Philip Brophy - 100 Modern Soundtracks

100 MODERN
SOU^SDTRACKS
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Philip Brophy
00 Modern Soundtracks
100 MODERN SOUNDTRACKS
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First published in 2004 by the
British Film Institute
21 Stephen Street, London WIT ILN
The British Film Institute promotes greater understanding and appreciation of, and
access to, film and moving image culture in the UK.
© Philip Brophy 2004
Cover design: Paul Wright

Cover image: The Conversation (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974, © Paramount Pictures
Corporation)
Series design: Ketchup/couch
Set by Fakenham Photosetting Ltd, Fakenham, Norfolk
Printed in the UK by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Wiltshire
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 1-84457-014-2 (pbk)

ISBN 1-84457-013-4 (hbk)
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
Akira, Katsuhiro Otomo, 1988 17

American Graffiti, George Lucas, 1973 20
Angel Dust {Enjeru dasuto), Sogo Ishii, 1995 22
Apocalypse Now, Francis Ford Coppola, 1979 24
Arashi ga oka {Onimaru), Yoshihige Yoshida, 1988 27
The Ballad of Narayama {Naramaya bustiiko),
Keisuke Kinoshita, 1958 29

Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens, Russ Meyer, 1979 32
The Birds, Alfred Hitchcock, 1963 34
Bitter Rice {Riso amaro), Giuseppi De Santis, 1950 36
Blade Runner, Ridley Scott, 1982 38
Blood Simple, Joel Coen, 1983 42
Blue, Derek Jarman, 1 993 44
Blue Steel, Kathryn Bigelow, 1 990 46
Boogie Nights, Paul Thomas Anderson, 1997 49
California Split, Robert Altman, 1974 51
Carnival of Souls, Herk Harvey, 1962 53

Car Wash, Michael Schultz, 1976 56
Cast Away, Robert Zemeckis, 2000 58
Citizen Kane, Orson Welles, 1941 60
A Clockwork Orange, Stanley Kubrick, 1971 63
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Close Encounters of the Third Kind (Special Edition),
Steven Spielberg, 1 977 65

Colors, Dennis Hopper, 1987 67
The Colour of Paradise {Rang-e khoda), Majid Majidi, 1999 70
The Colour of Pomegranates {Sayat Nova), Sergei Paradjanov, 1969 . .72
Contact, Robert Zemeckis, 1997 76

The Convent (0 Convento), Manoel De Oliveira, 1998 78
The Conversation, Francis Ford Coppola, 1 974 80
Crash, David Cronenberg, 1996 83
Crazy, Heddy Honigmann, 1999 85
Days of Wine and Roses. Blake Edwards, 1962 87
Dead Man, Jim Jarmusch, 1 995 90
Distant Thunder {Ashani Sanket), Satyajit Ray, 1973 92
Do the Right Thing, Spike Lee, 1 989 94
Dr Dolittle, Betty Thomas, 1 998 97
Escape from New York, John Carpenter, 1981 99
The Exorcist, William Friedkin, 1971 101
Face/Off. John Woo, 1997 103

Fantasia - The Sorcerer's Apprentice, James Algar, 1940 106
Forbidden Planet. Fred Macleod Wilcox, 1954 108
Gate of Flesh {Nikutai no mon), Seijun Suzuki, 1968 110
Godzilla - King of Monsters {Kaiju o Gojira),
Inoshiro Honda, 1954 113

Goodfellas, Martin Scorsese, 1990 115
Guided Muscle, Charles M. Jones, 1955 117
Gummo, Harmony Korine, 1997 119
Hail Mary {Je vous salue, Marie), Jean-Luc Godard, 1985 123
The Haunting, Jan De Bont, 1 999 125
Heat, Michael Mann, 1995 128
Hour of the Wolf {Vargtimmen), Ingmar Bergman, 1968 130
House by the River, Fritz Lang, 1950 132
India Song, Marguerite Duras, 1975 135
The Innocents, Jack Clayton, 1961 138
The Insect Woman {Nippon konchuki), Shoei Imamura, 1963 140

/ Spit on Your Grave {Day of tlie Woman), Mier Zarchi, 1 978 1 42
/ Stand Alone {Seal contra tous), Gaspar Noe, 1998 144
Kaidan {Kwaidan), Masaki Kobayashi, 1964 146
The Keep, Michael Mann, 1983 149
Koyaanisqatsi, Godfrey Reggio, 1982 151
Last Year at Marienbad {L'Annee derniere a Marlenbad),

Alain Resnais, 1959 153
Lost Highway, David Lynch, 1 997 1 56
M, Fntz Lang, 1931 158
Magnolia, Paul Thomas Anderson, 1999 160
The Man Who Lies {L Homme qui ment),
Alain Robbe-Grillet, 1968 163

Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927 and 1983 165
Oedipus Rex {Edipo re). Pier Paolo Pasolini, 1967 167
Once Upon a Time in the West {Cera una volta il west),
Sergio Leone, 1 969 1 70

Patty Hearst, Paul Schrader, 1988 1 72
The Pawnbroker, Sidney Lumet, 1965 174
The Pittsburgh Trilogy, Stan Brakhage, 1972 177
Planet of the Apes, Franklin J. Schaffner, 1968 179
Playtime, Jacques Tati, 1 967 181
Pride of the Marines, Delmer Daves, 1945 184
Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock, 1960 186
Punch-Drunk Love, Paul Thomas Anderson, 2002 188
Querelle, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, 1982 191
Resident Evil, Paul W. S. Anderson, 2002 193
Rosetta, Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne, 1999 195
Rumble Fish, Francis Ford Coppola, 1983 197
The Samurai {Le Samourai), Jean-Pierre Melville, 1967 199
Satyricon, Federico Fellini, 1969 202
Scarface, Brian De Palma, 1 983 204
Scorpio Rising, Kenneth Anger, 1968 206
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Seduced and Abandoned {Sedotta e abbandonata),

Pietro Gernni, 1 964 208
Shaft, Gordon Parks Jr, 1971 211
The Shining, Stanley Kubrick, 1980 213
Some Kind of Wonderful, Howard Deutch, 1 987 215
The Spirit of the Beehive {El espirltu de la colmena),
Victor Erice, 1973 218
Stalker, Andrei Tarkovsky, 1979 220
Stand By Me. Rob Reiner, 1 986 222
The Straight Story, David Lynch, 1 999 225
Suspiria, Dario Argento, 1977 227
Sympathy for the Devil {One Plus One), Jean-Luc Godard, 1 968 ... .229
Talk Radio, Oliver Stone, 1988 232

Taxi Driver, Martin Scorsese, 1 976 234
Teenage Rebellion, Norman T. Herman, Richard Lester, 1967 236
Temptress Moon {Feng yue) Chen Kaige, 1996 238
Tron, Steve Lisberger, 1 982 242
Vagabonde {Sans toit ni loi), Agnes Varda, 1985 244
Videodrome, David Cronenberg, 1983 246
Violated Angels {Okasareta hakui), Koji Wakamatsu, 1967 248
Way of the Dragon {Meng Long Guojiang), Bruce Lee, 1972 250
Index 253
Acknowledgments
Thanks go to: Andrew Lockett for commissioning this thoroughly
a-literate book; Adrian IVlartin for continual and ongoing encouragement

and feedback on my writing on film sound and music; Rod Bishop and
Les Walkling for allowing me to develop my Soundtrack courses over the
years at RMIT Media Arts, plus my hyperactive take-no-shit students; Paul
Schutze and Alessio Cavallaro for enabling publishing of my work; Tony

Herrington at The Wire for allowing me to develop the 'Secret History of
Film Music' series; Keith Gallasch and Virgina Baxter at Real Time for
allowing me to develop the 'Cinesonic' series; all the amazing guests
who attended the Cinesonic international conferences on film scores and

sound design, plus my key staff - Megan Spencer, Emma Bortignon,
Scott Goodings, Monica Zetlin, Adam Milburn; and producers and
directors who have allowed me to put my ideas into practice on their
films and projects - Lizzette Atkins, Rod Bishop, David Cox, Marie
Craven, John Cruthers, Fiona Eagger, Tanya Hill, Vince Giarrusso, Ana
Kokkinos, Aida Innocente, Daniel Scharf, liana Schulman, Sarah Zadeh,
Lynne B. Williams, Monica Zetlin.

Introduction
Chimera cinema
Welcome to a vital component of the cinematic experience: the
soundtrack. An awkward realm where grand symphonies collide with
overhead helicopters in panoramic spectacle; a bloodied field where

composers and sound designers come to blows during the final mix; a
deep pit of disinformation from which are echoed truisms like 'modern
movies are too noisy', 'only orchestras can produce quality music', 'film
sound should be natural', 'film music works best when you don't notice
it', and 'the art of movies died with the coming of sound'.
Clearly, the soundtrack is a chimera of the cinema. It is sound and
noise; noise and music; music and speech; speech and sound. At no
point can it be distilled into a form which allows us to safely state its
essential quality. The soundtrack is a world caught in eternal
disequilibrium by two meta-forces: filnn scores - the commissioned
composition of music for specific scenes - and sound design - the

conceptualisation of how dialogue, sound effects and atmospheres are
edited and mixed to provide the sound for a scene. Despite the many
existing ways in which critics and practitioners tend to separate the two
forces, they continue to combine according to a unique, mutative and
hermetic logic - little of which conforms to literary models, operatic
figures, painterly diagrams or photographic allusions. In order to accept
this inability of sound and music to be essenced from each other, one
has to think with one's ears.
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The cinesonic womb

Sonic beings at our deepest and most unconscious level, we are shaped
by sonar and aquatic sensations well before we are birthed into air and
light. The sensorium of the womb is our primary induction into sound.
The cun/aceous film theatre returns us directly to a psycho-physical zone
of uterine impressions: deep rumbles, pink noise, shifting timbres, spatial
reflections, swelling rhythms. Much has been made of the cinema as
some sort of primordial social cave for storytelling. The cinema is a womb
where the sonic prevails.
We say we 'watch' movies, but the 'cinesonic' experience is far more

than a mere optical event. Try watching a film with no sound: gone is its
power, emotion, drama, vitality. Shut your eyes and listen to the
soundtrack, and through the blackness one can be excited by the
orchestration of voices, atmospheres, effects and music. This is how the
sonic engulfs us in the unfolding audiovisual carnival that is the cinema.
Yet like a mysterious hieroglyphic stream, those squiggly white lines
to the left of the celluloid film strip lay silent even to the inquiring eye -
under-theorised, presumed unimportant, yet vital to the history of
audiovisuality, and integral to technological advances in the
entertainment industries over the past twenty-five years. You know this
without realising it. But thanks to years of optical and literal orientation,
you articulate filmic experience through words which use visual
metaphors. Though after a few simple pointers about how sound works,
the most complex issues of the soundtrack's narrative power can become
remarkably evident.
Planet sound
This book will guide you through the audiovisual layering of a wide
range of films, as eclectic in their collection as they are essential in their
status. Instead of forcing these varied movies into a pre-fab mould for
ascribing significance, they are discussed to demonstrate how they shoot
us back into the noise of reality - into its psychological sonorum which
affects our everyday sense of time, space, mass, force, presence. The first
bird of morning, a distant siren at midnight, a woman's scream next

door, your baby's giggle, the last breath of your dying father, that
inopportune phone ring, that heavenly voice - these are not mere 'sound
effects' to you or me. Nor do they ever behave so in a film.
Night clubs, the ocean, tunnels, elevator muzak, stadium concerts,

shopping malls, Walkmans, home theatres, subway PAs, forests,
freeways, televisions in the next room while we eat breakfast - we are
surrounded by sonic spaces. You have experienced all this - but little has
been said about how cinema revives and reworks these temperate aural
realities which direct your everyday momentum.
Braille for the deaf

in an attempt to move away from many well-applied literary and visual
frameworks through which the cinema has been perceived, structural

models of meaning are disavowed in favour of flow charts of effects.
Following the voluminous ways in which sound and music become manifest,
every film covered in the book is treated primarily as a spatio-temporal event
whose movement, denouement and performance is cited and noted for its
audiovisual impact. Fundamentally, this requires a different mode of writing
whose 'flow' is more important in its capture, replay and rendering of a

film's momentum, than it is in summarising, reducing or even encapsulating
a film's signifying skeleton. A kind of 'Braille for the deaf is required.
While many 'classics of cinema' are absent from this book, its focus on
the complexity of the soundtrack uncovers that the more interesting and
engrossing films may not be those missing 'classics', but those whose
soundtracks psychologically excite the auditory membrane. The ultimate aim
of this book is to induce a consciousness of how the soundtrack operates
on what we presume to be our perceptual facilities for comprehending film.
Diagnosing the modern

All 100 entries move forward from the view that modernism is
destruction: a decimation of all that has naturally grown by itself. Cinema

is a spectacular practice of this destruction: Frankensteinian in its
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assemblage, Futurist in its bombast. All that is modern in cinema is the
result of technological, metaphysical and existential inquiry. Cinema's

modern audiovisuality therefore has less to do with the enlightened
Classical arts of literature, theatre, painting - even music; it has more to
do with endoscopic exploration, plastic surgery, chemical alteration,

eiectroshock therapy and nerve stimulation. And when cinema does
appear to be natural. Romantic, Classical - that's when it's at its most
artificial, most inhuman, most unreal.
This book is thus concerned with, swayed by and attracted to cinema
which exhibits the scars, make-up and covering of these operations upon
its corpus, and whose soundtracks acknowledge the mutated state of
being which arises from decentred and deconstructed audiovisual

distribution. These are the films that are textually filtrated with the voices
of Glenn Gould, Phil Spector, Luigi Russolo, John Cage, Roland Barthes,
Link Wray, Erik Satie, Kraftwerk, Yoko Ono, Harry Partch, Jimi Hendrix
and Karlheinz Stockhausen, among others. While this brethren may not
appear to be directly connected to the cinema, enough films have been
made in the last century to form a complex webbing to their work and
philosophies so as to constitute a sizeable body nominated herewith as
'the modern soundtrack'.

Threaded throughout this book's films are the key transformations by
which the modern soundtrack is manifest:
(i) ruminations on the nature of recorded sound;
(ii) the bombastic deployment of sound effects;
(iii) the spatialisation of atmospheres and environments;
(iv) orchestral collapses and interiorisations;
(v) celebrations of electricity;
(vi) the weaving and threading of songs; and

(vii) the processing of vocal grain.
A brief discussion of each of these technical and symbolic manoeuvres

follows.
The nature of sound

Sound has many layers to its manifestation. While established discourses
enable separation and focus to perceive how sound occurs, it is only on
the film soundtrack that all the conflicting discourses of sound are
uncontrollably collided.
Basic layers of sound would be the physical - how sound moves

through air and other substances; the neurological - how sound is
received by the ear and processed by the brain; the psychological - how
sound is perceived, interpreted and associated with the self, its emotional
state and its mental composure. Note how these basic layers virtually form
a linear pathway from event to reception to comprehension, each with its
territorial break-away path hightailing it back to subsets of the sciences.

But sound has other routes which can cross, overpass or merge with
the above rationalist triangulation. A secondary set of layers would be

the psychoacoustic - how the physics of sound are irrevocably tied to the
conditions of listening and the mental adjustment to sound's situation;
the phonological - how sound is reconstructed in the acts of recording,
encoding and rendering; and the performative - how sound as an event
unfolds and reveals itself as gesture, occurrence and shape.

Whenever sound occurs in conjunction with image, its status cannot
be qualified, described or annotated by any one layer of our cinesonic

sextet outlined above. Issues of physical reality, personal memories,
interpretative reading and aural appreciation will be invoked in the
attempt to digest such an event. And yet the audiovisual event will
remain fraught with mystery: is it a statement? a documentation? a

symbol? an incision? a dimension?
Modern soundtracks are those that illustrate either a single
heightened sensation of one of these layers - as an act of artificial
rupture and dislocation, considering that all six modulate and affect each
other in differing proportion - or an overload of all layers - as a
demonstration of sound's ability to overcome and obliterate. The 'nature

of sound' in this sense is not a/any/all sound's essential or absolute guise
(as such divination is impossible) but its irrefutable behaviour, distinctive
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apparition and ingrained purpose. It eschews any essence as to what it
might be - as if it is a metaphor pointing to some sonic soul that has
motivated the act of description - and instead accepts its pliability,
malleability and flexibility as its power.

The nature of sound is thus overtly coded and transmitted as a self-
reflexive act in The Conversation (1974), where an audio surveillance

specialist becomes so obsessed with a particular recording that his world
is transformed. Blue (1993) contains no images bar a blue screen, yet its
soundtrack is used as an intensely personal 'sonic diary'. The nature of

sound can be constituted as an amplified stream of erotica as in
Temptress Moon (1996), or it can be a debilitating shell-shock embodying

familial discord, as in The Straight Story (1999). All these discrete
manifestations and more are each their own exemplar, their own
evidence of the nature of sound.
The bombast of effects

For some, sound in the cinema is a form of noise pollution, as if its
energy is overbearing, dominating and numbing. This has formed the
basis for arguing that cinema's audiovisual loudness is some awful pop
culture noise constituting an unnecessary interference to the artful act of
communicating cinematically. For others, film sound is the welcomed

'bombast of effects' which cinema uniquely delivers.
In the realm of the modern soundtrack, this is where sound may

appear to be an attack on the audience. Far from it: sound is hurled,
jettisoned and directed at the audience only in order to figure how

sound can resonate with the body of the viewer; how sound itself can
attain a bodily presence which sets up a sensational dialogue with our
bodies and minds.
This is where animism overrides humanism, in testament to sound's

transformative power and its extant energy. Sound energises the space
between that which is broadcast and that which is received, thereby
maximising the act of listening (in the Cageian sense) and quelling any
notion that intaking film entails a contract of passive consumption. The
bombast of effects states that sound comes from the screen not in an act
of 'describing' what the screen holds, but in an act of becoming itself, of
coming alive. This constitutes an entirely different operation from
'reading', 'understanding' or 'deciphering' the 'meaning of sound'.

Sound's bombast on the modern soundtrack is authorless and inhuman,
yet directional and affecting.
When this sonic animism intersects with and modulates the human
drama which propels the bulk of storytelling in the cinema, the former
does not preclude or negate the latter. If anything, a heightened
humanism can be expressed when one accepts the base power of sound
as something greater than the fictionalised personages and imagined

psyches which populate the cinema. Modern soundtracks which take this
recourse in their sound design and mixage generate awe-inspiring results,
opening up the cinema to broader statements of life.
Hyper thrillers like Angel Dust (1995) and unclassifiable pornography

like Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens (1979) certainly bombard the
audience with a barrage of psycho-sexual blips, glitches, gulps and
groans - but in order to analyse audience response to unsettling modes

of sexual exchange. Science-mysteries like The Birds (1963) and wild
cartoons like Guided Muscle (1955) form massed attacks on the audience
with alienating noise and explosive sonics - but in order to symbolise the
subjective viewpoints of their characters' tribulations. And films like M

(1931) and The Innocents (1961) zone in on the audience to conduct
experiments on them with great subtlety and precision - but in the
process generate a chillingly distilled cinema on par with the most

bombastic.
The marvel of space

Somewhere between the death of live musical accompaniment to so-
called silent cinema and the wide application of Dolby surround sound in
theatres, the soundtrack lay spatially dormant. That is, whatever 'space'
was signified by any on-screen or off-screen sound was technologically
and ontologically streamed from the front-on emission of the screen.
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This, however, was a tenuous negation of all that defines sound

according to laws of physics. You need space for sound to occur, and
sound can only be manifest through agent, action and auditor coexisting
in a shared or correlated space. Sound and music that surround us in the
everyday are mostly detached from the scopic. This tends towards a split
between the consciousness of sound - that impelled by acts of listening,
notions of importance and relevance, and objects of aural desire - and its
unconsciousness - that requiring only the slightest act of hearing, placing

sound as backgrounded, unfocused, diffused, ambienced.
Cinema has had to build upon its soundtrack a complete
restructuring of the networking between the sonically conscious and the
aurally unconscious. Film scores and sound design would be two historical
crafts and industrial operations which contribute to this, developing

myriad ways that manipulate the audience into simulated shifts between
the conscious and unconscious. While categorical recognition of all that is
not-music (i.e. sound) and all that is not-sound (i.e. music) is the prime
and somewhat narrowing linguistic purpose of film audiovision,
identification of location, direction and space must also be controlled
while the audience is fixed on staring at a screen in front of them.
The movie screen psycho-optically suggests not only a window onto

the world but also the feeling of being trapped in a black box. You are
deprived of even the base power of sight you have when you choose to
idly look out a window; your view is held, changed, designed beyond
your will. The 'marvel of space' arises from your sitting in isolation in the
cinema's black box, subjected to an array of sounds, many of which have

no direct relation to that which appears on the screen. Not only do
various types of sounds appear gratuitously, illogically, irrationally, they
also shift through the black space which engulfs you. You are excited
and terrified by that which is beyond the perimeters of the screen and
that which sounds behind you.
When perceived in this way, the modern soundtrack is in no way a
slave in service to the image: film sound/music moulds a key for

realigning our consciousness to a non-hierarchical order of the senses.
We might not have eyes in the back of our heads, but our ears can hear
everything behind our head as well as all that is in front of our eyes. The
modern soundtrack delights in rejoining actualised space to projected
image - to lever listening over seeing - either symbolically as in House By

The River (1950) and Stalker (1979); cosmologically as in Close
Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and Contact (1997); or

technologically as in Lost Highway (1997) and Cast Away (2000).
The collapse of the orchestra

The swirling sonic grandeur of a symphony orchestra is considered to be
a sign of 'production value' for many cinemagoers - so much so that the
orchestra's harmonic richness typifies 'the sound of film music'.
Innumerable film scores feature a bellowing orchestra echoing the

cavernous majesty of Richard Wagner and the acidic sweetness of
Richard Strauss. Certainly, film music can reference these composers'
work, and do so with imagination and verve. But there are other
options.
There have been a number of rebukes of how orchestral beauty and

grandeur had been envisioned and employed in the preceding four
centuries. Composers-cum-theorists who enabled this in the first half of
the 20th century (Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Bela Bartok, Edgar
Varese, Anton Webern, Pierre Boulez, Iannis Xenakis, Kryzsztof
Penderecki, Olivier Messiaen and Gyorgy Ligeti to name a few)
collectively reimagined, reinvented and reconfigured the orchestra as a
new compositional apparatus and sound-generating machine, while
using the materials, methods and meanings endeared by preceding

centuries' rationale of orchestral composition.
The technological democratisation of the soundtrack - where all
becomes abstractly sonic despite its linguistic crafting - should have

welcomed the cinematised orchestra to be rendered more akin to the
modernist techniques of the aforementioned avant-garde composers. But
it has remained a withering pursuit in the rigidly codified terrain of the
film score. There, a reduced emotional range is guarded by harmonic
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sentinels - the major and minor modes - who rationalise psychological
nuance. Atonality is allowed on the film score mostly to signify the

Other: the monstrous, the grotesque, the aberrant. Like the ultimate
death which must befall the movie monster, the presence of atonality
must be marked as transgressive and unforgiving. Far from being

emancipated (as per Schoenberg's wish), dissonance is condemned.
While the storytelling impulses which crazily guide a populist movie
may be rendered thin and shallow by classical notions of myth or the
purist ideals of the avant-garde, those impulses are astounding when

gauged by modern and post-modern audiovisual perception. Many a
modern soundtrack vibrantly celebrates the collapse of the orchestra:
from Bernard Herrmann's dissonant transsexuality in Psycho (1960) and

de-jazzed asexuality in Taxi Driver (1976) to Toru Takemitsu's
psychological soundscape in Araslii ga ol<a (1988) and pathological

noise-quake in Kaidan (1964), the deeper inner power of the orchestral
machine resonates boldly in the cinema.
The rise of electricity

in its amalgamation of the plastic arts, cinema never experiences a
dilemma in foregrounding the painterly, the theatrical, the choreographic,
the photographic or the acoustic. All these modes of depiction, their
historical artistry and their specific disciplines are regarded as 'cinematic'

when they are blended onto the screen. But what about the electric?
Cinema that shows its electrical circuitry is generally unwanted despite its
revelation of its technological being. A chemo-electrical medium if ever
there was one, cinema is preferred to look photographic, sometimes
concede to being theatrical, but always to sound acoustic. Yet the 'rise
of electricity' on the modern soundtrack's film score breaks this aural
ordinance via its unabashed display of rocl< instrumentation - where

electricity connotes volume and vulgarity - and electronic synthesisers -
where electricity connotes unhumanness and unnaturalism.

Evoking its lumpen weight and compacted form, the word 'rock'
perfectly describes the granulitic, gravity-bearing power of a music

100 MODERN SOUNDTRACKS 11
predicated on volume, mass and density. No wonder it has been granted
scant environmental hold in the shimmering, flickering world of cinema
and its ghostly evocation of wispy imagery. Historically, cinema is a
machine of the phantasmagorical: a play upon the fantastic evocation of
impossible images and imaginable scenes. When rock music occurs on
the film soundtrack, it smashes that arcana of slide projections and light
shows with volcanic force. The air becomes thick and sound degenerates
into noise - reminding us that hidden behind the silver screen's porous
fabric are speakers.
While rock was spawned by the horizontal spread of the recording

industry, synthesisers have grown from the vertical sprout of the
electronic academy. This, however, has not ensured it a lofty perch
within cinema; quite the opposite, the extremities of its electrification
have garnered it a most remote address. Electronics - taking in
everything from unpitched oscillators and tone generators and over-
reverberant clangs and scrapes, to googly bleeps of electrified fakeness
and synthesisers emulating strings, choirs and flutes - are pictured as

android when they touch any other sonic or musical element on the film
soundtrack. But this is the seductive charm of synthesisers: they can do
the one thing humans cannot do - be inhuman.

Fortunately, historical slivers of rock-scoring and synth-scoring trail
across the body of cinema like barely visible scars. From screaming
theremins in Russian sci-fi of the 50s to fuzzed guitars in American biker
movies of the 60s to wailing organs in Italian and French sex movies of
the 70s to sequenced synthesisers in MTV-styled crime movies of the
80s, the underbelly of cinema is tattooed with all manner of rock, funk
and electronica. Recording studio productions predicated on fuzz, wah

and echoplex - Susplria (1977), Teenage Rebellion (1967), Shaft (1971)
- experiments in amplified form for cinema out-on-a-limb - Dead Man
(1995), Rumble Fish (1983), Sympathy for the Devil (1968) - and
monstrous reconstructions of that which purists cannot even call music
- Forbidden Planet (1954), Escape from New York (1981), Scarface
(1983).
The fabric of song

An unfortunate elitism places song at the peripheries of music's artistry,
as if song's ephemeral, transitory and disposable nature discounts
meaning, significance or statement. Opera is allowed song - but via the
pure and controlled streaming of known mythological shapes through
dramatic exposition. The 'phantom voicing' of the libretto is replicated in
the bulging diaphragms of its singers whose contralto implies that the
purity of their un-breathed tone allows 'pure' musical narrative form to

be annunciated spiritually.
In the more common sense, song is the noise of the crowd;
authorless per citation, but 'authorful' per density of reference and
spread of relevance. Song is an expression of the vernacular, the vulgar,

the vocal; and like a healthy breeding unit, it facilitates the production of
more song. Class associations with this notion of song have for centuries
relegated it to the lower domains of culture, as its lack of rarefaction
qualifies it full of impurity. Songs in film have long been cited by a wide
range of cultures and historical periods as a wet blanket for the
artistically enlightened and a succulent teat for popular audiences. The
dawn of cinema - up to and through the entrenchment of sound cinema

- was a rowdy populist din echoing the market noise of Tin Pan Alley,
desperate to employ song to characterise, identify and commodity the

new technological industry of entertainment.
Song, therefore, wears its origins loudly and distastefully as far as
most film aesthetes are concerned. But this is irony of a high order, for
the core of the disrecognition of song is the assumption of it being form

- when it is fabric. Its patterning is the result of complex micro-structural
activity, wherein overall effect arises from a less discernible organisation
of collective energies. Film in this sense could be regarded as being more
song than anything else: both exhibit this same formal multiplicity,
compounded plasticity, and aggregated expression. Films emblazoned

with modern soundtracks tend to be those which aspire to the condition
of music generally, song especially. Their incorporation of the 'fabric of
song' proceeds their knowledge of the power of song, allowing song

primacy of place in their radiophonic narratives where story is not 'told'
but more broadcast, transmitted and mixed.

Like a monstrously large warehouse of material, the fabric of song
can contain many sheens, patterns and colours in its cinematic cut.
American Graffiti (1973) uses songs of an epoch to transport one back in
time not for evocation, but to plonk one down in the radiophonic terrain
of the 60s. The Ballad of Narayama (1958) uses song to speak from a
long and respectful lineage in kabuki theatre, where numerous side-
narrations in song form are integral to the multi-faceted experience of its
stories. The Colour of Pomegranates (1969) uses song in the archaic
iconic tradition, referencing its propensity to frame the pre-musical
domain of the lyrical, and to then poetically realise those shapes in
cinematic guise. The list is as long as a song that never ends.
The grain of the voice

Speech is a particularly self-gratifying trait of humans. Amazed by our
control of intellectual concepts and abstract language through words
spoken and written, we confer respect and power upon those who
articulate, narrate, dictate, orate. The power of speech, the control over
language and the kingdom of the written all account for cinema's
prioritisation of speech on the soundtrack.
Yet closer inspection of film speech reveals it rarely to be a voice,
and mostly an aural stream of the written, where actors - as per stage
dramaturgy - are empty vessels through which the words of the author
are breathed. The advent of the soundtrack - initially discounted by
conservatives - technologically empowered the archaic domain of
theatre and its literary templates, even though theatre rejected cinema's
modernism. Theatre needn't have worried: the recorded voice was as

powerful a written edict as any legal declaration of literature's
dictatorial regime. Speech - the manifestation of scripted dialogue -

mostly roots cinema in the written and inures a deafness to the spoken:
to the materiality of the voice, its fibrous utterance and its sensual
frottage.
To rescue the cinematic voice from being muffled and muted by

this conservatism requires the most extreme deprogramming of any of
our cinesonic sextet of aural layers that define the modern soundtrack.
Films which foreground the 'grain of the voice' have to resort to the
most obtuse methods and uncompromising means, abstracting the
voice as delivery to hold onto its physicality. The voice is an
undeniably erotic and eroticised device. In cinema, it can be the
aurally fragrant wisps of the siren, the orgasmic spluttering of bodies
pushing themselves to the limit, the thigh-quivering roar of the
omnipotent phallus, the stratospheric soars of the diva, the virginal
ripeness of the pre-pubescent androgyne, the arousing maturity of the
deep and husky crone. Further, these sexual modes can be conveyed
through the exotic appeal and lure of a thick accent or an unknown
language; the iconic drawl and familiar ring of a rich and fulsome
identity; or the acoustic, electronic or digital distillation of timbrel
colour and breath.
Modern soundtracks centred on the grain of the voice are either
those that employ the voice not as a tool but as an instrument, or those
that utilise speech not for content but for its orchestration. These streams
- sometimes parallel, sometimes perpendicular, sometimes conjoined to

each other - emanate from pre-literary or non-written realms: the
confessional mutterings of the diaristic; the multiple identities of the
schizophrenic; the suppressed expression of the traumatised; the
misguided directives of the lovelorn; the screaming noise of the aberrant.

Their vocal trajectory and non-vocal suction displace words and re-centre
the act of speaking as a dramatic fulcrum to certain films' narrative
purpose. / Spit On Your Grave (1978) and Rosetta (1999) generate a

deafening and disturbing silence through the refusal of speech by their
characters. California Split (1974) and Dr Dolittle (1998) strike extremes
of psychological disequilibrium through their cacophonous excess of
speech. Last Year at Marienbad (1959) and The Man Who Lies (1968)
treat voice as nothing but an unstoppable widening of the gulf which

separates truth from all acts of inscription.
Troubleshooting
l/lZ/iy aren't there any musicals in this book? We are focused here on the
modern soundtrack as (i) a multi-realm where sound, music, noise and

speech repel and attract each other; (ii) a meta-terrain where all practical
definitions of sound are collided; and (iii) a hyper-dimension where the

becoming of sound overwhelms any separate cine-linguistic mode of
expression. The conventions of the musical relate to pre-modern

manifestations of the soundtrack which - with comparative comfort -
facilitated and allowed forms of opera and theatre to be integrated into
cinematic form. Classical Hollywood musicals would then be more
documentaries than anything else in their cinematic assimilation of the
spatial warp between the Broadway stage and the Hollywood

soundstage. A separate book would better service 'the modern musical'.
Where are the auteurs in this book? Credits for each film appear at
the bottom of each entry - but names are largely absent in the
accompanying text. This is in recognition of sound's animist being - its
pre- and post-human aura - which seizes the sonic senses with utmost
embrace. When I hear helicopters and synthesisers swirl around me,
infused in the stereo retreat and lurch of 'The End' in Apocalypse Now
(1979), my mind is not picturing Coppola, Murch and Morrison as if their
heads are carved in stone in front of the theatre speakers - even though
sound designers and film composers comprise the artists and artisans for
materialising the soundtrack. Each entry is focused on the sensorial,

phenomenological and perceptual dynamism of the soundtrack
discussed. The reader is invited to listen along these lines.
What can do I with this book? This book is not a manual for general
use: it is designed to aid in perceiving these films of a peculiar sono-
musical bent. You may not be able to 'apply' its ideas to something else.
You might be able to find other films by the same director, composer
and/or sound designer that have similar aspects and interests as those of
their works cited here, but more likely than not there will be little
correlation or continuity. The ideas in this book have grown directly from
the films cited - each entry only touching on some of the film's pertinent
cinesonic issues - and in no way preceded the films. Hyper-materialist in
orientation, the assertion of this thing called 'the modern soundtrack' is a
guide to itself; the films collectively comprise a map, but like a
technological palimpsest, it needs to be continually rewritten.

Akira
Japan, 1988- 124 mins
Katsuhiro Otomo
The character Tetsuo in Akira is a quintessential post-nuclear being.
Emblematic of the film's seminal cyberpunk themes, he is able to exist
beyond the putative constrictions of physical existence. He transforms

physically; he projects psychically; he transports himself between spatio-
temporal dimensions. Tetsuo's anger often erupts in a series of shock
waves, hurling balls of energy which emanate from his being and rupture
his surrounding physical surfaces like a ball pressed into clay.
The central physical agent and symbolic receptacle of energy in
Akira, Tetsuo makes his mark in ways analogous to sound: through a
series of waves, patterns and disturbances upon material surfaces. Cast

in a peculiarly Japanese physicality, his presence is like that of a
Akira: a cosmologicaiiy sonic film

catligrapher's brush on paper or a samurai's sword on flesh, all being

symptomatic of channelling energy through the body to leave a mark of
that energy's dispersion. This also happens to be the way in which sound
manifests itself through air and upon surfaces.
Moving continually through these scales of materiality, Akira is a
cosmologically sonic film. It positions all spaces and environments to

capture recordings of energy waves and lines. Atomic bomb blasts leave
huge craters downtown; an ESPer's piercing scream shatters glass
buildings; psychic energy causes subterranean chambers to rise and

rupture the overground. At its most extreme, the architecture oi Akira is
rendered not as solid form, but as a network of recordable surfaces.

Logically, the soundtrack highlights how energy waves and lines perform
in this manner by exploring the various ways that sound can be
temporally split from image, for we most notice the effect of sound
when it does not obey the constriction of image. In Akira. the sound of
destruction is thus asynchronous. As a single percussive incident, it is
mistimed to the visual moment of destruction; as an aural passage, it is
delayed from the visual sequence of destruction.

