Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 6 Issue 4, May-June 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Gajendra Kumar Tardia
Junior Scientific Assistant, Forensic Science Laboratory, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Gajendra Kumar

In today's world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by
for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published
advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials (TiO2, in International
Fe3O4/Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3) and the related Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
processes for the treatment of various water resources which have
and Development
been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. 6470, Volume-6 |
Issue-4, June 2022, IJTSRD50327
KEYWORDS: nanotechnology, wastewater, treatment, metal oxides, pp.1422-1433, URL:
microbes, purification www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and

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INTRODUCTION
Wastewater treatment, also called sewage treatment, wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of
the removal of impurities from wastewater, or wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type
sewage, before it reaches aquifers or natural bodies of of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic
water such as rivers, lakes, estuaries, and oceans. wastewater (also called municipal wastewater
Since pure water is not found in nature (i.e., outside or sewage), the treatment plant is called a sewage
chemical laboratories), any distinction between clean treatment plant. For industrial wastewater, treatment
water and polluted water depends on the type and either takes place in a separate industrial wastewater
concentration of impurities found in the water as well treatment plant, or in a sewage treatment plant
as on its intended use. In broad terms, water is said to (usually after some form of pre-treatment). Further
be polluted when it contains enough impurities to types of wastewater treatment plants
make it unfit for a particular use, such as drinking, include agricultural wastewater treatment
swimming, or fishing. Although water quality is plants and leachate treatment plants.
affected by natural conditions, the Processes commonly used in wastewater treatment
word pollution usually implies human activity as the include phase separation (such as sedimentation),
source of contamination. Water pollution, therefore, biological and chemical processes (such as oxidation)
is caused primarily by the drainage of contaminated or polishing. The main by-product from wastewater
wastewater into surface water or groundwater, and treatment plants is a type of sludge which is usually
wastewater treatment is a major element of treated in the same or another wastewater treatment
water pollution control.[1,2] plant Biogas can be another by-product if anaerobic
Wastewater treatment is a process used to treatment processes are used. Treated wastewater can
remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it be reused as reclaimed water. The main purpose of
into an effluent that can be returned to the water wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to
cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent be able to be disposed or reused safely. However,
creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse
reused for various purposes (called water must be considered so the correct treatment process is
reclamation). The treatment process takes place in a used on the wastewater.[3,4]
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50327 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 1422
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to larger material counterparts. The definition given by
mean "sewage treatment". the European Commission states that the particle size
Pollutant removal from industrial effluents is a big of at least half of the particles in the number size
distribution must measure 100 nm or below. Most
challenge for industries. These pollutants pose a great
nanoparticles are made up of only a few hundred
risk to the environment. Nanotechnology can reduce
atoms.
the expenditure made by industries to mitigate these
pollutants through the production of eco-friendly Clean water is a vital element for all living organisms.
nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are gaining attention The contamination of present water resources,
due to their enhanced physical, chemical, and however, has increased globally due to rapid
mechanical properties. Using microorganisms in the industrialization and the massive population
production of nanoparticles provides an even greater explosion .In agriculture, the demand for and
boost to green biotechnology as an emerging field of consumption of clean water has increased on a large
nanotechnology for sustainable production and cost scale. The consumption of fresh and clean water with
reduction. In this mini review, efforts are made to a high range of pollutants in industry, household
discuss the various aspects of industrial effluent sectors, and other forms of consumption is about
bioremediation through microbial nanotechnology 70%, 22%, and 8%, respectively .The main classes of
integration. The use of enzymes with nanotechnology pollutants are heavy metal ions and dyes. Water
has produced higher activity and reusability of containing such pollutants should not be used for
enzymes. This review also provides an insight into drinking purposes without purification. Once these
the advantages of the use of nanotechnology as heavy metal ions enter water, it is extremely difficult
compared to conventional practices in these areas. to completely treat it . These aquatic pollutants are
Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and hazardous for all living organisms and strongly affect
