

19
NFPA 30, Chapter 21.
20 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/explosive‐concentration‐limits‐d_423.html
20 Cell Guide • Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells
A Fuel
21
http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_methan.txt
22
slightly heavier than air (1.1121), but it disperses (with a diffusion coefficient22 of 0.15 x 10-4 m2/s, compared
to the gasoline diffusion coefficient23 range of 0.006-0.02 x 10-4 m2/s) 50 percent faster than propane and
similar to natural gas. The volatility of methanol is relatively low (32 kPa24 Reid vapor pressure (RVP) versus
48–62 kPa RVP for gasoline25). Methanol’s relatively neutral buoyancy in air, low volatility, and higher disper-
sion relative to propane and gasoline, and its flammability only at high concentrations, are properties that
contribute to its safety in general, and particularly for use on rooftops.
5.3 Propane
Propane or liquid (or liquefied) petroleum gas (LPG) is a hydrocarbon that is widely distributed in a variety
of containers. In the United States, propane is available in three grades: HD5, HD10, and Commercial, where
the constituents vary amongst the three grades:
f HD5: At least 10 percent pure propane, and no more than 5 percent propylene and no more than 5 percent
butane/methane. All residential propane service is HD5, and it is also commonly used in vehicles. Defined by
GPA 2140: http://standards.globalspec.com/std/699115/gpa-std-2140
f HD10: Can contain up to 10 percent propylene, which can lead to some engine components sticking. “HD10”
means fuel that meets the specifications for propane used in transportation fuel found in Title 13, California
Code of Regulations, section 2292.6.
f Commercial: Less controlled mixture of propylene, butane, and methane; not used in vehicles.
The HD5 fuel grade is preferred for fuel cells.26 It can be used directly, for example, by SOFC systems, or indi-
rectly, for example, by PEM fuel cell systems with a suitable reformer.
5.3.1 Sources
There are many propane dealers throughout the United States. Check local directories to find propane deal-
ers that offer HD5-grade propane fuel.
Propane is already being used at cellular sites to fuel combustion-engine generators, and the propane is
stored in tanks most commonly external to the generator, but sometimes within the generator enclosure.
Fuel is delivered by bobtail truck to refill the tanks. The tank must be placed where it can be accessed by the
delivery truck. At sites where less energy is required (less required power and/or operating time), a smaller
replaceable tank may be used instead of a fixed refillable tank.
____________
21
http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_methan.txt
22
http://www.gsi-net.com/en/publications/gsi-chemical-database/single/343.html
23
24
25
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/gasolinefuels/volatility/standards.htm
26
http:/www.propanecouncil.org/uploadedFiles/REP_11071%20Propane%20Issues%20for%20Fuel%20Cell%20Assessment%20Vol1(1).pdf
Guide for Compliance with Regulations, Codes and Standa
for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel C

(a) (b)

(a)
(b)
Figure 16
Figure 15. (a) Vertical swappable propane tank 27
, (b) large‐capacity horizontal fixed propane tank at cellular site, 28

(a) Vertical swappable propane (a) tank (b)
27
Photos courtesy of Photobucket (a), H.C. Olsen Construction (b),
(b) Large-capacity horizontal fixed propane
Figure 15. (a) Vertical swappable propane tank 27 tank at cellular site28
, (b) large‐capacity horizontal fixed propane tank at cellular site
Refueling Photos courtesy of Photobucket (a),
Photos courtesy of Photobucket (a), H.C. Olsen Construction H.C. Olsen Construction (b),
(b)
Refueling
At ambient temperatures, propane exists as a liquid only under pressure, so special nozzles and tank
5.3.3 Refueling
hardware are required for the transfer of fuel to a tank. Example of bulk propane tank valves and gauges
At ambient temperatures, propane exists as a liquid only under pressure, so special nozzles and tank
are illustrated below, showing that both the liquid and vapor phases of propane must be taken into
At ambient temperatures, propane exists as a liquid only under pressure, so special nozzles and tank hard-
hardware are required for the transfer of fuel to a tank. Example of bulk propane tank valves and gaug
ware are required for the transfer of fuel to a tank. Examples of bulk propane tank valves and gauges are
consideration during refilling.
are illustrated below, showing that both the liquid and vapor phases of propane must be taken into
illustrated below, showing that both the liquid and vapor phases of propane must be taken into consider-
consideration during refilling.
ation during refilling.