When Kanada tries to shoot Tetsuo with a laser gun at the start of
their final showdown in the empty stadium, Tetsuo hurls an energy ball
towards him. As the veins build on his forehead in a spread of humoral
tributaries, so does the concrete break up due to fault lines fanning out
as if responding to an earthquake. The synchronous relation between the
dynamic events is thus delayed, extended and established as a running
counterpoint to the visual action.
When the SOL satellite beam is first sent down to the stadium, the
audiovisual delays in the Kanada-Tetsuo fight are transformed into a
complete dislocation between sound and image. The atmosphere

becomes enveloped by a bright blue haze; a deadly silence befalls the
scene; a thin ray of light appears; gravity is altered as small pebbles
slowly rise. Then the soundtrack erupts in a series of explosions as the
ground is carved up by the beam like a gigantic samurai sword slicing
across concrete. In response to this audiovisual rupture, Tetsuo beams

himself up past the threshold of earth's atmosphere. There in the
silence of space, he rips apart the satellite. Visual explosions appear, but
the soundtrack is dead silent. On numerous occasions in Akira, the
most devastating destruction comes from energy so intense it
appropriately appears to be beyond the recording range of the
soundtrack.
Dir: Katsuhiro Otomo; Prod: Shunzo Kato, Ryohei Suzuki; Scr: Katsuhiro Otomo, Izo
Hashimoto; DOP: Katsuji Misawa; Editor: Takeshi Seyama; Score: Shoji Yamashiro; Sound
Recording Director: Susumu Akitagawa; Sound Effects Supervisor: Shizuo Kusahashi;
Sound Recording Supervisor: Tetsuo Segawa; Sound Recording Architect: Keiji Urata;
Voice Cast: Mitsuo Iwata, Nozomu Sasaki, Mami Koyama, Tessho Genda.
American Graffiti
US, 1973-1 10 mins
George Lucas
While memories least accord to chronological and linear organisation in
their recall, their selective use in movie 'flashbacks' forces them into
determined sequences, usually to withhold information as much as

convey it. American Graffiti employs a 'social flashback' by casting its
narrative into the past and asking its audience to remember the era:
'Where were you in '62?'
Yet in contrast to the ellipses and fragmentation which normally
occur during flashbacks, American Graffiti's events are synced to slabs of
real-time radio broadcast on the last night of summer vacation in
California's suburban Valley in 1962. The early 60s was a major transition
of radio consumption in America, moving from the family-rooted living-
room fixture of its aural hearth, to multi-market points of multiplied
reception, resulting from public address systems in drive-through
premises and transistor and car radios of newly mobile teenagers.
American Graffiti captures a sonic landscape of how radio was broadcast

in this epoch, through a cartographic overview of the teenagers'
movements from school to burger joints to hops to drive-ins to lovers'
lanes. As we follow them through these spaces, we audition stark
contrasts in the acoustic toning of each environment, feeling the echoic
spread in parking lots and the compressed tinny quality of hand-held
transistors.
Within this articulated sonar field, famous songs by Buddy Holly,
Chuck Berry and others do not simply replace film score, nor do they
merely provide historical contextualisation for the film. Due to their
acoustic rendering throughout American Graffiti, they serve as a base
terrain that maps teenage mobility. As a forecast of so-called 'short
attention spans', the editing of American Graffiti generates a set of
synaptic jumps within any one song's objective whole: the song's form
continues the cycling of its verse/chorus pleasure principle, while aspects
and angles of the form are fractured in sonic cubism courtesy of greater
Los Angeles' architecture and urban design.
Plot momentum and direction rejoin this aural thematic as Curt's
(Dreyfuss) attraction to the radio DJ (who creates a community of kids
through his rock'n'roll broadcast) leads him to station XERB. There we

meet none other than Wolfman Jack (an original DJ from the era now
playing himself some years on). Regarded as a 'voice' of Curt's
generation, his role within American Graffiti is as sage to Curt's dawning

search for meaning. American Graffiti's subtextual implication of
rock'n'roll songs being the source of greater meaning which require

one's journey of discovery within their corridors is refreshingly respectful
of pop and music.
Dir: George Lucas; Prod: Francis Ford Coppola, Gary Kurtz; Scr: George Lucas, Gloria Katz,
Willard Huyck; DOP: Jan D'Alquen, Ron Eveslage; Editor: Verna Field, George Lucas, Maria
Lucas; Songs: includes Bill Haley and the Comets, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, the Beach Boys,
Del Shannon, Frankie Lynnon and the Teenagers, the Platters, the Diamonds, Joey Dee and
the Starlighters, the Big Bopper, Fats Domino, Bobby Freeman, Johnny Burnette, the Clovers,
Booker T and the MGs; Sound Design: Walter Murch; Main Cast: Richard Dreyfuss, Ron
Howard, Paul Le Mat, Charles Martin Smith, Cindy Williams, Candy Clark, Wolfman Jack.
Angel Dust {Enjeru dasuto)

Japan, 1995- 117mins
Sogo Ishii
It is near impossible to separate Angel Dust's sound design from its film
score. This aural puzzle is in part a reconstruction of the film's Mobius

strip of thriller and mystery devices. A thriller envelope is shaped by the
Tokyo police in pursuit of a serial killer injecting women with poison
every Monday at 6 p.m. on the subway. A mystery envelope evolves
when they enlist psychiatrist Setsuko Suma (Minami) who seeks help
from her teacher Dr Rei Aku (Wakamatsu), who in turn may be

responsible for creating the serial killer following some experimental
deprogramming he conducted on radical cult members some years
earlier.
Wavering between an objective compiling of facts and the subjective

state of being mentally deprogrammed, Angel Dust's fusion of sound
design and film score constitutes a delicate yet assaulting collage of
musical fragments which hurtle, jettison and freeze mid-air throughout
the film like a series of alien objects. These score 'objects' are arranged
as pre-composed pieces savagely excerpted, cross-faded and inserted as

glimpses on one's aural periphery. No cues, no passages, no sections.
Only a broad band radiation of textures which signifies the presence of
musicality without advancing any music; like a live broadcast of the
soundtrack received by wildly flicking tuner dials on a bank of radios.
Music comes and goes, leaving one more conscious of its presence and
absence than its content; more massaged by the extremities of its
frequency range than by its formal orchestration.
In its frenetic editing and mixing. Angel Dust invokes a highly
materialist concept of the electronic globe: a sono-musical appreciation

of information technologies as opposed to immaterial ideas of global
media convergence. Angel Dust actively sounds this idea as it sculpts
noise, paints tones and casts timbres in reflection of its post-nuclear
environment, giving us a rush of shivers, spasms and stabs in the name

of music. Its soundtrack is the result of extending our currently saturated
noise-fields so bemoaned by 'acoustic ecologists' around the world.
Angel Dust actively refutes the simplistic negative connotations of noise

and instead reads noise as the gateway to fluid, elusive and redefining
notions of how sound floats around us, bombards us, tricks us and
responds to us. The cat-and-mouse game carried out by Setsuko and Dr
Aku sets up a psychological grid positioned in the contemporary noise-
field of Tokyo's metropolis of rumbling subways, reverberant corridors,

and rhythmic escalators; the hyperactive cut-and-paste of its sonic details
is crucial to capturing the sound of modern life.
Bathed in the cold green haze of fluorescent tubing. Angel Dust's

cinematography at times mimics a video aesthetic - a taste usually
repelled by film's so-called 'warmth'. The look of the film is thus a refusal
of its presumed identity, and imitates the sound design and film score's
replication of the other's form, shape and presence. The resulting

audiovisual hall of sonic mirages plays its own cat-and-mouse game with
the audience, as harmonious discord and tempered dissonance reflect a
Japanese philosophical acceptance of how beauty and ugliness are at

one with the other.
Dir: Sogo Ishii; Prod: Kenzo Horikoshi, Eiji Izumi, Taro Maki; Scr: Yorozu Ikuta, Sogo Ishii;
DOP: Norimichi Kasamatsu; Editor: Sogo Ishii, Hiroshi Matsuo; Score: Hiroyuki Nagashima;
Sound Recording: Nobuyuki Kikuchi; Main Cast: Kaho Minami, Takeshi Wakamatsu, Etsushi
Toyokawa, Ryoko Takizawa.

Apocalypse Now
US, 1979- 153 mins
Francis Ford Coppola
The Vietnam era has been historically mediarised as a McLuhanesque
rupture of the domestic by the electronic image (televised images with
little location sound and maximal voiceover reportage), leaving us to

presume that the sonic, the acoustic, the spatial and the psychoacoustic
had no role to play in 'Nam and interventionist conflicts around the
globe since. Apocalypse Now is arguably a 'self-mediarised text' in its
knowing relation to the sociology of images, yet the rigour with which it
pays attention to sound is notable. The film was influenced and guided
by documentary film-maker Eugene S. Jones, who supplied detailed
sono-spatial notes on just about every piece and component of

weaponry and ammunition used in the Vietcong field and jungle
conflicts. The in-the-field experience of Jones aided in forming a valuable
aural topology for Apocalypse Now.
Yet Apocalypse Now's 'reality effect' - much touted and cited by
cinema critics and the film's crew alike - runs counter to the
psychological portraiture with which the film primarily grapples.
Enmeshed in the contracting psychic space of Captain Willard (Sheen) at
a mental precipice, and Colonel Kurtz (Brando) lost in a black hole of
paranoia. Apocalypse Now creates a composite study of the points of
impact which guarantee post-war shock. Via Willard's ride down the
chopper-laden vertebrae of the Doors' 'The End' to the dark cave of

Kurtz's murmured invocation of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, we
recognise psyches that still reverberate, rack, shudder and flinch with
psychoacoustic replays of military 'noisefare' encoded into their being
and looped into uncontrollable and unpredictable cycles of playback and

feedback. As much a defiant veteran reclamation as an anguished anti-
war statement. Apocalypse Now renders sound as terror. It knows that
that bomb blast you survived haunts you with every loud slam of a car
door; that rocket launch whoosh you dodged taunts you with every
buffet of wind through overhead power lines. From the actual sonic
event in the past, to its acoustic resemblance in the present, to its
imaginary recall in one's mind, all sounds can trigger the same
disorienting asynchronism advanced by the audiovisual dislocation in war.
The original quadraphonic and later surround sound mixes of

Apocalypse Now promote this notion that war is noise. Tactical land
warfare reconfigures space as an amplified terrain of threatening sonic

occurrences whose indistinction and multiplicity confer sound as noise -
as a complete collapse of decipherable sound. Apocalypse Now
exemplifies this by cataloguing everything from faint rustles in the bush
Apocalypse Now: war as the ultimate dislocation of sound from image

to simulated bird calls in the jungle to rebounding echoic gunfire on
mountains as key signifiers of sound whose origin, source, perspective,
orientation, content and purpose are rendered invisible and hidden;

disguised and undisclosed. Ducking and diving, the film directs one to
experience an excess of the sonic with little or disparate visual
correlation. True to its life-threatening and death-affirming din - and in
total contradiction to the film's supposed veracity and all-bases-covered

sound design - war in Apocalypse Now thus becomes the ultimate
dislocation of sound from image.
Dir: Francis Ford Coppola; Prod: Francis Ford Coppola; Scr: John Milius, Francis Ford
Coppola, Michael Herr; DOP: Vittorio Storaro; Editor: Lisa Fruchtman, Gerald B. Greenberg,
Richard Marks, Walter Murch; Score: Carmine Coppola, Francis Ford Coppola; Sourced
Score: Richard Wagner; Sourced Songs: The Doors, Jimi Hendrix; Sound Design: Walter
Murch; Main Cast: Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Martin Sheen, Frederic Forest, Laurence
Fishburne, Dennis Hopper.

Arashi ga oka {Onimaru)

Yoshihige Yoshida
A meld of the seductive and the repulsive breathes through every

audiovisual fibre that cross-threads /Aras/i/ ga oka, a spare Eastern-Gothic
film loosely based on Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. Its atmospheric

story is focused on the gradual psychological decay of Onimaru
(Matsuda) after he disturbs a grave site. The film's cinematography
consistently frames Onimaru and others in graceful contemplative pose,
alienating their being in the spaces which trap them. Outdoors,
minuscule figures carve elegant lines of movement across the barren
spread of the Sacred Mountain (an unforgiving moonscape of volcanic

grey). Indoors, the same figures are frozen in hermetic relief against the
austere minimalism of the mountain's feudal mansions. Shifting between
these two states of portraiture, an interlocked film score responds to the
polarity of these settings.
Dynamically, the score enhances the many splits between emotional

states and unleashed action; between repressed silence and uncontrolled
utterance; between the vast ugly noise of the mountain and the strained
beautiful ambience of the mansion. Whenever we are inside, we hear
tuned wind draughts and tunnelled air vents; outside, we hear no natural
sound effects, only the murmur of music and the rumble of ill-defined
orchestration. Perceptively reverent of music's accord to film narrative,
the score actively de-composes music as the situation warrants it,
excusing itself of the heroic grandeur that typically accompanies high
drama in Western cinema. The central thematic of decay - mortal, moral,

mental - is clearly acknowledged in this approach.
With rooms that hum, wind that sings, walls that exhale and clothes
that sigh, Arashi ga oka is a most potent musical example of how the
Japanese soundtrack is the sound of the West turned inside out. This
inversion is achieved not merely through established Japanese notions of
wabi-sabi (the traditional aesthetic appreciation of flaws) and ero-guro

(late 20s literary formulae combining sex and violence), but via a long-
standing non-European legacy of what could be termed 'socio-acoustics'.
Buildings, clothing, roads, food - all are formulated along entirely
different materialist lines from those connected to Greek, Roman, Anglo-

Saxon or Nordic traditions. Floors in Japanese houses are designed to be
sounded, just as walls are designed to allow air through them; gardens
are minds, water is time, silence is space. Things simply aren't what we in
the West presume them to be. This means that our sense of Otherness
works differently in an Oriental exploration of Otherness. It also means

that how one designs sound for a room which allows outside sounds in,
runs contrary to established design protocol. Arashi ga oka voices this
through the heightened and mannered formation of its soundtrack.
When music is woven into this domestic fabric, the security blanket
of Romantic musical conventions is rendered full of holes. While literary
similarities can throw us life-savers and set up lighthouses for following

its story, the musicalised atmospherics and sonar instrumentality of
Arashi ga oka throw us deep into its aural mire of psychologically
inferred space.
Dir: Yoshihige Yoshida; Prod: Kazunobu Yamaguchi; Scr: Yoshihige Yoshida; DOP: Junichiro
Hayashi; Editor: Takao Shirae; Score: Toru Takemitsu; Sound: Sachio Kubota; Main Cast:
Yusaku Matsuda, Yuko Tanaka, Rentaro Mikuni, Tatsuro Nadaka.

The Ballad of Narayama {Narayama bushiko)

Japan, 1958-98mins
Keisuke Kinoshita
The Ballad of Narayama - centred on the crone Orin (Tanaka) as she is
about to retire to Mount Narayama and die now that she is seventy - is a
thoroughly cross-plotted, multi-voiced and double-checked transposition

of kabuki into cinematic form. The staging's artifice is glaringly apparent,
despite the comparatively 'natural' costuming of the characters. What is
less apparent is the way the camera's tracking shots constitute a mirrored
spatial articulation whose gesticulation meshes with the composed

movement of characters across the filmed stages. The camera is neither
documentary nor observational: it replicates stage direction similar to the
way scrims, backdrops and lighting actively 'compose space' directly in
front of one.
Yet The Ballad of Narayama is something more than merely a 'filmed

play'; its cultural specificity severs it from how the stage - in theatre and
cinema - is defined in the West. The physicality of Western theatre is
most perverse when it stages an outdoor environment under the roof of
an auditorium. And the 'liveness' of theatre is rendered morbid when the
stage is composed not of fabricated designs, but of trees, flowers, dirt,
water, smoke: when players become strangely animated dolls, or humans

trapped in an over-sized diorama. The performative essence of theatre -
its forward thrust of the human body and its vocal projection into the
auditorium - never escapes the taxidermist's frame which posits and

artificialises players far more than the stilted and much-critiqued
proscenium arch. Whereas modern Western theatre is crisis-ridden by
this, Japanese kabuki honours it in a glorification of the human as doll,
mechanism, statue, outline. The Ballad of Narayama' s transposition of

kabuki into the photographic realm of cinema is thus angled away from
Western cinema's audiovisual forms.
The 'score' for The Ballad of Narayama is presented in unerring
replication of kabuki's multiple musical narration: the onstage debayashi

The Ballad of Narayama: an audiovisual transposition of kabuki into cinematic form
group of musicians, the raised chobo and the joururi singer who
describes action, and the side-stage geza and its percussive
accompaniment. These musical 'voices' take turns in modulating their

description of the staged action, pausing at key points to allow an actor
a line or two, and underscoring the many incidents of dramatic
repression as actors withhold emotion in melodramatic pose. The pacing

of description, narration and musical evocation superbly matches the
movements of Orin as her ravaged body creeps from point A to B with a
drawn-out intensity. Her final journey to the mountain on the back of

her beloved son, Tatsuhei (Takahashi), takes on an epic scope, as the
gravity of this being her last journey weighs heavily on Tatsuhei's mind.
The music's palpable grain - all shimasen scratches, shakauhachi
squalls and biwa drones - foregrounds the energy of its performance,
diluting its linguistic effect and heightening its sonic presence.
Conversely, the near-total absence of atmospheres and sound effects
creates an aural tomb for the proceedings, all of which occur in exterior
or semi-exterior surrounds. And almost incongruously, music and

dialogue are imbued with 'room' ambience. Yet just as walking on the
floors of a traditional Japanese house sounds like you are walking on a

raised wooden stage, actual and illusory sound merge without conflict on
the kabuki stage. The Ballad of Narayama takes this further and
completely redistributes live and dead audiovisual elements across the
interlocking of its performative and staged platforms.
Dir: Keisuke Kinoshita; Prod: Masaharu Kokaji, Ryuzo Otani; Scr: Shichir Fukazawa, Keisuke
Kinoshita; OOP: Hiroyuki Kusuda; Editor: Yoshi Sugihara; Score: Chuji Kinoshita; Songs:
Matsunosuke Nozawa; Sound: Hisao One; Main Cast: Kinuyo Tanaka, Teiji Takahashi, Yuko
Mochizuki.
Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens

US, 1979-93 mins
Russ Meyer
Despite this film's openly pornographic visuals, Beneath the Valley of the
Ultra-Vixens' soundtrack ably competes with the film's hysterical imagery.
Multiple narrators, talking dildos, orgasmic screams, collisions between

muzak, radio, computer games and vinyl records all converge in a
flagrant disregard for any semblance of audiovisual balance, narrative

logic or symbolic sense.
The 'plot' - often deemed dismissable in pornography - has bearing

on Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens' cinematic realisation. Lavonia
(Natividad) throws out husband Rhett (Tracy) due to his desire to have
anal sex with her. This leads him down a path of various aberrant
exploits, while Lavonia embarks on ways to seduce him back to all
options apart from anal. A variety of characters reveal the outrageous

sexual grotesqueries of Small Town USA, each more bizarre and sexually
confronting than the other. With its shaft firmly planted in pornography
and only accidentally shooting itself into 'non-porn' cinema. Beneath the
Valley of the Ultra-Vixens involves a 'reading' akin to trying out a sexual
option to which one was hitherto blind. While outrageously camp on its
surface (no one ever plays anything with a wink or a nod), the film is
intent on making a mockery of those who presume the mainstream (as
represented by Small Town USA) to be prudish, narrow and

inexperienced. Yet it also rejects the expedient conventions of porn film-
making and instead proffers narrative interference which fuses character

with body in unusual ways.
The film's po-faced narration in the face of an array of utterly
gravity-defying bodily types suggests that an alternative physics operates
in this sexualised world. Forever turned-on, turned-up and sticking-out,
bodily parts within and without Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens
rule every frame and every second: continuity editing is discarded;
nominal mix levels rejected; synchronism intensified. The film resembles

more a hyper-cacophonic Warner Bros, cartoon staged on a Jacques Tati
set, but behaving like a hard-core unleashing of libidinal energy into a
Norman Rockwell centre-spread. The connections and relevance between

sound and image are - in accordance with the film's fruity sexiness -
liberated and liberating.
When The Very Big Blonde (Samples) plays Pong while wearing a
revealing jump-suit (48-24-36), the electronic pings replicate the male-
ogle shifting from bosom to bosom. Later, when she reaches ecstatic
heights baptising Rhett live on her Baptist radio show after he has
renounced anal sex, her screams send the VU meters peaking into the
red again and again like a thrusting phallus. When Junkyard Sal (Mack)
demands her employer Rhett satiate her mammoth sexual hunger, she
jiggles her girth to the sound of cowbells and chains. By the film's
defibrillated multiple endings (that come and come again in a rain of
sexual confusion), Lavonia reverts to real-actress Kitten Natividad, whose

sexual energy has grown to gargantuan proportions, leaving her to
literally sit straddled atop California mountain peaks screaming 'More
cock!' as her voice echoes across the undulating valleys of this
audiovisual arcana of sexual Americana.
Dir: Russ Meyer; Prod: Russ Meyer; Scr: Roger Ebert, Russ Meyer; DOP: Russ Meyer; Editor:
Russ Meyer; Score: William Tasker; Sound Editor: Russ Meyer; Main Cast: Stuart Lancaster,
June Mack, Kitten Natividad, Steve Tracy, Pat Wright, Candy Samples.
The Birds
US, 1963-1 19 mins
Alfred Hitchcock
The opening credits to The Birds serve as an entry to the solely sonic
domain of its soundtrack. As high-contrast visual abstractions of birds
move across the frame, squeals and squawks attack the viewer's ears. A
birdlike quality is felt, but these sounds are more alien than avian, more
artificial than natural. Having been cued to read a mimetic representation
of 'birds', we are jettisoned into experiencing a sensation of 'birdness'.
This befits a story about birds whose behaviour defies ornithological
precepts: these are not normal birds.
The credits distil a subjective impression of birds: you are not

watching birds; you are being attacked by them. Soon, all modes of
audiovisual depiction of actual birds and abstracted 'birdness' will exude

dread as they carry the potential to be diametrically inverted. This is
nothing short of a 'terror of illusion' - a specifically audiovisual illusion -
central to The Birds' psychological horror.
There is much that is pregnant in The Birds due to a distribution of

radical imbalances between the audio- and image-tracks. Highest
degrees of this occur when music is absent, generating a specific 'sound
of silence' which greatly enhances the film's peculiarly perverse dramatic
tone. The birds themselves narratively thrive in non-musical silence.

Rather than embodying or transmitting a superimposed musical logic
which tags them as monstrous, malicious and maniacal, they speak in
their own voice to their own kind. Their language is foreign, alien, avian,
excluding us from the inner mechanisms of their motives and operations.
In their manifold attacks, the birds orchestrate their own concrete

cacophony.
Silence carries most dread in The Birds. Who or what is watching
Melanie (Hedren) when she drives up to Bodago Bay in a string of
undramatic wide shots? As in all voyeuristic vantage points, one

experiences sight at the expense of sound. Melanie's drive is an
archetypal cinematic reconstruction of this crucial aspect of the
voyeuristic effect, one that here binds us, the film itself, and the birds.
Only all three are capable of such telescoped viewpoints, and all three
are perversely ensnared by The Birds' empty silence. This voyeuristic
configuration peaks at the climactic gas station explosion, helplessly
witnessed by Melanie, Mitch (Taylor) and other diner patrons. The

scene's perspective shifts with the advent of the explosion, transporting
us to a bird's-eye view. The microscopic melee below emits a thin trail of
screams, lifted and dispersed by the hollow sound of upward-spiralling

winds. Floating birds creep into the frame from all sides, gently hovering
and letting loose occasional disinterested squawks.

After the deafening climax of one of many attacks on the household,
Melanie cautiously checks the attic. All is still and quiet - until she
unwittingly shines a torch on the massed birds roosted there like a
cancer within the household. They swoop on her as she flails her arms
desperately. Her cries for help slowly disintegrate into a field of
whimpers, gasps and fluttering wings. The soundtrack impassively

documents the deafening silence that ensues as her near-lifeless body is
pecked by birds who now make no noise.
Dir: Alfred Hitchcock; Prod: Alfred Hitchcock; Scr: Evan Hunter; DOP: Robert Burks; Editor:
George Tomasini; Score: Remi Gassman, Oskar Sala; Sound Recording: William Russell,
Waldon 0. Watson; Sound Consultant: Bernard Herrmann; Main Cast: Tippi Hedren, Rod
Taylor, Jessica Tandy, Suzanne Pleshette, Veronica Cartwright.

Bitter Rice {Riso amaro)

Italy, 1950- 107 mins
Giuseppi De Santis
Early in Bitter Rice, Sylvana (Mangano) says, 'I don't like to stay put'. An
earthy sexual epigram, she characterises the transience which saturates
neo-realist cinema: an obliterated landscape of urban/rural rubble,
comprised of decentred outdoor locations where high noon seems

forever fixed. People wander through these spaces with equal transience
while sound and music waft in omnipresent whirls. Repeatedly in Bitter
Rice, station announcements, trains chugging and women's choruses

dissolve across successive spatial cuts, creating a series of sonic curves
which never 'stay put'. Even the score - a grab-bag of fragmented piano
tunes and halted timpani pulses - is more of a roving interloper to action
than a rousing inspirer of emotion.

Bitter Rice opens with a radio announcer recording a documentary
report on women rice-croppers. The film's camera apes the radio
narrative and passes from the announcer to what he sees: a vast
assemblage of refugee women workers boarding at a central train
station. He introduces a worker who will tell listeners what it's like to
perform her duties - but we never hear what she says. The camera drifts
away like an itinerant to complete a 360-degree arc. Narrative, camera,

space and voice are rendered transient, caught in the upheaval of
economics which has created the huge influx of rice-croppers.
It is this influx that directs and controls Bitter Rice and to which the
camera consistently returns. Abstracted yet formally beautified, the mass
of women and their energy provide the fuel for the film's story. They are
grouped as patterns which either replicate sonic waveforms and
radiophonic diffusion, or wholly incorporate sound and music as
manifestations of the women's energy. Forming concentric radiating lines
like those of sound waves or water rings, the women perform tasks and
rituals which symbolically tag the open-ended ways in which sound
moves through the flat planes of neo-realist films. Pivotal to this sonar
logic of circular orbs throughout Bitter Rice is Sylvana and her portable
gramophone. Against rising hills and wearing rustic sandals, she dances
on the dusty earth and broadcasts her sexual energy, attracting positive
and negative forces in appreciation of her sono-sexual lure and creating
an erotic centre for the barren shifting terrain around her.

One worker indoctrinates Sylvana to the sonar logic of the rice field:
'If you have anything to say, it's customary to sing it'. More so than
spoken dialogue, clear ringing pitch shapes carry across space, proving
that voice floats beyond divisions and broadcasts itself. Singing also
motivates others to call-and-response, thereby energising social activity
and even creating contests, as in the singing battle between the contract
workers and the scabs. Even the opening of each irrigation gate is cued
by a voice calling the name of the gate, creating a sonic score that maps
the regulated flow of water that enriches the rice. This is extended to the
film's tragic ending, when the women's collective emotional energy
forms a visible shock wave as they encircle the body of Sylvana and
remove their hats and cover her with handfuls of bitter rice.
Dir: Giuseppi De Santis; Prod: Dino De Laurentiis; Scr: Giuseppe De Santis, Carlo Lizzani,
Franco Monicelli, Carlo Musso, Ivo Perilli, Gianni Pucdni, Corrado Alvaro; DOP: Otello
Martelli; Editor: Gabriele Varriale; Score: Goffredo Petrassi; Songs: Armandao Trovajoli;
Sound: uncredited; Main Cast: Silvana Mangano, Maria Capuzzo, Doris Dowling, Vittorio
Gassman.
Blade Runner
US, 1982-1 18 mins
Ridley Scott
The soundtrack to Blade Runner has been widely acknowledged for its
contribution to both its annbience and the concept of 'ambience' in music.
But this legacy does not derive from what is presumed to be its music
alone. The blending of its synthesiser score with the film's atmospheres is
responsible for the soundtrack's overall diffusion of faux-urban presences
and pseudo-orchestral essences. The detailing and crafting of this aural
interlacing understandably create the impression of a seamless soundscape

whose musicality appears more atmospheric than composed, and whose
sound design is orchestrated to perform in confluence with the score's
feathered harmonic clouds which drift over a Los Angeles of the future.
The topology of Blade Runner is largely celebrated as a sumptuous visual
inventory of imaginary landscape, but its multi-layered soundtrack conveys
the climatic conditions which shape the ambience of its world.
Key modernist traits are defined more by the film's mix of sonics and
score. Amorphousness - sounds bleeding into and beyond the frame to
suggest a non-specific space - and indifference - sono-musical lines
being allowed to flow and resolve independent of focused dramatic

occurrences - are noticeable in most of the breath-taking panoramas of
the city. While these compositional techniques historically stem from the
expanded notions of John Cage and Erik Satie respectively, their role in
Blade Runner is rooted by a perversely futuristic narrative logic, informed

by ideas of the collapsed metropolis and how time, space and people
inhabit and navigate its reinvented zone. The composed score seemingly
vaporises, as sounds from beyond its musically articulate realm
reconfigure its authorial beam as a fluorescent bleeding of aural
luminescence. This technique of stylistic diffusion in Blade Runner

removes us from the pre-modern notion of the auditorium into its post-
modern erasure and replacement by the 'acousmonium'; a tactile, multi-
directional and widely spaced presentation of sound.

Blade Runner's speculative Asianised LA generates a compounding of

musical identities within a musicological matrix of impure forms and
miscegenated styles: Japanese koto plucks, Greek bouzouki trills, Chinese

wind chimes, Gregorian vocal drones, West African drumming, American
jazz saxophones are all woven through the score. Acknowledging the
seeping and saturating effect brought to bear on imperialist cultures as
they are eventually transformed by colonised presences from within.
Blade Runner's ambience is a slightly disorienting but ultimately calming
blend of multicultural discord and urban noise. LA's history is one of

numerous cultural and anthropological seismic shifts; this futuristic
projection is but one in a long chain. Essentially, Blade Runner's LA is a
horizontal diaspora reconfigured as a vertical metropolis, replacing
cosmopolitan cultivation with cultural concentration, and expressing this
transposition through musical multiplicity.
Blade Runner's mulatto musical modes as voiced by their synthetic

and electronic simulations relate to the role of the replicants Rachel
(Young), Pris (Daryl Hannah), Roy (Hauer) and others. Just as score and
ambisonics are sprayed across a cinesonic canvas, and multifarious
cultures are mixed into a social melting pot, the replicants' artificial
creation and human conditioning are merged into a behavioural
composite. In a world full of replicants, 'human' drama should not find
comfortable roost. Blade Runner responds wisely to the psychological

ramifications of its anti-egocentric narrative, and imperceptibly fuses
music, sound and noise into a skin which could be you - or someone just
like you.
Dir: Ridley Scott; Prod: Michael Deeley; Scr: Hampton Fancher, David Webb Peoples; DOP:
Jordon Cronenweth; Editor: Terry Rawlings; Score: Vangelis; Sound Editor: Peter Pennell;
Sound Mix: Budd Alper; Main Cast: Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward
James Olmos.
(Next page) Blade Runner: annorphousness and indifference in mixing sound and score
Blood Simple
US, 1983-97mins
Joel Coen
Often perceived as an archly 'knowing' pastiche of film noir, Blood

Simple is more a saturated audiovisual text than a clever game-play with
cinephiles. Its meld of sound design and music score is testament to its
materialist orientation: in a story where no one says what's on their
mind, the soundtrack 'plays' the characters, taunting them in a deadly
matrix of reflexivity and representation.
Blood Simple's complexity lies not in this play alone, but in the
chameleon-like way the play shifts from traditional skilled crafting in its
soundtrack to outwardly perverse staging of its cinesonic gestures. The
logic in these shifts is only apparent on reflection: their momentary

manifestation is swallowed up by envelopes of subterfuge and
disinformation, pushing the film's narrative to play back on the
viewer/auditor. From the opening title sequence and its abstracted
orchestration of real and unreal sounds (thumping windscreen wipers
over swelling subsonic rumbles), to its closing set-piece tensely predicated
on multiple levels of characters engaged in a blind shoot-out with a wall
between them, modes of knowing/telling and hearing/seeing dictate the
film's construction and denouement.

Simple but aurally effective arrangement is evident in an early
confrontation between Ray (Getz) and Marty (Hedaya). Tension is
conjured from limited diegetic sounds: bar jukebox in the distance, deep
rumbling of a background incinerator, incessant night crickets, a piercing
insect-zapper. Rich in their presence, these sounds' volume levels and

precise placement are determined by the scene's editing of dramatic
performance. Gesturally reduced and stylised further is the sound of the
ceiling fan in Marty's office. Functioning as an emotional metronome to
his seething, brooding disposition, it throbs as an entirely unnaturalistic
yet crucially fixed phoneme in the story. When Marty rings Abby but says
nothing, she knows it's him because she knows his silent office
ambience; its soft throb through the phone speaks of their estrangement
from the other. When Marty is shot, the fan halts - then continues down
tempo, signalling the psychoacoustic symbolism of the fan being Marty's
dark heart beat.
Creating a webbing to the sound design's controlled orchestration is
the score. Thematic assignment and economical exposition characterise
the interlocking of Blood Simple's musical cues, formulating a puzzle
which describes the psychological links forged by the story's fatalistic love
triangle. Early in the film, a key-frame melody is outlined by piano,
playing over three concurrent scenes of Ray, Marty and Abby unable to
sleep at night. The cue's rhythmic matrix responds to corresponding
visual rhythms: Marty glaring at his ominous ceiling fan; Abby on a couch
contemplating a smaller lounge room ceiling fan; Ray distracted by
moving shadows cast upon the ceiling. A central tri-polar theme is
musically narrated, detailing temporal and emotional relationships as the

three characters wonder about themselves and the other two. The fixity
with which their fates are entwined is encoded in the melodies: Marty is
a low four-note ostinato gridlocked into repetition; Abby a high melody

which flits with slight variations whose shape remains constant; Ray a
note and its octave tick-tocking, unable to move forwards or backwards.
This main theme returns in variations throughout the movie, reiterating
the 'melange' a trois spiralling suspicion.
Dir: Joel Coen; Prod: Ethan Coen; Scr: Ethan Coen, Joel Coen; DOP: Barry Sonnenfeld;
Editor: Roderick Jaynes, Don Wiegmann; Score: Carter Burwell; Sourced Song: The
Temptations; Sound Editor: Skip Lievsay, Michael R. Miller; Special Sound Effects: Fred
Szymanski, Jun Mizumachi; Main Cast: John Getz, Frances McDormand, Dan Hedaya,
M. Emmet Walsh.
Blue
UK, 1993-79mins
Derek Jarman
A single-toned prayer bell rings to signal the start of Blue. So it
commences; so it is sectioned; so it ends. A meditation on AIDS, the film
exposes all it cannot show by refusing visuality and in place blinding one
with its universe of blue; unmoving, unshifting, undiluted. Blue is a sonic
poem whose image has been lost, whose visuality has been erased, and
whose ocular sensuousness has faded with all that one remembers as the
physicality of life and its acts of living.
'My retina is a distant planet' muses Blue's multi-faceted unseen male

voice. As he comes to terms with sightlessness, a narrative of planetary
proportion grows from the scrims and scraps of his terminal diary. Blue is
gorily poetic in its verbiage, its vividness coming equally from the bodily
degradation it charts and the desire it holds for the caress of the living.
This is not to say Blue takes us nowhere and spirals downwards into
a remorseful reflection of that which one can no longer enjoy. Rather, its
absence of image intensifies the locations it imagines, describes, evokes.
Detailing director Derek Jarman's descent into hospital treatments,
mystical counselling and therapeutic consolation, the film is part elegiac
autobiography and part snuff radio play. Its bitterness is not self-centred,
but more a mourning for the loss of sight by a film-maker hitherto
obsessed with poetic visuals of the most arch kind. Blue's refusal of
visuals stands as the director's most powerful and empowered statement,
ironically as his vision fades while his mind remains alert and his body
hyper-sensitive to the transformations he undergoes. A remarkable
fixture to the present tense guides the film, grafting our aural
imagination to the points and moments of his lack of sight: the sound of
a woman from Edinburgh sobbing as the narrator himself is blinded by
his own tears; an awareness of the hospital quiet as his sight closes in.
More bell rings: 'blue' becomes an ocean of the infinite; a vastness
longed for beyond the purgatories which the AIDS patient bears like
terrible stations of an inflicted cross. Time and again, the drudgery of

hospitals is described with accompanying ambiences, rustling with
muttering others and shuffling papers. This noise of the social, of its ant-
like activity and bothersome scurrying, is posed as an irritant to the
contemplative blueness to which the film's musical slivers and acoustic

surfaces are attracted. Pockets of silence, pauses of room tone, after-
rings of voices, fade-outs of whistling wind - all are cherished for their
presence and their absence; all are aurally crafted as statements of their
knowing disappearance, as one joins in the film's prayer 'to be released

from image'.
Dir: Derek Jarman; Prod: James Mackay, Takashi Asai; Scr: Derek Jarman; Score: Simon
Fisher-Turner; Sound Design: Marvin Black; Voice Cast: John Quentin, Nigel Terry, Derek
Jarman, Tilda Swinton.

Blue Steel
US, 1990- 103 mins
Kathryn Bigelow
In Blue Steel, Megan Turner (Curtis) is a rooi<ie cop whose nervous

strength and lithe stature sexually arouse the psychotically dispossessed
Eugene Hunt (Silver) into stalking her. After failing to have him legally
detained (because she had unwittingly invited him back to her

apartment), Megan senses all public and personal space as a potentially
threatening environment. Claustrophobia and agoraphobia collapse into
a fear of space itself, as she finds familiar locales transformed into alien
terrain. This is effectively cued throughout the movie by the subtle use of
flanged wind (like one hears when breathing through a cardboard tube).
Often, Megan will be framed at the end of a corridor in silhouette, light
spilling in while we watch her from a distance. The combination of such
overtly voyeuristic images with the tunnelling sound of air contributes to
a 'phallic sound effect': an abstraction of the peeping Tom's breath,

diffused into a penile stream of white noise which shoots towards
Megan.
The title credits to Blue Steel establish this audiovisual symbolism
clearly. Extreme close-ups track across and through the interlocking
I
chambers, connected barrels and linked passages of a Smith & Wesson
38 Special. A scopic universe of metal if mapped, while sampled/looped
breaths - sexual, mortal, fatal - breathe through this architecture formed
of machine parts. The intricacies of gun design are enlarged to form a
social macrocosm, charting both the urban entrapment of women and

the psychological confines within which they must survive. The flanging-
wind texture is amplified to convey the exhausted breath from both
excited voyeur and fearful victim as predator encircles prey.
That wind texture connotes a contraction of space, evoking pipes,

tubes and tunnels which are designed to irrigate flow under heightened
(Opposite page) Blue Steel: phallic sound effects and aural cum shots
pressure, as liquid or air will pass more quickly and with greater force
down a narrow canal than a wide thoroughfare. The notion of 'phallic'
characteristics here is not to do with mere visual similarities in vertical
form (a gross misunderstanding of penile mechanics within the body
construct), but more to do with the control of energy and its
transformation into the securing of power. Just as a woman's scream in
modern cinema is an aural cum shot - externalised, airborne, explosive -
the hollow sound of tunnelled air is an aural hard-on: internalised, fluid-
driven, raging. Blue Stee/ focuses on the build-up more than the climax;
on the urges and impulses which heave and sigh within the male corpus
more than the screams unleashed from the victimised female. Megan is
not another Pauline tied to perilous railway tracks; nor is she facilely
spooked and shocked by unexpected attacks from her assailant. She is
gradually granted an overview - a schematic map - of her stalker's
methods, machinations, miasma and mania. From that vantage point,

she can audibly discern his panting breath from her own nervous gasps;
she can locate him, fix him, frame him, freeze him (as occurs in the final
shoot-out in an emptied downtown street). Far from being silenced,
Megan silences herself. Empowered through knowing the sound of his
voice, she refrains from giving him that which he most desires: her
scream.
Dir:
Red;
Kathryn Bigelow; Prod: Edward
DOP: Amir M. Mokri;

R. Pressman, Oliver Stone; Scr:
Editor: Lee Percy; Score: Brad Fiedel; Supen/ising

Kathryn Bigelow,
Sound
Eric
Editor:
1
Richard King; Main Cast: Jamie Lee Curtis, Ron Silver, Clancy Brown.
Boogie Nights
US, 1997- 155 mins
Paul Thomas Anderson
Boogie Nights sets the agenda for how songs can be used to culturally
locate a story, rather than perfunctorily slot them into a radiophonic
histogram. While the film charts the chaotic state of the porn industry at
the end of the 70s, the music peels back the scab of collective
forgetfulness to prod the fetid sono-semiotics of songs like Apollo 100's
'Joy', Nena's '99 Luft Balloons' and Electric Light Orchestra's 'It's a
Miracle'. But not a smidgen of camp is to be found, so forget such terms
when journeying through the wood-grained multi-track mixing consoles
which blanket the texture of the film's soundtrack with the gorgeous
slump of late-70s/early-80s pop/rock.
Boogie Niglits deftly employs songs like aural production design,
matching antique synths to gaudy wallpaper, Ibanez fuzz-wahs to the

lighting in convenience stores, and compressed snare thuds to ritzy
cowboy boots. Most fascinating - and the modus operandi behind the
film's weaving of genuine emotional warmth amid its decidedly retro
iconography - is the film's placement of songs in mismatched settings.
This is usually achieved by starting a song in one scene and then allowing
it time and space to flow into the next scene. The resultant effect imbues
the song with a disturbing ambivalence that simultaneously drains the
song of an 'event' status and displaces it into the amorphous

backgrounding of the film's psychological ambience. Songs, then,
perform as cues, and are less edited (which is nominally a process of
turning the song on or off in a film) and more orchestrated so as to

conduct the characters' emotional energies.
Beyond mere coincidence or pointed synchronicity, many characters
are staged in the act of consuming music. In some cases this technique is
used to deepen a character's make-up (prompted by Jack Horner -

Reynolds - himself playing 'The Sage' after a hard day's porno-making).
In some cases, song nurtures empathy (pinpointed by Buck Swope -
Cheadle - desperately affecting alignment with bass in C&W and gel in
Rick James). And in others, song sharpens their psychosis (exhibited by

Rahad Jackson - Alfred Molina - notching up his coke-addled energy to
an epiphanous moment in 'Jessie's Girl'). Ultimately, Boogie Nights is
unironic, and not to be confused with lesser cinematic flings with pop
music. This is unavoidably noticeable during the intercutting of Dirk

(Wahlberg) and Roller Girl's (Graham) lowest moments as the sound of a
slowed-down record player - complete with crackles - plays a dark
lumbering pattern. The bleakness of the late night Sherman Oaks

wasteland which traps them is transformed into a black cave of sound,
opened by the music's inner groove, signifying dread, danger and dire
consequences. (This dark throb thins out into background radio playing
'Silent Night' when Buck is trapped in the middle of a messy convenience
store hold-up: the preceding scene's sonic darkness actually sounds like
'Silent Night' played on a malfunctioning record player.)
Boogie Niglits works beyond one's ontological schema of cinema; it
works in the dense fibrous sonorum of pop music, record production,
and the strikingly ambivalent evocation specific to lyric writing. More

than a film that 'uses' song, it is a film that knows song - its flirtatious
socio-cultural pomp and circumstance. In doing so. Boogie Nights

reaches a height of 'vertical narration', where everything is told - as
songs do - 'all at once'. Bypassing literary models, this film is a timbrel
text which must be listened to in order for it to be read.
Dir: Paul Thomas Anderson; Prod: Paul Thomas Anderson, Lloyd Levin, John Lyons, Joanne
Sellar; Scr: Paul Thomas Anderson; DOP: Robert Elswit; Editor: Dylan Tchenor; Score:
Michael Penn; Sourced Score: Jon Brion; Sourced Songs: include Emotions, Boney M, Chico
Hamilton Quartet, the Chakachas, Three Dog Night, Eric Burdon and The Animals, Elvin
Bishop, Starland Vocal Band, Apollo 100, Melanie, Juice Newton, The Commodores, Hot
Chocolate, Sniff and the Tears, Rick Springfield, Nena, the Beach Boys, Electric Light
Orchestra; Supervising Sound Editor: Dane A. Davis; Main Cast: Mark Wahlberg, Burt
Reynolds, Julianne Moore, Don Cheadle, Philip Baker Hall, Philip Seymour Hoffman, William
H. Macy, John C. Reilly, Heather Graham.