engineering devoted to designing, producing, and ecosystems. Therefore, these pollutants need to be
using structures, devices, and systems by eliminated from contaminated water to prevent their
manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale, i.e. harmful effects on humans and the environment.
having one or more dimensions of the order of Currently, water supply entrances face many diverse
100 nanometres (100 millionth of a millimetre) or challenges. All over the world, about 780 million
less. people do not have access to clean drinking water .
In the natural world, there are many examples of In the affected areas, which are mostly developing
structures with one or more nanometre dimensions, countries where wastewater management is usually
and many technologies have incidentally involved non-existent, urgent action is required. However,
such nanostructures for many years, but only recently existing wastewater management and technologies
has it been possible to do it intentionally. Many of the are improving their ability to provide satisfactory
applications of nanotechnology involve new materials clean water to meet human needs and other
that have very different properties and new effects environmental needs. [7,8]
compared to the same materials made at larger sizes.
This is due to the very high surface to volume ratio
of nanoparticles compared to larger particles, and to
effects that appear at that small scale but are not
observed at larger scales. The applications
of nanotechnology can be very beneficial and have
the potential to make a significant impact on society.
Nanotechnology has already been embraced by
industrial sectors, such as the information and
communications sectors, but is also used in food
technology, energy technology, as well as in some
medical products and medicines. Nanomaterials may
also offer new opportunities for the reduction of
environmental pollution.[5,6] Current improvements and advances in nanoscience
Discussion and nanotechnology suggest opportunities for the
A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between development of improved water resources and
1 to 100 nanometres in size. Undetectable by the arrangements .The extremely effective, integrated,
human eye, nanoparticles can exhibit significantly and multifunctional progress facilitated by
different physical and chemical properties to their nanoscience and nanotechnology are predicted to
offer high rates of performance and reasonable and for treating wastewater have been developed .Some of
affordable wastewater treatment solutions compared the most important methods are reverse osmosis,
to large infrastructure . solvent extraction, sedimentation, gravity
separation, microfiltration, ultrafiltration,
The removal of these pollutants through
precipitation, coagulation, distillation, oxidation,
environmentally friendly and efficient methods is
adsorption, electrodialysis, electrolysis, flotation, and
crucial .In the literature, numerous strategies have
ion exchange .[11,12]
been used for wastewater treatment, such as solvent
extraction, ultrafiltration, evaporation, and reverse
osmosis. These techniques, however, remove
impurities from water without making them harmless
end products . Full decomposition, either chemically
or photochemically, can easily be achieved by
oxidation . The purpose of each oxidative process is
to generate and use a hydroxyl free radical as a
powerful oxidant to reduce the effects of pollutants.
After activation, hydrogen peroxide may be used as
an oxidant, such as UV radiation , as a metal ion, or
as a Fenton reagent.[9,10]
Nanomaterials are mainly used to overcome major
water and wastewater problems. The term
“nanomaterial” refers to a nanometer that is a
trillionth of a meter in size . Nanomaterials are widely
used in the fields of environmental detection,
biomedicine and pharmaceuticals, electronics and
optoelectronics, the clothing industry, and cosmetics. Review work on metal oxide nanoparticles for
These tiny nanomaterials lead to several changes in wastewater applications is limited in the literature.
its physical properties such as the enhancement of the Scientists discussed the current use of metal oxide
volume to surface-area ratio and the effect of nanoparticles and their impact on biological
quantum properties on the particle size. In contrast wastewater treatment processes in their review. They
with conventional materials, the properties of also summarised the different methods used to
nanoparticles, such as their magnetic, visual, and measure the inhibition of nitrification by metal oxide
electrical properties, are significantly different nanoparticles and highlight the corresponding results
compared to conventional materials. Characteristics obtained using these methods. Researchers in their
such as high adsorption, catalytical activity, and review discussed the fate and potential effects of four
reactivity are associated with nanomaterials . Over the types of nanoparticles: nano Zinc oxide (ZnO), silver
past few decades, nanoparticles have attracted nanoparticles (AgNPs), nano zero valent iron, and
widespread attention and have been applied nano TiO2 on wastewater treatment and anaerobic
effectively in different fields, including biology, digestion. They discussed the impact of metal and
sensing, medicine, catalytic chemistry, and active non-metallic oxide nanoparticle on both wastewater
research and development . Nanoparticles are and anaerobic sludge digestion. Investigators focused
commonly used in the treatment of wastewater . Since on the application of nanoparticles in wastewater
nanoparticles having a large area and small sizes, they treatment. In this review, the authors discussed in
possess a strong adsorption reactivity and capacity . detail three metal oxide nanoparticles: TiO2, ZnO,
Several pollution sources have been reported and iron oxide. Junbai et al. focused on several types