Figure 16 Propane tank valves and gauges.
Figure 17 Propane tank valves and gauges
Photo courtesy Signature Propane
Figure 16 Propane tank valves and gauges.
Site Considerations
5.3.4 Site ConsiderationsSite Considerations
For ground‐level sites, propane tanks can be swapped, or the fuel can be dispensed directly from a
propane bobtail truck if it can get close enough to the site to be reached by hose.
For ground‐level sites, propane tanks can be swapped, or the fuel can be dispensed directly from a
For ground-level sites, propane tanks can be swapped, or the fuel can be dispensed directly from a propane
bobtail truck if the truck propane bobtail truck if it can get close enough to the site to be reached by hose.
can get close enough to the site that it can be reached by hose.
For rooftop sites, propane can be transported by elevator in smaller tanks, after which there may be
some stairs to the roof level. During a power outage or other times when elevators are not operational,
For rooftop sites, propane can be transported by elevator in smaller tanks, after which there may be some
For rooftop sites, propane can be transported by elevator in smaller tanks, after which there may be
fuel can be carried up the stairwell in tanks sized to be manageable for the service personnel.
stairs to the roof level. During a power outage or at other times when elevators are not operational, fuel can
some stairs to the roof level. During a power outage or other times when elevators are not operationa
be carried up the stairwell in tanks sized to be manageable for the service personnel.
fuel can be carried up the stairwell in tanks sized to be manageable for the service personnel.
As propane exists as a liquid under pressure, propane has a higher energy density than a gaseous fuel, and

thus occupies less volume. The fuel tank is often external to the system, adding to the physical footprint;
27
http://i712.photobucket.com/albums/ww125/TheBucketGuy/Propane/PropaneTank.jpg
however, the high energy content and volumetric density of propane enable long run times in a relatively
28
http://www.hcolsen.com/wireless.html