California Split
US, 1974- 108 mins
Robert Altman
A rarity in the majorly artificial realm which governs film soundtrack
production, California Split contains no non-diegetic or extra-diegetic
sound. All sounds occurring on the film's soundtrack emanate from an

acoustic spatial location within the film. While this adoption of
documentary technique promotes aural realism, its application here is
guided by dramatic purpose.

The characters of Charlie Waters (Gould) and William Denny (Segal)
are pivotal to the film's undulating soundscape. Garrulous and

continually cutting into and talking over one another, their voices are
more oral performance than scripted dialogue. Recorded with radio

microphones, they rove and roam the noisy din of gambling
establishments, improvising ceaselessly and breathlessly. There they
interact with a mix of actors and non-actors. The latter's hesitant,
fluctuating and mumbled delivery conveys a richness that could not be

acoustically recreated or theatrically simulated. Furthermore, the
soundtrack does not privilege Charlie and William above others. The
sound of a babbling bartender will be just as loud as Charlie when he is
delivering an important piece of dialogue; injections by an off-screen
extra will dogfight with William's banter.
Noise (as a multiple of sound levels) and silence (as either an
absence, an isolation or a softening of those sounds) work to
distinguish California Split's plot flows and character development.

When there is an excess of sound (the horse track, card games and
poker halls) the narrative conveys a continuum of character action.
When there is noticeable silence (as in William's many reflective
moments) the narrative signals a change in character orientation.
Reflecting the psychological ramifications of accumulated sound in
social spaces, noise (of both their surroundings and their own babbling)
keeps Charlie and William from breaking their compulsion to gamble;

sudden silences initiate a pause wherein they can reflect and make a
decision to change their situation.
While there appears to be music in California Split (those raspy
boogie piano songs), it only temporarily functions as non-diegetic sound.
Two striking aspects determine this. Firstly, the songs sound 'live',
eschewing the clinical silence expected of studio recording. The piano

recordings contain much background noise, plus they have a loose and
unstructured feel about them. Secondly, we eventually see the location
of these songs: the piano player in Reno (Phyllis Shotwell).
However, this is not to say that the songs are merely live on-location
recordings. Our 'visual discovery' of the hitherto invisible songs' source
and location centralises Reno within the narrative. Reno is where Charlie
and William reach a peak and then depart to go their separate ways.
Reno is the zenith of their transient relationship with one another. As the
credits roll to Charlie's last spin of a roulette wheel, California Split
reunites on-screen sound with on-screen image as closure to the film's
emotional dislocation-stretched synchronism.
Dir: Robert Altman; Prod: Robert Altman, Leonard Goldberg, Aaron Spelling, Joseph Walsh;
Scr: Joseph Walsh; DOP: Paul Lohmann; Editor: Lou Lombardo; Songs Perfornfied By: Phyllis
Shotwell; Sound Mix: James E.Webb; Sound Editor: Kay Rose; Main Cast: George Segal,
Elliot Gould.
Carnival of Souls
US, 1962-83mins
Herk Harvey
A woman - bruised, tattered, covered in mud - emerges from a river's
edge where earlier her car had been retrieved after she was driven over
the bridge into murky waters. Dredging fails to recover the car, but now
Mary (Hillgoss) mysteriously returns in a daze, unable to communicate
clearly. She gives rise to strange visceral combinations: moist and muddy,
sweaty and sexual, ravaged and rebirthed, traumatised and terrifying,
erotic and ectoplasmic. This is the body of the cinematic scream held in
Carnival of Souls: a catatonic corpus whose silence articulates all that is
connoted by the tightly phased collision of cinematic screams with social
screams.
Carnival of Souls is mostly post-dubbed and echoes many a 60s

'adult movie' with its flat vocalisation as Mary drifts through the scenes
in a strangely detached manner. But simpatico with the film's haunting
story, Mary is in fact dead. And as she ethereally floats in the mortal
world of tangible substances, so her quivering on the film soundtrack

separates her from on-screen presence. Yet Mary does not realise she is
dead. The 'souls' of the dead follow to reclaim her and return her to the
domain of the departed, leading her to believe she is being chased by a

strange man visible only to her.
After Mary tries on a dress in a department store change room, she

returns to the sales clerk, who now can neither see nor hear her. Mary
thinks she is being ignored but then becomes aware - as we do - of the
profound silence which embalms her presence. The soundtrack is totally
devoid of all atmosphere and ambience - what studio engineers refer to
as an acoustically 'dead' space. If Mary only knew of this sonic
morbidity, she would realise her unalterable predicament. Unfortunately

prompted by the privilege of sight in the mortal world, she believes that
which appears before her eyes, when her hearing alone grants absolute
truth.
Carnival of Souls: breath on the soundtrack is erotic and necrotic
This unsettling audiovisual effect recalls similarly alienating moments

in our actual acoustic existence: the blocking of the ear due to changes
in atmospheric pressure in a plane cabin; the lodging of water in the ear
canal after a swim; watching people on the street through sealed
doubled-glazed glass windows without hearing their speech. These

commonplace situations wrench sound from sight, upsetting the balance
struck in stable sono-optical conditions. In place, we clearly audit our

own internal breathing but register only the slightest and radically
diminished occurrence of all external action we witness. Our very breath

- the most tangible trace of our mortality - haunts us.
Mirroring the frightening ambiguousness of the female scream,

breath on the soundtrack is both erotic and necrotic. It replaces the
presence of the actor and his/her character with a bodily occupation of

audiovisual space. The screen and its acoustic field become a terrain no
longer inhabited by silvery ghosts, but by a corporeal funk of glottal
spittle and nasal whistle. When Mary realises that no one can see or hear
her, she becomes aware of her bodily status as a shell traversing a world
in which she is not welcome, leaving her to roam mismatched,
desynchronised, acoustically alienated.
Dir: Herk Harvey; Prod: Herk Harvey; Scr: John Clifford; DOP: Maurice Prather; Editor: Dan
Palmquist, Bill de Jarnette; Score: Gene Moore; Sound: Ed Down, Don Jessup; Main Cast:
Candace Hilligoss, Sidney Berger.

Car Wash
US, 1976-97 mins
Michael Schultz
It is strange how 'film music' so often bears ungainly traces of its origins
from the wrong side of the screen. Originally bellowing and trumpeting
itself from the aptly named 'orchestra pit', film music paid its dues
looking up at the screen's stellar sheen, yearning for that glory. Come its
marriage to image on the soundtrack - a technological nuptial of sorts -

its neurotic insecurity did not dissipate. Stuck in a limelight that privileges
the visual and the optical as people 'watch' movies but rarely listen to
them, film music continues with its attention-grabbing measures,
compensating for its invisibility with desperate non-diegetic direction.
Car Wash is comfortable with its music not being part of the screen.
It loosens up and relaxes its sense of place in relation to the screen, and
generates a more dynamic musical statement. Responding to the
communal production and local reception of music which propels many
streams of funk, soul and disco, it imports an entirely different sense of
musical location into the cinema. The film's story develops from a motley
bunch working at a car wash in Los Angeles. With the employees being
predominantly African American (including a Jewish kid who dreams of
'being black'), the radio played on the PA system is tuned to a funky

station which plays the song score to the film. Following the
blaxploitation strategy of commissioning known musical
composers/producers/arrangers to supply song scores. Car Wash's music

is as stylistically integrated as its African-American community of workers
is segregated into a social microcosm of the car wash.
Music thus does not arise from 'somewhere else' in Car Wash: it
comes from within its group and circulates within its cultural terrain. It is
not there to 'represent' people or races; rather, it is indivisible from

them. This direct attachment and inseparability of music, character,
lifestyle, market and type greatly reduce any distance between sound
and image, and between narrative and song. Not surprisingly, the
employment of songs by 'non-film-music-composers' has been

traditionally frowned upon and dismissed. This is unfortunate, because a
film like Car Wash deliberately mines its musicological depth to refine its
social critique.
While American radio had by the 70s become synonymous with

mobility of listening and a fracturing of music markets, Car Wash centres
radio as a fixed focal point around which its characters circulate. From
moments of collective celebration as the crew boogies to the film's
theme song in escapist joy despite the somewhat mechanised tasks they
undertake, to the desperate dreams of T.C. (Ajaye) as he tries to win a

phone-in contest so he can impress the beautiful but haughty Marsha
(Melanie Mayron), to the politicised disgust Abdullah (Duke) shows for
his co-workers grooving while working for the man. Car Wash uses its
radiophonic score broadcast as a backdrop against which its characters
are presented. Effectively, this would be not unlike the musicians from
the 'pit' jumping up on stage and mixing it with the actors. Desirous of
'dancing in the streets with music everywhere', Car Wash imports its
deliriously funky score not from a dismissive lowly state, but from the
social and communal ambience which energises the air of any collective
gathering.
Dir: Michael Schultz; Prod: Art Linson, Gary Stromberg; Scr: Joel Schumacher; DOP: Frank
Stanley; Editor: Christopher Holmes; Song Score: Norman Whitfield, Rose Royce; Sound
Editor: Peter Berkos, Roger Sword; Main Cast: Franklyn Ajaye, Bill Duke, Antonio Fargas.
Cast Away
US,2000-143mins
Robert Zemeckis
Cast Away is less about the stranding of Chuck Noland (Hanks) on an

uncharted island, and more about the insertion of a living human into an
inanimate freight system. Noland's reconstitution as freight is forecast
early in the film, as a package is shuttled from the middle of America to
the centre of Russia. The feeling of 'being freight' is heightened as we

are lost in a dark jungle of illegible dialogue, muted atmospheres, murky
light, askew angles. Two distinct audiovisual 'movements' prior to the
landing of Noland on the island develop his freight state. Firstly, during
the plane trip: the drone of the aeroplane engines creates a vibrating
dynamo of still energy, which induces a psychoacoustic folding of
claustrophobia with inertia. Immobile and taciturn as we tend towards

when travelling by plane, Noland is less a passenger and more a
package. Secondly, after the plane has crashed into the ocean: a series of
blackouts appear between sporadic flashes of lightning while the ocean
roars unremittingly, tragically marking a line of dots on a map that no
one will find. Noland becomes a message in a bottle on a dead sea, not
so much by floating into the unknown as by 'becoming the undelivered':

no one will be hearing from him for some time.
Once on the island, Noland has to realign his audiovisual balance.
Terrorised by the sound of the unknown, he hears 'bumps in the night',
which prove to be strange fruit falling from trees. No living being
directed these events; just the life of the island, devoid of such controlled
presence. Eventually, Noland gets to read the island as a manual of
patterns, frequencies and ratios: from the seasonal changes in wind

directions, to the movement of fish underwater, to the many
environmental sounds that define the terrain of the island.
Music appears a whole hour into the film as Noland leaves the island
on his makeshift raft. The prior absence of music perfectly reflects the
dehumanising of Noland's status as freight by refuting humanist

commentary on his apparent hopelessness. Notably, music enters only

when hope takes hold within his psyche. As he passes the barrier of
rocks, he is inserted back into the passage of freight along which the
FedEx plane journeyed. Rooted on the island, he was a dead letter;
caught in the flow of the sea, he is once again in circulation. Here the
camera evidences the space beyond the site of his plight, and in doing so
liberates us from the sound of sand, the reverb of rocks, and the timbre
of timber which had built a sonorum for his island entrapment.
Over the end credits, the refrain of music which hardly marked the
film sails forth. But then a quiet mystical gesture is struck which confirms
the considered modulation of humanism of Cast Away: the sound of
waves gradually fades up and builds in mass, eventually dissolving the
score. Music thus becomes the ocean - an ebb and flow of tidal call-and-
response to itself; the ocean thus becomes air - the totality of
atmosphere which carries sound.
Dir: Robert Zemeckis; Prod: Tom Hanks, Jack Rapke, Steve Starkey, Robert Zemeckis; Scr:
William Boyles Jr; DOP: Don Burgess; Editor: Arthur Schmidt; Score: Alan Silvestri; Sound
Design: Randy Thorn; Main Cast: Tom Hanks, Helen Hunt.

Citizen Kane
US, 1941 -119mins
Orson Welles
If Citizen Kane is figuratively and literally about one's last word -

Charles Kane's (Welles) enigmatic utterance of 'Rosebud' - it is also
about the 'preverberation' and reverberation which hold that utterance

centre stage in the film's auditorium. Furthermore, Citizen Kane is not
a prion a visual film; it is a sonic, acoustic, vocal text. Its beams of
light, shafts of luminance, patterns of shadow are post partum

visualisations of vocal presences, melodic flows, sonorous atmospheres.
True to the mystery which propels the story, there is much that is not
spoken in Citizen Kane. Yet most of what isn't said is textually voiced
through the human voice - through its presence, power, musicality and
breath.
Citizen Kane's casting of actors acknowledges their vocal timbre,
phrasing, and pitch modulation. Ensemble interactions exude a
thrilling sense of audible orchestration as they weave in and out of

each other, just as each solo performance carries variance in delivery
and dynamic range. Having such clearly delineated vocal identities.
Citizen Kane deftly combines their lines of delivery through both

deceptive and forthright shifts in volume levels. Rather than simply
employing overlapping dialogue, the film consistently modulates the
volume of every character's voice to further shape the dramatic
material.
We first hear the youthful Kane's voice as he turns in his office chair
to face Mr Carter (Erskine Sanford). Kane eloquently, snidely and
confidently returns each exasperated retort of Carter's in a virtuoso
display of verbal volleys: this man could talk anyone into anything; his
power is in his voice. An image of Kane develops that wavers between

passionate dedication to a cause and manic obsession with control. The
more he exerts falsehood, the more he bluffs and the more

commandeering his voice (as in his grandstanding rally speech). But
Citizen Kane: a post partum visualisation of vocal presence
when he is truthful, he is quiet, withdrawn, modest (as when he reads
his declaration of principles).
Kane's first impression of Susan Alexander (Comingore) is of her
voice: he stands splattered with mud while she giggles uncontrollably at
his misfortune. He berates her and hears her speak through a tensed jaw
due to her toothache. Moving to her boudoir, she sings for him
accompanying herself at the piano. In her quiet domestic space, her voice
charms Kane, soothing his fixation on worldly issues with her disarming
naivete and quaint personality. Unfortunately for Susan, Kane is
enthralled by the effect she has upon him; he will soon be intaking her
voice like a drug.
Just as we can uncover the complex audiovisual mechanisms which

drive Citizen Kane's formal construction by listening to it, so too can we
fully perceive the dynamics of Kane's psyche by listening to the effect it
has on the voice of Susan Alexander. She is the sonic key, the aural lock
and the vocal gateway to the pressure that builds up on Kane for him to
explode, expire and enunciate 'Rosebud'.
Dir: Orson Welles; Prod: Orson Welles; Scr: Orson Welles; DOP: Gregg Tolland; Editor:
Robert Wise; Score: Bernard Herrmann; Sourced Score: Richard Wagner, Giocchino Rossini,
Frederic Chopin; Sound: John Aalberg; Special Sound Effects: Harry Essman; Main Cast:
Orson Welles, Joseph Cotton, Dorothy Comingore, Agnes Moorhead, Ray Collins, Everett
Sloane, Ruth Warrick.

A Clockwork Orange
UK, 1971 -137mins
Stanley Kubrick
Liberal cinema tends to subscribe to the notion that society is to blame
for most ills. Championed as an investigation of the social forces which

can control the individual, A Clockwork Orange in fact proposes the
opposite. The 'problem' is not the world; clearly, it is Alex (McDowell).
The score points the finger loudly.
Alex stomps across a landscape stamped with sociologically scarring
potential, yet his external environment is not alien, other, or threatening.
The problem is in his head. In there, the 2nd movement of Beethoven's

9th Symphony rings and climaxes until overcome by something else - a
rich, swirling metallic tone, tuned to the tonic of the piece and evoking a
huge bell. As depicted when Alex is trapped in a room above giant
speakers blasting Beethoven up through the floorboards, this is pure

sonic terror: a ringing sound you can't get out of your head that keeps
you awake all night. In this case, it is the tonal underbed to an electronic
rendition of Beethoven's 9th. This electronic realisation of Beethoven
conveys the subjective perspective of someone listening to Beethoven

and, moreover, being driven by the music. The synthesiser is being
employed not simply to create imagined worlds and evoke mental states,
but to de-interiorise the mind of a character: to turn that character's

inner world inside out by creating a musical soundscape which we as
viewer/auditors inhabit. A wholly cinesonic post-theatre effect, the strains

of Beethoven in A Clockwork Orange do not beckon Alex like a snake
charmer's clarinet; they are the sinuous, treacly threads of his own
problematised psychological make-up.
The electronic score to A Clockwork Orange is an unacknowledged
figure in the musicological development of the synthesiser. In its queasily
affective sonic palette, those chintzy analogue tones embodying

centuries-old melodies are historically implausible yet technologically
possible. Simplistic linear thought labels this 'new-meets-old' but the

implications are lateral. The score plays Beethoven as 'heard' by a

synthesiser, and thereby - devoid of irony - demonstrates the
synthesiser's unique ability not simply to 'represent' something, but to
take its place. The synthesised renderings of Beethoven, Rossini and Elgar
in A Clockwork Orange execute those composers' pieces via sonic
textures which obliterate the very work being performed. Once you
introduce such a severely self-reflexive and radically dimensional effect
into the already overloaded receptive domain of the cinematic
experience, 'reading' the film becomes a complex affair.
Synthesisers as used in a film like A Clockwork Orange become

crucial instruments in expanding modern and post-modern aspects of
film as an audiovisual medium. The greater depths of A Clockwork
Orange are to be found in the many ways that its self-deconstructed
score undercuts the sociological programme of its morals and themes.

Alex works his way through a complete cycle: being aberrant,
admonished, convicted, rehabilitated, and finally readmitted to his own
psychic ward of sexualised violence. The music in his head, though,
remains other than itself, granting him a disturbing stability in his own
psychosis.
Dir: Stanley Kubrick; Prod: Stanley Kubrick; Script: Stanley Kubrick; DOP: John Alcott; Editor:
Bill Butler; Score: Wendy Carlos; Sourced Score: Ludwig van Beethoven, Gioacchino Rossini,
Edward Elgar; Sourced Song: Nacio Herb Brown; Sound: Brian Blarney; Main Cast: Malcom
McDowell, Patrick Magee, Aubrey Morris, Warren Clarke, Sheila Raynor, Philip Stone.
Close Encounters of the Third Kind

(Special Edition)
US, 1977- 132 mins
Steven Spielberg
While sci-fi has traditionally created novel images, forms and terrain
whose weirdness signifies the non-human, Close Encounters of the Third

Kind fixates on the banal domesticity of human life (of the American
kind). Visually and mythically, this veneer has been associated with an
overbearing humanism, yet a purpose in its suburban/rural idyllicism is
revealed when one considers how sound and music relate to this
humanist domain.
Close Encounters poses alien life form not as aberrant interference,
but as communicable presence: the reason for the aliens' visitation is to
dialogue and exchange. Their attempts in this area move through a series
of phenomenological transgressions which do not obey the laws of

earth's physics. Gravity, mass, electricity, light and sound are all turned
helter-skelter when spaceships come into contact with humans. All that
was previously inanimate or dormant in the film's exhaustively
documented 'homescapes' becomes activated and energised by the

aliens' proximity to the human field. Humans are similarly affected: Roy
(Dreyfuss), Jillian (Dillon) and many others not only bear radiation tan,
but their minds have been impregnated with subliminal data: the image
of Devil's Tower in Wyoming where the mothership will land, plus the
building blocks to the aliens' language in the form of a musical motif (D,
E, C, C, G - a cunning mutation of Roy's baby-boomer identification

with 'When You Wish Upon a Star').
While a purposely chosen cross section of plainfolk men, women and

children are impelled to meet the aliens, learned analysts headed by
Lacombe (Truffaut) read the signs of alien presence from an external

perspective. They have not enjoyed any internalised dialogue, so they are
left to consider everything as linguistic intervention rather than
transcendental correspondence. From patterned blips on shortwave to

massed Indians chanting the musical motif, the refrain becomes a sacred
sonic tablet whose numerical ratio of mathematical frequencies contains

a key for replying to the aliens. Throughout many scenes of suspense as
aliens make initial contact and humans strive to comprehend their
mission, the score extols a superb hesitancy in forming tonal progression.

Single notes, swelling fixed chords, shimmering overtones and slow
timbrel glissandos collectively map points of contact as humans and
aliens converge. Only when familiarity and comfort are established does
the score form more recognisable parts.
When the mothership finally lands, music disappears entirely as a set

of tuned subsonic rumbles match the ship's stultifying mass. In the
silence that follows, a technician tentatively plays the musical motif on a
gigantic organ, responding to a barrage of numerical and analytical
instructions by assembled musical analysts, physicists and linguists. Like
the architects of Babel, they anxiously compose in front of the levitated
monolith; it plays back the refrain and blasts out the glass window of a
tower. Soon, a dialogue of sorts is established, which - despite confusing

both parties - sets them both at ease. 'Everyman'-Roy gets to enter that
star of his dreams, and inside the mothership - more a giant mall than a
vessel interior - the score transforms into choral arrangements.
Human/alien union ultimately occurs through the close encounter

resulting from aliens mirroring sonic human language: music.
Dir: Steven Spielberg; Prod: Julia Phillips, Michael Phillips; Scr: Steven Spielberg; DOPs:
William A. Fraker, Douglas Slocombe, Vilnnos Zsigmond; Editor: Michael Kahn; Score: John
Williams; Supervising Sound Effects Editor: Frank E.Warner; Main Cast: Richard Dreyfuss,
Franqois Truffaut, Terri Garr, Melinda Dillon, Bob Balaban.

Colors
US, 1987- 126 mins
Dennis Hopper
The opening title to Colors is superimposed over shots of East LA seen

through the window of a roaming cop car. A spray can 'bloods' the screen
with red title lettering; it's aural presence sounds like it has been smeared
onto the cinema screen itself. From this point on, the cinema space is
configured as a threatening zone, a territorial realm where you as an
audience member are under threat. Constantly and consistently, sounds

come from behind, above, extreme left and right so that one is always left
suspecting there is more than what is depicted on the screen. As such,
off-screen sounds of screams, gunshots, sirens, footsteps, breaths are signs
of potential death in the black night of the urban jungle. Before too long
one is engaged in 'reading' sounds as cues for survival. The deep hum of
cruising low-riders nearing their drive-by, the fractured electro and Latin
hip-hop beats from a boom-box, the yelping of killer dogs chained to the
wire mesh of desolate front yards - all are signs of one gang transgressing
the turf of another, and clarion calls for inevitable clashes and violence.
This is all handled by sonic means, accentuating the sonar nature of urban
gang warfare and transporting it onto the film's soundtrack.
The placement of gunshots in Colors' mix is designed to

psychoacoustically convey the effect of being shot, using high-pitched
clicks to peak percussive impact and diffused low thuds to rack the body
with queasiness. The gunshots' spread of frequencies in the surround
space is crucial to the sound enveloping you, just as it is intended that

you do not simply observe human tragedy but you sense it through
noting your own irrationally emotional reaction to being manipulated in
this way. Taking its cue from the incessant use of gunshot sound effects
in hip hop over the preceding decade and a half, Colors replays the
fetishisation of those sounds and intensifies them. To tone them down

would amount to a denial of the social reality of vicious crime circles
within which so much of black America is trapped.

Colors: occupying the auditorium througli some extremism
But even if one chooses to dismiss the death aesthetic the film
relishes, it is hard to ignore the film's predominance of bass. Colors is a
film that lets bass boom vociferously in the auditorium. The title track by
Ice-T is mixed into the film soundtrack without diluting the power of its
808 kick, making the music take on the full sensory throb of a club
environment. Bass is acceptable in film sound as earthquakes, spaceships

and the voice of God - but the sheer electronic intensity of drum
machines and sampled loops usually finds but mere crevices for
placement in the final mix of a film. Colors uses its subsonic musical
pulsation to reframe the frequency range one expects of music cue
placement on the soundtrack. Exploiting the wilful and heady

excessiveness that energises music that is 'too black - too strong', Colors
occupies the cinema auditorium through sonic extremism, and celebrates
the earthy totality of hip hop's aural landscape.
Dir: Dennis Hopper; Prod: Robert H. Solo; Scr: Robert Di Leilo, Michael Schiffer;
DOP: Haskell Wexler; Editor: Robert Estrin; Score: Herbie Hancock; Songs: Ice-T, Decadent
Dub Team, Salt-N-Pepa, Big Daddy Kane, Eric B. and Rakim, Kool G. Rap, 7A3, Roxanne
Shante, M.C. Shan, Rick James; Sound Design: Gary Rydstrom, Randy Thom; Main Cast:
Sean Penn, Robert Duvall, Maria Conchita Alonso, Don Cheadle.

The Colour of Paradise {Rang-e khoda)

Iran, 1999-90mins
Majid Majidi
The Colour of Paradise might seem an obvious title to describe the trials
and tribulations of a young blind boy, Mohammad (Ramezani), whose

cold-hearted father attempts to disown him by various means. Certainly
a bleakness wraps itself around this heart-wrenching tale of child
exploitation to which global art-house cinema is most attracted.
However, rounded control of the film's intersticed image- and

soundtracks shifts the film from simply wearing its heart on its sleeve to
amplifying its eyes and projecting its ears.
The film opens with the final day of class at a school for the blind.
Slabs of cassette audio are diced and sliced as a teacher plays fragments,
asking each time whose cassette he is playing. Unseen voices excitedly
respond. Another teacher slowly reads a poem as the children transcribe
it in Braille, her sonorous voice bathed in a sea of clattered paper-
punching. The children read back what they have written; their hands
soft and tender, just like their whispered voices.
Alone in the dormitory after his father has not come to retrieve him,
Mohammad listens to a cassette of an echoic voice singing longingly for

another Mohammad. His loneliness is exaggerated by his knowing that she
sings for someone else. Yet once he returns outside to continue his wait,
the chirping of a bird snares his attention. Sonically attuned, he reads it as
a baby bird fallen from a nest. A cat's snarl alerts him to imminent danger;
he hurls rocks at the cat and hones in on the bird's chirps like a saviour
bat. Though Mohammad is seemingly abandoned by his own father, his
sense of responsibility to the world is achingly portrayed. When

Mohammad's father (Mahjoub) finally appears, he spies on Mohammad
from afar, almost disgusted by the sight of his blind son. Our witnessing of
the father's inhuman behaviour and harsh impassivity casts our relation to
Mohammad's blindness under compromising terms from this point on:
fear is instilled for the familial livelihood of this lost child.

100 MODERN SOUNDTRACKS |
71
Mohammad is oblivious to this due to his innate humanitarianism
more than his mere blindness, and his innocence is highlighted by his
hyper-tactile relation to the world around him. He listens to birds and

insects with undying amazement; he grasps the wind and massages the
surface of water as if they are gold; he smells fragrances like they are
gifts from the heavens. While the film's cinematography is controlled and
unmannered, its sound design quivers in response to Mohammad's

waves of aural consciousness. His aura is affective and magical. As he
calls across the rolling hills to his grandmother Aziz when approaching
the family farm, his voice enlivens the space. His sisters hear him: their
faces beam knowing that Mohammad has returned.
7776 Colour of Paradise uncompromisingly charts the tragic path

Mohammad is forced to take, but not once does it resort to maudlin
musical commentary, over-privileged performances by its cast, or stilted
cinematographic metaphor. For the colour of paradise which is
Mohammad's unerringly positive world is all the wonderful sound around
him.
Dir: Majid Majidi; Prod: Mehdi Karimi; Scr: Majid Majidi; DOP: Hashem Attar, Mohammad
Davudi; Editor: Hassan Hassandust; Sound: Yadollah Najafi; Main Cast: Mohsen Ramezani,
Hossein Mahjoub.
The Colour of Pomegranates {Sayat Nova)

Soviet Union, 1969 - 79 mins
Sergei Paradjanov
Ornately based on episodic chapters in the life of the Armenian poet

Sayat Nova, The Colour of Pomegranates is framed, staged and
performed like a poem. Not a single incident of prose is cast on its
audiovisual screen; not a single photographic event is hung within its
pictorial catacombs. Its world is poetic from earth to sky and dust to sea
- not in any meagre metaphorical sense but in a heightened iconic sense.
Just as the icon in Orthodox religious dogma is a testament to that which

cannot be represented so great is its presence, iconic presentation
governs the mode of all occurrences in the film.
Richness of sound, image and gesture is so potent in The Colour of

Pomegranates that a strange synaesthetic giddiness overtakes the film.
Everything is tactile, edible, fragrant, sensual, arousing. It is as if we are
inhabiting the being of Sayat-Nova as his life is charted across the film's
fifteen movements. We take in and savour each and every impression

which led him down his path of poetic consciousness. This is another
reinforcement of the film's disavowal of mimetic operations: Sayat-
Nova's very senses are the brush, quill, ink and papyrus of the film's
audiovisual text (all being key elements he is indoctrinated as a child to
love). Spices, plaster, goldieaf, blood, sand, feathers, silk, sweat, ash,
steam, fruit, brass, metal, wax, dye, alabaster, tiles - a universe of
decorative paraphernalia and ritual accoutrements are displayed in
ethnographic gravure; museographic without being necrophiliac; natural

while being ritual.
The Colour of Pomegranates achieves this sublimation of
viewer/auditor into the poet's psyche by a measured and consistent
attunement to gestural declaration and metrical placement. Breathing

the phrasing of Sayat-Nova's poems (which when ungainly staggered as
intertitles somewhat disrupts this effect), the film arranges sound and
image in proportion to their textual evocation within the poems'
Structure. On-screen and off-screen sounds - be they spot effects or
continuous atmospheres - are thus flattened in a layer of significance,
unmodulated and unmodified. Sung refrains, chanted prayers, murmured

incantations are similarly streamed into fixed discursive lines, sometimes
brutishly syncing to visible characters, other times floating across visual
montages like an ethereal broadcast. Musical eddies are cupped, irrigated

and evaporated with total fluidity, spilling across faces and floating past
bodies.
Lyrical to a sublime level. The Colour of Pomegranates subscribes to

the phenomenological status of the aural as being that which cannot be
anything but itself. The cry of a peacock may represent any number of
things, but its sound is wholly that and that alone. The image of a
peacock, by comparison, is but the collective rabble of versions,
interpretations and understandings of that which it might be. The film's
poetic titular conundrum is a key to understanding its iconic logic, for
there is no name for the colour of pomegranates except the colour that
has to be experienced in order to recognise it. Whether one agrees or
not with the philosophical thrust of these icon-privileging claims. The
Colour of Pomegranates cherishes and savours them greatly.
Dir: Sergei Paradjanov; Prod: uncredited; Scr: Sergei Paradjanov; DOP: Martyn Shakhbazyan,
Suren Shakhbazyan; Editor: Sergei Paradzhanov; Score: Tigran Mansuryan; Sound:
uncredited; Main Cast: Sofiko Chiavreli, Melkon Aleksanyan, Vilen Galstyan, Georgi
Gegechkory, Onik Minasyan.
(Next page) The Colour of Pomegranates: not a single incident of prose upon its
audiovisual screen
rie
'ii
Contact
US, 1997- 144 mins
Robert Zemeckis
Contact opens with a visualisation of much we could never see, but most
of which we have heard. What at first appears to be a gratuitous

computer-generated track through space is in fact an astronomical
journey through sonic time capsules, dotted across outer space in a line
that documents the moments of their emission. A wash of song and
noise is jettisoned through the screen's frontal zones and spurts into the
rear surround sound field. The direction of the dynamics becomes clear:
we are not travelling into outer space; we are listening from outer space.
Contact inverts audiovisual relationships as key leverage for proposing

the realignment of cultural, textual and even mystical precepts. This
scene is who we as central

a suggestion not of beings are in contact
with, but who from beyond may contact us.

Contact's central figure, Ellie Arroway (Foster) is from the beginning
searching for something: an unjustifiable existence which she cannot see.
Crucially, she is not interested in the encoding of a past event: she scans
the airwaves in the present, fishing for sonic signals that intersect her
receiver across radically displaced zones of time and place. She replaces
the camera and the microphone with radar. She does not wish to 'find
out' something; she wants to find something - directly, unmediated,

unconditionally. If astronomical charts outline what exists where, Ellie's
obsessively pin-covered charts outline what might exist but doesn't reside
at each pin point.

Many rich images in Contact affirm this, as Ellie closes off her
terrestrial world while plugged into another realm, erotically lulled by a

continuum of noise spitting through her headphones. Just as her space
maps grow in scale and density, so too do her ears: from a single set of
headphones to the earth-shaking moment when she commands a phalanx
of gigantic satellite dishes to rotate in sync with her as she rushes in a pick-
up truck to snare the location point of an extraterrestrial sonic emission.

When she finally makes contact, a dimensional pulsation grows

which sonically invades the auditorium. As auditors, looking at a spectral
analyser with its pumping LEDs while hearing this sound, we occupy the
fused headphonic/radarphonic space of Ellie: a primed and imaginative
place where the desire to hear external presences creates the net
wherein signs of the beyond can roost. Here, surround sound activity
precisely captures all that the screen cannot show. If we are to be
contacted by something beyond - as postulated in much sci-fi writing - it
will first make us realise the limited recording range of both our mental
facilities and monitoring technologies.

The complex phenomenological and technological ramifications of
Contact's hypothesis mark it a first in employing surround spatialisation
not merely for Judeo-Christian spookery, but for the investigation of how
one shifts from a centred existence to a decentred one. Contact's
mystical pondering is broad enough not to be thematically rooted in
either religious or humanist dogma, and open enough to state the vitality
of sound as a life force whose energy fields and physical expansiveness
affect us deeply despite the thinness of our ocular rationalism.
Dir: Robert Zemeckis; Prod: Steve Starkey, Robert Zemeckis; Scr: Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan,
James V. Hart, Michael Goldenberg; DOP: Don Burgess; Editor: Arthur Schmidt; Score: Alan
Silvestri; Sound Design: Randy Thom; Main Cast: Jodie Foster, Mathew McConaughey,
David Morse, Tom Skerritt.
The Convent (O Convento)

Portugal, 1998-94mins
Manoel De Oliveira
An astoundingly perplexing text, there may be many entirely mismatched

ways to describe The Convent. The 'plot' is simple enough. To aid his
research on the true genealogy of Shakespeare, Michael (Malkovich)
arrives at a ruined convent with his wife Helene (Deneuve). There they
are greeted by Baltar (Cintra), who presents Michael with a research
assistant, Piedade (Silveira). Baltar is hoping that Piedade will seduce

Michael, while he himself attempts to seduce Michael's wife Helene. A
strung-out bourgeois chamber drama, for certain. Yet The Convent
erupts in a rash of emotional boils due to its powerfully possessive music.
Replaying select and (in most instances) unedited movements from

Sofia Gubajdulina's Offertohum - The Seven Last Words and Igor
Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, The Coni/enr threads these works'

gorgeous atonality to overwhelm the superficial trappings of the
characters, and entangle them in the music's psychological penumbra.
First impressions will likely confound, caused by the stinging effect of

what appears to be misplaced and inappropriate orchestral incursions.
These taint the actors with laughable melodrama, refusing to match their
projection and stature. The characters seem to be rendered as defaced
statues with incomprehensible expressions on their faces -just like those
that populate the convent's surroundings.
Yet it is through the action of replaying these movements that one

discerns their purpose and deeper effect on the film's visible action. As
cued from its first manifestation, the music is not aligned with character
as one presumes: it comes from within the metaphysical spaces that
comprise the convent. Gates, doorways, caves, grottoes, chapels and

quarters are continually framed from the inside, looking out at those
who peer into their indigo ambience. As Baltar and his assistants are
seen to be practising satanists (of a decidedly reserved order) into whose

necromantic hands the convent has been entrusted, the convent's sacred
sanctity is recognised more as a Jurassic battlefield between good and
evil. Once Piedade and Baltar each start quoting Goethe's Faust (and the
film obliquely quotes Nosferatu), each starts shaping Michael and Helene
into players on a Faustian stage. The role of Gubajdulina's and
Stravinsky's music instates The Convent W\\h a multiplicity of
metaphysical assertions on the blurring between good and evil, as their
excerpts' atonality is liberated from overt description and emotional

registration.
As the film closes and each of the characters has literally disappeared
(Baltar and Piedade into an abyss deep in the Witch's Forest; Michael and
Helene into the 'giant vulva' of a cave which houses an ancient chapel
despite its volcanic formation as one of Satan's original furnaces), the
music similarly withdraws, leaving us with the sound of ocean waves

lapping at the characters' absence.
Dir: Manoel De Oliveira; Prod: Paul Branco; Scr: Manoel De Oliveira; DOP: Mario Barroso;
Editor: Valerie Loiseleux, Manoel De Oliveira; Sourced Score: Igor Stravinsky, Sofiya
Gubajdulina, Toshir Mayazumi; Sound: Jean-Paul Mugel; Main Cast: Catherine Deneuve,
John Malkovich, Luis Miguel Cintra, Leonor Silveira.