worldwide to have disintegrated into various kinds of of metal oxide nanoparticles including MgO, TiO2,
nanomaterials, including bacteria, emerging MnO2, Fe3O4/Fe2O3, MnO2, Al2O3, and CeO2 and
pollutants, organic pollutants, and inorganic anions . their applications in water treatment. In addition, in
Nanoparticles are promising tools for application in some reviews (on nanoparticles) some metal oxides
different wastewater ecosystems, including carbon have been outlined, but they lack a detailed review on
nanotubes, zerovalent nanoparticles, metal metal oxides for wastewater treatment . Scientists
oxide nanoparticles, and nanocomposites. discussed in detail nanomaterials for industrial
wastewater treatment . In their work, the industrial
Nanomaterials provide new strategies that expand on applications of three metal oxides (TiO2,
existing water supply and unconventional water Fe3O4/Fe2O3, and ZnO) are presented. To fill this gap
sources. Over the past few years, several techniques and give a detailed review, this paper focuses on
some recent advances and applications in wastewater nanoparticles are chosen for wastewater treatment is
treatment for metal oxide nanoparticles and highlights because of their capability to be oxidized or dissolved
the potential uses of such techniques to tackle various in water and release metal ions, leading to metal
challenges confronting existing wastewater treatment toxicity. These metal oxide nanoparticles are
technologies. Several types of metal oxide chemically stable (have no adverse effects) and are
nanoparticles i.e. iron oxide nanoparticles, ZnO used in a variety of different applications such as
nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, silver adsorption, photocatalytic activities, antibacterial and
oxide nanoparticles, and titanium oxide nanoparticles antifungal activities.[12]
are discussed in detail. The reason why these
Results
The biological pollutants are living pathogenic microorganisms that exist in wastewater. The main wastewater
microorganisms are bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, which can cause acute and chronic health effects. The
different kinds of bacteria in wastewater can cause different waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and
shigella. However, many types of bacteria can exist in wastewater that have less serious impacts such
as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus faecalis and others.
The nanoparticles are designed for water attraction and are highly porous and absorb water, like a sponge,
repelling dissolved salts and other impurities. Hydrophilic nanoparticles embedded in the membrane repel
organic compounds and bacteria that are more likely to obstruct conventional membranes over time. Metal
oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are made of purely metal precursors. These nanoparticles play a significant role in
many areas of physics, chemistry, and material sciences. Thermal elements are capable of forming a wide range
of oxide compounds. These can adopt a vast number of structural geometries with an electronic structure that
can exhibit insulator, semiconductor, or metallic characteristics. These nanoparticles have unique opto-electrical
features because of their well-known localized surface plasmon resonance characteristics. Alkali nanoparticles
and noble metals such as Ag, Au, and Cu have a wide absorption band in the visible electromagnetic
spectrum zone. In today's state-of-the-art materials, the facet, size, and shape of the synthesis of metal
nanoparticles have significant importance[13]
As promising adsorbents to heavy metals, they have great potential. Metal oxide-
based nanomaterials include manganese oxides, nanosized iron oxides, titanium oxides, cerium oxides,
ZnOs, magnesium oxides, aluminum oxides, and zirconium oxides.
Several studies have shown that nanoparticles are more active against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative
bacteria as lipopolyzaccharides, lipoproteins and phospha-lipids are part of the gram-negative cell wall, which
create a binding obstacle that allows only macromolecules to enter. In comparison, the cell wall of the gram-
positive bacteria contains a slim, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and abundant pores, which allow foreign
molecules to enter, which result in damage to the cell membrane and death of cells. Indeed, unlike bacteria
which are gram-negative, gram-positive fungi have increased adverse stress on the cell wall surface, which can
hold the nanoparticles. The process of causing bacterial mortality for nanoparticles depends on the bacterial
cell's parts and components.[14]
Plants interact continuously with soil, air, and water, all of which may contain engineered nanoparticles. Since
plants are also consumed by animals, nanoparticles may be transferred to them. There is a also risk that
nanoparticles could invade the food chain and become hazardous to humans.
ZnO has a particle size of 20–40 nm and has been synthesized from Zn(NO3)2 and (NH4)2CO3. Increased
photocatalytic efficiency leading to an increase in the constant decay of bacteria has been reported as a result of
the reduced particle size and the effect of quantum containment activating ZnO to produce reactive oxygen
species (ROS).
Nanoparticles quickly aggregate and precipitate into pure water on the stability of three metal oxide
nanoparticles: SiO2, ZnO, and TiO2, in an aqueous solution. The most efficient method for partitioning
nanoparticles in water is using ultrasound effects. The results show that nanoparticles changed their stability
under various water conditions. The presence of organic colloids (surfactants and humic compounds) means that
samples of water and wastewater aggregate faster than pure water.[12,13]
Implications
Table 1. Existing methods of ZnO nanoparticles and their application for wastewater treatment.
S. No. Year Application Characteristics