small fuel storage space. 27 No setback requirements apply to tanks smaller than 125 gallons29; however, in
http://i712.photobucket.com/albums/ww125/TheBucketGuy/Propane/PropaneTank.jpg
prime power applications, 28 larger tanks are desirable to reduce the frequency of refueling visits. | 21
____________
27
http://i712.photobucket.com/albums/ww125/TheBucketGuy/Propane/PropaneTank.jpg |
28
29
NFPA 30, Chapter 21
Propane vapor is heavier than air (1.56 relative density30), so propane vapor tends to pool and to not
disperse well (diffusion coefficient31 of 0.10 x 10-4 m2/s, compared to gasoline diffusion coefficient32 range of
0.006–0.02 x 10-4 m2/s). The LFL of propane is comparable (2.1 percent33 by volume) to the LFL of gasoline.
Leaks are in gaseous form, as propane cannot exist in liquid form at atmospheric pressure.
In practice, propane systems can be difficult to site on rooftops for the same reason gasoline combus-
tion-engine generators are not permitted on rooftops: the safety concerns of heavier-than-air vapors, low LFL,
and high volatility are similar. Propane is common for residential and commercial use, and siting propane
systems is straightforward for ground-based installations.
5.4 Natural Gas
Natural gas is a common fuel with residential, commercial, and industrial service for heat and power gen-
eration. If it is available in piped form, power can be generated for as long as gas is supplied in the pipes.
Natural gas can be used directly, for example, by molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell
(PAFC), and SOFC systems, or indirectly, for example, by PEM fuel cell systems with a suitable reformer.
5.4.1 Sources
Natural gas is widely available throughout the United States, predominantly delivered by pipe infrastructure,
but also available in compressed gas cylinders.
Piped natural gas does not need on-site fuel storage, as it is dispensed on demand from piped infrastruc-
ture. The local gas company supplying the fuel must verify that the service is compatible with the fuel cell in
terms of pressure and available flow rate.
As with hydrogen, natural gas can be stored and transported as a compressed gas in high-pressure cylinders;
however, this mode of storage/delivery is used predominantly by motive applications. For stationary applica-
tions, if piped natural gas is not available, and if there are no issues with siting, propane is used instead.
5.4.3 Refueling
As referenced above, piped natural gas does not need on-site fuel storage, so no refueling equipment is
required. The supply of fuel continues as long as it is available from the gas supplier. Although piped fuel
obviates the need to visit sites to deliver fuel, the security of the gas supply is out of the control of the gas
consumer.
As no fuel needs to be transported, there are no special transportation considerations for rooftop sites rela-
tive to ground-level sites.
Piped natural gas can be used both at ground-based sites and rooftop sites, as long as the infrastructure is
available, and the building owner and local authorities allow it; however, natural gas infrastructure is often
present only in residential and commercial buildings, so natural gas is a good option for rooftops, but simply
may not be available at standalone ground-based telecom sites. If natural gas service is available, consulta-
____________
30
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html
31
http://cafr1.com/Hydrogen_vs_Propane.pdf
32
33
tion with the gas company and landlord is advised to ensure that: (a) the gas service meets the pressure/
flow-rate requirements of the fuel cell, and (b) the landlord/other tenants agree to share the gas supply.
Natural gas is lighter than air (0.55 methane/air relative density34), and its dispersion rate (diffusion coefficient35
of 0.16 x 10-4 m2/s, compared to gasoline diffusion coefficient36 of 0.006–0.02 x 10-4 m2/s) is comparable to
that of methanol vapor. Natural gas leaks tend to riseGuide
in airfor
andCompliance
disperse with
8 toRegulations, Codes
27 times faster andgasoline.
than Standards
for the Deployment 37of Stationary Fuel Cells
The LFL of methane (the principal constituent of natural gas) is slightly lower (5 percent by volume) compared
to that of methanol and higher than the LFL of gasoline and propane. The high buoyancy of natural gas, cou-
Hydrogen
with its relatively high LFL
pled Methanol/Water
and good dispersion properties are factorsPropane
that contribute toNatural Gas
its safety.
If natural gas service
Safe given hydrogen
May be challenges available, no site visits
5.5 Fuel Comparison properties; fuel Safe given methanol
due to properties of required for fuel
logistics properties; liquid fuel
Rooftop‐based site propane; small tank delivery; current
challenging, simplifies fuel logistics
considerations
Some properties of hydrogen, methanol/water, propane, and delivery enables
natural gas for fuel cells architectures more
are compared in the
especially when – delivering to site and
table below. The data reflect information at carrying up to roof
time of publication. service to roof when suitable for prime
elevator not
elevator not available power than backup
available
Footprint vs. operating time with a 5-kW load is shown below for six different potentialpower fuel options:

1) Hydrogen fuel cell, 8 cylinders, 300-series steel, 2,400 psi, swappable
Footprint vs. operating time with a 5‐kW load is shown below for six different potential fuel options:
2) Hydrogen fuel cell, 16 cylinders, large steel, 3,000 psi, fill-in-place cabinet
1) 3)Hydrogen fuel cell, 8 cylinders, 300‐series steel, 2,400 psi, swappable
Hydrogen fuel cell, 8 cylinders, 90 L carbon composite, 5,000 psi, fill-in-place cabinet
2) Hydrogen fuel cell, 16 cylinders, large steel, 3,000 psi, fill‐in‐place cabinet
3) 4)Hydrogen fuel cell, 8 cylinders, 90 L carbon composite, 5,000 psi, fill‐in‐place cabinet
Hydrogen fuel cell with methanol/water reformer, 59 gallon internal tank (located within fuel
cell enclosure under fuel cell equipment – no incremental footprint for fuel)
4) Hydrogen fuel cell with methanol/water reformer, 59 gallon internal tank (located within fuel
5)cell enclosure under fuel cell equipment – no incremental footprint for fuel)
Hydrogen fuel cell with methanol/water reformer, 275 gallon Intermediate Bulk Container
5) Hydrogen fuel cell with methanol/water reformer, 275 gallon Intermediate Bulk Container
external tank
external tank
6) Propane fuel cell with propane reformer, 125 gallon propane tank.
6) Propane fuel cell with propane reformer, 125 gallon propane tank.