The Conversation
US, 1974- 113 mins
The Conversation sculpts a mindscape of piercing interiority which

demonstrates how complex and effective noise can be in detailing
shifting mental states. That's 'noise' in both sonic and psychological

senses: interference, distortion, unfidelity, overload - all the tactile
signifiers of the moment when sound becomes its Other, its nightmare,
its transfigured monster.
Repressed and near-dysfunctional Harry Caul (Hackman) is a
solipsistic sound recordist bent on tapping other people's private

conversations - a perfect vehicle to drive a character whose stability is
maintained by treating dialogue purely as legible sonic data. But when

Harry reads meaning into the recorded dialogue, pure sound becomes
oppressive noise, representing the impenetrability of both the tape he
has recorded and the psychological wall he has built around his sense of
self. Many stirring moments are founded on the aesthetics of ring
modulation, sweep equalisation and inverted compression ratios, but

never are they employed as decoration. The story brings the noise as the
drama demands it, figuring the soundtrack as a resolutely tailored text
with little concern for gratuitous kooky sound effects typically employed
to illustrate someone losing their mind.
The inner emptiness of Harry is not unlike a studio whose acoustic
character has been deadened. Sonic alarms control the perimeter of his
sealed fortress; a silent number blocks incoming calls. He amplifies his
loneliness, making his solitude deafening. For therapy, he plays
saxophone solos on top of a live jazz recording, pausing at the right
moments to acknowledge the pre-recorded applause. Even the camera

pans across this space indifferently, as if he is not there. Harry's
workspace is similarly void of presence; a cavernous warehouse with a

small locked cage where his specially constructed recording and decoding
equipment is gathered into one controlled zone. And not surprisingly, his
Tile Conversation: the recorder becomes the recorded
affair with Amy (Garr) is based on similar control over her, boxing her in
and rendering their relationship invisible and silent.
Being invisible through silence is Harry's mode of self-statement: he
prides himself on not being heard while hearing others - hence his
outrage at being bugged by Stan (John Cazale) in a rare moment of
tenderness with Lurieen (Phoebe Alexander). For Harry, interference is
largely a challenge - something to filter out, reduce and sublimate. But

interference becomes a devastating affair when outsiders rupture his
space by perceiving its invisibility. When Harry himself is bugged, his
world falls apart absolutely. His isolation booth of an apartment is torn
asunder as he wrecks walls, floors, ceiling and fittings trying to uncover

the tapping device. This truly is someone having their world turned inside
out, as the recorder becomes the recorded. Encoded as data for others
after so desperately defining himself through the appropriation of others'

data, his sonic visage becomes a frail actuality: his self is noted by others,
being both the thing he most desires and that which will destroy him.
Playing his sax in destitution surrounded by the rubble of his space, a
reversal takes hold of his sonic psyche: he now hears himself as he hears
others.
Dir: Francis Ford Coppola; Prod: Francis Ford Coppola; Scr: Francis Ford Coppola; DOP: Bill
Butler; Editor: Richard Chew, Walter Murch; Score: David Shire; Sound Design: Walter
Murch; Main Cast: Gene Hackman, Frederic Forrest, Cindy Williams, Terri Garr, Harrison
Ford, Robert Duvall.

Crash
Canada, 1996- 100 mins
David Cronenberg
Crash is a complex film in its choice to depict polysexual states and
sensibilities. Counter to most options picked up in both legitimate and

porn cinema. Crash is concerned with moving past the body, beyond its
organic states and conditions, into the uncharted realm of paraphilia;
that state, literally, 'beyond love', where the erotic is displaced and the
sexual reconfigured by the most unlikely of triggers and stimuli. This
means that traditional images of the body on screen are placed there
primarily for the purpose of moving through them. Crash's score is
similarly deceptive: it appears to have a slight modern tonality on its
shimmering, amplified surface, what with electric guitars combined with

harp and prepared piano. But the score is more concerned with
composing appropriately for the polysexual condition of Crash's story by
transcending the obviousness of 'radical' tonalities.
The score splits its orchestration into two sections: the guitars/harps
and the woodwinds. Throughout the film, the central theme literally
morphs between the two, so that the woodwinds remind one of the
guitars no longer present, and vice versa. This absenting of singular
musical character dryly complements the emptying of identity in the

conventional sexual act. As innocent and hyper-softly spoken James
Ballard (Spader) wafts into a new terrain of sexuality prompted by his
encounters with his wife Catherine (Unger), Helen Rimmington (Hunter),
Gabrielle (Arquette) and others, bodies appear to be as they were before,

but they now contain a distinct Otherness. They shine like chrome; smell
like vinyl; feel like leather; sound like an engine.
Just as the history of film scoring for the sexual act is a history of
covering bodily noise and creating a surfeit of unnecessary narration to
compensate for the embarrassing images shown. Crash's score is a
genteel acceptance of the aural fading of that same musical cloaking.

Musicologically, Crash addresses that perverse audiovisual dilemma of
cinema: what music should formally occupy the soundtrack in
accompaniment to the sounds and images of bodies having sex? Counter

to the mysterious fade to black or the rapid shuttle to the lurid
symbolism of fireworks and crashing waves, the visualisation of the
sexual act necessitated previously unimagined aural accompaniment.
While a plethora of resulting musical scores have generated

perplexing conventions that highlight the fissures between the image-
track's conscious narration and the soundtrack's liminal operation, Crash

redefines this procedeure by composing music for openly aroused
emotional states. In a number of scenes where James wanders through a
hellish panorama of car-crash debris and human remains, the score

highlights his arousal in place of any expected pathos, harmonically
dissolving slightly mournful progressions into luxuriously thickened
instrumentation. The 'beauty in death' connoted here is not simply a
Romantic affectation, but a severely sexual condition.

Crash sits between the luridly Romantic and the aggressively
pornographic. Hard-core porn's unique solution to how to score sex acts
has resulted in a blatant disregard for combining appropriate music with
ocular gynaecological pursuits, rendering its films' music surreal and

unsettling. Soft-core porn's mock-Euro attributes characterise its films as
desperate and deluded in their pretence to sensitivity, while hammering
sexual gyrations with a cinematic sledge hammer. Crash can be viewed

as a psychological and musical accident site where all these pre-existing
codes of representation have collided. Seriously contemplating

appropriate musical accompaniment to moments like Gabrielle in calipers
rubbing her scarred flesh against the bonnet of an expensive car in a
showroom, it redefines the erotic in music.
Dir: David Cronenberg; Prod: David Cronenberg; Scr: David Cronenberg; DOP: Peter
Suschitzky; Editor: Ronald Sanders; Score: Howard Shore; Sound Effects Supervision: David
Evans; Main Cast: James Spader, Holly Hunter, Ellas Koteas, Deborah Linger, Rosanna
Arquette.
Crazy
Netherlands, 1999-97 mins
Heddy Honigmann
In Crazy, soldiers, aid-workers and counsellors who have spent military
duty and/or peacekeeping time in places like Seoul, Saigon, Phnom Penh,
Lebanon, Kosovo and Rwanda are interviewed about what songs they
cherished from their time spent in those places, and what memories the
songs bring back. Then, in a recall of the camera gaze shared by Warhol
and Akerman, we watch their faces as they listen to the songs. The
beauty of the film is not in its humanist celebration of the will to survive
beyond the ravages of such hellish experiences, but in its foregrounding of
how song - in its most consumerist guise and outright commodification -

can transcend the damning critiques pop music tends to attract.
The film opens with the phased churning of a chopper intermingling

with strains of the Three Tenors singing 'Nessun Dorma' (from the
Puccini opera Turandot). Of course. Apocalypse Now is evoked by this
clash of beauty with death. But in Crazy, it is revealed that 'Nessun
Dorma' is less a musical projectile and more an aural impression mapped

by the face that listens to it. As we watch an ex-soldier listen to one of
the 80s' most kitsch grotesqueries of high-art super-group bellowing, it is
as if the pores of his skin 'become' the laser-burnt pits of the CD

recording. The surface of his face shows only the slightest quivering in
response to the sound waves of the music as it fills his being. Eyes open,
occasionally blinking, audibly breathing, he - like most of Crazy's subjects

- does not fit the desired romanticised quasi-religious icon of the ecstatic
listener, enthralled by harmonic rapture with eyes wide shut. His face is
removed, ungiving, transported. The effect is undeniable: we bear
witness to the phonological materiality of the song as inscription; as that

which is listened to rather than that which is encoded, recorded,
produced or performed. The transparent psychosonic skin that wavers
between objectivity (the song as music) and subjectivity (the song as
experience) shimmers and fluctuates.
The laying of music 'on top of someone's face on a screen can not
only project an emotional reading of the character's state of mind, but
can also externalise the interiority of the imagined person. Crazy
outrightly documents this. Each song states: I am what is inside this
head, behind this face, within this listener. Crazy also proves absolutely
that any narrative can embrace any song for any purpose. It evidences
music - in the receptacle of songs - as an uncontrollable force, both
from the songwriter/singer's intention and in the film subjects' reception
of the song. The ex-soldiers all fix their songs to precise incidents and
moments which did not call for the songs that fused themselves to their
listeners. Music - as one guy puts it in the film - is 'weird stuff. In the
end, all the songs perform as a talisman against the craziness in which
they found themselves gradually sinking. Crazy's minimalist documentary
technique is a testament not merely to the human spirit, but to the

power of song.
Dir: Heddy Honigmann; Prod: PieterVan Huystee; Scr: Heddy Honigmann; DOP: Gregor
Meerman; Editor: Mario Steenbergen; Sourced Songs: Giacomo Puccini, Elvis Presley, Seal,
Guns N' Roses, U2; Sound Editor: Hugo Dijkstal.

Days of Wine and Roses

US, 1962-1 17 mins
Blake Edwards
The bitter-sweet music of Days of Wine and Roses embodies a moving

study of Joe Clay (Lemmon) and Kirsten Arnesen's (Remick) 'marriage
on the rocks'. The score exemplifies a counter-trend in American film
music where an identifiable pop song replaces the Wagnerian leitmotiv

as a principle of construction. Close inspection of Days of Wine and
Roses' score uncovers an unusual chameleon-like make-up in its
arrangements. Presumed to be 'pop', the transformation of the cues'

reworking of the title theme constitutes a thoroughly modern serialism
- not at the incremental diatonic substrata, but at the plateau of pop

form. This bizarre structural cross-hatching of Schoenberg and
Bacharach sites the active layers and levels of the music not within its
composition per se, but more in its orchestration. The movement

through these modular, decentred and fractured versions musically
narrates the social and emotional descent of Joe and Kirsten into
alcoholism.
The opening credits present the title song with lyrics, sung in
decorously drippy male and female harmonies. Somewhere between

slowed-down Swingle Singers and woozy Modernaires, the
melodiousness of their fawned lilts and sighing crescendos prepares one
for melodrama. But such a recourse is never taken. Rather, the vocal
version is a set-up: a garish humanist billboard behind whose shadows
exists the world of the film with its post-noir moral murkiness and its
proto-sociological advocation of Alcoholics Anonymous. All proceeding

music follows the pattern established by the elaborate yet subtle suite of
thematic variations which play under Joe and Kirsten's first date. Having
eased into the other's familiarity, they sit at the dock of the bay, Joe
buoyant by bourbon, Kirsten bubbling from her first brandy Alexander.
Luminescence from the water below flickers on their faces as they open
up to each other. The theme synchronously melts into a distended solo
Days of Wine and Roses: distended solo lines and strung-out themes
line without bacl<ing. The jazz-intoned harmonies and chromatic shifts in
the melody are now rendered atonal and alien, as their raw and exposed
dreams, ambitions and memories emotionally fuse.
This approach is then variegated with great sensitivity to the drama.
When Joe thinks he sees a 'bum' in the street - but then realises he has
caught his reflection in a bar window - the theme collapses into fleshy
folds around its skeletal melody. When he is sedated by force in a
sanatorium as his body is being overcome by alcoholic poisoning, his eyes

glaze as the theme is contorted into a DNA model of its former self. The
deeper Joe and Kirsten slide into addiction, the more 'strung-out' the
theme becomes. Oppositely, when chordal support is draped around the

title melody, it corresponds to moments in Joe and Kirsten's
consciousness of their situation. They see glimmers of their former selves;
the music recalls the warmth conveyed in its initial vocal arrangement.
Amazingly, the film sadly concludes with a softly intoned sole note
played on French horn as Kirsten walks away alone, typifying the extent
to which the score has actioned its own 'harmonic being' as the means
for writing its elegy.
Dir: Blake Edwards; Prod: Martin Manulis; Scr: J. P. Miller; DOP: Philip H. Lathrop; Editor:
Patrick McCormack; Score: Henry Mancini; Sound: Jack Solomon; Main Cast: Jack Lemmon,
Lee Remick, Charles Bickford, Jack Klugman.

Dead Man
US, 1995-121 mins
Jim Jarmusch
If the soundtrack as we know it had never been developed - if it had

never concretely and technically locked sound to image - film music now
might be like it is in Dead Man. Performed by non-film composer Neil
Young mostly in real-time passages to edited scenes solely on electric
guitar, its music is neither scored nor conducted. Quite the opposite, it
scores image by folding its tones across the visuals, and conducts energy
through electrified means. It literally plugs into the images and amplifies
them, reading its performers like a shaman reading a liver. The music
responds to its locations by sounding that which is invisible to its
inhabitants.
A complete inversion of mythic, heroic and romantic Westerns, Dead

Man follows William Blake (Depp), an accountant from Cleveland who
travels to the perversely named Machine to work for a steel mill, but
ends up being accidentally shot and set loose into the wild woods. As
itinerant and wandering as the film's Homeric odyssey. Dead Man's
music idly dances around its images and sequences, never making bold
statements, never formulating a structure, never making overt sense of
that which it appears to describe. The guitar acknowledges the film's
status as mystical Western, its alienation from itself via tube distortion
and room reverb echoing the existential landscape traversed by William
Blake as he slowly dies from within as a bullet poisons his being.
Introduced as recognisable motifs - braced by an acoustic guitar
overlay during the title credits - variations on the guitar's themes and its
chord progressions become more fractured as William Blake's life force
seeps. Blake is befriended and guided on a spiritual journey by the Indian
Nobody (Farmer), becoming closer to death as he nears the ocean, where

he is eventually set loose in a canoe. As the waves carry him away, the
guitar throbs like a heart's final pulsation. The final ocean journey recalls
Blake's original travel deep into the American woods by train. Through a
dotted line of narcoleptic black-outs, Blake attempts to remain composed

as the world around him progressively transforms into a realm of
animalistic beings, morbid behaviour and nightmarish landscapes. Upon

arriving at Machine - a din-ridden industrialised Hades whose Vulcanite
machines signal the death of the Old World in the face of noisy greed -
this Cleveland accountant finds no welcome quarter. He has entered a
lost world from which he will not return. The palpably 'live' electric guitar
charts his nervous fluctuations, his shifts in consciousness, his
receptiveness to unworldly traits, and his final acceptance that William

Blake is indeed a dead man.
Dir: Jim Jarmusch; Prod: Demetra J. Macbride; Scr: Jim Jarmusch; DOP: Robby IVIuller;
Editor: Jay Rabinowitz; Score: Neil Young; Supervising Sound Editor: Robert Hein; Main
Cast: Johnny Depp, Gary Farmer, Lance Henriksen, Michael Wincott, Robert Mitchum.
Distant Thunder {Ashani Sanket)

India, 1973- lOOmins
Satyajit Ray
A work of remarkable restraint, Distant Thunder is as quiet as the
Bollywood musical is loud. But this is not a value judgment typical of the
wedges driven to separate Hindi art films from Masala musicals: the
binary of quiet/loud does not equate good/bad. The softness of Distant
Tliunder relates to a dramaturgical stratagem whose aural awareness is
marked in the film's sonic grain.
The first distinctive feature of sound in Distant Thunder is its
ethnographic ambience. An overlooked aspect of much non-Western

cinema is how a culture's domestic architecture affects a film's staging.
Theatre's traditional proscenium is based on a room-with-a-view - which

is fine if you spend most time (and most of your familial conflict) indoors.
But cultures who live and work predominantly outside or with open
doors have no need for the invisible fourth wall of the proscenium's
paradigm. Sound design in service to naturalism is then forced to

acknowledge that there is no sound for the 'inside' of a room due to all
the 'outside' sound leaking in. This is undoubtedly a guiding principle for
Distant Thunder's sound: all manner of insect and bird life is continually
audible. Post-dubbed and planar in their blunt occupancy of the
soundtrack, these sounds nonetheless relate to a specific acoustic field of
reference - Indian rural life.
This apparent naturalism of sound is crucial to setting up Distant

Thunder as a slight documentary-tinged study. But this veneer peels
away as Distant Thunder's story unfolds. Set during World War II, it
follows the plight of husband and wife Gangacharan (Chatterjee) and
Ananga (Babita) as their life is slowly changed by global situations which
initially seem to be far removed from their near-subsistence living. The

sound that signifies the encroaching global forces is that of war planes
flying overheard in formation. At first, the sound of the planes is a
thrilling novelty. Later, they signify aberrant transgression when Babita's

screams are drowned by their volume as she is raped while her girlfriends
scan the skies to spot the planes. Eventually, the deep hum of the flying
machines represents an intrusive terror which grips everyone as the
Bengal famine spreads and takes hold of the village. The once-distant
thunder is now a deadly drone.
The tactile ambience of Gangacharan and Ananga's life is mostly rich
in detail: heat, wind, river water, dusty ground, tree trunks, rustling
leaves, floating fabric, colourful spices - all are portrayed simultaneously
as fragile yet vibrant signs of life. Their accompanying sounds are

accorded similar respect not for an isolated celebration of Nature's
beauty, but to intensify the accruing loss which leads Gangacharan,
Ananga and those around them down a brutal path of existence. A

simplistic yet sensual score is woven into this ambience, whose central
theme's melodic lilt is ultimately mournful. With aching majesty, it builds
in proportion to the dwindling of the sounds of life as the village withers;
beaten into submission by planes which drop no bombs, but whose fatal
thunder darkens the villagers' sky.
Dir: Satyajit Ray; Prod: Sharbani Bhattacharya; Scr: Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay, Satyajit
Ray; DOP: Soumendu Roy; Editor: Dulal Dutta; Score: Satyajit Ray; Sound: J. D. Irani,
Durgadas Mitra; Main Cast: Babita, Chitra Banerjee, Govinda Chakravarti, Soumitra
Chatterjee.
Do the Right Thing

US, 1989-94mins
Spike Lee
A camera crane glides up, lifting us through the tops of maple trees,
resting on a view of houses and apartments with stoops rolling down to
street level. It looks like the mythical New York residential street shot on
Universal's 'Main Street' lot for the past fifty years. Lush, orchestrated
strings convey the sensation of rising, floating, hovering. The fuzzy
homespun blanket of classical Hollywood Americana is harmonically
spun. But this is a real street in Bedford Stuyvesant, New York. The film is
Do the Right Thing and the score is contemporary.

Something is wrong with this picture. Why is a radically black film
resorting to white picturesque music? Because this music - that lilting
brave tonality of epic Americana - is not white. It is a dense harmonic

cartography of America's racial and colonial history. It contains hymnal
strains of Baptist eulogies, shifting undertones of transient blues idioms,

metamorphosing key changes typical of jazz arrangements. This music -
despite its accrued signage of white Hollywood humanism - is black.
To comprehend and identify this germ of blackness, one must

audibly trace its major carriers: the 'new world' sound of symphonic
works by Virgil Thomson and Aaron Copland. Do the Right Thing's score
might appear to be a jazz-quotation of classical Hollywood music, but its
line of reference goes straight to the corpus of Thomson and Copland.

Their triumphant yet melancholic compositions reside in the popular
consciousness as sublime icons of America's majestic land mass, and

have an uncanny effect of atonement when set to images of America's
abuse of its land and people. Thomson's scores for documentaries about
the harshness of the land were highly influential in imbuing farmers'
struggles with pathos via his embrace of blues, folk and ethnic music to
characterise his harmonies with non-European modals. Copland worked
in a less quotative and more transformative manner with his
Americanesque ballets and symphonies, yet imbedded deep in his

rc . m
Do the Right Thing, music as a cartography of racial and colonial history
climbing 4ths and 5ths are the templates of blues chord progressions -
clearly audible in his unsentimental accompaniment to Of Mice and

Men's (1939) depiction of Depression-era America.
Of course, land ownership and territorial possession are regenerated
to form the crux of Do the Right Thing: who owns what, who takes from
whom, who inhabits where. The score reclaims that melancholic sound
like forty acres of harmony and replays it as a contemporary racial
threnody - one that poignantly breathes between the tenser moments of

conflict between the Italians, Koreans and African Americans. Operating
as much at an ideological level as a musical level, this amounts to a
socio-political perspective on the possession and authorship of harmony
and melody in film music. The outre politicisation of Do the Right Thing
is most readily apparent in the presence of Radio Raheem (Nunn) blasting
hip hop into social spaces and onto the film's soundtrack in an act of
territorial transgression. But one is wise not to be deaf to the film's
quieter carpet of urban pastoralism. For just as so many key 'Americana'

composers openly or obliquely referenced black folk/popular music as a
Strategy for defining an American identity against European affectation.
Do the Right Thing explores first-degree folk/popular music as the
material from which to mould a soundtrack as an act of reclamation.
Dir: Spike Lee; Prod: Spike Lee; Scr: Spike Lee; DOP: Ernest Dickerson; Editor: Barry
Alexander Brown; Score: Bill Lee; Songs: Public Enemy; Sound Design: Skip Lievsay; Main
Cast: Danny Aiello, Ossie Davis, Spike Lee, Bill Nunn, John Turturro, Rosie Perez.
Dr. Dolittle
US, 1998-85mins
Betty Thomas
Dr. Dolittle (Murphy) says a very telling line in the remake of Dr. Dolittle:
Til end up like one of those people on the streets talking to themselves.
It ain't a good look.' The film goes as far as having Eddie Murphy
interred in a psychiatric hospital because he claims he can talk to the
animals. The film soon becomes hopelessly trapped by its own

contradictory do-gooding, for at the end of the day, no one is going to
believe anyone can talk to the animals and hear exactly what they say.
The more that vocalised schizophrenia takes hold of the urban
audiopolis, the more we will try to deny it, and the louder its noise will
get. Every time we ignore that person talking to themselves, the more
we socially enforce a cone of silence which actually allows the person
with schizophrenia to expand their 'acoustic personal space'. They figure

our silence is an acceptance of their expanded aural territorialisation.
That is the key role we as 'non-crazies' play in increasing the city's
audible threshold.
In Dr. Dolittle, the term 'schizophrenia' is never mentioned, but it is
screamed non-stop throughout the subliminal terrain of the film's
soundtrack. Like a mega mix of the soundtracks to The Adventures of
Milo and Otis (1986), Look Who's Talking (1989) and Babe (1995), a
thousand and one wannabe comedians desperately vie for your attention
on screen and off screen with their smarmy wisecracks. Listening to Dr
Dolittle's living and dead stuffed animals with digitally composited lip
movements is cacophonous, pathetic, scary. It is noise at its most

fundamental: the collapse of communication through overload; the
inverting of inferiority; the ultimate surrounding of sound.
The soundtrack to Dr Dolittle is less a matter of crafted sound design

and more an almost accidental intersection between socio-acoustics from
the outside world and psychoacoustics inside the sanctity of the cinema.
This marks the film as a rare case in the way that its soundtrack reflects
how vocal noise on the street bears little relation to the formal ways in
which the recording and placement of voice has become part of film
language. The value of Dr. Dolittle then is socially therapeutic: it gives
pause to consider the exclusivity with which film language denies

aberrant communication which we hear most days when we walk down
the street.
The complex audiovisual distancing employed by people wishing to

ignore 'street crazies' is itself a form of 'reality mixing'. The ability with
which 'clinically sane' citizens can filter out noise for the sake of their
own sanity is amazing. For whenever one hears the floating voices of
others' schizophrenia, one is hearing the potential advance echo of one's
own demise. Following the premise that comedy arises from the
misfortune of others. Dr. Dolittle is listed as being a comedy. Maybe the
aural moral is: laugh while you can.
Dir: Betty Thomas; Prod: John Davis, David T Friendly, Joseph Singer; Scr: Nat Mauldin, Larry
Levin; DOP: Russell Boyd; Editor: Peter Teschner; Score: Richard Gibbs; Sound Design: John
A. Larsen; Main Cast: Eddie Murphy, Ossie Davis, Oliver Piatt, Peter Boyle.
Escape from New York

US, 1981 -99mins
John Carpenter
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In the predominantly bombastic world of cinema, a score featuring the
repetition of a single note is unlikely. It may also be unlikely that
Manhattan will be turned into a sealed-off prison where homicidal killers
are left to govern themselves, prevented from escaping across the
island's dynamite-laden bridges. Escape from New York proposes this and
enshrines the sustaining of a single note as its primary device for
modulating tension.
Played by synthesiser banks triggered by sequencers, the pulse is
exceedingly inhuman. Metronomically controlled by voltage instead of
wind-up mechanisms, tonally shaped from oscillators instead of acoustic
materials, pitched by frequency controls instead of malleable tuning, the
sound of music in Escape from New York is never actual. Rather, it is the
by-product of electrical energy - always stated and presented as such

and never allowed to 'become music'. This particular approach to
synthesiser composition and performance constitutes an act of
'descoring' for film, in that the synthesiser's innate capacity for
'inhumanness' is exploited to conduct (literally) energy and channel it
through the score.

'Descoring' strategically operates through the systematic multi-
tracking and programming of synthesiser banks. Parts of the score
convey diminution, residua and absence of musical parts and voices.

Passages will break down to a single note - sometimes to no more than
a Geiger counter clicking. The gradual shrinking of musical activity and
sonic layers throughout Escape from New York inverts the epic grandeur
implicit in actively 'building up' music for the movies.

The urban landscape in Escape from New York evokes this: frontier
facades, vacated blocks and toppled monuments crumble into each other
in unfolding dioramas depicting the demise of a once-great metropolis.
As the Duke (Hayes) cruises through the rubble of Manhattan in his

Cadillac adorned with candelabra, a musicological cue of greater import

is expressed by the throbbing synthesisers. Escape from New York is the
Shaft (1 971 ) of the future: chugging wah-wah guitars and percolating hi-
hats have been reduced to blips and beeps on the musicological radar.
Simultaneously, those pulses represent the ticking time-bomb inside
Snake (Russell) as he searches for the US President (Pleasence) kidnapped

by the Duke, as well as the tracking device attached to the President.
Escape from New York's economical employment of the monophonic
pulse becomes the perfect foil for measuring changing degrees of
dramatic tension. The score is thus an ECG reading of Snake's drama.
Positioned away from melodramatic statement, it is a narratological
transposition of minimalism's drone and loop states, where the absence

of horizontal melody intensifies one's awareness of the vertical depth in
any one note or singular musical fragment. When actual music does
appear, it arrives as a battered cassette tape of Dixieland jazz, globally
broadcast in place of a vital message from the President to deter an

impending world war. Derisively planted by Snake as repayment for the
double-crosses he has endured, he walks away unfurling the original
tape in a symbolic act of 'decomposition'.
Dir: John Carpenter; Prod: Larry J. Franco, Debra Hill; Scr: John Carpenter, Nick Castle; DOR:
Dean Cundey, Jim Lucas; Editor: Todd C. Ramsay; Score: John Carpenter; Sound Mix: Steve
Maslow; Main Cast: Kurt Russell, Lee Van Cleef, Ernest Borgnine, Donald Pleasence, Isaac
Hayes, Harry Dean Stanton, Adrienne Barbeau.

The Exorcist
US, 1971 -121 mins
William Friedkin
Renowned for its violent innagery, The Exorcist unsettles its audience
initially through sound, showing us little in the first half of the film.
Repeatedly, incisive aural rupture is caused by inordinately loud and

disproportionately banal sound edits: a cup smashes, a phone rings, a car
horn beeps, a door slams shut. Stretched between each sonar shock, one
can hear the soundscape slowly nullify the New England calm - from the
destabilising quiet separated mother Chris MacNeil (Burstyn) endures
while coming to terms with her divorce, to the intense pauses as her
daughter Regan (Blair) waits for a Ouija board to come to life. Before too
long, one is put on edge by the viciousness of common sounds while
being smothered by a visual domesticity.
The tension between sound and image is crucial to setting us up for

the film's forthcoming visceral ocularism. This is not to say the
soundtrack is merely the result of an overly deliberated assault to wear

down the audience. Quite the opposite; it plays with the audience's
relation to the film's naturalistic tone - distinctively low key in its drama -
almost as if a Satanic horror film has possessed a family documentary
portrait. The visual and aural traits of each respective genre are
orchestrated to amplify this change. The first half of The Exorcist

documents how the comfortable home of Chris and Regan is being
transformed into an upside-down simulacrum of Hades. The second half
performs identically, but in sole operation upon the body of Regan.
Through her, the voice of female pubescence is rendered by a hellish
chorus of effects and transmogrifications, and it is here that the
soundtrack becomes aberrant and vilifying.
Possessed by a devil, Regan speaks in foreign languages, reversed
recordings and diabolical dialogue. Drained of the personal, filled from

beyond and fuelled by possession, Regan's whole body becomes a
distorted receiver/broadcaster for Satanic power. She is a Ouija body:

letters press outwards from her abdomen to emboss the word 'help' in
typographical welts; spinal gymnastics redefine the limits of contortion as
her head spins 180 degrees to face those whom she addresses;
vulgarities spew forth in linguistic and bilious form until she literally
exhales a stream of vomit. As words become abject matter - phlegm for
insult, saliva for disdain - the voice becomes an aural anus. It no longer
voluntarily speaks, but shits uncontrollably.
The Exorcist conjures a nauseating audiovisual imagining of the loss
of one's own voice. Regan is silenced through a severing of her psyche
from her vocal chords, forcing her to become a bloated vessel for every
possible vocalisation of the Other; social, familial, sexual, physical,
spiritual. Father Merrin (von Sydow) recites and recants to retrieve her;
words are his tools, a Bible his manual. Somewhere deep in the
cavernous corporeal cacophony of those who crowd her being lies Regan
- lost in the noise of the Other and prevented from screaming with her
own voice.
Dir: William Friedkin; Prod: William Peter Blatty; Scr: William Peter Blatty; DOP: Owen
Roizman, Billy Williams; Editor: Norman Gay, Evan A. Lottman, Bud S. Smith; Score: Jack
Nitzsche; Song: Mike Oldfield; Sourced Score: Krzysztof Penderecki, George Crumb, Anton
Webern, Hans Werner Henze; Special Sound Effects: Doc Siegel, Ron Nagle; Sound Editor:
Fred Brown; Main Cast: Ellen Burstyn, Max von Sydow, Lee J. Cobb, Jason Miller, Linda Blair
Face/Off
US, 1997- 138 mins
John Woo
Kung-fu cinema paradoxically deals with showing body movements

designed to be too quick for the eye to see. Filmic mechanics are
required to disrupt the post-human abilities of the martial artist,
reconfigure it into a digestible physiological spatio-temporal continuum,

and edit it so that it appears to be happening at an inhuman rate.
Running laterally to the jump-cut in Eurocentric dramatic cinema, the
jump-cut in Hong Kong action cinema is predicated on this bizarre two-
steps-backwards/three-steps-forwards conundrum of depiction.
Face/Off stands as a contemporary landmark in grabbing those sonic

moments between the cut and blasting them into the cinesonic
ethersphere. Shot after shot, non-fu performers Sean Archer (Travolta)
and Castor Troy (Cage) exit the frame only to re-enter the next shot in a
way that even Jet Li would find difficult to execute. At these precise
moments, the soundtrack blasts one with a whole artillery of orchestral,
synthetic and incendiary sound effects. They shoot across the surround-
sound space, creating breath-taking maps of plotted action which
confuse one into feeling that the screen bodies have in fact performed
the feat your eyes did not believe.
In an apt fusion of culture (Peking Opera) with technology (Dolby

Surround), Face/Off exploits the clarity, definition and sheer volume of
full-frequency surround sound to create these spectacular sonic
fireworks. Their explosiveness deliberately distracts one from the visuals
in a rush of milliseconds where theatre-space - the sculpted sound field
you inhabit in the cinema - becomes a sonar hall of mirrors, refracting
sound effects, aural devices and musical conventions. Bullet-cam shots

are matched by booming tunnels of wind rushes which soar to the rear
of the cinema like jets passing overhead at an aviation pageant. Grossly
cliched slo-mo hugs of children on sepia-toned carousels are matched by

syrupy stings of glockenspiels which reverberate throughout the
Face/Off: hi-tech Chinese circus music and audiovisual combustion
auditorium. Tex-Mex church shoot-outs and stand-offs are matched by
diffused swirls of pigeon flaps and digital choirs. And - best of all - guns
fired in aircraft hangars and metallic prison halls are matched by high-
transient full-impact bullet ricochets which punctuate the side and rear
walls of the theatre with such velocity that one flinches and ducks.
The often violent detachment of these sounds from the image-track
posits them as cornerstones in a scene's audiovisual narration. Each of
these moments is the result of extensive post-production labour and a
purposeful use of psychoacoustics, combined so as not to enhance
visuals, disrupt space, or synchronise action. Rather, the sound design of
Face/Off \s appositely engineered to compensate visuals, conjure space

and generate action. As a form of cinematised kung-fu, the film's
momentum of sound is a hi-tech rush of Chinese circus music: crashing
cymbals and swelling gongs, sparkling fire-crackers and booming fire-
balls, swishing blades and clanging metal sheets. True to its flashy, showy
entertainment, Face/Off embodies much that destabilises the naturalistic
mimeticism of cinema while exposing the unending attraction of

audiovisual combustion.
Dir: John Woo; Prod: Terence Chang, Christopher Godsick, Barrie M. Osborne, David Permut;
Sen Mike Werb, Michael Colleary; DOP: Oliver Wood; Editor: Steven Kemper, Christian
Wagner; Score: John Powell; Sound Design: Per Hallberg, Michael A. Reagan, Mark R
Stoeckinger; Main Cast: John Travolta, Nicolas Cage, Joan Allen, Alessandro Nivola, Gina
Gershon.
Fantasia - The Sorcerer's Apprentice

US, 1940-9mins
James Algar
The first image of The Sorcerer's Apprentice (one section of Fantasia) is
the Sorcerer conjuring shape and form out of vaporous nothingness.
Mickey conversely inhabits a physical body in a physical world whose

reality is restricted by worldly forces. Perversely, it is a cartoon that is
conveying this - and doing so through its literalisation of the symbolism
inherent in Paul Dukas' symphonic work Tiie Sorcerer's Apprentice.
Furthermore, this literalisation is represented by the prime metaphysical
conveyor of sound and music: water.

As Mickey falls asleep, the transition from reality to dream centres on
the motion of conducting: Mickey is waving his arms to and fro,
simultaneously conducting the ethereal forces which energise the broom

and the musical energies which dynamise the soundtrack. Soon enough,
Mickey awakens into a nightmare, as the abstract sensations he
experienced in his dream resulted from physical sensations: Mickey was
having a wet dream. The 'reality' of those triggers now confronts Mickey:
the speed and intensity of fluidity is now experienced as the movement

of liquid out of control in the whirlpool, a liquid vertigo. The music starts
swirling and spinning, simulating a dizziness through its increasing
dissonance and softening of rhythmic definition. This strange blurring

from reality to dream and back to reality is enforced by the musical
score, which is at once a chronological development syncing the
narrative sequence of events, and a meta-narrative continuum which
determines the overall dynamic flow of the cartoon.
Yet this 'blurring of states' is an inherent function of musical
discourse, where states are not only juxtaposed, sequenced or related to
one another but also able to be evoked within and from one another via
the practice of polyphony, transposition and modulation. These are
primary ways in which tonality is a 'plane of the present' across which

the musical subject moves. The key figure for travelling across this plane
is the thumping bassoon ostinato which forms the basic building block
for Dukas' concerto. It is designed as a self-regenerating form - once it
has finished the only thing it can do is start again - which perfectly
suggests the breeding brooms. The musical rhythm forms the base for an
increasing hysteria as Mickey tries to halt the brooms' ceaseless
reproduction.
The visual architecture of the castle, with all its steps and corridors,
illustrates the development of the musical score: up and down and across
and through. Each broom represents a musical instrument in the
orchestra while the changes in perspective and space equate shifts of
tonality in the music. This is combined with the visual detailing of water
as the substance whose form one cannot control: it spreads everywhere,
filling every space available. A peak is reached when the brooms - totally
immersed in water - continue to execute the motion of emptying their
buckets into the trough, which leads to the water filling the whole
screen. The audiovisual text here (as the symbolising of the dynamics of
music) literally and figuratively reaches saturation point; all architectural
space and all musical tonality are seemingly exhausted; water is
everywhere, and every modulation of the ostinato has been covered.
Dir: James Algar; Prod: Walt Disney, Ben Sharpsteen; Scr: Perce Pearce, Carl Fallberg;
Animation Supervision: Fred Moore, Vladimir Tytia; Sourced Score: Paul Dukas; Main Cast:
Mickey Mouse.
Forbidden Planet
US, 1954-98mins
Fred Macleod Wilcox
Hollywood. Science fiction, 1956. Canary yellow and bright red 3-D
lettering zooms forward: Forbidden Planet. The background is space -
planetarium-style diorama space; deep blue dotted with milky swirls of
stars. Granted that objects and images must be big, bright and bold, but
how will they sound? They will sound . . . reverberant. As Forbidden

Planet's credits roll across the screen against a vast vacuum of night, its
solely electronic and wholly non-musical soundtrack reverberates in
echoic bleeps and tubular squawks. Such specious logic: sound of course
does not operate in airless outer space as it does within earth's
atmosphere, in space no one can hear your reverb.
Reverb is heavily applied to Forbidden Planet's synthetic sound
effects firstly to invoke the expansive opening of interplanetary frontiers,
and secondly to evoke an imposing sense of size and space. At least
fifteen centuries of European church architecture used reverb to conjure

up thundering scale and omnipotent power; sci-fi movies followed suit
with their own brand of technological mysticism and God-fearing

morality. As declared by Forbidden Planet's opening, the emptiness of
space is assumed to sound like a big, dark, empty chamber, making the
film a wonderful sign of its time: archly spooky, frighteningly empty and
electronically baroque.
Equally important to Forbidden Planet's aural veneer is the way it
foregrounds reverberation to articulate space. Psychoacoustically,

reverb grants us an out-of-body experience: we can aurally separate
what we hear from the space in which it occurs. While this sensation
was a wholly acoustic trait since time immemorial, the recording,
rendering and representation of its texture was rediscovered as an
'electro-acoustic' feature in recorded sound. Fetishised by the pop

music industry and the electro-acoustic academy alike, it stands as a
prime signifier of a recording's spatialisation. No wonder an archetypal

'space movie' like Forbidden Planet amplifies that very texture of

'space'.
Forbidden P/anef famously signposts the clumsy but charming

audiovisual fusion of 'electronics' with 'sci-fi' which persists today. Apart
from the overt reference to the beeping pops of radio, shortwave and
radar technologies of the period, the importation of a more rarefied
electronic realisation and manipulation grants Forbidden Planet an aural
depth which matches the grandeur of its absent orchestra. The film's
landmark status thus comes as much from its sophisticated soundscape
as it does from sumptuous widescreen production design.