Surface area: Sample1 = 34.27 cm2, Sample2 = 47.54 cm2 and
Sample3 = 39.12 cm2.
Antimicrobial Particle type: nanorods.
Activity: Staphylococcus Average patcile size 5–7 nm.
1 2012
aureus and Escherichia Under sunlight, 99% Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli coli could be immobilized.
80% of Escherichia coli and 59% of Staphylococcus aureus cells
could be inactivated under room lighting conditions.
Antimicrobial Particle sizes 80 and 260 nm.
Activity: Escherichia Particle type: nanorods.
coli For Escherichia coli, maximum inhibition zone was 4.4 cm2.
2 2010
Photocatalytic Under white-light irradiation at 963 Wm−2, Methylene blue
degradation: methylene photodegradation was 93%, methyl orange photodegradation
blue was 35%.
Average patcile size 5–7 nm.
Particle type: nanorods.
Photocatalytic
Surface area: Sample1 = 34.27 cm2, Sample2 = 47.54 cm2 and
3 2010 degradation: methylene
Sample3 = 39.12 cm2.
blue
The photocatalytic activity of methylene blue was observed to
improve by ≈8%.

Antimicrobial Average particle size 20–40 nm.
4 2011 Activity: Escherichia A quite high (0.24 min−1) bacterial decay constatnt was observed
coli for antibacterial activity.
Particle sizes 67 and 820 nm.
Antimicrobial
90% growth reduction of Bacillus subtilis was observed at
5 2006 Activity: Escherichia
10 ppm. For Escherichia coli, only 48% growth reduction was
coli and Bacillus subtilis
observed at 1000 ppm.
Average particle size 84 nm.
Antimicrobial Nanoparticles with smaller particle sizes had 95% growth
6 2008 Activity: Staphylococcus inhibition at 1 mM concentration (0.008%), with relatively larger
aureus particle sizes, with 5 mM of ZnO showed only 40–50% growth
inhibition.
Average patcile size 19 ± 7 nm.
Antimicrobial The toxicity to Escherichia coli of nano-ZnO in the 5 media
7 2011 Activity: Escherichia deceased as follows: ultrapure water > NaCl > minimal Davis >
coli Luria-Bertani > phosphate-buffered saline.
Length and diameter of particle 400 and 50 nm.

Antimicrobial
Nanocomposites containing 2 and 4 wt% ZnO can reduce the
Activity: Enterobacter
8 2015 growth of both Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter aerogenes.
aerogenes and Bacillus
Stronger inhibility effect was found for 4 wt% ZnO containing
subtilis
nanocomposite.
Average patcile size 20 nm.
Antimicrobial
aT 2.0 wt% loading level, the ZnO nanoparticles showed the
obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of both Bacillus
coli and Bacillus subtilis
subtilis and Escherichia coli
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia Average patcile size 86 nm.
10 2015
coli and Enterococcus Maximum removal efficiency was found to be 78%.
faecalis
Antimicrobial The pH ranging from 5.7 to 8.7 showed no viable effet. Sharp
11 2013 Activity: Escherichia decrease of bacterial mortality was observed from 80 to 90% at
Coli pH 8.3 to about 10–20% at pH 8.7.
Antimicrobial
Activity: Pseudomonas Average patcile size 25 nm.
aeruginosa, The effect on the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus
12 2011
Staphylococcus aureus were more than Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas
aureus and Escherichia aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
coli
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli Particle size between 2 and 50 nm.
and Salmonella MB equilibrium data was best fitted to the Dubinin-
13 2018
typhimurium Radushkevich model.
Photocatalytic The adsorption energy (E) was between 1.76 and 2.00 kJ/mol.
degradation: methylene
blue

The maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) was at pH of 2.
14 2019 Adsorption: Cr(VI) Increasing the pH value results in decreaing adsorption capacity.
The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 139.47 mg/g
at 50°.
Fast Adsorption rate with an equilibrium adsorption established
after 15 min of shaking times.
Adsorption: Reactive
RB19 removal efficiency was highest at pH ~3.
Blue 19 (RB19) and
15 2018 Both dyes followed the pseudo-second-order model.
Acid Black 210 (AB210)
The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
dyes
experimental data.
The maximum of adsorption capacities for RB19 and AB210
were 38.02 and 34.13 mg/g.
Particle sizes 10.01 ± 2.6 nm
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the adsorption
16 2017 Adsorption: Pb(II) process.
The maximum removal was observed to be 93% at pH 5.
The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous.
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the adsorption
process.
The maximum removal was observed to be 52.63 mg/g at pH 7.
17 2018 Adsorption: As(III)
experimental data.
Particle sizes 75–150 nm.
ZnO-NPs of amount 0.3 g showed maximum removal efficiency
of each dye (40 ppm) at pH 6.
18 2019 Adsorption: Azo dyes The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
experimental data.
The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order
model.
Average width of particle around 7 nm and average length about
80 nm.
Adsorption: Arsenic
19 2019 The maximum capacity of 4421 mg/g at neutral pH (7).
(As(V))
experimental data.
Antimicrobial
Particle sizes 25–70 nm.
Activity: Crustaceans
All Zn formulations were very toxic: L(E)C50 (mg l−1) for
Daphnia magna, Vibrio
20 2008 nanoZnO, bulk ZnO and ZnSO4 7H2O: 8.8, 3.2, 6.1 (Daphnia
fischeri,
magna); 1.8, 1.9, 1.1 (Vibrio fischeri) and 0.24, 0.18, 0.98
and Thamnocephalus
(Thamnocephalus platyurus), respectively.
platyurus
Surface area (m2g-1) 12.9
Antimicrobial
Toxicity (30-min and 2-h EC50, mg compound l−1) of bZnO
for E. coli AB1157 = 849 ± 180, E. coli JI130 = 932 ± 143, E.
coli
coli JI131 = 624 ± 81, E. coli AS393 = 612 ± 107, E. coli
JI132 = 43 ± 6.9, E. coli AS391 = 16 ± 6.1.
Bacterial disinfectants are one of the major applications of copper and copper compounds, which are critical to
low levels of human and biological activity due to their versatility and low cost. Synthesized CuO nanoparticles
have good antibacterial activity against meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with
minimum bactericidal concentrations [13]
Table 2. Existing methods for working with CuO nanoparticles and their application for wastewater
treatment
Particle sizes in the range 20–95 nm.
Mean surface area 15.69 m2/g.
Antimicrobial
In the presence of 1000 g/ml of CuO, populations of Gram-
negative (×3 strains) and Gram-positive (×4 strains)
coli and Staphylococcus aureus
organisms tested were reduced by 65% and 68%,
respectively,
Antimicrobial
Disk diffusion studies with Staphylococcus
Activity: Bacillus
2 2008 aureus, and Escherichia coli revealed effectiveness with
subtilis, Staphylococcus
CuO. The highest sensitivity to CuO nanoparticle was
aureus, and Escherichia coli
depicted by Bacillus subtili.
Surface area (m2g−1) 12.9
Antimicrobial Toxicity (30-min and 2-h EC50, mg compound l−1) of cCuO
3 2010
Activity: Escherichia coli for E. coli AB1157 = 50.5 ± 15, E. coli JI130 = 39.7 ± 16,
E. coli JI131 33.0 ± 1.9, E. coli AS393 = 47.6 ± 5.5, E. coli
JI132 = 14.8 ± 0.1, E. coli AS391 = 11.4 ± 5.4.
Photocatalytic degradation: The nanoparticle sizes range from 10 to 26 nm, 36–73 nm
methylene blue (MB) and and 30–90 nm for the unannealed Cu2O, 300 °C and
textile effluent (TE) 600 °C annealed CuO respectively.
Antimicrobial Activity: The best degradation ability was shown by 600 °C
4 2019 Staphylococcus annealed CuO, methylene blue (MB) = 91%, textile
aureus, Escherichia effluent (TE) =90%.
coli, Bacillus 300 °C annealed CuO showed best antimicrobial activities
licheniformis and Pseudomonas on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus
aeruginosa licheniformis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antimicrobial
The best activity on Enterococcus faecalis = 92%, Fecal
Activity: Enterococcus
5 2015 coliform = 89% and Total coliform = 88% was at
faecalis, Fecal
pH = 6. The bactraial inhibition growth rate was decreased
coliform and Total coliform
when pH is increased after 6.
Antimicrobial Activity: Vibrio
anguillarum, Proteus mirabilis, Average particle size 61.7 nm.
Bacillus cereus, Edwardsiella Bacillus cereus was more susceptible to biosynthesized
6 2018 tarda, Staphylococcus aureus, CuO NPs than all other pathogens tested.
Aeromonas Best inhibition zone was found to be 25.3 ± 1.80
hydrophila, and Aeromonas for Bacillus cereus using 100 (µg/ml) of CuO nanoparticle.
caviae
Antimicrobial
The CuO nanprticle's minimum inhibitory concentration
7 2019 Activity: Staphylococcus
(MIC) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli
aureus were 3.75 and 2.50 mg/ml, respectively.
8 2014 Antimicrobial Particle sizes in the range 5–8 nm.