Figure 18
Figure 17. Comparison of footprint vs. operating time with 5‐kW load for six different fuel cell systems.
Comparison of footprint vs. operating time with 5-kW load for six different fuel cell systems.
____________
34
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html
35
http://cafr1.com/Hydrogen_vs_Propane.pdf
36
37
Table 1. Comparison of Fuel Attributes
Hydrogen Methanol/Water Propane Natural Gas

Small fuel cell status38 Commercial Commercial Early commercial Early commercial
Fuel cell module size39 0.2‐10 kW 0.3‐7.5 kW 0.25‐5 kW 0.25‐5kW
Small fuel cell vendors Many Few Few Few
Typical usage Backup power Backup power Prime power Prime power
Fuel state Compressed gas Stable liquid Liquid under pressure Compressed gas
Density relative to air40 0.0693 1.11 1.56 0.55
Lower flammability
4 percent 6.7 percent 2.1 percent 5 percent
limit41
Reid vapor pressure42 n/a (gas) 32 kPa n/a (gas) n/a (gas)
Diffusion relative to
30x‐102x faster 7.5x‐25x faster 5x‐17x faster 8x‐27x faster
gasoline43
Steel or composite Plastic or metal totes, Portable tanks or
Mode of transport Piped infrastructure
cylinders drums, pails, jugs bobtail truck
Integrated tank or
Steel or composite Integrated tank or
Mode of storage external pressurized n/a
cylinders external metal tank
tank
Swap tanks or refill No refueling – direct
Cylinder swap or
Mode of refueling Pour or pump liquid with propane‐specific feed from piped
fill‐in‐place
nozzles/valves infrastructure
Methanol/water
Common sources of fuel Industrial gas blenders (e.g., See local directory for Determine supplier of
(who to call) companies Brenntag North propane distributors gas to a specific site
America)
Methanol: IMPCA
specifications; Water: Contact gas
99.95 percent ASTM 1125, ASTM company/landlord to
Minimum quality industrial‐grade D5907, IMPCA 004‐08, HD5 assure adequate
hydrogen ASTM D4517; 61 pressure and flow rate
percent‐63 percent for application
methanol by weight
Suitable given
Integrated tank less
sufficient space for Suitable given May not find natural
Ground‐based site than 60 gallons allows
fuel storage sufficient space for gas service at all
considerations deployment in tight
respecting setback fuel storage ground sites
spaces
limits
If natural gas service
Safe given hydrogen
May be challenges available, no site visits
properties; fuel Safe given methanol
due to properties of required for fuel
logistics properties; liquid fuel
Rooftop‐based site propane; small tank delivery; current
challenging, simplifies fuel logistics
considerations delivery enables architectures more
especially when – delivering to site and
service to roof when suitable for prime
elevator not carrying up to roof
elevator not available power than backup
available
power

Footprint vs. operating time with a 5‐kW load is shown below for six different potential fuel options:
____________
38
“Commercial” means products that are available for sale in meaningful numbers, are supported with service and spare parts, and have evidence of deploy-
ment in significant numbers. “Early Commercial” means products that are available for sale, but no evidence exists yet of deployment in significant numbers.
39
Modules1) can beHydrogen fuel cell, 8 cylinders, 300‐series steel, 2,400 psi, swappable
cascaded for higher site power requirements.
40
For reference, typical gasoline density is 3-4 relative to air:
2) Hydrogen fuel cell, 16 cylinders, large steel, 3,000 psi, fill‐in‐place cabinet
http://tsocorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Gasoline-Unleaded-Regular.pdf
41
3) Hydrogen fuel cell, 8 cylinders, 90 L carbon composite, 5,000 psi, fill‐in‐place cabinet
For reference, compare to typical gasoline LFL of 1.2 percent:
42 4) compare
For reference, Hydrogen fuel cell with methanol/water reformer, 59 gallon internal tank (located within fuel
to typical gasoline RVP of 48-62 kPa:
cell enclosure under fuel cell equipment – no incremental footprint for fuel)
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/gasolinefuels/volatility/standards.htm
43
For reference, diffusion coefficient of gasoline ranges from 0.006-0.02x10-4 m2/s:
5) Hydrogen fuel cell with methanol/water reformer, 275 gallon Intermediate Bulk Container
external tank