Yet beyond effect. Forbidden Planet's 'score' is reigned by its
narrative drive. Its production design proposes that the planet's deserts
are remnants of oceanic regions, hence the film looks like an empty fish
tank cluttered with hardened coralular and spongeforic formations. And

just as the music score emphasises reverb where there cannot be any, so
too do 'bubbly' sounds percolate incessantly, incongruously overlaying an
underwater presence on a barren visual terrain. Of course, sounds heard

by our ears undenwater do not carry the full-frequency detail with which
film music and sound portray aquatic conditions and sensations.

Eventually, a mental landscape is conjured forth by these audible yet
invisible presences, as they relate to the fetid subconscious of Morbius
(Pidgeon), whose repressed energy controls the dynamos running deep in
the bowels of the planet. In a bizarre match of geographical and

psychological logic, the out-of-body experiences of reverb-in-space and
aquasonics-on-land perfectly complement each other in Forbidden

Planets psychic zone. The acoustics are unreal, the sound is watertight,
and the symbolism is sound.
Dir: Fred Macleod Wilcox; Prod: Nicholas Nayfack; Scr: Irving Block, Allen Adier, Cyril Hume;
DOP: George J. Folsey; Editor: Ferris Webster; Score: Louis and Bebbe Barron; Sound:
Wesley C. Miller; Main Cast: Walter Pidgeon, Anne Francis, Leslie Nielsen.
Gate of Flesh {Nikutai no mon)

-90 mins
Japan, 1968
Seijun Suzuki
Like a prostitute that can't wait for her session to finish so she can start
another, Gate of Flesh commences its soundtrack before the film starts.
Over the Nikkatsu logo, a barrage of machine-gun fire and air-raid sirens
is blasted. No proud and glorious trumpets here, as music is decimated

by the noise of war. The bombing is then cut dead by a mournful ballad
played on shimasen as credits depicting paintings of waif-like naked
women linger. Another implosive cut and we are tracking with a starving
girl, Maya (Nogawa) as she wanders lost through Tokyo's 'city of beasts'.
Hordes of gnarling prostitutes ravenously claw at American GIs. Playing
over Maya's fretful gaze is a drinking ballad distorted through a street PA

system. Sen (Kasai) spies Maya and offers her work, and asks if she has
ever been with an American. The screen suddenly explodes with a
billowing American flag as a taiko drum pounds an incessantly morbid
rhythm; flash-back to Maya's body being found by a black priest after

having been raped by GIs . . .
Typical of Japanese 60s 'B-grade' cinema from the post-

Occupation period. Gate of Flesh is still at war with itself, and is self-
constituted as a panic-ridden bullet-riddled audiovisual text. Bearing
the violent marks of collage which typifies twentieth-century modernist
representation, the film is a frighteningly colourful and euphorically

spiteful construction of sounds, images, voices, colours, edits,
movements, faces and bodies, hurled against each other in an
explosive dance of death. Steering well away from sanctioned forms of
critique. Gate of Flesh's Jap-Pop Art refracts its colonised American
modernity into a shattered mirror of mimicry and face-pulling without

any of the camp sensibilities inlaid by American and European
experiments in Pop Art.
The eponymous 'gate of flesh' is a bombed-out shell of a building
controlled by Sen and her three fellow prostitutes, Miyo, 0-Rok and
Gate of Flesh: forcing sound to fight with image
Omachi, plus the newly joined Maya. Their psyches and bodies form a
gate of flesh - one that barricades itself from the harshness of the
outside world. In their screaming psycho-sexual space, they reign,
heady with the power they crave, insatiably fucking to stay alive and
buy food. Their voices energise their space in an onslaught of
caterwauls, screeches, songs, orgasms, cries and laughter. No walls
contain them; there is no discernible inside; all is exposed. In a proto-
Pop rejection of the kabuki legacy of staging, the women are not
patterned into gestural relief by ornate kimonos. Instead, they each

wear a single colour all the time, jarring against the dark rubble of
their surroundings, never fitting in and never relating to them. At

moments, their predatory nature is symbolised by a roving spotlight
which renders their domain part-theatre stage, part-prison quadrangle.
Sound and music behave identically, screaming, writhing and

contorting at every juncture, forcing sound to fight with image with
the same emotional savagery of these women of flesh, struggling to
live.
Dir: Seijun Suzuki; Prod: Kaneo Iwai; Scr: GoroTanada; DOP: Shigeyoshi Mine; Editor: Akira
Suzuki; Score: Naozumi Yamamoto; Sound: Tsuguo Yoneda; Main Cast: Tamiko Ishii, Satoko
Kasai, Kayo Matsuo, Yumiko Nogawa, Jo Shishido, MisakoTominaga.

Godzilla - King of Monsters {Kaiju o Gojira)

Japan, 1954-98 mins
Inoshiro Honda
Tokyo, Downtown. Peak hour. Three sonic boonns are sounded: Godzilla
is about to perform sonne radical urban redevelopment. In Godzilla -
King of Monsters, those sonic booms function as phonemes, always

introduced as an off-screen sound effect signalling the arrival of
Godzilla's mighty power. Yet despite their iconic clarity, their means of
production remains indistinct: somewhere between fist bangs on a metal

door and mallet strikes on a timpani, recorded with slight distortion and
heavy compression. Their detonation tells us we have arrived somewhere
between sound, music and noise. Somewhere outside of European
concert halls; somewhere on an Asian soundtrack.

You hear nothing when sumo wrestlers thump, pound and careen
precariously within a minuscule space too small for their size and
movement. The similarity in scale between a sumo wrestler in his ring
and Godzilla in Tokyo (a man inside a rubber suit destroying a miniature
diorama) suggests that Godzilla - King of Monsters is sumo with post-
dubbed sound. In the West, the sprung mat of wrestling already acts as a
live sound board - a gross, square drum that amplifies the fall of the
vanquished body, giving us a sound uncannily like Godzilla's own

thunderous footsteps. The Eastern silence of sumo, the Western
explosiveness of American federation wrestling, and their monstrous
fusion in Godzilla - King of Monsters; each conveys the feeling of being
physically struck and racked internally by subsonic shock waves. In sumo,

these waves are imagined as if your ear is on the ground; in wrestling,
they are amplified by separate mic placement. In Godzilla - King of
Monsters, they are reconstructed through tape manipulation to

unnaturally suggest a terrorised timpani and grant us a hyper-tactile
sonic experience.
It is this physicality that describes the fluctuations of the Eastern

soundtrack, setting it in contrast to the thematic projection of thrills
beamed and directed from European soundtracks. Explosiveness on

Occidental soundtracks is precisely that: destructive detonations which
unleash audiovisual spectacles. But like voyeurs to car crashes, we remain
outside their damaging trajectory. Japan's pragmatic acceptance of
earthquakes has determined a peculiarly sonic relation to the earth,
tremulous and vibrational as it is despite its hardened density. When
Godzilla stomps, trains derail, power plants explode, and buildings
tumble; these spectacles allow a Japanese audience to relive similar
environmental traumas.
Physicality also extends to the metaphorical operation of the score.
On the surface a corny loping of grossly bawdy riffs, the score's atonal
pantomime is not to be read as merely representing Godzilla, but as a
musical evocation of a man lumbering around in a rubber suit. Presumed

to be one of the most pathetic of 'rubber-suit' monster movies, Godzilla
- King of Monsters is an ornate display of heightened artifice, wherein
slo-mo photography, miniature vehicles, constructed dioramas,
suspension wires, puppetry and costumery are extensions of bunraku
puppet theatre. The score importantly acknowledges this and is aligned
to it, creating a unique audiovisual mime whose spectacle generates a
complex of sono-musical reverberations.
Dir: Inoshiro Honda; Prod: Tomoyuki Tanaka; Sen Inoshiro Honda, Shigeru Kayama, Takeo
Murata; DOP: Masao Tamai; Editor: Yasunobu Taira; Score: Akira Ifukube; Sound: Uchiro
Minawa; Main CastTakashi Shimura, Akira Takarada, Momoko Kochi.Akihiko Hirata.

115
Goodfellas
US, 1990- 146 mins
Martin Scorsese
After its gruesome prologue, Goodfellas holds on an extreme close-up of

an eye - a bluff, as the film constructs dense aural architecture across
time, charting Henry Hill's (Liotta) changing perception of himself and his
social reality. Music - more precisely, its record production - creates
exacting memory spaces for the unfolding of the film's scenes. The
vitality and brashness of the 60s is grossly framed by the hyper-
compressed reverberating rotundity of songs by the Ronettes, the
Shangri-Las and Bobby Darrin; the blunted and altered perceptions of the
70s are harshly boxed by the fractured multi-tracking and denaturalised

mixing of songs by Derek and the Dominos, Brewer and Shipley, and Sid
Vicious.
As the film hurtles towards the present, changes in the orientation of
Henry's commentary parallel changes in the apparatuses of stereo
production, moving from breathy, lingering valve mics and line-fed echo
chambers to overloaded effects-chaining compensating the fetishisation
of acoustically 'dead' studios. Goodfellas deftly sutures the
psychoacoustics of microphone placement into the wavering equilibrium
Henry experiences through the narration of his story. Song in Goodfellas

is a realm into which the film is imported, in reversal of the standard
audiovisual hierarchy which governs much film mixing.
The voice of Henry is also 'de-literated', performing less as a crude
literary device so beloved of 'personal cinema' and more as a breathing,
sweaty being. Ironically, it is more like hearing someone talk from their
incarceration than listening to someone read from their memoirs. Not
only does Henry's voice govern space, it also controls time. All visual
action - and even most musical placement - is cued and concatenated

by the very phrasing of his words. At moments, the film even goes into
freeze-frame, demonstrating the authorial power with which he is
recalling his past. Furthermore, the voice track is a highly processed and
compacted assemblage. Rhythm, banter, slang, intonation - all are edited
into a sparkling meta-performance which places the voice centre stage,

projecting arcs of hyperactive energy as Henry's voice conveys the effects
of thinking too many things at once. This anxious shrinkage evident in
both the recording and construction of Henry's vocals characterises

Goodfellas as a compressed text in both sonic and dramatic terms.
Running perpendicular to this compression is a strangely elasticised
relation between Henry's voiceover and the accompanying songs. While

the songs fragrantly cast Henry's mind back to the heady time and space
of his narration, their vivid placement fluctuates in its attraction to the
'present' of the film's narration. Songs set earlier lean towards the
present more than they perform nostalgically to hold us in their past, as
if Henry's edginess is fatally drawing us forwards despite the song's

retrospective cling. Songs set later are desperately tugged back to the
past - to a time prior to Henry's gradual demise. Ultimately, when he is
younger, Henry is driven to move forwards; as he gets older - but not
wiser - he is obsessed with delaying, holding, halting his world to

prevent its collapse. How apt to close with him mocking us direct to the
camera, interred invisibly in the Witness Protection Programme as we

hear the orchestra slip into atonality as Sid Vicious whines 'My Way'.
Dir: Martin Scorsese; Prod: Irwin Winkler; Script: Nicholas Pileggi, Martin Scorsese; DOR:
Michael Ballhaus; Editor: Thelma Schoonmaker, James Kwei; Songs: include Tony Bennett,
the Moonglows, the Cadillacs, the Chantels, the Shangri-Las, Aretha Franklin, Bobby Darrin,
Cream, Muddy Waters, Derek and the Dominos, Nilsson, Sid Vicious; Sound Design: Skip
Lievsay; Main Cast: Robert De Niro, Ray Liotta, Joe Pesci, Lorraine Bracco, Paul Sorvino,
Frank Sivero, Tony Darrow.

100 MODERN SOUNDTR ACKS |
117
Guided Muscle
US, 1955-9mins
Charles M. Jones
Play Guided Muscle - a Roadrunner and Coyote cartoon from the early
50s - and shut your eyes. Listen to the soundtrack: presses, plants and
pumps from fantastic factories; valves, pistons, ignitions from
unimagined motors; gears, exhausts and turbines from eviscerated
engines. This is the true sound of the 50s orchestra: a machine of sonic
production, unromanticised for its collapse of music yet fetishised for the
sheer power and beauty of its metallica.
One of a number of peak Warner Bros, cartoons from the mid-40s to

the mid-50s, Guided Muscle exemplifies how deeply the mechanical had
then penetrated the popular consciousness. Outrightly labelling its
psycho-sexual melt of war and sex, Guided Muscle joins many Warner
Bros, cartoons as part of a mass medium which auditioned both the
scarring cacophony of wartime trauma and the heady eroticism of post-
war technologies. It has its share of pumping, thrusting, shafting
dynamics - as the Roadrunner is ejaculated through space by a bow, a
rubber band, a cannon - as well as more overtly sexual suggestions

courtesy of giant demolition balls and the Roadrunner covered in
lubricating grease.
Tightly and fastidiously synced to the sounds of rocket propulsion,

propellor roar, engine rumble and turbine whine, the fusion of sexual
symbolism and machine noise in Guided Muscle is typical of the post-war
cartoon. Marketed as mere icons of wackiness today, the Coyote and
Roadrunner cycle of cartoons was originally digested by audiences whose
listening had been profoundly altered by bomb detonations; to whom
the metallic ring of chrome appliances was titillating, and the smell of
exhaust a futuristic fragrance.
Guided Muscle opens with the pretence of the Coyote ('Eatibus
Almost Anythingus') cooking a tin can and serving it up to himself as a
delicacy - all to the ludicrous detailing of whimsical, jazzy fragments. To

the camera, he acknowledges the absurdity of this and sweeps it into a
bin. On cue, the Roadrunner ('Velocitus Delectibus') suddenly rips past
him in a blaze of noise, smoke and speed. The ensuing chase of the
Roadrunner by the Coyote in Guided Muscle on the one hand can be

viewed as humorous existentialism, like Beckett on speed in the desert.
On the other hand, it can be seen as horrific sexuality, like Ballard on

heat in the desert. The power and energy of the soundtrack's sono-
musicality is certainly more an unleashing of dynamised machinic and

libidinal noise than anything else in its gestural portrayal of demented
pursuit and ravenous desire. The metaphoric jazz that accompanies
lascivious cartoons where gender is foregrounded (like MGM's Red Hot
Riding Hood, 1943, and Swing Shift Cinderella, 1945) is here eschewed
for an octane-fuelled cocktail of pre- and post-war jazz populism and

unadulterated noise, as gender is replaced by genetics and musicalised
social ritual is replaced by orchestrated sexual bombast.
The sonic explosiveness of Guided Muscle can be further

contextualised by its place in the entertainment of its time. Throughout
the hysterically Utopian 50s, noise - a gigantic sound effects library of
destruction, detonation and devastation - perversely reigns on the

cinematic soundtrack. Blockbusters went big on the screen, high on
moral content, lurid in their visuality, and loud in their sound design.
Formed entirely from the shards, frames, snaps and cracks of those
blockbusters. Guided Muscle exploits its release from cinematography to
veer towards sonic pornography.
Dir: Charles M. Jones; Scr: Michael Maltese; Layouts: Philip DeGuard; Animation: Richard
Thompson, Ken Harris, Ben Washman, Abe Levitow; Score: Carl Stalling; Sound Effects:
Tregg Brown; Cast: Coyote, Roadrunner

Gummo
US, 1997-95mins
Harmony Korine
Just as one must listen to someone in order to understand them,
Gummo presents a cinematic mirror which audiovisually throws back to
us our collective inability to listen to those presumed problematic; kids.
Gummo ventures into the territory of dysfunctionality further than
most would like. The film is intermittently narrated by Tummler (Sutton)
who, in a series of near-incomprehensible confessions, revelations and

delusions, cautiously guides us through his hometown in Kentucky. Its
Midwestern outer-suburban dead-end world of nowhere is literally
upside down, referenced as such by Tummler's vague assertion that the
area's only claim to fame is that a huge tornado swept through there
some years back. Sound- and image-tracks are strewn like debris around
his mumbling. Saturated home-video grain, blurred Polaroids and erotic
35mm close-ups hover around their subjects, obsessively lingering on
their skin, hair, lips. Actors, non-actors, wannabes and nobodies are
chaotically integrated to generate measures of controlled and

uncontrolled interaction. Dialogue is so ridden with vernacular, vulgarity
and virulence that it builds an impenetrable wall in contrast to the
excessive and discomforting voyeurism which impels the film's camera

work. Music is repellently inappropriate, desultorily matched or virtually
allergic to the film's images rather than merely counterpointing them.

An anti-matter version of The Beverly Hillbillies, Gummo is an entirely
unwelcoming film about the disenfranchised who are seldom welcomed
anywhere, and whose mode of address to the viewer/auditor is likely to
repel, revoke and repulse. No noble sprits of the little people here; no
music to accord them respect. And that's the power of Gummo: its
unflinching cinematic face-to-face with the brethren from American
tabloid TV (a large portion are non-actors documented and collaged into
(Next page) Gummo: sound and music at the border of self-destruction

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the film), as if they have been blown into the cinema by some
apocalyptic hurricane. The song selection's 'appropriateness' is thus
coded with the unfitting quality of its subjects. Crackling vinyl of
yodelling accompanies Bunny Boy (Sewell) as he spits from an overpass

onto traffic going somewhere; gruff metal grunge rises in thick dark
waves as Tummler and Solomon (Reynolds) ride their bikes downhill to
nowhere; Buddy Holly's 'Every Day' twinkles as Bunny Boy takes turns in
kissing Dot (Sevigny) and Helen (Carisa Glucksman) as they swim in a
dirty backyard pool in the rain. Yet these moments of music become
unexpectedly poetic through their widening of the scopic fix the film has
on its subjects.
Elsewhere, music is disallowed by the weird and unrecognisable
rumbles of distortion which place the film at the border of self-
destruction. Sounding somewhere between the impossibly amplified hiss
and noise on a police interrogation Dictaphone and the wall-of-noise

from a local news station's live broadcast at the site of some massive
devastation, Gummo's sound design welcomes the sonically rejected as
openly as the film's inhabitants allow us into their kitchen on Saturday
night as they get drunk and violently destroy their furniture in impotent
rage.
Dir: Harmony Korine; Prod: Gary Woods; Scr: Harmony Korine; DOP: Jean-Yves Escoffier;
Editor: Christopher Tellefsen; Songs: Buddy Holly, Nifelheim, Absu, Eyehategod, Electric
Hellfire Club, Bethlehem, Burzum, Bathory, Namanax, Mortician, Mystifier, Destroy All
Monsters; Sound Design: Steve Borne; Main Cast: Jacob Sewell, Nick Sutton, Jacob
Reynolds, Chloe Sevigny.

Hail Mary {Je vous salue, Marie)

France, 1985- 107mins
Jean-Luc Godard
Hail Mary is a cinematic Russian doll. Comprised of two films {The Book
of Mary and Je vous salue, Marie), it proceeds by a series of self-divisions
and self-enclosures, splitting into microcosms whose detail and
significance span ever outwards. Thematically, the mystery of conception
horizontally connects both films, while the second major film vertically
delves into the macrocosmological corridors opened by its reworking of

the New Testament. Once there, a fractal matrix comprised of
audiovisual threads works as a net to illustrate the means by which it has
arrived at its version of the birth of Jesus.
From a theological perspective, the overwhelming impenetrability of

Hail Mary accords the Bible and its mysteries appropriate depth; the
film's narrative choice is to not reduce the biblical text to mere plot and
casual action. The film appears to be centred on the dysfunctional
relationship between young Marie (Roussel) and petrol-station attendant
Joseph (Rode) and his doubting of her unaccountable pregnancy, but a

parallel story intersects. We are spliced into a scenario of a professor
(Johan Leysen) taking his students on a field excursion and developing a
slight affair with one of his students (Anne Gautier). The disorienting
switching between these two stories appears random until one perceives
how the sound from one is joined to the image of the other, playing out
a series of syncretic variations which fuse the two symbolically,

thematically and philosophically.
Images of bulbous fertility - the moon, water, fruit, Marie's
abdomen - are conjoined by sounds of penetration - rocks disturbing

the smooth water, slivers of string quartet harmonies, car horns, door
knocks. In a meta-sexual sense, sound mates with image. This is the

audiovisual means by which Nature is posited as a holistic sonorum
whose eventfulness is determined by a series of balances and flows. The
moon is linked to the tides, which are linked to menstrual cycles, which
are linked to moments of conception. Crickets, bees, insects, birds often
create slabs, walls and curtains of atmosphere, edited into rhythmic
occurrences across image sequences. Passages of wind are called up
whenever a semi-mystical moment occurs, referencing the visitation of
the Archangel Gabriel (Lacoste) breathing life into Mary for her
Immaculate Conception. Planes, helicopters and traffic are woven as
strange lines and curves into the networking between the contracting
spaces of Joseph and Mary's dissolution and the expanding spaces as the
professor pushes his students into deeper cosmological inquiry.
Hail Mary becomes a crystalline text of biblical interpretation when

one reads the cartography of its soundtrack. Each sonic incident - one of
rupture, erasure, collision or counterpoint - is a signpost to an image,
moment or scene elsewhere in the story. These sonic expulsions delineate
the matricular structure of Hail Mary- one that violently discounts
linearity, causality and symbolism, and in place offers laterality,
simultaneity and iconography. Through openly querying whose authorial
voice speaks in the Bible, Hail Mary comes to regard the Bible as a
utilitarian template that simply occurred (as the intertitle joining the two
films states) 'at that time'. One is then able to draw long-reaching and
wide-ranging associations between the film's narrative and whichever
events one chooses to align with it. Echoing this complete inversion of
the precepts of fundamentalism. Hail Mary presents a total audiovisual
inversion of cinema.
Dir: Jean-Luc Godard; Prod: uncredited; Scr: Jean-Luc Godard; DOP: Jacques Firmann, Jean-
Bernard Menoud; Editor: Anne-Marie Mieville; Sourced Score: Johann Sebastian Bach, John
Coltrane, Antonin Dvofjak; Sound Design: Francois Musy; Main Cast: Myriem Roussel,
Thierry Rode, Philippe Lacoste, Manon Andersen, Jara Kohan.

The Haunting
US, 1999- 113 mins
Jan De Bont
Spooky movies about haunted mansions invariably highlight
insignificant sounds to terrorise the audience, scaring us with a
sudden door creak or an unexpected window rattle. If we were

suddenly made aware of all the tones and tunings which comprise
the residua of our everyday activities, we would find our tremulous

homes as terrifying as Hill House in The Haunting. Here is another
nightmarishly over-designed special-effects movie, but its use of
sound amplifies how much we presume insignificant in acoustic
auras. For as baroque as the visual design in the film is, its ocular
loudness is no match for the way the sound design forces itself upon
our ears.
An early moment in The Haunting touches this taut gauze stretched
between sound and image. Eleanor (Taylor) is wakened by three soft off-
screen thumps, which she dozily presumes to be her recently departed ill
mother banging the wall for aid. Three more bangs, which we audit as
unreal and unearthly. Then three more bangs which shake the cinema
auditorium near to the point of collapse: both Eleanor and we know
something exists beyond the sonic. Those three layers of big bangs
illustrate three levels of aural consciousness: the displaced referential (all
the sound we don't listen to); the forced ethereal (that same corpus of
sound rendered noticeable); and the inverted inescapable (the realisation
that we might not be able ever to unlisten to sound). Illogically
vacillating between a fear of silence and a dread of deafness: that is truly
spooky.
When the evil Hugh Grain first marks his possessive presence, the
off-screen pounding actually rattles the light fittings and air-conditioning

ducts of the cinema. This hyper-fantastic aesthetic to the sound design is
ultimately ironic, in that on numerous occasions, characters in the film
query each other - 'Didn't you hear that noise?' - about sounds that
The Haunting: vacillating between a fear of silence and a dread of deafness
occurred at deafening decibels in the very next room. All plausibility
fades because the sonic purpose of the film is not to describe a reality or
portray a psychological state, but to unnerve the audience: to go beyond

the screen and into us.
More importantly, the complexity by which a film these days must

achieve such results has little to do with earlier constructs and paradigms
of sound design based on drastic binaries of silence/noise. Film sound -
not unlike rarefied musical performances - expects that an audience can
disengage from the noise of their environment and 'become silent' for
the duration of the film. But 'silence' is becoming an increasingly
doubted concept, let alone ideal. In a contemporary acoustic climate.

where the droning pink noise of air conditioners and computer hard
drives colours the world a fleshy tone of heaving ambience, the on/off
tricks of sound editing fast lose their emotional power in the cinematic
realm. As mainstream entertainment, The Haunting signposts the paths

to be taken in order to reinvest the cinema with the power to
psychoacoustically make us cogniscent of the delightful terror to be
found in everyday sound.
Dir: Jan De Bont; Prod: Susan Arnold, Donna Roth, Colin Wilson; Scr: David Self; DOP: Karl
Walter Lindenlaub; Editor: Michael Kahn; Score: Jerry Goldsmith; Sound Design: Gary
Rydstrom, Frank E. Eulner, Ethan Van der Ryn; Main Cast: Lili Taylor, Liam Neeson, Catherine
Zeta-Jones, Owen Wilson, Bruce Dern, Marian Seldes.

Heat
US, 1995- 164 mins
Michael Mann
The blurred mix of selected songs and composed score in Heat creates a
tonal web from which a meta-score is discernible, based on externalising
pre-recorded songs to extrapolate and extemporise their recordings into
the expanded audiovisual design of the film. Heaf seeks to narrate,
compile and underscore through song, to arrive in parts at a 'song-
seeming score' which exploits the dynamics, characteristics and

idiosyncrasies of pop/rock recordings. In place of the blunt appropriation
and importation which typifies the often reviled use of pop songs in
movies. Heat extenuates a song's sonic traits to define the material realm
of a scene. Combining a calming and contiguous track selection with a

melting, amorphous score (for two drum kits, twin basses, string quartet
and six electric guitars), the film plays sophisticated games in breaking
down all distinction between song and score while building upon the
armoury of effects and figures generated within song recording rather
than film scoring.
Heaf s leaning towards ambient styling is less to do with a vague
contemporaneity and lazy self-effacement, and more to do with a
synchronicity between the de-rhythmatised harmonic splaying of songs

by Eno, Passengers, Moby, Kronos Quartet, Terje Rypdal, Michael Brook,
Einsturzende Neubauten and Lisa Gerrard, and the exhausted, emotional
drainage of Vincent Hanna (Pacino) and Neal McCauley (De Niro), whose
sense of purposeful conflict is rendered meaningless by the film's
conclusion. The ambient brethren of Heat's soundtrack is crucial to the
creeping existentialism which eventually upturns the film's epic form.
And just as the sound of space has become the prime erogenous zone of
ambient music, Heaf s musical scoring is the prime means of actively
spatialising the film's locations and environments - especially as a
counterpoint to the highly fragmented framing aesthetic employed by
the cinematography.
From the horripilant softness of the low-level string murmuring as
Neal placidly takes a series of escalators in the film's opening, to the
hammering synth pops and concatenated reverb bangs which crackle
under the screams of employees and customers during the bank heist,
ambience is actually foregrounded as style and form in Heat. The effect is
impossible not to perceive: while many films feverishly over-score and

force audiences to consume the music as vapid background slop, Heat
highlights, amplifies and pinpoints its many delicate gestures and
restrained palettes, generating a harmonic humidity which hangs thick in
the air.
Yet this arises not from the music alone; Heat is not the result of
music driving the narrative in video-clip mode. The stoic stature and
impassive demeanour of the gang - including Chris (Kilmer), Michael
(Tom Sizemore) and Nate (Voight) - coalesce into a rock-hard
monumental troupe. Their extreme suppression of reaction and the

steeled nerves which control their actions cast them in frozen relief, often
in craggy close-ups. Against their facial fortresses, a veil of musical
ambience is thrown; it racks their emotional walls with a resounding
echo that carries throughout the film.
Dir: Michael Mann; Prod: Art Linson, Michael Mann; Scr: Michael Mann; OOP: Dante
Spinotti; Editor: Pasquale Buba, William Goldenberg, Dov Hoenig, Tom Rolf; Score: Elliot
Goldenthal; Sourced Songs: Passengers, Einsturzende Neubauten, Moby, Brian Eno, Michael
Brook, Terje Rypdal, Lisa Gerrard; Supervising Sound Editor: Per Hallberg, Larry Kemp; Main
Cast: A! Pacino, Robert De Niro, Val Kilmer, Jon Voight.

Hour of the Wolf {Vargtimmen)

Sweden, 1968 -88 mins
Ingmar Bergman
As if the film is building its sets and rigging its lights, Hour of the Wolfs
opening credits roll over the unseen sound of a filnn set being readied.
An unseen voice calls out, 'Camera - action'. But then this sonic deus ex
machina opens onto a cabin atop a remote Swedish island. A woman

walks out and speaks to us, explaining that we have her departed
husband's diary; everything is in there. Hour of tf)e Wolf is that diary
presented in cinematic form, its words silenced through the film's sounds
and images. Documenting the repressed and unrepressed violence within

artist Johan (von Sydow), it flashes forwards and backwards in surges
and ellipses, juxtaposing his early calmer moments with the later depths
of his despair.
Presumed to be an idyllic spot for Johan and Alma (Ullmann), the

island becomes a shrinking prison for Johan, as his chauvinistic verve
withers in proportion to the self-exposure of his seething neuroses.
Racked with pain inflicted by his inner demons, he ruptures the silence of
their household continually. When he shows Alma some of his drawings,

he noisily flips each page, scaring her with the monstrous visions he
keeps inside. He further unsettles her by noting the passing of a minute -
barking the passages in ten-second blocks. The naturalistic quiet of the

house is easily disturbed by the sounds of his movement, transforming it
into an uncomfortable realm for Alma, just as his self-loathing
discomforts him.
This is in contrast to the heightened and stylised passages which

envelop both Johan and Alma when they encounter the decadent Von
Merkens and their friends ensconced in a cavernous mansion. The voices,
faces and presences of these social monstrosities - fuel for Johan's
growing delusional paranoia and his most nightmarish sketches - are

depicted as encroaching, interrupting and deafening. Their decrepit
chatter suffocates Johan and Alma, silencing the artist and his wife. A
demonic aspect particularly taints Lindhorst (Rydeberg) when he puts on

a puppet play to a movement from The Magic Flute, which - in Alma's
mind - appears to be staged by living homunculi. Each time Johan
returns there, the mansion's labyrinth of corridors and chambers
transforms its interior into an audiovisual hell.
Music announces itself a full hour into the film. By this stage, Alma
has read his diary and Johan is living a duality of rational observation and
morbid behaviour. The music reflects the heavily pregnant knowing
which now pervades their house as Johan opens up to Alma in the
middle of the night - the 'hour of the wolf when most old people pass
away - and tells her of more unsettling incidents from his past. The most
tormenting is his recollection of having irrationally killed a young boy by
the ocean. The score throughout this scene is chilling - ail the more so
due to the erasure of sound bar the boy's screams. Flutes scrape like
brakes, trumpets buzz like hornets, clarinets tear like nails: dead centre
and ground zero of Johan's maddening din. From this black hole of
discord, Johan will not return.
Dir: Ingmar Bergman; Prod: Lars-Owe Carlberg; Script: Ingmar Bergman; DOP: Sven
Nykvist; Editor: Ulla Ryghe; Score: Lars Johan Werle; Sound Editor: Evald Andersson,
Lennart Engholm; Sound Recording: Per-Olof Pettersson; IVIain Cast: Max von Sydow, Liv
Ullmann, Gertrud Fridh, Georg Rydeberg, Erland Josephson, IngridThulin.

House by the River

US, 1950-88mins
Fritz Lang
In the American neo-Gothic world of House by the River, the ornate
rules. Brooches, brocade, bustles and balustrades drape people and
objects like a suffocating shroud. Lit sonnewhere between an

expressionist stage and a noir location, the film doesn't merely narrate: it
snares its characters, slowly sinking them into a murderous mire as

novelist Stephen Byrne (Hayward) strangles his servant Emily (Patrick) and
lures his brother John (Bowman) into dumping her body in the river
adjoining Stephen's house.
Inordinately early in the film, Stephen is turned on by a series of

triggers which prime him for his journey into Gothic sexuality. From
outside his house, Stephen notices Emily turn on the light in the upstairs
bathroom. The score blasts its labelling of this first trigger. As Stephen
approaches the house, music is quelled as Emily drains her bath. Stephen
listens to the drain, 'seeing' the water run down the pipes as he 'sees'
Emily's body dripping wet. The gurgling on the soundtrack is vulgar and
verges on being sonically pornographic. Stephen moves inside in silence,
drinks some wine, then douses the light as Emily's silhouette appears on
the landing. Hidden in the enveloping blackness of the house, his arousal
peaks as Emily's disembodied thighs carve through the long vaginal slit of
her gown, her slippered feet creaking the stairs with rounded tones as
she descends. Now a completely surreal attractor, she unknowingly
enters the house's transformative domain of unrepressed lust. No musical
accompaniment whatsoever; silence signifies the erasure of the human

and the amplification of its Other.
The score gathers in lurid folds around the brooding psychosis of

Stephen, portraying his complete lack of remorse and his increasingly
aroused state as he fictionalises his escapades, while the police attempt
to solve the murder once Emily's body is discovered. The music's
uncontrolled flirtatiousness is fixed on Stephen's psycho-sexual

House by the River: silence signifying the erasure of the hunnan
awakening, typifying him as a cruelly modern sex criminal despite the
film's turn-of-the-century setting. When Stephen sees that the tides have
raised Emily's body from the depths of the river, he sets out at night to
recover it. Half-desperate and half-thrilled, he scans the water, imagining
her waving hair in the reeds floating from the river banks. The music
responds with swirling clarinets, connoting the sleazy ambience of a
stripper's dance.
As score and sets aim an audiovisual spotlight on the interior make-

up of Stephen's sexuality. House by the River reveals itself to be less an
expressionist decoration and more a surrealist evocation. Its fixation on

the sexually charged aura of objects, surfaces, textures and sounds
creates a web of paraphiliac hot-spots which trigger Stephen, awakening

him to his most repressed and unsavoury desires. The Gothic
environment is thus the dormant miasma of urges waiting to brush up
against the house's velvet corridors. With dank poetic justice, the filnn
concludes abruptly when Stephen perceives the ghost of Emily melting
out of a flowing curtain, which wraps itself around him and leads to his
demise. Lost in his own neurosis, he is swallowed up by the house's own

darkness.
Dir: Fritz Lang; Prod: Howard Welsch; Scr: Mel Dinelli; DOP: Edward Cronjager; Editor:
Arthur Hilton; Score: George Antheil; Sound: Dick Tyler Sr, Howard Wilson; Main Cast: Louis
Hayward, Jane Wyatt, Lee Bowman, Dorothy Patrick.

India Song
France, 1975 - 120 mins
Marguerite Duras
As an orange orb sets into a blue-grey azure of some temperate dusk, a
young Laotian girl sings unaccompanied and unsubtitled, the beauty of
her voice expressed through its isolation and incomprehension. Seeming

to have heard this song, two unseen French women discuss a twelve-
year-old Laotian girl who on her way to Bengal asks for directions ... to
get lost. India Song is identically lost, deliberately so within its labyrinth
of desire, memory, repression and disassociation.
The film's detached dialogue follows the form of memory prompts,

shared experiences and joint suppositions as the two women
languorously sift through a faceted glass bowl of recollections. A passive
voice queries that which might be in front of her; an authoritative voice
undercuts all overt assumption with subtextual import. This rhythm is
sustained throughout India Song; other voices come near and far - some
unsubtitled - yet all remain on the periphery of the film's slant to the
Ganges in Calcutta and the Mekong in Savannakhet. The rivers' shared
flowing grandeur and tropical heat generate the stilling state of mind
which these places appear to have induced in the two women.
Claimed as being set in a French embassy in India, though actually
disinterred in a decaying and ornate turn-of-the-century mansion, we

assume that the people parading past us constitute the French Vice
Counsellor (Lonsdale), the mysterious Anne Marie Stretter (Seyrig), plus
ancillary ambassadors, diplomats, delegates, their wives and associates.

Furniture, fittings, fabric and fashions are traced by the camera's slow
gaze; wall-sized mirrors grant us complete and uninterrupted sight of all
who hover in front of them. But it is soon evident we will not be seeing
a single person's lips match any voice we hear. The programme of India
Song is thus erected at the gulf between voice and description, text and
event, sound and image. Two major considerations arise from this
audacious audiovisual experiment.

India Song: the gulf between voice and description
Firstly, the film's colonial background creates a 'refluxive' dislocation
wherein the diplomats become emotionally disenfranchised in lands
where their presence is unwanted. Trapped in mausoleums of
bureaucracy, the diplomats fade into ghosts and zombies, aimlessly
wandering within the confines of their power, playing out their

mannered functions and social graces. Secondly, character becomes less
an issue of statement and more a matter of query. Traits, motivation,

impulse, background - all are erased from those we see. Their mannered
posture, expired repose and roving circulation renders them empty and
primed for anything. Devoid of direct response to each other, they
become 'infused' with reaction: steeped in the possibility that they are
relating to someone or something, but never proving it on screen.

Eroticism hangs like humidity in the air, but of a specifically bisexual
and polyamorous aspect. Social coding seems to have melted away in the
heat of a contagious nymphomania; these cultured dignitaries in formal

attire seem to be hovering in each other's pheromonal fields more than
they are consciously attracted to each other. 'I love you to the point of
not seeing nor hearing.' So declares a woman's disembodied voice. In
this way - dispassionately so - India Song can be read as a love story of
the most fractured kind.
Dir: Marguerite Duras; Prod: Stephane Tchalgadjieff; Scr: Marguerite Duras; DOP: Bruno
Nuytten; Editor: Solange Leprince; Score: Carlos d' Alessio; Sound: Michel Vionnet; Main
Cast: Delphine Seyrig, Michael Lonsdale, Claude Mann, Mathieu Carriere.