Activity: Salmonella The CuO nanprticle's minimum inhibitory concentration
typhimurium, Klebsiella (MIC) against Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Enterobacter pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes were 0.15,
aerogenes 0.55,and 0.30 µmg/ml, respectively.
Antimicrobial Activity:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Escherichia coli, Enterococcus Average particle size 23 nm.
faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis exhibited the
9 2014
Proteus vulgaris, Shigella highest sensitivity to CuO nanoparticles Klebsiella
flexneri, Salmonella pneumonia was the least sensitive.
typhimurium, and
Staphylococcus aureus
Particle size 190.93 ± 2.84 nm.
Antimicrobial
CuO nanoparticle showed effective antibacterial
Activity: Escherichia
10 2019 nanomaterial, significantly inhibiting the growth of
coli and Salmonella
both Escherichia coli and Salmonella
typhimurium
typhimurium bacteria.
Antimicrobial
11 2014 Best efficacy was 99.92% of 7 × 105 CFU/ml Bacillus
Activity: Bacillus anthracis
anthracis cells within 30 min for CuO of 0.5 mg/ml.
The optimum conditions were selected as adsorbent dosage
of 0.5 g/l, pH 7 and contact time of 30 min.
Adsorption: basic red 14 (BR
12 2016 experimental data.
14) and basic violet 16 (BV 16)
Maximum adsorption capacity for BR 14 = 27.4(mg/g) and
BV 16 = 16.8 (mg/g).
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the
adsorption process.
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the
adsorption process.
Adsorption: malachite green
The isothermal model Freundlich was best suited to the
13 2017 oxalate (MGO) and methyl
experimental data.
orange (MO)
For CuO nanoparticle, the maximum dye removal was
observed at pH 8 for MGO (83.4%) and at pH 2 for MO
(93.2%).
14 2012 Adsorption: Arsenic (As(V)) experimental data.
100% arsenic was removed from water at pH more than 8.
Average width of particle around 5 nm and average length
about 50 nm.
15 2014 Adsorption: Pb (II)
90% removal efficiency was found at basic pH (9.0).
16 2019 Adsorption: Lead (Ii)
95% removal efficiency was found at basic pH (6).
Nanofluids are generally defined using surfactants or In the literature, ZnO, CuO, and TiO2 are used in a
surface charge technology in the solution as variety of different applications such as adsorption,
suspended nanoparticles. Other nanostructures photocatalytic activities, antibacterial and antifungal
include nanohorns, nanocomposites, nanorods, activities. Silver oxide is mostly used in antimicrobial
nanopyramids, and nanowhiskers. Silver oxide and photocatalytic activities. Iron oxide is mostly
nanoparticles, which have excellent antibacterial used in adsorption.
activity, are being studied and are currently being Although metal oxide nanoparticles, like other
used for many commercial products and are among
nanoparticles, are useful for many applications, there
many of the nanomaterials reported as antibacterial are still some health hazard concerns due to their
agents. The antibacterial activity of the Ag2O
uncontrollable usage and release to the natural
nanoparticle was tested against two gram-positive and
environment. These concerns should be addressed to
two gram-negative bacteria. The synthesized Ag2O
make the use of nanoparticles more effective and
nanoparticles have strong growth inhibitors of gram-
environmentally friendly.[14]
negative bacteria.[14]
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Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

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Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Gajendra Kumar

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S. No. Year Application Characteristics

S. No. Year Application Characteristics

Length and diameter of particle 400 and 50 nm.

S. No. Year Application Characteristics

S. No. Year Application Characteristics

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