38
“Commercial” means products that are available for sale in meaningful numbers, are supported with service and
6 Permitting Process
The permitting process is actually several processes typically involving multiple permits and agencies. The
processes are in place to protect public safety, public health,
Guide and the environment.
for Compliance An example
with Regulations, Codes andofStandards
the per-
for the Deployment
mits, agencies, and purposes for these multiple permitting processes is shown in Table 2. of Stationary Fuel Cells
Table 2. Fuel Cell Permitting/Potential Permits Required
Permit Agency Permit/Permit Scope

Construction Building Department Permit to Construct General/Address safety
construction issues
Drainage Engineering Permit to Construct Drainage/Modification to
Department sewer drainage
Site grading Engineering Permit to Construct Grading/Modification to
Department site elevation
Electrical Building/Electrical Electrical Permit/Modification to electrical
Department service
Demolition Building Department Construction Permit/Demolish structures
required for dispenser construction
Food services Health Department Food sales
Air emission impacts South Coast Air Air Quality Permit or No impact declaration
Quality Management
District (SCAQMD)
Fire safety Fire Department Fire Safety Permit/General fire code
Plans Review Office compliance

The permitting processes can be broken down into seven stages that help define the overall process and the
Table 3. Fuel Cell Approvals
timeline for completing all the required components.
1) Approval
Preliminary project scoping Agency Approval Scope
California Environmental Self‐enforcing CEQA approval or finding of
Quality Act (CEQA) or similar
2) Facility design no significant impact/
regional environmental environmental agency having
3) Approval process
requirement (see overview of jurisdiction
CEQA attached at the end of
4) Facility construction
this document)
5) Facility startup
Zoning Local zoning board Zoning approval/allows
6) Facility operation construction and operation at
defined location
California Accidental Release
7) Facility maintenance Local administering agency Approved submission or
Prevention Program (CAL‐ (for example county health or finding of non‐applicability/
The required permits address all thesefire department) and U.S. EPA
ARP) (or similar local phases, but the permitting structure does not correlate on a one-
requires an evaluation of the
to-oneaccidental release program)
basis with the chronological steps required to build and operateimpact of the release of a
a fuel cell. Tables 2 and 3 list ele-
ments of the permitting and approval processes for an sample project located in California. The difference
regulated materials from the
between these tables is that there are regulatory agencies that typicallysite and a plan in the event of
issue a permit after the applicant
has shown compliance with requirements and agencies that approve ofa release
an applicant’s submission without
issuing a permit.
5.6 The Permit Application
The administrative process for reviewing and approving projects may vary by jurisdiction, but there are
common elements. These basic elements are as follows:
1) Pre‐submittal review and feedback (optional but highly recommended)
26 2) Cell
A Fuel Review and feedback to applicant
Guide • Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells
Fire safety Fire Department Fire Safety Permit/General fire code
Plans Review Office compliance

Table 3. Fuel Cell Approvals
Approval Agency Approval Scope

California Environmental Self‐enforcing CEQA approval or finding of
Quality Act (CEQA) or similar no significant impact/
regional environmental environmental agency having
requirement (see overview of jurisdiction
CEQA attached at the end of
this document)
Zoning Local zoning board Zoning approval/allows
construction and operation at
defined location
California Accidental Release Local administering agency Approved submission or
Prevention Program (CAL‐ (for example county health or finding of non‐applicability/
ARP) (or similar local fire department) and U.S. EPA requires an evaluation of the
accidental release program) impact of the release of a
regulated materials from the
site and a plan in the event of
a release
5.6
6.1 The PermitApplication
The Permit Application
The administrative process for reviewing and approving projects may vary by jurisdiction, but there are
The administrative process for reviewing and approving projects may vary by jurisdiction, but there are com-
common elements. These basic elements are as follows:
mon elements. These basic elements are as follows:
1) 1)Pre‐submittal review and feedback (optional but highly recommended)
Pre-submittal review and feedback (optional but highly recommended)
2) 2)Review and feedback to applicant
Review and feedback to applicant
3) Formal submission of application