The Innocents
UK, 1961- 100 mins
Jack Clayton
The haunting title sequence to The Innocents is a stilling symbiosis of
sound and image which governs the wispy unfurling of the film's ghost
story. Following a full black screen through which we discern light bird
chatter, Miss Giddens' (Kerr) distinctive features sculpt white shapes in
the void as she silently mouths prayers, her face tense and focused,
betraying a quiet desperation. Over this skeletal exposure of quietude
and privacy, a sole child's voice plaintively sings; detached, unemotional,
yet pure.
Miss Giddens' desperation is partially defined by the pernickety
nature of this typical nineteenth-century nanny, but mostly it forecasts
the impassioned attachment she holds for her new charges: young Miles
(Stephens) and his sister Flora (Franklin). She relocates to the imposing
mansion which the children call home but which she finds to be a dark
psychological maze. As she gradually discovers, the children have
befriended the ghost of Peter Quint (Wyngarde), who has killed his lover,
the previous nanny Miss Jessel (Clytie Jessop). The Gothic mansion is an
architecsonic chamber of echoes which blur the living with the dead, the
sexual with the morbid, the vocal with the possessed. Miss Giddens' own
breathless praying mingles with the soft sobbing of Miss Jessel and the
excitedly hushed gossiping of Miles and Flora. Miss Giddens ventures
through the mansion time and again to locate the origin of a detached
laugh, a lost cry, a chilling breath.
The child's melody over the opening title is found to be sung by

Flora; the song is a melancholic refrain originally sung by Miss Jessel, but
which is now spiritually interred in the innocent vocals of Flora. Miles
similarly uses a haunting two-note call when searching for Flora, imbuing
it with a sexual desire due to Quint's predatory roost within Miles'
innocent being. Eventually, the bond between Quint and Miss Jessel is
replicated in an unsettling attunement between Miles and Flora. Their

presence within the mansion shifts from lost children crying for release to
blackened souls trapped in a sexual purgatory. Sound within and without

the mansion reflects and enhances the moments of their possession and
the degree to which their vessels amplify the wandering lust of the
ghosts of Quint and Miss Jessel.
Sometimes Miss Giddens' intuits these ethereal occurrences of
transgression and usurpation; other times she is suddenly conscious of

transformative incidents around her. At these latter moments, she will
suddenly be wrought from her acoustic space and jettisoned into an

alternative synchronous dimension where time and space appear
corrupted. There, deep hums, wind draughts, flapping pigeons and
temperate breaths catch the back of her neck, generating a cinesonic

horripilation that marks The Innocents as a chilling film. At other
moments, the film's score will deliberately halt or be struck dead in an
overtly self-reflexive way, signifying the ectoplasmic manner in which the
spiritual affects the material at its entrance. In these gripping silences -
the most unsettling being the sudden mirage of Miss Jessel standing in
the shallow lake - the terror of Miss Giddens' realisation of the ghostly
realm despite her Christian denial of the supernatural unsettles her world
and the soundtrack deeply.
Dir: Jack Clayton; Prod: Jack Clayton; Scr: William Archibald, Truman Capote, John
Mortimer; DOP: Freddie Francis; Editor: James B. Clark; Score: Georges Auric; Additional
Score: Daphne Oram; Sound: A. G. Ambler, Peter Musgrave, Ken Ritchie; Main Cast:
Deborah Kerr, Peter Wyngarde, Megs Jenkins, Martin Stephens, Pamela Franklin.
The Insect Woman {Nippon konchuki)

Japan, 1963 - 123 mins
Shoei Imamura
Parallel to Japan's industrial rise, electronics revolution and urban

rebirthing (peaking at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics), its entertainment and
recording industries went into overdrive. Subliminally affected by Tokyo's
overload of broadcast communications, Japan's electric boom in the 60s
was the socio-industrial construct of what futurists and experimentalists

had been poetically imagining for over fifty years. In a mix of semi-
documentary, semi-experimental form that reflects this era. The Insect

Woman records and notates the collapse of sound, noise and music into
each other, and in doing so captures and renders the aural dissolve
between all levels of sonic and musical signification.
Amorally observing and trailing the unending exploitation of Tome

(Hidari), the film moves from the 1910s through to the 60s charting and
annotating her episodic trauma, misfortune and degradation. With great

clarity, both cinematography and sound design empty the film of
historical settings and transformations and, in their place, background

and off-screen sounds create a sonic web for Tome's entrapment. She is
like a hardened beetle whose meandering traverses the harshest terrain;
her emotional rigidity in the face of the debilitating changes which befall
her arises from her brutish will to survive. Sounds of social, economic,
rural, industrial and economic discourse swirl around her, from the
rattling of weaving machines at the mill into which she was sold, to the
caterwauling of massed prostitutes in the geisha house she joins, to the
indifferent broadcast of radio and taped announcements throughout the

hospital where she recovers from childbirth.
No calm is allowed on the soundtrack, just as no respite is afforded
Tome, despite her exhaustion across fifty years of endurance. As the film
jump-cuts years at a time and drops into disquieting freeze-frames

accompanied by disconnected voiceover, sound in The Insect Woman
encapsulates the din of life and the noise of its ruthless enterprise.
Silence never welcomes Tome as she is always surrounded, controlled

and thwarted by others. The psychoacoustic effect of this is noticeable:
one is worn down by the soundtrack's ceaseless and indifferent waves of

aural activity. The score interpolates these waves with billows of
disenfranchised orchestration - low swirling oboes, randomised jaw-harp
plucks, awkward marimba plunks, assorted percussive pops, deep drum
tams, dissonant violin whines - and gradually illustrates the emotional
complexity born of Tome's own nomadic and aleatory route. Roaming

across an unforgiving landscape and its unremitting soundscape, her
inhumanity is suitably expressed by the unstoppable scurrying of an

insect.
Dir: Shoe! Imamura; Prod: uncredited; Scr: Keiji Hasebe, Shohei Imamura; DOP: Masaku
Himeda; Editor: Matsuo Tanji; Score: Toshiro Mayazumi; Sound: uncredited; Main Cast:
EmikoAizawa, Masumi Harukawa, Sachiko Hidari, Emiko Higashi, Daizaburo Hirata.

/ Spit on Your Grave {Day of the Woman)

US, 1978- 100 mins
Mier Zarchi
Originally and tellingly titled Day of the Woman. I Spit on Your Grave
places wonnan on centre stage and amplifies in equal proportion her
aspiration (thirty minutes), her anguish (thirty minutes) and her abysm
(thirty minutes). Counter to the congested urban backdrop to most
rape/revenge movies, the 'stage' for Jennifer (Keaton) is Nature:
beautiful, serene, peaceful, calming. And in place of the usual wall of city
noise is the silence that accompanies the clean country air. Likewise, we
notice the emptiness of the soundtrack. Jennifer is somewhat detached
from her surroundings, and this psycho-spatial aspect of her habitation is
reflected in the quietness with which she simultaneously moves through

Nature and graces the soundtrack.
Noticeably, the expanse of 'Nature' in / Spit on Your Grave is non-
reverberant. Everywhere space is uncontained, rolling, continual; the
outside is consequently incapable of trapping sound, of corralling it or
bouncing it around. Whereas reverberant tunnels, corridors and halls can

intimidate due to the feeling of intrusion generated by the creepy sound
of one's footsteps, open landscapes can make one feel less self-conscious
of one's presence due to the absence of sounds which rupture the

acoustic space. This psychoacoustic phenomenon of the open landscape
typically creates a sense of ease and freedom to which Jennifer responds
positively and innocently.
Shortly after her arrival at her riverside cabin, Jennifer swims naked in
the river. The river welcomes her, folding her into its undulations and
shifting contours. There she exists free of gravity, hovering in the water's
aqueous ethereality. Jennifer's relation to her surroundings is a symbolic
act of aural sublimation. Both music and sound attain the dimensional
symbolic state of water: their presence may be perceived as a silent
airborne phenomenon, but their movement is described through waves,
flow, frequency, volume - all terms of liquidity. Through identifying with

the river and its life-flow, Jennifer profoundly takes on the characteristics
of sound itself. Not merely 'at one with Nature', she sounds herself
through a tactile relationship with all she touches. She strokes the water
as if conducting music; she breathes air as if drinking silence; she rocks
on a hammock as if recording a breeze.
No score accompanies the unobtrusive wide shots which govern the
bulk of the film. Just as Jennifer moves through her space (both pre and
post her traumatic raping), so are we left to observe and audit her
predicament from a strained distance - textually divorced through the

total erasure of music, the complete embrace of silence and the strident
employment of long wide shots, yet socially implicated by experiencing
the movie. Most other films would avert the gaping holes, uncomfortable
pauses and painfully long passages caused by this refusal to nurture
character identification. / Spit on Your Grave is not the by-product of

such comfortable enlightenment: it is a deliberately disquieting dive into
the compacted molecular grain of the cinematic scream.
Dir: Mier Zarchi; Prod: Mier Zarchi, Joseph Zbeda; Scr: Meir Zarchi; DOP: Yuri Haviv; Editor:
Meir Zarchi; Sound Effects Editor: Alex Pfau; Main Cast: Camille Keaton, Eron Tabor,
Richard Pace, Anthony Nichols, Gunter Kleemann.

/ Stand Alone {Seul contra tous)

France, 1998-93 mins
Caspar Noe
I Stand Alone has existential angst carved into its textuality, but its
audiovisual nous saves it from being a protracted exercise in stylish
bleakness. The film exudes a stagnant aura of inertia: unsited voiceover
narration spits across numerous still images of violently ugly and banal
domestic environs, creating an intense claustrophobia as we remain
trapped in the Euro-macho head of the fifty-year-old Butcher (Nahon),
fucked over by life, clinging to his limp cock with one hand and French
patriotism with the other. Little moves on the grainy pornographic screen
- especially Nahon's eyes which resemble those of a fish in the
supermarket freezer - but the soundtrack energises and even terrifies the
blank world depicted. Music appears at the beginning and the close of
the film like mouldy red velvet curtains as some Pachelbel is played by a
dying brass band. Elsewhere, a single orchestral note is struck sparsely -
maybe ten times; no other music occurs. Yet repeatedly, the loud sound
of a compressed, fat gunshot is synced to sudden lurches in the speed
shifts exacted by digital editing.
These sonic moments initially appear gratuitous, recalling the in-your-
face basketball pounds of late 80s and early 90s Nike, Pepsi or Gatorade
ads. What becomes apparent is the tension created in the spaces
between these highly stylised pows which violently rupture the polished
naturalism of I Stand Alone' s murky photographic grain: before long, one

is psychoacoustically primed to anticipate a bang, or to actually witness
rather than audit a horrific act (which you will in the film's final fifteen
minutes). True to this logic, when the pounds occur while on-screen
violence is most manifest, the mix pushes the gunshot effects into the
background; the vision becomes deafening. Just as an extreme tension is
maintained by opposing non-natural sound design to naturalistic visuals

and performances, so too does a consonant tension hum throughout the
film, representing the sexual and emotional constipation of the Butcher's
psychopathic disposition. In fact at the film's climax, an audible vocal

humming rains uncontrollably from his mouth, as if he is trying to block
out the chorus of aberrant voices which articulate his turmoil as he falls
prey to the ultimate transgression of incest.
The sonic punches that periodically and perniciously drill holes into /
Stand Alone' s soundtrack function as shocks which gradually destabilise
the Butcher's head-set. The film's gunshots are not merely sonic icons of
violence, but a string of detonations which reduce social conditioning to
the state of post-war rubble - the definitive picture of the modern

European landscape. With all psycho-familial architecture blown apart,
this fifty-year-old loser stands alone as a repositioned self, ready to act

out his own socially transgressive narrative. This is the male core of so
much Euro angst: dumb, blank, unforgiving, unremitting. Not liberated
but unleashed; not resolved but evoked. A common social being,
traumatised by shocks as symbolised by the soundtrack's percussive

violence, yet revealed as an unavoidably natural and dramatically
inevitable figure - like the bare location sound of a street at the outer
ring of Paris' industrial zones which closes the film. No operatic catharsis
glorifies / Stand Alone; merely the respite from noise which hollows out
the head of the psychologically scarred and the socially dispossessed.
Dir: Gaspar Noe; Prod: Ludle Hadzihalilovic, Gaspar Noe; Scr: Gaspar Noe; DOP: Dominique
Colin; Editor: Lucile Hadzihalilovic, Gaspar Noe; Sourced Score: Jotiann Pachelbel; Sound:
Valerie Deloof Olivier Do Huu, Olivier Le Vacon; Main Cast: Philippe Nahon, Blandine
Lenoir.
Kaidan {Kwaidan)
Masaki Kobayashi
The radical score for Kaidan is arguably devoid of Western sensibilities.
This omnibus ghost film, based on infamous tales from Japanese lore,
has highly articulate performances and decorous staging which link it
superficially to kabuki's stylised strained mimeticism. Yet its soundtrack

dissolves from traditional accompaniment to a stretched, contorted and
elongated grasp of the film's dark emotional trajectories. A ruthless
asynchronism and flagrant disavowal of musical signification render its
status as soundtrack problematic - disturbing, even.
In the first story of the anthology - The Reconciliation (Blacl< Hair) - a

husband (Mikuni) returns home having left his wife (Aratama) years ago.
He sleeps with her ghost (she passed away unbeknown to him), then
wakes to find the house in a state of total decay. Charging around the
house, he crashes through the torn paper walls and rotting wood frames,
and gradually withers to a skeletal corpse. Initially framed by harsh

shakuhachi screams, the flute's raspy breathiness devolves into a score
primarily comprised of improvised wood creaks. As the husband's body

dries up to a skeleton, so does the score texturally contract to a fractal
network of wood splinters, bone fractures and gravel sprinklings. In a
bizarrely concocted imagining of Japanese sixteenth-century futurism, the

'music' sounds like an instrument being destroyed before our very ears.
Furthermore, the main movement of this improvisation occurs with
absolutely no synchronous sound. It takes a while to realise that what

one thinks is out-of-sync sound is actually the score. The effect is
haunting, memorable and exact.
In another story - The Woman in the Snow - a woodcutter (Nakadai)

is granted a second chance after seeing Yuki, a gorgeous ghost (Kishi),
kill his fellow woodcutter. While the austere, minimal shal<uhachi tones
evoke an identifiable 'Eastern-ness', the instrument's material presence
on the soundtrack is really where its 'Eastern-ness' resides. The

Kaidan. radical scoring and ruthless asynchronism
shakuhachi that recurs throughout The Woman in the Snow sonically
falls between the cracks of sound, music and noise. Firstly, the
shakuhachi is one of a number of Japanese instruments that intentionally
embrace noise: part of its performance mode is to bring an excess of
breath pressure on the reed to traumatise its otherwise pure tone.

Secondly, the reverberant recording of its performance intensifies the
noise effect by inducing what at times sounds remarkably like ring

modulation distortion. At any one moment, the shakuhachi shifts wildly
from a conservative lilt to an alien spasm; from an ancient wooden

instrument to a post-industrial electronic weapon. In Kaidan, this
poetically syncs to its highly modernist film reworking traditional folk
tales.
The most horrifying of Kaidan's quartet of terror is Hoichi the Earless.
Blind minstrel Yasaku (Kunie Tanaka) unwittingly sings tales of a grand

sea battle so well that his voice summons the battle's ghosts, who in turn
summon him to sing for them at their grand court. Not knowing he is
performing for the dead, Yasaku regales them with an epic musical
romance of their past exploits. When Yasaku's priests discover this, they
paint ritual prayers all over his body to render him invisible to the ghosts
- except they forget to paint his ears. It's not by accident that a film with
such a radical score intensely mocks those who forget they have ears.
Dir: Masaki Kobayashi; Prod: Shigeru Wakatsuki; Scr: Yoko Mizuki; DOP: Yoshio Miyjima;
Editor: Hisashi Sagara; Score: Toru Takemitsu; Sound: Hideo Nishizaki; Main Cast: Rentaro
Mikuni, MichiyoAratama, Misako Watanabe, Tatsuya Nakadai, Keiko Kishi, Katsuo
Nakamura, Tetsuro Tamba.

149
The Keep
US, 1983-96mins
Michael Mann
Most uses of synthesisers are predicated on the instrument's ability to
'synthesise' an existing instrunnent. Orchestral string sections have been a
designated preset on just about every synthesiser invented, inducing a

viral rash of lazy applications of the instrument which mimic, ape and
crow brief chordal sequences from the great Romantic unconsciousness
to trigger Pavlovian sighs from the audience. Cinema has gulped this
down, addicted to the synthesiser's expedient delivery and its kitsch
aroma.
Superficially, the all-synthesiser score to The Keep performs similarly.
But the score's electronic tone deliberately runs counter to its story, set
during the spreading Axis occupation of Europe during World War II.
Furthermore, the locations and staging of the film are bereft of clear
historical signifiers and icons: the granite Carpathanian mountains appear

as they would today and 100 years ago; village peasants look localised
and timeless; and Glaeken Trismegestus (Lance Henriksen) is posed as an

impassive, taciturn figure who moves through darkened caves in search
of an evil 'essence' which the Nazis seek to colonise. This pan-generic

ahistorical dissolving of details into non-specific settings is enhanced by
the score's dissolution of historically weighted textures (the synthesisers'
orchestral visage) into a stream of meta-music freed from expected

idioms and vernacular.
While many other scores employing synthesisers are intent on merely

approximating a vague orchestral effect. The Keep noticeably diffuses the
orchestral aura as a means of suggesting that the score itself is somehow
being transformed. A fine line, but one that is discernible in both the
story's centrality of evil as an ungovernable presence, and the constancy
and consistency of the music's tenor in symbolising this. The synthesiser's
continual melting and morphing of flutes, voices, strings and muted
horns into a rich roux characterises it as a non-definable, distanced
instrument, devoid of its own identity yet capable of calling up simulated

timbres In a breathy, hazy way.
Consequently, The Keep's 'cues' neither rest nor perform as they do
In conventionally composed scores. Rather than romantically replicating
the dramatic shape of a scene, passages in The Keep sculpt icy backdrops
and cool facades that simply take place and space within a scene. Within
the sometimes massive, sometimes fllamental floss of orchestral fibre,
one experiences Indifference, asynchronism, amorphousness and

transcendentalism as cycling and rising four-chord motifs virtually hover
still while the film narrative moves through them. An overall passivity and
detachment Is drawn throughout, serving to accent drama while
flattening Its envelopes and peaks as simplistic yet dense chordal textures
connote an 'orchestra-ness' while emptying the screen soundspace of
any true orchestral presence, Thematlcally, these effects append to the
pervasive evil which floats through the film like an unfixed dramatic
presence: the score's withholding of dramatic articulation Is pertinent.
Dir: Michael Mann; Prod: Gene KIrkwood, Howard W. Koch Jr; Scr: Michael Mann; DOP:
Alex Thomson; Editor: Dov Hoenig; Score: Tangerine Dream; Sound Editor: William Trent;
Main Cast: Scott Glenn, Alberta Watson, JiJrgen Prochnow, Robert Prosky, Gabriel Byrne.
Koyaanisqatsi
US, 1982-87mins
Godfrey Reggio
Koyaanisqatsi is well regarded as a synaesthetic overload and

metaphorically linked to superfluous notions of trippy, druggy and
blissed-out states. Despite the hold the film has on those so predisposed,
Koyaanisqatsi' s audiovisual bombast is nonetheless complexly founded on
a dialogue between the thunderous density of its orchestra score and the
beautifully degravitised momentum of its stop-motion cinematography.

The film's unending bodies strewn like visceral architecture elicit a precise
emotional response atypical of notions of beings enveloped by music:

less symbols of the transcendental act of listening, they are deaf to the
power of music which trumpets around them. As innocents snared by

the forces of 'life out of balance', these people (not actors) neither react
to it nor sympathise with the music in which they appear to sink. The
score's minimalist quagmire is a deliberately excessive concoction of
boom, gloom and doom. It plays with deafening density, like an
orchestral machine whose every control is set to full energy level and
incapable of being turned off. Far from experiencing the luxury of
transcendence, the films' oppressed denizens of exploited cultures are
coloured with a helplessness courtesy of this omnipresent music which
casts them out of balance with the film score.
Many are understandably overwhelmed by the powerfully emotional

images in Koyaanisqatsi, often attributing the meld of music and image
as a sublime fusion. But the film presents a tactic of contra-scoring - one
based on decimating the world it musically illustrates. No slight tinkling
of fey melodies to suggest the frailty of human life here. In its place, we
have dread-inducing collisions between a screaming chorus of heavenly
angels, a massive ground swell of subterranean crypt organs, and the

impression of an impossibly enlarged string section. Patrons leave the
cinema shell-shocked by the music, blasted as much by its incessant
nature as its volume. More than another tasteful tailoring of minimalist

Style, here is the orchestra as a post-modern inversion of machinic excess:
its majesty and beauty is hyper-referenced in such full-effect that it
erodes at its own foundations. Koyaanisqatsi's score pictures a peculiar
site of dimensional restructuring, centred on reconfigured zones which
superbly imagine that most elusive transcendent state: the point when
one shifts from listening to music to being terrorised by its presence.
The excessively rich minimalism which complements the optical

pyrotechnics of Koyaanisqatsi is not to be dismissed on grounds of its
cinesonic overdrive. Sited at an immense crater caused by

industrialisation in the name of civilisation, and exploitation under the
guise of resourcefulness, the morality of the music's role as commentator
is tactfully dispassionate despite its abundance of emotional signifiers.
Many have interpreted this as a 'cold' post-modern visage. But it can also
be considered as an inversion of the classical chorus of Greek tragedy:
instead of the chorus representing angels throwing a life-line to mortals
to prevent them from carrying out fateful actions, the score to
Koyaanisqatsi represents the angels with their backs turned, deaf to the
pleas of mortals. The symbolic message bellowed through their operatic
monumentalism is frighteningly cursive: it's your world - you made it

-
now live in it.
Dir: Godfrey Reggio; Prod: Godfrey Reggio; Scr: Ron Fricke, Michael Hoenig, Godfrey
Reggie, Alton Walpole; DOP: Ron Fricke; Editor: Ron Fricke, Alton Walpole; Score: Phillip
Glass; Sound Effects Editor: David Rivas.

Last Year at Marienbad {L'Annee derniere a

Marienbad)
Alain Resnais
Last Year at Marienbad is emblematic of noveau roman cinema, its
literary dissolution of cinema dislocating and preventing one from

holding onto rational significance through the film's decimation of
conventional audiovisual narration. It has less an actual plot than a

meta-plot, colliding time frames, characters behaving as 'semes', and
perverse self-awareness bearing little reference to any imaginable social
reality.
In Last Year at Marienbad, these components are translated into
cinematic language through a dialectical relationship between sound and
image, wherein the soundtrack creates tensions and ambiguities by
playing against the image-track. Mostly, this is conveyed by voiceover

narration underscoring, undercutting and undermining the supposed
'truth value' of what we are witness to in the film's images. During the
film's hysterical ride through confused emotions which arise from

fractured relationships, repressed memories and problematised desires,
voiceovers follow infinite colons of baroque architecture (visually
symbolising this hysteria) and bouts of theatrical melodrama
(foregrounding the stylised means through which the actors enact their
scenarios, often gesturing and posturing in stilted tableau fashion).
This merger of palpable poetics with dry dialectics forms a sado-

masochistic dance with narration - one that entrances with its
complexity. From the outset, voiceover fades up and down as the camera
glides and turns into multiplied corridors. Repeated phrases appear to be
slight variations in describing non-specific spaces, inflicting an erotic
suggestiveness as to who is narrating and why. But just as neither the
architecture nor the editing of the framed spatialisations conveys linear

or causal logic, so does voiceover refuse to fix itself to any one place. The
film's endless tracking shots are symbolic of how voiceover acoustically
^
'•«%
Last Year at Manenbad: a sado-masochistic dance with narration
floats down corridors and into spaces, as if in answer to the quandary: if
voiceover is a mental projection, how can it be rendered sonic?

Dialogue is similarly collapsed, treated not as information passed
between characters, but as points of their disassociation. Typical of how

social gatherings function, audiovisual continuity in the film's many party
scenes is archly broken. People suddenly freeze en masse in a tableau of
interaction; or they are clearly shown to be talking, but the soundtrack
mix selectively gives us fragments of what they are saying. Sometimes

characters talk at each other rather than to each other; other times
characters in isolation passionately talk to someone who isn't there with
them. On some occasions, there are transitions between these modes.

Psychological tension mounts as we try to either fill in the gaps of silence
with meaningful content, or attempt to attach a logical significance to

this deliberately fractured audiovisual continuum.
The swelling organ concerto of Last Year at Marienbad's score wraps

the voiceover and carries it through architectural and narrative passages
of the film. Mix levels between the two heighten tension (when the
organ overwhelms the voice) and provide an illusory respite (when the
organ dissolves behind the voice). Apparently aleatory in tone and flow,
this relationship between organ and voice exemplifies the film's
employment of melodrama: a joining of melo - music - with drama -

action. As the music swirls in an onanistic embrace with its compulsion
to modulate key, it perfectly scores the mania for and of desire which
overwhelms the film's characters.
Dir: Alain Resnais; Prod: Pierre Courau, Raymond Froment; Scr: Alain Resnais, Alain Robbe-
Grillet; DOP: Sacha Vierny; Editor: Jasmine Chasney, Henri Colpi; Score: Francis Seyrig;
Sound: Guy Villette; Main Cast: Delphine Seyrig, Giorgio Albertazzi, Sacha Pitoeff.
Lost Highway
US, 1997- 135 mins
David Lynch
An intensely quiet moment happens twenty minutes into Lost Highway.

Fred Madison (Pullman) stands in front of an undefined space, rendered
indistinct by the screen's disorienting flatness. As Madison walks

forwards into darkness, one becomes acutely sensitised to the sound of
his apartment: a humming tone that says nothing is occurring but the
ringing rumble of space itself. Location sound recordists refer to it as
room tone; texture that has to be recorded separately as filler for
dialogue editors, so they may seamlessly segue between passages of
recorded speech. Without this sound of nothingness, location dialogue

would be revealed in truth as bits wrought from a real 'live' space - too
full and present for the audio track's tightly controlled reduction of
detail. Dialogue editing, traditionally, must disguise the fact that a real
room exists - paradoxically by ensuring that you can't relate its sonic
texture of virtual silence to actual silence.
But the strange sonic nothingness in Madison's apartment is thick,
fibrous, lichenal. It and other environments in the film are layered with
an excess of nothingness, building a dense bed of rumbling tone which

lugubriously bleeds into the air-conditioned atmosphere of the cinema
itself. Standard practice in mix-down situations is to audition the final mix
against a simulated distant traffic rumble to replicate the urban theatre
environment so one can check the soundtrack's clarity. Lost Highway's
sound design privileges that very substance which the soundtrack figures
as noise. Oppressively empty spaces, rooms, chambers and corridors
breathe and heave their nothingness through a network of zones
vibrating with noisy silence: tensile ringing of fluoro tubes, baritone
choruses of central heating, organific tone clusters of electrical circuitry,
dissonant harmonics of air vents. The on-screen world is effectively
mirrored to inhabit the auditorium - a device well suited to a film whose

narrative loops back on itself in an unending nightmare of psychosis.
Elsewhere, Lost Highway is bombastic, from the pummelling drives
down its darkened highways, to the neo-Gothic guttural groans

imbedded in its frighteningly loud music mix. Along with intermittent
subsonic booms and explosive cracks, these are the expected traits of the
swirling post-modernist noir which typifies the film's openly lurid
storytelling. Yet for all the film's noise and volume, the ill ease of its
psychodrama is most felt in quieter moments.

The film's 'aural chiaroscuro' continually dissolves the archly dramatic
boom into a tactile, sonar tempura which coats the darkened chambers
of its locations. Booms are percussive: discrete events which dramatically
punctuate a point within the narrative. Drones take the vertical energy of
those moments and flatten them into a horizontal spread of de-
dramatised continuity. Monotonic drones always create tension because

time passes while the 'music' seems to be standing still; the gears are
locked and something is stuck. Aptly, Lost Highway is about the locked
moment of becoming lost - the point at which one crosses over from the
known into the unknown; from the deafening roar of that which is
happening to the deadly quiet of that which is about to happen.
Dir: David Lynch; Prod: Deepak Nayar, Tom Sternberg, Mary Sweeney; Scr: David Lynch,
Barry Gifford; DOP: Peter Deming; Editor: Mary Sweeney; Score: Angelo Badalamenti;
Sourced Score: Barry Adamson; Songs: David Bowie, Trent Reznor, NIN, Marilyn Manson,
Ramstein, Screamin' Jay Hawkins; Sound Design: David Lynch; Main Cast: Bill Pullman,
Patricia Arquette, Balthazar Getty, Robert Blake, Gary Busey Robert Loggia.
M
Germany, 1931 - 117 mins
Fritz Lang
For a film made so near to the technological advent of sound in the

cinema, M bears a sophistication in its sound design unmatched by other
'psycho' films of its time as well as many made since. The film is highly
designed in its visuals and gesturally ornate in its camera work, and the
sound to M shares similar weight in its formalist expression and poetic
symbolism.
Its binary relationship between sound and silence marks M as a
pivotal film connecting silent cinema to the then-new sound cinema.

Constituted as a bi-morphic narrative, M projects sound onto silent
form, and cuts silence into sound language. Less a balance and more
a twisting of two modes into one thread, it actions sound and silence
in direct response to the story's themes. In the chilling tale of
paedophile Hans (Lorre), the letter 'M' signifies the sign of the marked
man whose time is up in the realm of citizens and criminals alike.
Internally scarred by his psychotic disposition, Hans transgresses both
realms through his murderous actions, and comes to bear the 'M' on
his back: invisible to him as his actions had been to those around
him. When eventually tried not by a law court but by a den of
criminals with their own codes, Hans claims that the power within
that drove him to murder children 'silently follows' him 'through the
streets'. This silence accounts for the many ways in which the film
uses silence up to its conclusion.
The first instance of a lost child is introduced when Madame

Beckmann (Ellen Widmann) waits for her child Elsie to return home for
lunch. A series of sonic irritants rupture the silence of the home: a
cuckoo clock; a door bell; children running up stairs - but each is a sign
of the absence of her Elsie. Across shots of the stairwell and courtyard,
her voice calls for Elsie, again and again, until silence occupies the
soundtrack, signalling Elsie's death. The police embark on a large-scale
manhunt to find Elsie's kidnapper, but their visual descriptions and

assumptions lead to nothing but a cacophony of false accusations.
Meanwhile, Hans floats in the midst of the hub-bub, whistling a
refrain from Peer Gynt. While everyone is looking, they of course should
be listening: Hans' loss of control over his own pathological urges is
sounded through the way he modulates the melody, expressing urgency,

anxiety and arousal in its peak. As deaf to his whistling as are the noisy
threatened townsfolk around him, Hans comes to feel an omnipotence

associated with serial killers who hide in the light of those seeking them.
In total silence, he writes his taunting letters to the police, announcing
himself without mouthing his identity. Similarly, his whistling, writing and
thinking are all cut to a deadly silence when he is unexpectedly struck by
the image of a child framed in a mirror: the terror of his desire invisibly
confronts him in the voiceless visage of his next victim. Other dark ironies
of silence move in on Hans: the first person to identify him as the killer is
a blind man who remembers him whistling; Hans gives himself away to
the criminals through his tapping; and with Hans' death, silence no
longer enshrouds the city.
Dir: Fritz Lang; Prod: Seymour Nebenzal; Sen Paul Falkenberg, Adolf Jansen, Fritz Lang, Karl
Vash, Thea von Harbou; DOP: Fritz Arno Wagner; Editor: Paul Falkenberg; Sourced Score:
Edvard Grieg; Sound: Adolf Jansen; Main Cast: Peter Lorre, Gustaf GriJndgens, Paul Kemp,
Theodor Loos.
Magnolia
US, 1999-181 mins
in the weaving and ducking of Magnolia's introductory character-based
movement, so much is told with such an excess of simultaneity, you lose
sense of narrative linkage and progression. During this, Aimee Mann's

cover version of Harry Nilsson's 'One' occupies both screen and
auditorium in a radical way. The soundtrack ducks and weaves all its
elements within and without the architecsonic domain of 'One' in a
flagrant disregard for hierarchical logic in sound design; Mann's 'lead
vocals' mostly ride atop, yet at times even her voice is clouded by the
film's dialogue and the song's own baroque vocal arrangements.
A vocal schizophrenia is orchestrated, following through with a
chorus of expressive utterances breathing in a continually morphing

sonorum which is, literally, breathtaking. All characters are at some point
out of breath, rushing headlong into eruption. Magnolia features many

show pieces where vocalisation and legibility precariously come near to
cancelling each other out - consciously so because the flow lines of
character energy in Magnolia chart the ways in which characters are

running out of time as their connections with each other contract into a
net of inescapable embraces and releases.
The mix of Magnolia is crucial to the film's habitation of one's aural
consciousness. Many characters in the film quote, 'You may be done

with the past, but the past is not done with you', and the film
accordingly lives simultaneously in its past and in its present. On many

occasions, multiple musics occur simultaneously, creating circles of
dissonance which radiate through the auditorium. Magnolia's characters

are not 'vessels': they are amplifiers, speakers and transmitters of
psychodrama; the theatre becomes a noisy ward within which you are
interred.
(Opposite page) Magnolia: orchestrating a vocal schizoplirenia

Cancer, of course, is the draining life force of Magnolia. Epicentral is
the bizarre audiovisual zoom into the decaying throat of Earl Partridge
(Robards) as he hoarsely whispers through the frenetic cellular activity
which signals his body's surrender. Just as you virtually smell death on his
breath, you can feel its presence on your own eardrums. All key
emotional points performance-wise are similarly presented through

debilitating inversions of vocal power: Mrs Partridge (Moore) provides
numerous black holes of gasping and gnashing as she deals with Earl's
demise; Frank Mackie (Cruise) breathlessly vomits years of hatred over

Earl on his death bed; Claudia (Walters) vents a volcanic ocean of
steaming rage when her father Jimmy Gator (Hall) intrudes upon her frail
sanctity. Just as Partridge is himself a cancerous cell in the glandular
familial spread of all the film's characters, so too does each and every
person expel and repeat his infected breath one remove from their own
emotional death.
Magnolia's sound design follows this deigned cancerous spread;
voices and music leak through thin walls; TVs crackle indifferently,
indignantly and incessantly, oxidising the most private domains; car
sound systems carry their passengers within their subsonic wombs; music
cues well up and spill over into scenes for which they were destined as
well as those poised innocently adjacent; and radio playlists infect public
spaces like a cold in an air-conditioned office. Sound in Magnolia is thus
mostly about that which you wish to suppress, engaging you in a
wearing psychoacoustic fight: you strain to hear, you wish for silence,
you attempt to focus, you achieve your own noise threshold.
Dir: Paul Thomas Anderson; Prod: Paul Thomas Anderson, Joanne Sellar; Sen Paul Thomas
Anderson; DOP: Robert Elswit; Editor: Dylan Tchenor; Score: John Brion; Song Score: Aimee
Mann; Sourced Songs: Supertramp; Sourced Score: Giacomo Puccini; Sound Design:
Richard King; Main Cast: John C. Reilly, Tom Cruise, Julianne Moore, Philip Baker Hall,
Jeremy Blackman, Philip Seymour Hoffman, William H. Macy, Melora Walters, Jason Robards,
Melinda Dillon.
The Man Who Lies {UHomme qui ment)

Alain Robbe-Grillet
Surely the most honest thing is to declare one's lie as one is stating it.
Yet at such a moment of utterance, the split between truth and

falsehood evaporates into a mist of assumptions, interpretations and
possibilities. The Man Who Lies presents such a scenario. Across title
credits, a man appears to be chased through a forest. Eventually his
flight is intercut with shots of German soldiers and their panting
Alsatians. Gunfire and barking dogs are heard near and far. The man
reaches a clearing; a loud gunshot ruptures the soundtrack; he falls
down. The camera moves up to him and looks down on his face; his eyes
open - then he gets up and nonchalantly walks away.

Within this 'film that lies' a story precariously unfolds. The Man Who
Lies is set some time after World War II somewhere in France. Boris
(Trintignant) wanders aimlessly through a small village previously
occupied by the German army. He calls upon people there, soliciting their
memory of his involvement in the resistance movement. Continually he
says, 'Let me tell you my story', but modifies it each time, sometimes
giving himself a different name. He prods people: 'You were there -
surely you remember me'. Before long, every time Boris opens his mouth,
one is prepared to hear a convolution of the events, and a confounding
of purpose in him telling them.
Such is the nature of dialogue in The Man Who Lies. Less about exchange
and interaction, speech is a device to dissolve truth. The act of speaking forms
a fabricated amalgam of assertion, bias and partiality. The film coherently
employs sound as a means to query its image, sometimes playfully and
sometimes conf rontationally, but always wrenching one from the other's
cling. The overall purpose is to create a world where multiple subjectivities
collide; where the central narration of Boris is unrooted and set loose.
Boris is mostly met with silence by others. They are initially posed as
strangely detached mutes, on whose deaf ears Boris' versions fall. This
grows to such an extent one can perceive Boris as sealed in his own
hermetic world. But rather than this being a symbolic gesture towards
alienation of the traumatised post-war psyche, the cinematic construction
of The Man Who Lies presents Boris' world as one that intersects with
and problematises the representational world on the screen. That is, the
image - and consequently, the sound - of Boris is entirely divorced from

the depicted realm which he appears to be inhabiting with others. His
presence is a disturbance; his countenance, stature, eye-line, motion and

gesture all disconnect from others; the sound of his footsteps, the wind
he hears, the music he encounters - all are interferences to the scenes he
illusorily haunts. Like a post-war ghost wandering through a shell-
shocked domain, he is potentially a figure others wish to forget: a name

they wish they had never heard, no matter how many times he changes
it. Ultimately, the film shifts the misleading slant of its story: the French
villagers wish that Boris is indeed the man who lies. But his rupturing of
their world - as conveyed through the meticulous subversion of sound-

image veracity and synchronism - sites him in a film that does not lie.
Dir: Alain Robbe-Grillet; Prod: Jan Tomaskovic; Scr: Alain Robbe-Grillet; DOP: Igor Luther;
Editor: Bob Wade; Sound: Michel Pane; Main Cast: Sylvie Breal, Zuzana Kocurikova, Jozef
Kroner, Ivan Mistrik, Dominique Prado, Jean-Louis Trintignant.

Metropolis
Germany/US, 1926 and 1983 - 120 mins
Fritz Lang
Flickering like an old silent movie, yet bathed in a saturated hue of gold,
this 1983 reconstruction of Metropolis commences with a series of
intertitles explaining the film's historical and mythical importance.
Throughout, a pulsing electronic robo-disco beat grows in volume. With

the official credit 'constructed and adapted by Giorgio Moroder', this
Metropolis is bound to outrage the conservative cinephile. Mirroring the
film's creation of the Maria robot, 'versioning' was the norm in silent
cinema musical accompaniment, and Metropolis - despite being

enshrined for its originality - is an infamous instance of exactly how
replication and duplication governed cinema distribution in the 20s.
Linking expressionist technopia with MTV golden era ersatz. Metropolis

simultaneously acknowledges the greatness of past art and reinvents it as
a modern faddish event.
Ethical and taste considerations aside, this new version affords a rare
opportunity to audit the effects of removing one score and totally
replacing it with a comparatively alien and dislocating one. Of particular

note is how the aural/musical rhythms of the score are often at odds
with a scene's visual frame dynamics and its edited shape. The 'MTV
effect' comes to the fore in this respect: songs either scream their
synchronism (Bonnie Tyler screeching 'She's the Same - But She's

Different' when the evil Maria preaches to the workers in the
catacombs) or indifferently waft across whole scenes (the depiction of

the Garden of Delights). Simulating the watching of TV with the sound
turned down while listening to a CD, this 'hit-or-miss' matching
momentarily denotes mistiming, yet holistically tends to an elasticised

sense of timing. It is this type of stretchable timing that characterised
silent cinema before the mechanical soundtrack metronomically locked
picture to sound. While appearing to be cavalier and throwaway with its
'cues'. Metropolis is possibly a more apt version than the many

historically 'authentic' versions which have claimed veracity in their
formal construction.
A key to Metropolis' delight lies in the way the soundtrack's now-

dated modernism has 'curdled' the image-track's once-glorious
modernism. Seeing the crumpled fabric of the workers' uniforms and
their white faces evokes a theatre space typical of much silent cinema,
where the surface of people and materials has a pre-cinematised aura.
The camera works to anthropologically document the staged
performances rather than transform them into a photogenic apparition.
Hearing the analogue synthesiser score achingly shoots one into the early
80s and that era's sonic future signalled by banks of sequenced

synthesisers. More than a post-modern proposition, this meeting of
sound and image creates a warp point which separates the futurist
projection from the 20s with a backwards (i.e. pre-digital) sonic trajectory
from the 80s. Both miss their mark, yet in doing so draw a zone that
contains their opposed trajectories. Then again, this may be a mere
matter of confounded expectations: many films set in ancient times
feature 'forward' music from the 18th century, yet seem to absolve
themselves from audiovisual disjuncture.
Dir: Fritz Lang; Prod: Erich Pommer; Scr: Fritz Lang, Thea von Harbou; DOP: Karl Freund,
GiJnther Rittau; Editor: uncredited; Adaptation and Reconstruction: Girogio Moroder; Re-
scored Songs: Giorgio Moroder; Main Cast: Alfred Abel, Gustav Frohlich, Brigitte Helm,
Rudolf Klein-Rogge.
Oedipus Rex {Edipo re)

Italy, 1967- llOmins
Pier Paolo Pasolini
A contemporary trend in music selection for film is to thread the
disparate musical semes of transient and dislocated musical cultures into
a global homogeneous narrative. Under the rubric of 'world music',
gypsy tarantellas, enka ballads and sufi wailing have accompanied just
about any humanist scenario under the guise of a musicological 'family
of man' principle.
Pre-dating and opposed to such manoeuvres, Oedipus Rex accords
different musical styles their individual and separate status by connecting

them to a chain of heterogeneous events. Ironically, this occurs as these
musical cues are set to a filmed version of a grand mythological
narrative; the Oedipus tale. Heterogeneity is always apparent due to the

anti-narrative techniques employed in the film: discontinuous editing;
partially defined settings and alienating landscapes; brutish, improvised
documentary-style camera work; a pot-pourri of performance modes

from trained actors and on-site locals; and post-synced dialogue tracks
devoid of original location atmosphere. An overall logic of linear and
lateral collage governs not only how music attaches itself to image, but
also how it separates itself from preceding and proceeding musical

segments. It is this process of differentiation that defines Oedipus Rex's
musicological programme.
In place of music being employed to speciously voice that which is
'in us air, Oedipus Rex's music is always felt to come from 'somewhere
else'. Early in the film, the Oedipal baby wanders to the edge of a
balcony, attracted to a foxtrot record playing in a room across the
plaza where his mother dances with a soldier. This sets up a recurring
figure of Oedipus wandering into terrains and situations where music is
already playing. Despite the music never once matching the
authenticity of either the film's scenography or the story's mythology,
its internment on the soundtrack gives the music its place regardless.
Oedipus Rex: music felt to have come from somewhere else
This is a major inverse of the orthodox practice of 'correct'
musicological supervision, where place (setting, location, etc.)
determines the music.

These musicological 'attachments' resonate with poetic curvature
(the mother breast-feeding the Italian baby to the strains of a sombre
string quartet; victims of pestilence being burnt as we hear a deep male
chorus; children's rhyme-singing as Polybus and the Queen look upon

the newly found Oedipus; etc.) and psychological tension (Japanese solo
flute as Teiresias the prophet confronts Oedipus with truth; Indonesian

vocal chants as Oedipus encounters a frightening naked woman inside
mudbrick corridors; etc.). Like Oedipus' looped fatalistic arcs which return
him to scenes of his crimes and misdemeanours, the musical attachments
are appended to multiple scenes, creating unsettling echoes without ever
fixing musical sense to any one musical placement.

Essentially, Oedipus Rex is a disturbing text, founded not simply on

its core mythic taboo, but more on the inescapability of one's bearing
witness to one's own deeds. When Oedipus stabs his eyes out after he
sees his wife/mother has hung herself, he voices the totalising audiovisual
terror which has dictated the film's soundtrack: 'I should have cut off my
ears too, to better lock away my wretched body and to no longer see or
hear anything'.
Dir: Pier Paolo Pasolini; Prod: Alfredo Bini; Scr: Luigi Scacdanoce; DOP: Giuseppe Ruzzolini;
Editor: Nino Baragli; Sound: Carlo Tare; Main Cast: Silvana Mangano, Franco Citti, Alida
Valli, Carmelo Bene, Julian Beck.

Once Upon a Time in tlie West {Cera una volta if
west)
Italy, 1969- 165 mins
Sergio Leone
The long opening to Once Upon a Time In the West is notable for its
absence of dialogue, wherein it is difficult not to perceive the complex
filigree of sonic and silent filaments tensely strung across the widescreen.
But this is not special in the realm of Italian Westerns, which - counter to
the delicious loquaciousness of Italian cinema - feature stoic gunmen of
few words. This opening scene has a specific logic to its extenuation of
silence and suppression of vocalisation.
As three dusters wait for a train, they bide their time in unfolding
order. Firstly, these are hired guns, waiting for their victim to arrive by
train. Psychotically disposed, each spends his time not fretfully but calmly,
mentally preparing for their murderous task. The surrounding landscape
provides a master clock - the creaking windmill - for their individual
patterns. Snaky (Jack Elam) slouches half-asleep; Stony (Woody Strode)

stands in total silence; and Knuckles (Al IVlulock) fidgets, cracking his
knuckles. Secondly, their 'psycho-rhythms' are counterpointed by sonic
occurrences: the telegraph Snaky silences by destroying it; the fly he

captures in his gun barrel; and the water dripping onto Stony's forehead
which he transforms into a dull, calming pulse by putting on his hat.
The scream of the train whistle pierces their hermetic sound fields.
When the train comes to rest, it chugs ominously with a heaving rhythm
that now replaces all others. As the dusters are about to leave, a wailing
harmonica - complete with distended reverb - cuts through the train's
steamy surges. The dusters' response matches our double-take: is this
'noise' score or diegetic sound? Harmonica (Bronson) emerges through

the steam like an avenging angel, harmonica in mouth, breathing it to
play his signature seething which symbolises the revenge he seeks.

Many instances of musical grandeur and thematic orchestration
dance across the opulent soundtrack to Once Upon a Time in the West:
the warm waltz and its cascading arrangement which choreograph Jill's
(Cardinale) reveries; the 'clip-clop' banjo pluck which hiccups along to

loveably amoral Cheyenne's (Robards) numerous double-crosses; the dark
fuzz guitar riff which vibrates down the inhuman backbone of Frank
(Fonda).
Yet they all whirl round the harmonica's morbid leitmotiv. It lives as
aberrant aural sign and composed musical device. Its three-note refrain
atomises both the high-pitched train whistle (symbolising the owner of

the train company, Morton (Ferzetti), who hired Frank to kill Harmonica's
brother) and the score's central cycling motif played by mournful horns.
It also expresses - literally - the sound Harmonica heard while he was

forced to play it as his brother was hung. Harmonica thus becomes his
harmonica, wearing it around his neck like a dead albatross. In the
matching of his long, extreme close-up to distant drawn-out violins
mimicking the motif, Harmonica stiffly inhales the instrument's dissonant
odour each time he exacts revenge on all complicit in his brother's death.
Not wholly a doomed figure. Harmonica finds closure when he thrusts

his harmonica into the mouth of Frank in a sublime act of transference.
Only when Harmonica can hear that same sound wheezing through the
dying lips of Frank can he relinquish the hold of its noise.
Dir: Sergio Leone; Prod: Fulvio Morsella; Scr: Dario Argento, Bernardo Bertolucci, Sergio
Donati, Mickey Knox, Sergio Leone; DOP: Tonino Delli Colli; Editor: Nino Baragli; Score:
Ennio Morricone; Sound Effects: LudanoAnzellotti, Roberto Arcangeli, Italo Cameracanna;
Main Cast: Charles Bronson, Henry Fonda, Claudia Cardinale, Jason Robards, Gabriele
Ferzetti.
Patty Hearst
US, 1988- 108 mins
Paul Schrader
Cinematic portrayals of mind control lend themselves to extreme

manipulations of sound-image relationships. Patty Hearst goes quite far
in this regard. Detailing the disorientation, decline and deprogramming
of Patty Hearst (Richardson) from heiress to militant, the film is shattered
into myriadfold psychological shards, each constituting a torn fragment

of her psyche. Her sense of self, location and place - in both
personal/physical and social/political terms - is reconfigured, and
expressed through a mind-cleansing reprogramming of that which is
presumed to be a 'balanced' mix of sound and image.

The ripping of sound from image is overt in the extended sequences
where Patty is locked in a cupboard by her kidnappers, the Symbionese

Liberation Army. In the cupboard's suffocating blackness, she is utterly
alone in what becomes an ever-expanding void as she gradually
transforms her sense of being. The darkness - noted as a refusal of

cinematic image - removes her sight and thus her primarily encoded
relation to the world: nothing is visible, therefore nothing exists out
there. Wrenched from its domain, her voice is the only marker of self
within the cupboard's nothingness. More than intensely gazing into a
mirror - a typical cinematic device to show a character's awareness of

self at a remove - she responds to her own voice as if perceiving
something deep within herself. The texture and presence of her voice is
thus foregrounded as its own psychological universe throughout these
scenes. Sound, also, becomes the thread for her sanity: sight - gained
only by violent bursts of white light when the door is periodically opened
by silhouetted guards - terrorises, invades and assaults her de-socialised
space. Her sensorial world is turned upside down: sound precedes,
writes, frames and actions image.
To reflect the swirling madness that rages around Patty's
desensitisation, Patty Hearst's score is a musicalised exploration and

denotation of her voice. Semi-atonal phrases appear incongruous until
one realises they are based on studying the chromatic pitch rises and falls
in Patty's spoken words. Phrases like 'mom, dad' and 'I'm not being held
by force' are reconstituted as unique melodies - replayed within the film

just as Patty's words are played to her parents and the FBI. Both
misrecognise her voice: mom and dad incapable of 'seeing' her within
her words and actions; the FBI incapable of 'seeing' what conspiratorial
and manipulative forces are controlling her. While Patty's voice is
interpreted as being that of a ventriloquist's dummy - not 'our' Patty, the
Patty of her 'others' - her fractured voice is the result of an imposed
journey of self-discovery (whether she wants it or not). The music's
diverse complexity, angular harmonies and contra-rhythmic manifestation

vividly represent this 'divorced self which Patty becomes - disowned by
everyone including herself.
Dir: Paul Schrader; Prod: Marvin Worth; Scr: Nicholas Kazan; DOR: Bojan Bazelli; Editor:
Michael R. Miller; Score: Scott Johnson; Supervising Sound Editor: Michael Kirchberger;
Main Cast: Natasha Richardson, William Forsythe, Ving Rhames, Frances Fisher, Jodi Long,
Olivia Barash.
The Pawnbroker
US, 1965-1 16 mins
Sidney Lumet
Blackness - as much a virulent, adaptable annoeba as a clear, potent
essence - can be felt as muted subsonic waves on the soundtracks of
Hollywood's classical cinema. From the smeared jazz of gangster movies
to the mottled R&B of Broadway musicals, African-American music
squirms like dancing insects under Hollywood's Euro-Caucasian blanket of

fiction. Rather then be dismissed as inauthentic tracings of 'true' black
music, the irksome pseudo-jitterbuggery which peps Hollywood film scores
through the 30s and 40s should be regarded as Hollywood's inability to
suppress the sono-musical swell that is black music: offensive to the
cultured taste-drums of the time yet too impressive to be aurally absented.
Blackness first oozes from its suppressed depths through the cracks
deliberately engineered in social-conscious cinema of the late 50s and
early 60s. Reflecting a developing black consciousness that equally
affected black and white America, the score for The Pawnbroker is
among the first dark drops which would eventually allow film scores to
sound overtly jazzy and funky. It is notable for its detailed combination of
an urban black sensibility with a studied and perfected European-style

mode of orchestration. Moments in The Pawnbroker deftly and cunningly
slide between the two. More than simply an example of unadulterated
jazz allowed into the cinematic domain, this score squirms like an
unwelcome alien, an ill-fitting being, and declares its displacement
clearly. Like a black on the Hollywood soundtrack; like a Jew in Spanish
Harlem - Holocaust survivor Sol Nazerman (Steiger) is interred in his
pawnbroker cage and desperately eking out an existence in the
concentrated encampment of a pressured inner-urban domain. The main

title's use of vibes, celeste, harpsichord and harp tantalisingly cast semi-
jazz clusters against a monophonic semi-blues line played by thickened
strings. It's like hearing Ellington and George Gershwin simultaneously.
It's black and it's jazz and all the space between.
Jiiiir''i
The Pawnbroker, a score squirming lil<e an alien
In another sense, it is also funky. Not as in the percolating rhythms
which mix erotic downbeats with lazy syncopation into pulsation that we
normally associate with funk music, but 'funky' as in a heady brew of
extreme contrasts and polyglot textures which celebrate Otherness.
Throughout The Pawnbroker, that 'melting pot' of which American
culture is so proud sweats and breathes. Latin percussion, fusion-style
alto-sax solos, be-bop double bass, freestyle drum-kit bursts, atonal
organ lines - all played with authentic prowess - capture the mulatto
melodiousness of the real and mythical New York street. No aural
homogenisation is apparent; multiple instrumental voices are allowed
their distinctive presence in the arrangement and the mix.

The Pawnbroker typifies the then-emerging 'sound of the city' as a
brash, harsh, violent environment where racial and/or criminal tension

is tauter than any violin a soundtrack could record. Strains, glimmers
and blasts of soul, R&B, blues, jazz and funk are blended into a
beautiful African-American sonorum which wrenches the film score
from its Wagnerian cave and slams it down in the midst of cross-town
traffic.
Dir: Sidney Lumet; Prod: Ely A. Landau, Philip Langner, Roger Lewis, Herbert R. Steinmann;
Scr: Morton S. Fine, David Friedkin; DOP: Boris Kaufman; Editor: Ralph Rosenblum; Score:
Quincy Jones; Sound Editor: Jack Fitzstephens, Alan Reim; Main Cast: Rod Steiger,
Geraldine Fitzgerald, Brock Peters, Jaime Sanchez.

The Pittsburgh Trilogy

US, 1972- 102 mins
Stan Brakhage
If images can be deafening. The Pittsburgh Trilogy is the loudest silent
movie ever made. Comprised of three short films {Eyes, Deus Ex and The
Act of Seeing with One's Own Eyes), a composite documentary is formed
from three observational studies of, respectively, a police patrolman, a
hospital doctor, and a coroner in a morgue.
Yet that description is disingenuous. The term 'documentary' curdles
and peels away in face of the glowing, throbbing, flexing universe of
encoded ephemera dancing on the film's visual surface. A million and

one schisms, fluctuations and inconsistencies dynamise that surface - at
once suggesting great depth of field in its visually abstracted clouds and
optically processed sparkles, while affirming that its universe is as flat as
the skin of one's own eye. Like an ocular algae whose slimy dermis
works as a prism to refract an uncharted dimension of activity. The
Pittsburgh Thiogy is not an act of watching: it literally takes over one's
eyes. Due to its abject visuality, it cannot afford to entertain a

soundtrack. In place, it offers the complete absence of one, and in its
radical audiovisual imbalance ontologically queries the role of the

soundtrack 'in' or 'upon' the screen.
In line with The Pittsburgh Trilogy's operation as 'an act of seeing',

the narrative development through the three films assembles an
imagined body as its 'star'. It is a wholly 'screen body' that is first
thrown past the transgressive borders patrolled by the law, then

interred for repair and servicing within the institution of medicine, then
finally set to rest as an assemblage of matter devoid of all life force. This
overwhelmingly cinematic body is the corpus of flashes of flesh, bits of
bone and moments of muscle which come into contact with a
policeman, a doctor, a coroner. The body's trajectory makes a

refreshing mockery of 'the hero's journey' by presenting the body as an
indistinct, unnamed, anonymous lump. The silence of the film is crucial

to this reading of the body's reinstatement as a dumb, mute,

inarticulate mass.
Come the third section of the film and its uncompromised image of
a corpse's mouth being used to hold its own peeled-back face while its
skull is being sawed open for the removal of its brain, the notion of what
this film has to say through its characters is perfectly expressed by the
sonic reality of our mortality. While the sight of our demise, the stench of
our decrepitude and the cold, viscous touch of our putrescence can
communicate to the senses of those living, we will not be making a
single sound. And that's exactly what you hear in The Pittsburgh Trilogy.
Dir: Stan Brakhage; Prod: Stan Brakhage; Scr: Stan Brakhage; DOP: Stan Brakhage; Editor:
Stan Brakhage.
Planet of the Apes

US, 1968- 112 mins
Franklin J. Schaffner
When a film is set in the future, Hollywood tells us that music from
another world sounds like twentieth-century avant-garde music. When a
film is set in the present, Hollywood tells us that music from the 18th
and 19th centuries best describes the present. Apparently, a
musicological time warp has defined the dimensional laws of film music
throughout the 20th century.
When an astronaut crew passes through a time warp in Planet of the
Apes and returns to earth in the future, a magically perverse
phenomenon occurs; they visit a time where the music is vaguely in sync
with the era of the film's production. Planet of the Apes' score
references the work of Edgar Varese - in particular, his 1923 work

Hyperphsm for wind instruments and percussion, and his 1954 work
Deserts for orchestra and magnetic tape. These pieces bracket Varese's
exploration of the sonority of percussion instruments in an era when

their identity and purpose were perceived to be suitable mainly for non-
melodic dramatic heightening and dynamic pinpointing. Varese

distinctively treated all orchestral instruments as percussive components.
Planet of the Apes' blend of this tack into its score prompts consideration
of how contemporary composition relates to the essentially Romantic

apparatus of cinema.
As George Taylor (Heston) and his crew roam the desolate neo-
earthscape after crashing into a lake, extensive cinematography
documents a terrain which we presume is another planet (as per their
stated mission). The score rustles with index-finger piano lines - blunt,
stunted, repetitive; shudders of drums and bongos - tense and barely

contained convulsions; distant conga finger presses - simulating vowelled
sighs. This is the terrain of Apes: spurts of communally excited
chattering. The score symbolises this domain which Man has heroically
but dumbly transgressed. The irony, of course, is that the Apes are the
intelligent force of the future, while Man has retarded into an aninnalistic
existence. The score, then, is Man as ape; its performance and

retrogressive composure suggest that musically illiterate brutes have
ventured into the orchestral pit and are wreaking havoc with the
instruments (an assumption still held of avant-garde music and free jazz
alike).
While Varese's work uses the orchestra to absent Man in the face of
Nature's grandeur to celebrate its scope and majesty through expanding

one's experience of sound over musical language. Planet of the Apes
posits such an affair as traumatising. The score's tension does not simply
arise from its coded stealth and suspense, but from its fear of Man's loss
of articulate control over musical expression. Notably, Planet of ttie Apes'

social themes are centred around language and speech: future Man
cannot speak white Apes communicate with what was once 'our'
language. The use of horns highlights this reversal. Varese's idiosyncratic
approach was to create tetrachords from separate horns playing single

notes, each instrument waiting its turn to sustain its note and contribute
to the chord's build-up. This effect in Planet of ttie Apes simulates the
mono-dimensional groan, bark or grunt which attempts language but
cannot string together a series of phonemes to convey meaning.
Reduced to choruses of fixed atonal howls, Man and music declare that
which Romantic cinema most fears: I have nothing to say.
Dir: Franklin J. Schaffner; Prod: Arthur P. Jacobs; Scr: Michael Wilson, Rod Serling; DOR:
Leon Shamroy; Editor: Hugh S. Fowler; Score: Jerry Goldsmith; Sound: David Dockendorf,
Herman Lewis; Main Cast: Charlton Heston, Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans.
Playtime
Jacques Tati
Taking aim at affluent post-war Parisians' attraction to new-fangled

gadgetry, Playtime depicts with humour their life as a strange puppet-like
existence. Despite the film's parodic tone, notions of architecture, interior
design, urban planning, transport, industrial design, consumerism and
the growing leisure industries are studiously reflected. Added to the
film's visual distinction is a sound design which incisively critiques how

little the aural and the acoustic are considered by designers whose
thoughts are formed by image alone.
Playtime heavily manipulates the soundtrack to posit the
man-machine interface as the audiovisual core of its cinematic
statement, documenting: (a) how a body inhabits that space;

space; (b)
and (c) what sound that body makes when in that space. Perennial naive
wanderer Monsieur Hulot (Tati) embodies this, performing largely in
response to sound, rather than - in traditional vaudeville mode - making

sound to signify a gag.
Seemingly hyperbolic in its visual design and studio fabrication.
Playtime 'sounds' all that is absent from realist cinema. The film's ultra-
fabrication leads it to consider sound from the ground up, and through
such consciousness to realise how much needs to be incorporated to
allow the soundtrack to co-habit the visual plane. Whenever Hulot or any
character enters a space, we hear them walk, wheel or clatter on
distinctively resonating surfaces; if they touch any object - an electric

buzzer, a glass door, a plastic folder, a vinyl chair - we perceive the
'sonic character' of that object as well as characters' reactions to it. The

opening airport sequence masterfully orchestrates a complete audiovisual
vocabulary of modern design with very few legible words uttered.
Throughout Playtime everyone makes noise, but Hulot alone hears
inappropriateness and absurdity in every sonic event. In further evidence
of its departure from noisy vaudevillian sight gags. Playtime often posits
characters grappling with disjunctures between sight and sound, from

people interred behind sound-proofed glass to the hilarious invention of
the silent door (promoted by the sign 'Slam your door in golden silence').
Inside the Invention Pavilion - a simulacrum of Playtime's

commentary - images and sounds become each other. Patrons are
confused as to what is real, what is not; what is a model, what is an

object; who is a customer, who is an attendant. Blurring the pavilion
with its embrace by the outside world. Playtime lambastes the specious
order imposed on people not only through contraptions and time-saving
devices, but also by pneumonic signage, audio communications systems,

and piped muzak. The score ironically quotes muzak tropes and blends
them with whimsical provengale traits, signifying Hulot's floating
innocence as he randomly criss-crosses the hyper-designed pathways of

modern Parisian commerce.
Counterpointing this composed ambience is the jazz group at the
newly opened nightclub. Their comparatively human and expressive

performance becomes score for both the club's collapse and the
liberation of its denizens through a set of atmospheric/ambient/sono-
musical movements. While the opening to Playtime features a drum and

organ improv set against empty sky (anthropologically equating jazz with
freedom), it closes with carnivalesque muzak mimicking the dinky
movements of tourists and traffic, whirling like mass marionettes on a
rotating fairground display: a wind-up mechanical Paris offered as respite
to its electronic din.
Dir: Jacques Tati; Prod: Rene Silveera; Scr: Art Buchwald, Jacques Lagrange, Jacques Tati;
DOR: Jean Badal, Andreas Winding; Editor: Gerard Poliicand; Score: Francis Lemarque;
Sound: Jacques Maumont; Main Cast: Jacques Tati, Barbara Dennek.
(Opposite page) Playtime: sounding all that is absent from realist cinema
Pride of the Marines

US, 1945-1 19 mins
Delmer Daves
Pride of the Marines is centred on Al Schmid's (Garfield) slide from gung-
ho cockiness into self-pitying remorse, creating a startling film noir
interpolation of a patriotic yet steeling wartime examination of a

veteran's condition. The film is exceptional in its focus on the cavernous
inferiority opened up in Al's psyche when he returns home to his
sweetheart Ruth (Parker) after being blinded during battle at

Guadalcanal. Rather than dwell on metaphors of sight or excessively
verbalise Al's trauma, the film's soundtrack underwrites the heightened
aural state which grips Al as he remembers, feels and desires a rounded

relationship with the world now sealed off from his vision.
The disjuncture between sight and sound is concentrated at the

nexus of Al and Ruth's relationship: we see her - the unseeable object of
Al's desire - while he only hears her - triggered by the sound of her
presence. A unique voyeuristic conflation is engaged in the perceptual
polygon of their emotional connection. Yet sound imparts an ominous

portent quite early in the film: from the camera's unsettling focus on the
radio as it replays information about the attack on Pearl Harbor, to the
deep chimes which undercut the celebrations of the New Year's Eve
party.
During the hellish battle at Guadalcanal, the terror of sound over

sight comes to the fore. As Al and his buddies are trapped in their
foxhole, screams of other soldiers near and far create a sonic net which
intensifies their entrapment. Bomb blasts send psychological shock waves
through their frayed constitutions, and kinetic juxtapositions between
dread-inducing blackness and blinding light destabilise their grip on the
situation. Perhaps most unsettling is Al's doomed urging to his buddy,
'Shoot 'em in the eyes'. Soon after, Al is struck by a deadly detonation.
His transformative moment is one of audiovisual obliteration: screen and

soundtrack are blasted to the extremes of their encoding, symbolising
the synaesthetic scarring which will determine his being from this point
on. The disorienting musique concrete collage which scores Al's later
feverish dream in hospital functions like an internal soundtrack to Pride
of the Marines, mixing its aural components in illustration of the
imbalanced world Al now inhabits.
Schmid's road to recovery entails a tug-of-war with himself,

intriguingly conveyed by shifts between dialogue and voiceover, and
between speech and silence. When Al recovers in hospital before
returning home, he dictates a letter for Ruth to his nurse. She prompts
him to add 'I love you' which allows him to reach a new level of his
projected relationship with Ruth; this moment triggers his voiceover
which frames the event within his perspective. Ruth's long-awaited sight
of the returned Al leads her and Al to speak around his blindness, while
we can see that she is blind to his disability through her love, and that he
is blind to the depths of that same love due to his resentment of his
disability. The waves of melodrama and pathos which gush through their
dialogue desperately attempt to address their fateful kiss on the eve of Al
going to war - when they stood in a locked embrace, eyes wide shut,
mouths sealing each other, dancing still to a totally silent soundtrack.
Dir: Delmer Daves; Prod: Jerry Wald; Scr: Marvin Borowsky, Albert Maltz; DOP: J. Peverell
Marley; Editor: Owen Marks; Score: Franz Waxman; Sound: Stanley Jones; Main Cast: John
Garfield, Eleanor Parker, Dane Clark, John Ridgely.

Psycho
US 1960- 104 mins
Alfred Hitchcock
The score to Psycho is not to be assumed as accompaniment. The film

integrates it and transforms it into a cinesonic substance which fires the
film's psychotic expulsions. A richly fetid soundscape operating under the

guise of musicality, the atonal edges of this strings-only score decimate
any allusions to bellowing nineteenth-century symphonia. This is music

strung out on violence, cutting like a wielded blade, and screaming in
bouts of rage.
The variable harmonic manifestations of Psycho's score are consistently
perverse. It entrances Marion (Leigh) like the swirling sonic smoke of a
drug as she wonders what to do with the money she should be banking.
It surges forth in manic modulation as her car drives uncontrollably
through a maze of forked roads - even transforming her windscreen
wipers into hysterical batons forced to slash the rain in time to the score.
It beckons her like a timid child's singing, drawing her into the mausoleum
which houses 'Mrs Bates'. And finally, it gulps its own palpitations in
morbid mimicry of her draining blood swirling down the plughole.
And yet the score continues to control the film past Marion's demise
- because the score is the psychic template for how Norman's (Perkins)
innate Otherness draws a musical map across a range of uncontrolled
and uncontrollable instances. Hence the death of Marion halfway

through the film. The themes presumed to be associated with her attach
themselves to other innocents - detective Arbogast (Balsam) and Lila
(Miles) - as Norman's impulse to kill becomes serial in both psychological

and musical terms. The atonal score closely matches his disposition.
Insignificant in social stature but absolute in asocial effect, the score's
atonality portrays Norman as a self-possessed particle of modern

inhumanness.
When Marion is engaged in lengthy conversation with Norman in his
private sanctuary, the score gives cue to the schizophrenic nature of

Norman. In one of the most beautiful movements of the score, two lines
dissolve into each other: a three-note motif symbolising the mother's
hold on Norman, and steaming entrails of serialised melodies which hiss
in unpredictable furls, symbolising Norman's mental contortions. The
former starts as exceedingly high violins and steps down octaves until it is
rendered by dark double cellos; the latter inverts this dynamic, starting as
rising cellos and morphing into inaudible kettle-whistling. Every
concatenated note matches every word and facial nuance of Norman as

he speaks of his departed mother. The movement starts with dread, but
ends with calm: maybe Norman is OK after all. But this calm begets the
savage takeover of his Other (mother) whose fury wells up in a
screeching crescendo of unabashed noise: the orchestra itself is being

slashed in a destructive mode befitting the film's modernist reflexive
form.
Violins in their romanticised symphonic attire have become

emblematic of cinema's epic sweep and heroic grandeur, assailing
audiences with grossly amplified beauty requiring hyper categories of

kitsch. Psycho makes no bones about its attack on the audience: its
compositional focus on stringed instruments presents them as objects of
necrophilia - carved from a living tree, hollowed out to falsely resonate
its human tuning, strung with the guts of an eviscerated cat, and teased
erotically by the hair of a dead horse. If the arts are driven to whisper
beauty in death. Psycho declaims it loudly.
Dir: Alfred Hitchcock; Prod: Alfred Hitchcock; Scr: Joseph Stefano; DOP: John L. Russell;
Editor: George Tomasini; Score: Bernard Herrmann; Sound: William Russell, Waldon 0.
Watson; Main Cast: Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, John Gavin, Martin Balsam, Janet Leigh.
Punch-Drunk Love
US, 2002-95mins
Punch-Drunk Love may appear to reference romantic comedy from a pre-
cynical era of cinema, but that is where its cinematic veneer ends.
Underneath its mere historical sheen is an undulating swill of
dysfunction, oozing uncontrollably and taking unpredictable dramatic
shape. This is the primordial genetic swamp from which all manner of
modern neuroses arise and into which Punch-Drunk Love slides.
Barry Egan (Sandler) is about as anxious a person you'd want to find.
Berated since childhood by a gaggle of seven insensitive sisters who

never listen to him, Barry is so divorced from familial, social and personal
contact that his emotional emptiness shapes Sherman Oaks into a

desolate terrain of terrifying width and infinite vacuousness. Yet within
this oppressive psychological landscape, Barry appears pathetic,
laughable, dismissable - until one experiences the raging storm within
him. These moments are violently conveyed by some of the most

devastating sonar-shock effects recorded in cinema (such as the opening
car crash); visually intensified by his isolated and caged panic attacks
(such as the heavily distorted restaurant bathroom demolition); and
vocally displayed by his capacity to scream into phones with the force of
interstate tornadoes (such as his yelling match with Dean [Hoffman]).
Switching violently between states of control and disability, Barry is
always reverberating with his alternate state - literally disconnected as he

grimly clasps ripped phones following his rupturing encounters with
those who pressure him into deepening psychosis.
Punch-Drunk Love is delicately and finely constructed of the minutiae
which comprise Barry's world. True to the aural reality of panic attacks,
psychotic episodes and anxiety disorders, sound is received in pre-
amplified, over-compressed and highly distorted fragments which stretch
one's emotional dynamic range. This leads to psychological exhaustion,
due to a debilitating aural fatigue: everyone's voices become irritatingly

Punch-Drunk Love: true to the aural reality of panic attacks
loud; tones of their delivery become perceptually congested. The overall
presence of sound in Punch-Drunk Love is designed and mixed to

simulate this impossibly broadened dynamic range where sounds either
detonate or tickle. Respite and solace are found in numerous touches of
beautifully subtle sonics: from gentle hums when freezer doors are
opened, to rattling of unseen debris in deserted streets.
Punch-Drunk Love's score is a chemical read-out of Barry's
fluctuations and imbalances. It therapeutically wraps itself around him

like a much-needed hug in decorous waltzes which conduct a lost world
of idyllic bonding as he is drawn towards the honesty and openness of
Lena (Watson). It diagnostically breaks out from within his boiling psyche
in passages of multi-tracked percussive improvisations - not on but
completely around a drum kit, like the kit itself is quaking in paranormal
response to Barry's inner turmoil. If love is about losing control and
'falling in', Punch-Drunk Love is certainly a love story. But the film is in
fact an inversion of that archaic and ultimately false 'punch-drunk'

manifestation of the heart. The unfashionable love which wells up in
Punch-Drunk Love is a calming, stabilising and welcome psychoacoustic

Prozac: those who hear it swear by it.
Dir: Paul Thomas Anderson; Prod: Paul Thomas Anderson, Daniel Lupi, Joanne Sellar; Scr:
Paul Thomas Anderson; DOP: Robert Elswit; Editor: Leslie Jones; Score: John Brion; Sound
Design: Christopher Scarabosio, Gary Rydstrom; Main Cast: Adam Sandler, Emily Watson,
Philip Seymour Hoffman, Luis Guzman.

Querelle
US, 1982- 120 mins
Rainer Werner Fassbinder
Querelle tries very hard to be erotic. In a purgatory seaport of an
invented Brest where its sailors, officers, guards, bartenders, whores,
singers, police and masons seem trapped in self-flagellating circles of
desire and repression, fucking is on everyone's lips. The dialect of this
dead zone is sex itself, where everyone voices the unspoken, the
unsayable, the unrepeatable. Voice therefore occupies a specific place in
Querelle, as it is the signification of transgressive acts - due to the film
being based on an imagined and canonised life of writer Jean Genet. Just
as Querelle's architecture and its interiors are clear manifestations of
what would normally be latent libidinal form, its edge-of-the-world realm
is a total inversion of the repressed heterosexual surfaces of a hysterically
male dimension. A homosexual thickness covers all, and the incessantly

hard and cold talk of cocks and arseholes is dramatically and symbolically
framed by its utterance.
Yet for all the power voice holds in Querelle. its dead recording and
flat delivery posits it as key factor in the film's vociferous asexuality. Lush
sets, gorgeous colours, beautiful bodies and sculptural faces picture the
seaport as an ideal vision of beauty iconicised by Genet's sexual
imagination. But every time Querelle (Davis) taunts and tackles those
around him, bartender Mono (Kaufmann) declares his power and control
over others, and Lieutenant Seblon (Nero) warbles onanistically into his
Dictaphone, their words dry up despite their transgressive allure and

poetic warmth. Ambiguous as befits the film's post-modern
flirtatiousness, this act of theatrical negation could be purposeful: its
sonic veneer recalls the cheapest of porno films from the 70s (gay,
straight and all that becomes the sliding between them). In the Genet
ethos, that would equate to pissoir graffiti. The blunt, ugly obviousness
of the hard core can be a popper for those wishing to bypass amour.
Querelle's vocalisation is definitely of this type.