| 26
4) Public meeting (on an as-needed basis determined by both administrative law and the jurisdic-
tion’s determination as to whether public input should be solicited)
5) Make adjustments in the permit application (as needed) based on public input
6) Review of modified application and feedback to application
7) Resubmittal of modified application
8) Issuance of permit
9) Project construction
10) Site inspection to determine that project built as shown in final design plans
11) Periodic inspections to determine ongoing compliance.
The pre-submittal review, although not typically required, is a critical step in this process. It is at this time that
significant problems could be identified and potentially averted. Examples of problems that could be averted are:
1) Identification of problems at the proposed site that the applicant is not aware of
2) Identification of requirements the project must meet that the applicant had not evaluated in the
draft application
3) Any history of issues with similar projects in the jurisdiction.
6.2 Detailed Codes and Standards Requirements
Compliance notes:
1) Fuel cell power systems (power generators) do not require third-party safety certification per
OSHA (Code of Federal Requirements 29, Section 1910) directives.
2) The International Mechanical Code Section 924 Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems requires
testing to ANSI/CSA FC1, and installation per NFPA 853 (for systems <10 MW output).
3) NFPA 2 and NFPA 853 require safety certification (listing) to ANSI /CSAFC1 for AHJ approval
(permit) of the installation.
4) NFPA 2 references and repeats hydrogen safety code requirements from other NFPA standards.
State adoption of NFPA 2 is limited to California at this time, but is being considered by other
state legislatures for incorporation into state codes. Requirements for NFPA 2 are provided
here for reference – to provide if an AHJ chooses to invoke it
NFPA 853 is used for the fuel cell power system installation.
NFPA 55 is used for the compressed and flammable gas fuel (e.g., hydrogen).
NFPA 30 is used for flammable liquid fuel (e.g., methanol) per the ICC and incorporated into
state laws.
5) It is the responsibility of the fuel cell power system manufacturer to prove compliance to
all legal requirements prior to deploying these products into telecom applications.
Certified approval to (listing) to ANSI/CSA FC1 is provided by a National Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL)
in the United States.
OSHA has established the NRTL program in compliance with 29CFR 1910.7 for U.S. third-party certification of
products to safety standards.
For a list of approved NRTLs and details of the program, refer to
https://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl/index.html.
6.2.1 Compliance requirements identified for each subject category.
f Noise (Sound Level Exposure Limit):

• Average A-weighted sound (noise) level limit of 76 dBA at 7 ± 0.1 meter (23 ± 0.3 ft) per ANSI S1.4, S1.13,
S1.23, and/or other nationally recognized noise emission regulation. [FC 1-2014 4.4.12]
6.2.1.1 Definitions
• Class A for industrial/commercial (non-residential), Class B for residential;

• Fuel Cell System defined as a complete aggregate of equipment used to convert chemical fuel into usable
electricity; with power conditioners and auxiliary equipment; including a reformer if present. [NFPA70-2019
692.2]
• Classification of Locations:
» Class I locations (i.e., Division 1, Division 2; flammable concentrations likely to ignite) same as
29CFR1910.307.
» Class I Group Classifications (flammable gas or vapor): [NFPA70-2019 500.6]
▸ Group B: (hydrogen)
▸ Group C: (ethylene)
▸ Group D: (propane, methane, methanol, ethanol)
6.2.1.2 Components and Systems Certifications
In compliance with 47CFR Part 15, fuel cell power systems are electrical generators and require verification
testing by a test laboratory accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP),
the American Association of Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA), or an accredited laboratory designated by the
Commission under the terms of a negotiated Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA).
For information on FCC-approved laboratories:
https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/eas/reports/TestFirmSearch.cfm
Compliance is mandated in the United States by federal law. per 47CFR Part 15—Radio Frequency Devic-
es – Subpart B: Unintentional Radiators.
• Radiated and AC conducted RF emission limits by type of application/installation
• Limits per 47CFR15.107 & 109.
Following a successful test with report from the accredited laboratory, the manufacturer issues a Declaration
of Conformity (DoC) for each model successfully tested. A successful test report from the accredited labo-
ratory meets the requirements for verification testing and the DoC is the manufacturer’s resulting claim for
compliance.
• Compliance is required per model number
• Be rated for the class of installation
• Must carry the FCC logo and warnings on the nameplate and on the inside cover of the product manuals per
47CFR15.19(a)(3)
• Fuel cell system shall be evaluated and listed for its intended application prior to installation. [NFPA70-2017
692.6]
• NFPA 70® National Electrical Code®-2014 edition, specifically, Article 692 Fuel Cell Systems
Listing:
• Requires listing (certified approval) of the stationary fuel cell power system to ANSI/CSA FC1
[NFPA853-2015 4.2 & 4.3]
• Requires listing (certified approval) of the stationary fuel cell power system to ANSI/CSA FC1
[NFPA2-2016 12.3.1.1.1.1]
• Modular (engineered and field-constructed) systems require a fire risk evaluation by a registered engineer or
AHJ-acceptable third party. [NFPA853-2015 4.4]
• Modular (engineered and field-constructed) systems shall meet intent of ANSI FC1
[NFPA2-2011 12.3.1.1.2.1]
NOTICE OF DISCLAIMER AND LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY
ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND
ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATENESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY AND ITS NONINFRINGEMENT OF ANY
THIRD PARTY’S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSI-
BILITIES FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES
REGARDING THE CONTENT’S COMPLIANCE WITH ANY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGULATION, OR
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WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS.
TIA DOES NOT ENDORSE OR PROMOTE ANY PRODUCT, SERVICE, COMPANY OR PROVIDER.
D A Fuel Cell Guide • Regulations, Codes, and Standards for the Deployment of Stationary Fuel Cells
T ELECOMMUNICATIONS I NDUSTRY A SSOCIATION
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A Fuel

A TIA REFERENCE GUIDE

TIA Fuel Cell Focus Group

f Air Liquide f Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association

This document covers the following topics:

f Fuel supply considerations

f Permitting processes, including a detailed overview of codes and standards

3.1 Relevant Documents for Compliance – Mandated by Code or Law

1) ANSI/CSA FC1 Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

2) ANSI/CSA Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems

3) IFC International Fire Code (2014 edition most recent;

4) NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

5) NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code (2015 edition)

6) NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code

7) NFPA 70® National Electrical Code® (2017 edition)

8) NFPA 853 Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

9) 29CFR1910 Occupational Safety and Health Administration

10) 47CFR15 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

11) 49CFR172 Department of Transportation (DOT)

3.2 Other Referenced Documents for Compliance

1) ASME/ANSI B31.3 Process piping

2) ANSI/IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided

3) ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5 Standard for automatic valves for gas

4) ASTM E 108 Standard test methods for fire tests of roof

5) IBC International Building Code

6) IMC International Mechanical Code

7) NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code (2016 edition)

i9) NFPA 80 Standard for fire doors and other opening

10) NFPA 90A Standard for the installation of air-

11) NFPA 101® Life Safety Code

12) NFPA 220 Standard types of building construction

13) NFPA 251 Standard methods of tests of fire

14) UL 991 Standard for tests for safety-related

15) UL 429 Electrically operated valves

16) UL 790 Standard test methods for fire tests of roof

17) UL1741 Standard for inverters, converters, controllers,

18) IFGC International Fuel Gas Code

1) ANSI – American National Standards Institute

5) ICC – International Code Council

4.2 Relevant Documents for Compliance – Mandated by Code or Law

1) ANSI/CSA FC1 Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

2) ANSI/CSA Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems

3) IFC International Fire Code (2015 edition most recent;

4) IFGC International Fuel Gas Code (2015 edition most

5) NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

6) NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code (2015 edition)

7) NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code (2016

9) NFPA 853 Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems

10) 29CFR1910 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

11) 47CFR15 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

12) 49CFR172 Department of Transportation (DOT)

4.3 Other Referenced Documents for Compliance

1) ASME/ANSI B31.3 Process piping

2) ANSI/IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

5) IBC International Building Code

6) IMC International Mechanical Code

7) NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code (2016 edition)

8) NFPA 24 Standard for the installation of private fire

9) NFPA 80 Standard for fire doors and other opening protectives

10) NFPA 90A Standard for the installation of air-condi