Music in Querelle - the glimmer of breath beyond the voices' drained
projection - is strangely repressed. A short fragment of male vocal glories
sensuously builds upon a rich monochordal drone. Capable of imbuing

the film with an emotional and sexual depth beyond its flaunted visual
flatness, it is repeated endlessly and in isolated recall like a pornographic
film loop. Its richness is contrasted to the distracted barroom combo-

tinkling, the irrational surges of melodramatic orchestration, and the
sexually drained chanson of Lysiane (Moreau) intoning 'each man kills the
things he loves'. The episodic placement of these latter themes ensures
that Querelle remains a thoroughly anxious text, ultimately desperate and

dateless in its hand-wringing melodrama. Ironically, one of the few
arousing moments occurs when Querelle kisses Gil (PsschI) on the mouth
in silence - recalling the most open of sexual directives: shut up and
make love to me.
Dir: Rainer Werner Fassbinder; Prod: Dieter Schidor; Scr: Burkhard Driest, Rainer Werner
Fassbinder; DOP: Xaver Schwarzenberger, Josef Vavra; Editor: Rainer Werner Fassbinder,
Juliane Lorenz; Score: Peer Raben; Sound: Hartmut Eichgron, Vladimir Vizner; Main Cast:
Brad Davis, Franco Nero, Jeanne Moreau, Laurent Malet, Hanno PsschI, GiJnther Kaufmann.
Resident Evil
Germany, 2002 - 100 mins
Paul W. S. Anderson
While the modernist programme of cinema has explored ways to shatter

forms inherited by linear and causal storytelling models, cinema's post-
modern programme has had to navigate a terrain strewn with pre-
exploded, de-diagramaticised and post-operated modules. In too many

instances, the post-modern impulse has tended towards simply putting
the pieces back together, creating assemblages whose sealing of cracks
and erasing of fractures are deigned to be radical reinventions of
narrative.
Into this smoothed-over world comes Resident Evil. Knowingly born

of the modernist rubble that gave cinema its noise, it overrides both the
desire to shatter and the urge to repair. In place, it proposes a narrative

form, momentum and purpose derived from interactivity and dictated by
multiplicity. Based around the cartographic spread of its originating
PlayStation game. Resident Evil makes no attempt to translate the
horizontal maze of its navigational gameplay into a vertical articulation of
dramatic shape. Its 'story' is less a brace of events (via scriptwriting) or a
set of objectives (via interactive authoring) and more a spatio-temporal
trap in which the audience is subjected to audiovisual stress. In effect,
you neither watch Resident Evil nor play it: for its duration, you are
played.
Resident Evil's audiovision is deliberately aimed at the viewer/auditor.
The most noticeable aspect of its soundtrack is the dissolution between

score, song, atmosphere, sound effect and Foley effects. All are
molecularly merged not in the name of Frankensteinian monstrousness,
but in a far more grotesque form of sono-plastic surgery. An excess of
aural detailing has no corresponding analogue to the on-screen visuals,
while conventions of accompaniment and synchronism to on-screen
visuals are withheld, suppressed and tortured into new and ungainly
configurations. As the film's desperate band of soldiers charge through

the underground research facility whose central connputer system has
shut down to contain a deadly airborne virus, creaks, bangs, clangs,
draughts, rattles and rumbles will all, in compressed spans of screen

time, shift from being musical suggestion to aural sublimation to sonic
assault. Ultimately, the soundtrack is neural in design: all is generated to

increase adrenaline and focus one on a singular drive - to escape and
survive. Character, plot, theme and subtext vaporise in the nervous sweat
and anxious panting the film induces from its audience.
Much of what is sited at the nexus of cinema and post-modernism is
tragically backward, from simulative technologies that ape historically
overcoded discourses of illusion, to interactive paradigms that narrow
reader options more than they broaden or multiply them. Nowhere is this
more apparent than in the contemporary film soundtrack, where the
armoury of sonically simulative technological processes - orchestral

samples, ambisonic microphones, digital spatialisation, time-code
accuracy, automated mixing - are usually at the pathetic service of the
most banal imaginations. Resident Evil is a lodged, viral anti-matter
striking at the heart of cinema's classical, modern and post-modern

palpitations. Partially a soundtrack; mostly a noise attack.
Dir: Paul W. S. Anderson; Prod: Paul W. S. Anderson, Jeremy Bolt, Bernd Eichinger, Samuel
Hadida; Scr: PaulW. S.Anderson; DOP: David Johnson; Editor: Alexander Berner; Score:
Marco Baltrami, Marilyn Manson; Sound Design: Stefan Busch, Nigel Holland; Special
Sound Effects Synthesis: John Jackson, Buck Sanders, Dennis Smith; Main Cast: Milla
Jovovich, Ryan McCluskey, Oscar Pearce, Indra Ove, Heike Makatsch, Eric Mabius.
Rosetta
Belgium, 1999-95mins
Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne
The sound of breath is the most ignored phoneme of our existence, yet
its most vital siren. In Rosetta, the breath of a desperate girl becomes a
raging ocean of white noise. Rosetta (Dequenne) generates what is
possibly the most felt presence of any performer in the history of cinema
due to her breath. As she frantically yet with frightening determination

fights for the most menial of jobs, she becomes life itself: a throbbing,
pulsating orb of climatic circularity. Drenched in feverish moisture,
expelling clouds of mist in the cold, her body is reduced to temperature,

momentum, change.
Working against the grain of art-house depictions of young women,
Rosetta refuses eroticism with as much conviction as Rosetta seeks work.
Rather than wish to possess her body - the prepared impulse of erotic
cinema -we perceive its vitality. As she races across outer suburban
fringes where droning freeways adjoin disused farmlands, the camera
hugs near to her, darting after her like news cameras in a war zone:
Rosetta is battling for her life. We become her lungs, heaving in
palpitations as her waves of anxiety affect one in respiratory
entrainment.
Folded into the vast depths of her anxiety are her menstrual cramps
whose timing and intensity attack her like a vaporous poltergeist. Holed
up in the cramped confines of the caravan she shares with her alcoholic
mother (Yernaux), she rips clothes away from her abdomen and blasts
herself with a hair dryer. The banal privacy of these scenes with their
rushing noise drowning out her gasps of pain are a universe away from
the genteel voyeurism which presents virginal beauty as some unearthly
embodiment of pulchritude, framed in the deathly silence of water

colours or soft-focus photography. Rosetta paints youth as a screaming
record of bodily crisis, blocking any pleasure to be gained from its
exposure.
Rosetta: youth as a screaming record of bodily crisis
Rosetta lives her life as a sign of her own corporeality, projected by
her cries, coughs, groans, sniffles, screams. Not an animal, but an excess
of humanity - one that goes beyond the encodable threshold of that

which is allowed by cinema's representation of the actor. If you only had
to hug one person, it would be Rosetta. That is what her only potential
friend in the world, Riquet (Rongione), moves towards. And at that very
moment, the film ends; cutting to black with the most deafening silence
that proclaims Rosetta lives.
Dir: Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne; Prod: Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne,
Laurent Petin, Michele Petin; Scr: Jean-Pierre Dardenne, Luc Dardenne; DOR: Alain Marcoen;
Editor: Marie-Helene Dozo; Score: Jean-Pierre Cocco; Sound: Jeanne-Pierre Duret, Thomas
Gauder; Main Cast: Emilie Dequenne, Fabrizio Rongione, Anne Yernaux.

Rumble Fish
US, 1983-94mins
Teens and their environment: is the trouble within their being, or their
being where they are? The score to Rumble Fish makes no attempt to
distinguish between the psychological and the social. Matching the film's
rigorous meld of set and location, available light and staged
fluorescence, the score percolates with contorting melodic lines,
spasmodic key changes and teasing rhythmic shapes, played on a range

of recognisable instruments but meshed with billiard-ball cracking,
freight-train chugging, typewriter clacking, spring-clock ticking and oil-
well pumping.
Painting an interior landscape within which the film's teens are
staged, the score avoids all recourse to plaster music of their
consumptive mode across the soundtrack (the kind proffered by alt.com
music supervisors in Hollywood since the MTV-80s). In place. Rumble Fish
offers a highly percussive jitteriness that maps teen anxieties and

tensions, adhering to beats not in obedience to rock's dogmatic
blocking, but to reference the body's own eruption of hormonal
pubescent palpitations. As the music attaches itself to Rusty (Dillon), his
dwindling and disaffected gang, plus his enigmatic brother Motorcycle
Boy (Rourke), one feels their agitation and frustration. The score takes on
a bubbling alchemical quality as its densely interlocked rhythms create
webs of urban noise and surging tempos which trap Rusty in an

emotional gridlock.
While the film is brimful of allusion and stylistic quotation (the most
famous being the choreographed fight sequence in the overpass
shadows which replicates the gangs' 'dance of death' from West Side
Story), the music remains alien and unrecognisable. Its texture and
presence lean against no slight or lilting musical style, and instead are
invented, imagined and created as something not fitting the visually
luxurious scenes and their impressive black and white cinematography.

Deliberately alienated and alienating, the score strikes gangly poses and
flits into odd-angled postures, gesturally matching Rusty and Motorcycle
Boy's nervy-but-cool affectations, their vibrating and humming
insecurities and their mistimed explosions and resolutions.
But the music is not all a matter of inwardly collapsing
decomposition. Just as Rusty rebels irrationally against whatever rubs him

the wrong way in the small claustrophobic town which entraps him and
his going-nowhere gang, clock time is sounded throughout Rumble Fish
as an imprisoning stricture. The music's hyperactive rhythms rush

alongside, between and against the metronomic fascism of the fateful
passing of time, keyed by the incessant images of clocks and their
mechanisms throughout the film. Evoking the classroom clock which

seems to go too slow and the pool hall clock which seems to go too fast,
the music's expulsion is guided by these archetypal teen tempos which

relate to actual time yet push against its fatalistic momentum.
Dir: Francis Ford Coppola; Prod: Doug Claybourne, Fred Roos; Scr: Francis Ford Coppola;
DOP: Stephen H. Burum; Editor: Barry Malkin; Score: Stewart Copeland; Sound Design:
Richard Beggs, Edward Beyer; Main Cast: Matt Dillon, Mickey Rourke, Diane Lane, Dennis
Hopper, Diana Scarwid, Vincent Spano, Nicolas Cage, Chris Penn, Laurence Fishburne, Tom
Waits.
The Samurai {Le Samourai)

Jean-Pierre Melville
The Samurai is a sound film about silence. Closely monitoring the cool
stealth of hired killer Jeff Costello (Delon), the film employs silence to
encase Jeff in a sealed zone of 'non-selfhood'. There he is a 'samurai',
comfortable with never being at ease with his surroundings, and never
announcing his presence to anyone.

Jeff's apartment is a negative space. Its grey walls, minimum
furniture and bare essentials mark it as an uninhabited domus, like a
hotel apartment waiting to be rented. Jeff lives in this void, on the cusp
of possibly returning or possibly departing, ready to vacate at a
moment's notice. The visual and formal emptiness of the space is
sonically identified through its aural suppression. Cars pass by
occasionally, but no noise of others is heard: no voices, radios, doors,
bells. Nor does anything in his apartment 'sound itself: no dripping taps,
fridge hums, blowing fans, electric globes.
The only sound which marks the space is his pet bird,
incongruously centred in a fancy cage. The bird pulses its chirps like a
living barometer, attuned to the silent emptiness Jeff has specifically

created for himself. Jeff never speaks in this space - maybe
occasionally to make a cryptic phone call. When he is there, he is
invisible. Over the opening titles, a long static camera shot depicts the
space in high-contrast early morning light. The bird intermittently
chirps like one's breathing cycles; Jeff is only detectable from
rhythmically intermittent swirls of smoke which rise from his subsumed

dark form lying on the bed.
Jeff's job is to be similarly silent and invisible. He is hired by
intermediaries representing agents of whom Jeff wishes to know

nothing. His taciturn exchanges are severely reduced to bare
communication. He makes himself invisible within the public zones

where he carries out a contract. He says little if anything to his
The Samurai: a sound film about silence
victims prior to silencing those who must be erased. When he is
double-crossed, his controlled world of silence, disappearance and

withdrawal starts not to crumble, but to build itself into a case for
the police and a problem for those who thought they could do away
with him.
After he becomes a major suspect in a hit - despite a key witness,
Valerie (Rosier), remaining silent when prompted to identify him - the
police bug his apartment. Two detectives place the device in total
silence. Throughout their activity, the bird becomes fretful: it
recognises a different kind of silence in its territory. When Jeff returns,
he instantly notices that the chirping rhythm of the bird is different.

and is alerted to his space having been transgressed. As the police

close in on him, his presence becomes noted more and more. Realising
that he has now become identifiable, recognisable and discernible, his
mission of self-erasure has failed - as has his sense of 'non-selfhood'.
Once made form, he commits ritual suicide - by attempting to kill his
next victim with empty bullets, knowing that the police will silence him
in this act.
Dir: Jean-Pierre Melville; Prod: Raymond Borderie; Script: Jean-Pierre Melville, Georges
Pellegrin; DOP: Henri Decae; Editor: Monique Bonnot, Yo Maurette; Score: Francois de
Roubaix; Sound Editor: Robert Pouret; Main Cast: Alain Delon, Frangois Perier, Nathalie
Delon, Cathy Rosier.

Satyricon
Italy, 1969- 138mins
Federico Fellini
Where does Satyricon take place? Not figuratively, but actually. The
social urb that harbours Encolpio's (Potter) residence early in the story is
a strange construction. A maze of stacked caves rendered as the negative
space around a ziggurat, its deep central shaft is an acoustic Tower of

Babel, amplifying and echoing all the freaks who inhabit the pocks and
nooks of its spiralled walls. In this abominable apartment block, space is
insinuated; scale is denied; linkage is disallowed; proximity is negated.

The sonorum of Satyricon's soundtrack is synchronised to the
decivilised compression and barbaric explosion of space which entraps
these cave-dwellers. The noise of the crowd, the voice of the populace,
even the sound of the city - all reach monstrous levels in its cacophonic
brew of oration, quotation and declamation. Music - the manifestation
of social intercourse in the aural domain - consequently becomes a
roaring ruckus which climaxes with the apocalyptic collapse of this
volcanic urb.
The heavy irony of Satyricon - at times thematised, at others
theatricalised - is focused on the collapse of civilisation and the swelling

rise of Roman decadence over Greek enlightenment. While bodies are
fixated upon for their gaudy glamour which cannot hide sweating skin,
the overlapping of multiple musical voices is presented as evidence of the

collapse of communication. Modern electro-acoustic sounds fuse with
archaic rituals; fragments of Tibetan, Indonesian and African music evoke

a polyglot slave market. No one voice reigns; no continuity organises
their flow and development.

The peak of decadence is sited at Trimalcione's (Romagnoli) banquet,
not simply through the vile gluttony and bitter comedy which criss-cross
the camera's arcs over steaming chimeras of gastronomical form, but
through the hysterical fluctuations of theatrical space. Poems, songs,

dances, scenarios are suddenly born and killed in the noisy exchange of
the banquet's gathering. Some stare at the camera; others are framed
with their own spotlights; some become background detailing; others are
irrationally highlighted only to be passed over. Speech and music contest

each other and themselves in gladiatorial battle under the bemused and
pompous gaze of Trimalcione - one of many figures in Satyricon
enthralled by the sound of his own voice. Meanwhile, the voice of 'true'
poetry - the Greek-quoting Eumolpo (Randone) is met with projectiles of
food.
Silence coincides with the suicide of the most unfitting apparition in
the film: a sophisticated humane family. With Caesar toppled, they know
they will be next. Their pastel domus becomes a softened tomb once
they free their slaves with dignity and send off their children so as to
take their life with calm reserve. Yet this is a strange and somewhat
forced detour in Satyricon, for the film does not bemoan the fall of the
Roman Empire. In fact Satyricon celebrates the thick horizontal spread of
its uniquely Italian debauchery by intensifying the most potent signs of its
verticality - not in the construction of great monuments, but in an ever-

rising volume of noise.
Dir: Federico Fellini; Prod: Alberto Grimaldi; Scr: Federico Fellini, Brunello Rondi, Bernadino
Zapponi; OOP: Giuseppe Rotunno; Editor: Ruggero Mastroianni; Score: Nina Rota; Sourced
Score: llhan Mimaroglu, Tod Dockstader, Andrew Rudin; Sound: Oscar De Arcangelis; Main
Cast: Martin Potter, Hiram Keller, Max Born, Salvo Randone, Mario Romagnoli, Capucine.
Scarface
US, 1983- 163 mins
Brian De Palma
Inside the head of Tony Montana (Pacino) is a disco. A complete club,

decked out with roving lights, bass bins, mirrored walls, velour couches
and marble ashtrays. That club is Scarface. Mistaken as a film, it is a
noise-filled, cocaine-addled, booming Babylonian bathroom of decadent
decline, where the American dream shares a Jacuzzi with the Cuban
nightmare. With all subtlety checked at the front door. Sea/face's
grossness is maintained and monitored by that most maligned musical

genre: disco. The film's defiant employment of a disco song score further
ostracises it from just about every existing ideology which dictates what
does not qualify as 'film music'.
But disco is the film's power. It is it's throbbing cock, its Latino
machismo, its enflamed nasal passages. It is the aural embodiment of

power's surge within the body, be it erotic or narcotic, personal or
financial, official or criminal. Hedonistic, unrelenting, annihilating, disco
in Scarface is the Latin lover come to deflower all that is white and
genetically pure in America. Declaimed for its mulatto Otherness and
sexual excess, it strikes terror into the musical heartland that proposes
America's musicological heritage comes from its colonisation alone - that
any musical deviations from, say, rock's enslavement of the blues must
be an invasion, an infection, an incursion. Yet disco is still (unbelievably)
treated like the Cuban refugees in Scarface: both are to be interred as
they signal the flood from the other side, ready to take over. In one of
the few generous musicological allowances in American cinema, Scarface
opens the floodgates onto its soundtrack, drowning it with string-
synthesisers that soar like painted skies and programmed drum machines
that rattle like automatic money-counters.
Critically debased by cinema's moralists, Scarface deliberately
wallows in its flaunted political incorrectness, dives into coke-laden
tables, and bathes upon its blood-drenched staircases. To presume that

the film is doing anything but 'getting high on its own supply' is to
misread its self-abusing and self-destructive purpose. Unlike the silver-
haired and -spooned white Miami upper class which bristles at the sight
of Cuban bad guys in tuxedos, Scarface neither judges its eponymous

character, nor disavows his Latino lineage. Talk of pussy, tongues and
balls performs like someone unexpectedly putting their wet tongue in
your ear; images of perspex seats, photo-landscape wallpaper and

custom neon signs are held up not for ridicule but to be celebrated as
warranted displays of empowerment and attainment. Staged and
choreographed as a form of grotesque Italian opera, the film's
audiovisual excess is as direct and pure as an uncut mound of cocaine on

a black marble table. Undiluted, unrefined, unprocessed, Scarface is
cinema transformed into disco, tracking Tony Montana as he is both

dehumanised and personified as power.
Dir: Brian De Palma; Prod: Martin Bregman; Scr: Oliver Stone; DOP: John A. Alonzo; Editor:
Gerald B. Greenberg, David Ray; Score: Giorgio Moroder; Supervising Sound Editor: Edward
Beyer; Main Cast: Al Pacino, Steven Bauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio,
Robert Loggia, F. Murray Abraham.

Scorpio Rising
US, 1968-30mins
Kenneth Anger
Just as Charles Manson claimed to have envisioned a racial apocalypse in
the Beatles' 'Helter Skelter', Scorpio Rising invites one to consider
mystical and psycho-sexual possibilities in the Crystals' 'He's A Rebel', the
Vandellas' 'Heatwave' and the Angels' 'My Boyfriend's Back'. These and
other supposedly innocuous 60s pop songs colonise the film's
soundtrack, running parallel to the bricolage of images worshipping
motorcycle boy culture. Spooled like a silent film with a disconnected
radio broadcast, Scorpio Rising uses synchronicity and fortuitous

circumstance to fatally tie sound and image together as part of a faux-
cosmological treatise on 'the other side'.
Corny and syrupy on the one hand yet entirely beguiling on the
other, the film's surface trappings, mauled icons and fetishised trinkets
ultimately dress its meaning in drag. Sexual duality is celebrated as the
film's correlation between sound and image becomes less a fixture of
contrast and more an act of becoming. The film ventures into a pre-
queer sub-gay homosexuality that clothes clandestine sexuality in
mysterious ritual: lone pouting boys in their narcissistic bedrooms

grooming themselves and preparing their night attire; insolent grease
monkeys in their Frankensteinian 'workshop of filthy creation',
assembling devilish chrome machines; gatherings of outdoor zooming

bikers and indoor revelling studs - all are suggestively engaged in
foreplay, arousal and satiation as Ricky Nelson describes his 'Teenage

Idol' and Bobby Vinton yearns for 'Blue Velvet'.
Not in the least concerned with outward declaration, Scorpio Rising
thrills to the hidden, wherein suppression works to masochistically

enflame one's knowing of that which hides in the light. Evoking the
erotic Morse code of Jean Genet, tokens and totems of the clean and
youthful side of 60s biker culture are underlaid with exciting significance.
The film's images turn the song-worlds upside down to read that which
has been covertly inscribed underneath their labelling, exposing a
universe of transgressive desire. Scorpio Rising progressively shrinks the
distance between an innocent youth straddling his bike outside a carnival
at the weekend, and a decadent biker urinating into his helmet while
standing on a church altar. (Pseudo-subliminal flash frames of an erect
penis, whipped buttocks and bulging crotches also spike the film's party
punch.)
Evolving into an apocalyptic debauchery of speed, leather, skin, lights
and smoke, Scorpio Rising grows dark as its figures are lost in black
voids, barely lit apart from their protruding form. Signalled by visions of
Hitler, Jesus and Brando, plus the spiralling dissension of songs like Gene
McDaniels's 'Point of No Return' and the Surfari's 'Wipe Out', Scorpio
Rising's boy idols attain transcendental states of objectification, as their
faces and beings become obliterated by their costumery. Demonic sonic

swirls of roaring engines, screaming gangs, squealing pigs and clinking
chains crowd the soundtrack as the images become more abstract.
Finally, the film passes over into a wider, totalising necromantic domain,
carrying with it the risen scorpions it has cinematically conjured forth.
Dir: Kenneth Anger; Prod: Kenneth Anger; Scr: Kenneth Anger; DOP: Kenneth Anger; Editor:
Kenneth Anger; Sourced Songs: Ricky Nelson, Bobby Vinton, Gene McDaniels, the Surfaris,
the Vandellas, the Angels, Kris Jensen, Little Peggy March, Ray Charles, Elvis Presley,
Claudine March; Main Cast: Bruce Byron.

Seduced and Abandoned {Sedotta e

abbandonata)
Italy, 1964- llSmins
Pietro Germi
Italian pop music from the mid-50s to the late 60s has the most
distinctive reverberant quality of any recorded music. Hyper-compressed,
its spatial congestion is so powerful its resonance alchemically takes
form, covering the voice like a solid fatty mass. This robust thickening is a
technological simulation of the hearty corporeal vim of Italian culture,
where flavours, recipes and bowel movements merge with every facet of
life.
What sounds like an outlandish string of metaphors is held under
your nose in Seduced and Abandoned, a savage parody of family values
and 'matters of honour' Calabrese-style. An absurdly melodramatic

baritone canzone bellows over shots of the Ascalone women making
their way to church. They traipse the town's dusty steps, the song
swirling around their black asexual mourning attire which attempts to

hide their womanhood from the world. This sets up a repeated and
grand tradition lambasted by the film; women as virginal figurines which

men pathologically desire to become whores and harlots. The
soundtrack's song salaciously attempts to seduce the women; the social
outcome will be that they are abandoned.

Back home after the Sunday dinner, young Agnese (Sandrelli)
continues her study while the rest of the family partake of their post-
repast siesta. The camera tracks across their bloated, sweating bodies as
they snore; flies buzz around the kitchen leftovers; outside, the soft but
omnipresent song-calls of hawkers float across the town's midday quiet.
Although the rather repulsive Peppino (Puglisi) is engaged to Agnese's
sister, he lusts after Agnese, pushing her into the kitchen and sexually
overpowering her. As she falls into his arms, church organ music wells
up: jump-cut to her breathless confession in church as a priest hoarsely

harangues her into Catholic self-loathing.
Seduced and Abandoned: aural obesity and the canzona tradition
Before long, her pregnancy is discovered, and tine patriarch of the
family - Don Vincenzo (Urzi) - becomes the enraged amplifier of 'family
principles', screaming at the top of his voice throughout the household

and in a variety of public spaces. He broadcasts his family ethics to the
town like a distorted loudspeaker, typifying the potent oral tradition of
social discourse in Italian culture (the writing credits of the film list four
authors, all for scripting dialogue). Contrasted against this is Agnese's

silence: her initial withdrawal from the family dynamic as she mouths her
penance; her refusal to speak up and name Peppino; her imprisonment
in her bedroom where she can speak to no one.

As matters get hysterically out of hand, Don Vincenzo and Agnese
each have a nightmarish vision of Agnese's marriage to Peppino.
Combined with grotesque camera work is the same reverberant texture
evocative of the film's phonological canzona. At other times, radios and
fragments of score detonate their wall-of-sound onto the soundtrack,

never underscoring and always obliterating the action like a deafening
Caruso. When Peppino comes to serenade Agnese in one of the many

convoluted inter-familial strategies to right his wrongs, he is
accompanied by the town mortician who has designed battery-powered
speakers for his guitar: this results in Peppino's voice wafting through the
streets with the same aural obesity of all recorded music in the film. The
film closes on the marble bust of the departed Don Vincenzo as a
flatulent brass band pumps and wheezes and we read his epitaph:
'Family and Honour'.
Dir: Pietro Germi; Prod: Franco Cristaldi, Luigi Giacosi; Scr: Pietro Germi; DOP: Aiace
Parolin; Editor: Roberto Cinquini; Score: Carlo Rustichelli; Songs: Guido Nardone; Sound:
V. Biraschi, F. Bassi; Main Cast: Stefania Sandrelli, Saro Urzi, Aldo Puglisi, Lando Buzzanca,
Oreste Palella.
Shaft
US, 1971 -lOOmins
Gordon Parks Jr
Some may find it hard to listen to the score to Shaft devoid of the retro-
revisionist parodies based on the iconography the score so perfectly

stylised. Contrary to the presumption that the score is no more than a
rattling background as performed by a TV show session band trying to
be funky, it is a vital musicological document that embodies many of the

blues, jazz and R&B traits which had been progressively seeping into
American crime film music for the preceding fifteen years.

For all the corniness attributed to its excessive flourishes, Shaft's
score withholds some intricate semiological cross-referencing. Its famous

hi-hats and wah-wah guitar perfectly portray a predominant black figure
in American cinema: the man on the run. Trailing all the way back to
escaped slaves, this breathless, manic being populates blues references of

hopping freight trains and jazz interpretations of taking flight and
escaping one's confines. The vowelled jostling of this musical effect
throughout most of Shaft's themes distils it to a tantalising electronic
gesture via the prominent use of the wah-wah fuzz pedal - arguably
brought to a boiling point by Jimi Hendrix. In Shaft, it streams across

shots of urban streets and intersections to such an extent that the music
evokes a mapped grid of the city as it is traversed by private detective
John Shaft (Rowntree). A subtle but political undercurrent is also
expressed by the film's dramatic depiction of a black man not on the run,
but running after others. Shaft is both hunter and game in this urban
jungle, so the music's breathless panting is part anxiety but part thrill.
The flutes, trombones, hi-hats, guitars and piano of Shaft define and
enshrine the explosive sound of the black city that is blaxploitation: a
rapaciously anti-white world imaged by and predicated on a black
experience of the collapsed metropolis which no Mr-Brady-in-a-frizz-
hairdo could architecturally set right. But this isn't the spooky black-of-
night where noir meets crime in the meld of pulp fiction. The domain of
blaxploitation is brightly lit, loudly coloured, sharply focused and garishly
situated. Clothes are vulgar, dialogue is grotesque, comedy is offensive,
sex is delicious, speed is noisy, guns are desirable, drugs are food, money
is oxygen. Visually, Shaft is more casual documentary than colourful
bombast. But the music is so 'black' - so thickly funky and sexually
potent - that it is hard to find a more aggressive period in the history of
film scores as that unleashed by the distinctiveness of Shaft. The

excessiveness of its audiovisual carnival is a jubilant celebration of image
being returned to sound - imagery which Hollywood had commenced
suppressing in the 20s in its whiting-out of black presence and power.
Blaxploitation movies carry the intensity of this blackness in high detail
and sharp relief, shining like ebony under arc lights, ignited by the chants
of 'Burn, Hollywood! Burn!' The score to Shaft plays loudly underneath,
over and on top, encapsulating an urban musical culture projected
through the dark prism of blaxploitation in all its defiant and pointed
irresponsibility.
Dir: Gordon Parks Jr; Prod: Joel Freeman; Script: Ernest Tidyman, John D. F. Black; DOP: Urs
Furrer; Editor: Hugh A. Robertson; Score and Songs: Issac Hayes; Sound: Lee Bost, Hal
Watkins; Main Cast: Richard Rowntree, Moses Gunn, Charles Cioffi, Christopher St John,
Gwenn Mitchell, Lawrence Pressman.

The Shining
UK, 1980-1 15 mins
Stanley Kubrick
The resolutely atonal score to Psycho has propelled a network of spindly

shards and knots through numerous 'psycho' movies since. A knowing
revision of its contribution to musical psychosis is found in the selection
of music for The Shining - in particular, the excerpts from Krzysztof
Penderecki's De Natura Sonoris No. 2 and Polynnorphia, Bela Bartok's
Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, and Gyorgy Ligeti's Lontano.
Collectively and individually they celebrate the abject violence of Nature
in all its cosmological eventfulness. While fantasy and horror colour the
story of Jack Torrance (Nicholson) gradually being possessed by ghosts in
the hotel he manages during the winter close-down, the music's overall
presence and purpose in The Shining is to posit a numbing humanist

grounding which suggests Jack's psychosis is not supernatural but simply
natural.
The Shining's tactical incorporation of the orchestra is canny.
Certainly the orchestra has for at least three centuries used its mass and
size to create intimidating landscapes, portraits, visions and journeys
which evoke the scale of Nature's destructive, creative and rejuvenating
powers. But Penderecki's archly modernist post-war decimation of
harmonic fixture encodes the sonic detailing of the destruction of the
orchestra itself - overtly signified by the aggressive scraping of the string
section. Through his direction of performer technique, Penderecki works

beyond abstraction to a pure material essence as he forces the players of
his score to rip open that polished wood detailing on the violin and
expose the shrieking soul trapped in its casing.
As Jack creeps up the stairs swinging a baseball bat at his wife
Wendy (Duvall), Penderecki's strings slice the air like deadly bursts of
steam expelled through Jack's flaring nostrils. Elsewhere, during
unsettling moments where Danny (Lloyd) has visions of the hotel's
bloody past and Jack is slipping further into the hotel's ghost world, the
orchestra rumbles like a needle left in a Deutsche Grammophon disc
while a mild earth tremor vibrates the diamond stylus. Most importantly.
The Shining eschews 'cues' in favour for asynchronous passages which
extemporise the narrative and sculpt a dramatic ambience wherein a
character's psychosis becomes an aura which taints, tinges and terrifies
all other existence in its space. Just as Psycho's score charts the surges in
Norman's emotional instability, Penderecki's passages in particular
function as a soundtrack to the core synaptic overloads which induce
psychosis. In the film's placement of these passages, 'scoring' follows
neural and metabolic arcs of Jack, Wendy and Danny's terror, instead of
syncing disharmony to match the sudden appearance of spooks and
bogey-men.
While clouds of atonality hiss and steam, chiming with the
psychological friction and fissuring which slowly crack Jack, other musical
gestures relate more to the decayed corporeality of the dead zone which
beckons him. Memorable moments of repulsion occur when Jack comes
into contact with this - usually through febrile instances triggered by
taste, smell and touch. Bartok's intricate transpositions of insect
harmonics and frequencies generate a fetid, corpulent richness which
laterally and beautifully slides into the rank and rotting world of the
matter that defines the presence of the dead (when Jack embraces the
decrepit body of the woman from the bath). Ligeti's thickened swell of
organific tones and bass-heavy drones evokes a turgidly still swamp that
welcomes the dead (as when Jack intermittently yelps in his sleep,
dreaming that he will kill his family). The Shining could have been a film
about the mind; its physically affective music never lets one forget the
body that houses the mind.
Dir: Stanley Kubrick; Prod: Robert Fryer, Mary Lea Johnson, Stanley Kubrick, Martin Richards;
Scr: Stanley Kubrick, Diane Johnson; OOP: John Alcott; Editor: Ray Lovejoy; Score: Wendy
Carlos; Sourced Score: Krzysztof Penderecki, Bela Bartok, Gyorgy Ligeti; Sound: Dino di
Campo, Jack T. Knight, Wyn Ryder; Main Cast: Jack Nicholson, Shelley Duvall, Danny Lloyd,
Scatman Crothers.
Some Kind of Wonderful

US, 1987-93mins
Howard Deutch
The world of the teen movie - like a teenager's bedroom - is open only
to those sensitive to its environs. Some Kind of Wonderful (a beautifully
vague appellation for that great teen drug, love) is a cinematic
environment of pure teen spirit. Every space, wail, room, corridor is built
using teen energy; it will either repel you or welcome you inside.
In Sonne Kind of Wonderful, a pressurised love triangle releases

intense emotion as formed between grease monkey Keith (Stoltz), rich
girl Amanda (Thompson), and quirky outsider Watts (Masterson) whose

love for Keith is invisible to him. The film's plotted surface points to the
drama between Keith and Amanda, posing Watts as a side character. But
true to her moniker. Watts is the energised heart of the film in
profoundly sonic and musical ways. The film starts with Watts drumming
in her garage, listening to pounding electro-pop on her headphones, her
snare pad adorned with a huge heart. This she beats, sealed in a
soundproofed zone symbolic of the reclusive domain of the teen

world.
Keith is a seething though quaint ball of sexual desire, pounding
away in workshops and garages, getting dirty while admiring the
gleaming beauty of Amanda from afar. Yet as full as his desire is, so is it
misdirected: he is unknowingly responding to the charged sexuality

Watts radiates despite her churlish tomboy front. This is evident not
through literary interpretation: the way the film's pop songs - often
selective instrumental passages - will occupy the full spectrum of the
soundtrack simulates the waves of emotional nausea and epiphanous
vertigo expected of love's broadcast. And at every moment a song wells
up. Watts is not too far removed from its occurrence and diffusion,
continually linking her energy to Keith's. Amanda, conversely, generates
naught. Even when Keith courts her at the art museum on a special date,
the gentility of background music is the only repository of musical

symbolism attached to her. Tellingly, Keith talks sweet nothings to her in
a huge empty outdoor concert auditorium - the complete inverse of
Watts' deafening solitude as she pounds out her sublimated heart beats
in a desperate telegraphic pulse to deaf Keith, blinded by wrong love.
If films have a 'drive' then Watts is the driver of Some Kind of

Wonderful. Not by coincidence does she swallow her pride and be the
chauffeur on Keith and Amanda's special date. She embodies the pop
song score in ways imperceptible to those trained to read film scores as
composed appendages to a film's scenography. Watts is a paradigm of

how music functions in the teen movie. As excessive consumer of the
music which operates as its score, she sets up a feedback loop based on
a balance between the harmony of her sexual energy, and the
Some Kind of Wonderful, the architecsonic realm of teen love

dissonance of her emotional anxiety. When the cannera tracks in to her
face as well as Keith's, the music wells to such excess that it brings
down the world around them. In the teen world, everything is
heightened - turned up full, drowning in itself, hysterically incapable of
differentiation and distinction. Some Kind of Wonderful perfectly sculpts

an architecsonic realm of teen love that is deafening, exhausting,
oceanic.
Dir: Howard Deutch; Prod: John Hughes; Scr: John Hughes; DOP: Jan Keisser; Editor: Bud S.
Snnith, M. Scott Smith; Score: Stephen Hague, John Musser; Sourced Songs: Propaganda,
Charlie Sexton, Pete Shelly, Duffy, Flesh for Lulu, the Jesus and Mary Chain, the Apartments,
the March Violets, Lick the Tins; Supervising Sound Editor: Mike Dobie; Main Cast: Eric
Stoltz, Mary Stuart Masterson, Lea Thompson, Craig Sheffer, John Ashton, Elias Koteas.
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The Spirit of tlie Beehive {El espiritu de la

colmena)
Spain, 1973 - 95 mins
Victor Erice
Set in a rural Castillian outpost immediately after World War II, Spirit of
ttie Beehive grows within a strange social and psychological vacuum. The
outside world and its events seem far removed from the town's rolling
plains of natural beauty. Trains pass through infrequently; despatched

mail may never reach its origin. The film traces the effect of this
remoteness on a family as its members draw individual lines of
dislocation and separation. Silence, ambience and aural nuance connect

the desolate township, its sprawling farmlands and the family household
in a gracefully calm tone. Yet the domestic quiet betrays an underworld

of unmentioned thoughts and unspoken dreams.
Fernando (Gomez) runs an apiary and appears detached from his
wife, Teresa (Gimpera). She sits in the emptiness of the warm but slightly
dilapidated mansion and writes letters to an unnamed love of her past.
Fernando meanwhile has built a glass-boxed beehive indoors which he
observes late at night, ruminating on life as viewed through this bee-
prism and writing in his journal. Early in the film, their voiceovers break
their sealed privacy as we audit their emotional isolation - each
unknown, unobserved and unheard by their partner. However, Spirit of

tiie Beeliive is mostly focused on their young children, Ana (Torrent) and
Isabel (Telleri'a). They are oblivious of their parents' verbal divorce and
innocently enjoy a rich and playful life, marking the emptiness of the
house with their laughter and footsteps.
After being overwhelmed by a screening of Franl<enstein in the town
hall. Ana and Isabel lie awake at night. Their faces framed as haloes
outlined by lamp light, they engage in a long interpretation of the film in
hushed tones. The scene draws us close to their breath, and opens us up
to their querying minds and fertile imagination as they both confuse and
distinguish between film and reality. Not simply 'viewed through the
innocent eyes of a child', Spirit of the Beehive is the result of having had
the children share a secret directly with us; their whispering voices are
crucial in exacting this exchange. From this point on, the film's emptiness
reverberates with their hushed exchanges, framing the world we see as
the world they audiovisually fantasise.
The children's whispering aurally tones the film, enhanced with

minimal environmental sound and supported by the score's sinuous
frailty and aerated understatement. Grounded in low-key sono-musical
ambience, Isabel and Ana are highly sensitive receptors of emotional
energy, aural suggestion and visual impression. From placing their ears
on the tracks as a steam train approaches far away, to listening down

deep wells, to hearing their name called by the other in dark moonlit
nights, they monitor their world with a high fidelity in proportion to their
susceptible minds and emotional responsiveness.
Dir: Victor Erice; Prod: Elias Querejeta; Scr: Victor Erice, Angel Fernandez Santos, Francisco J.
Querejeta; DOP: Luis Cuadrado; Editor: Pablo Gonzalez del Amo; Score: Luis de Pablo;
Sound: Luis Rodriguez; Sound Effects: Luis Castro, Jean Michel Sire; Main Cast: Fernando
Fernan Gomez, Teresa Gimpera, Ana Torrent, Isabel Telleria.

Stalker
Soviet Union, 1979- 160 mins
Andrei Tarkovsky
A terse staging controls the denouement of Stalker. Set at the precipice
dividing hope from despair, its story follows the Stalker (Kajdanovsky) as
he guides the Writer (Solonitsyn) and the Scientist (Grinko) into the Zone:
part nuclear wasteland, part mystical dimension. Their journey and its
undulating non-specified landmarks constitute the symbolic space across
which their interactions and reflections notate the film's philosophical
discourse. While the film is overly literal in many respects. Stalker's
staging grants an alternative route to the film's audiovisual inner depths.
This is particularly notable in the camera work and its lengthy static
framing bracketed by extremely slow zooms and tracks. Rarely does the
camera stay fixed; one senses its momentary stillness as a pause before
movement. This sets up a mild anxiety in framing: one knows there is
always something beyond the frame, and that the visuals at any point
will open out or become lost in a forthcoming panorama of perspectival
disorientation.
Stalker's sound design sometimes obeys the stricture of allowing
sound only when on-screen correlation is evident; at other times it rejects
this and forwards sound which clearly emanates from a non-defined off-
screen realm. But this selective use of sound when combined with the
camera's decisive moments of movement articulates a psychoacoustic
logic which privileges the beyond - that which we are yet to visually
identify or sonically locate. The 'beyond' is geographically sited as the
Zone beyond which the military patrol, and as the haunting landmarks to
which the Stalker alludes as they move ever forward to the 'room' where
all wishes come true.
Sound and score often merge to detail Stalker's beyond. The trio's
hand-car journey by rail into the Zone exemplifies this, as the camera
concentrates in turn on the grim faces of the Stalker, the Writer and the
Scientist while the soundtrack builds a trance-inducing rhythm from its
recognisable source to an interiorised musical abstraction. More musique

concrete than melodic suggestion, sound and score meet at poetic
borders, then affix their fusion to the camera's highly architectural
assignation. In a more dislocating manner, the recurring periodic

intrusion of unseen freight train rumble into the Stalker's apartment
seems plausible until one notices distorted classical music accompanying
the rattling noise, as if an orchestral machine is passing underneath the
building. In each case, music symbolises the point at which the beyond -
oppressive societal force, the mysterious Zone, unstable emotional
incursions - intersects the physics of a character's 'here and now'.

Inversely, the Zone's many tunnels, shafts, catacombs and caves
generate physical acoustic effects which blur the distinction between
processed sound effects and actual acoustic sensations: reverberant owls,
echoic water drops, diffused booms and clangs are all highly evocative
events while sharply conjuring up the metallica of the Zone's post-
industrial debris. Physics, empiricism and rationalism are slyly attacked

throughout Stalker, and the film's mirage of audiovisual veracity
eventually dissolves to expose the psychodrama of its characters' search
for meaning. While at times voiced by lengthy monologues and recited

poems, the film's closing scene conveys its metaphysical bent with sonic
acumen. Stalker's daughter Martha (Abramova) - a 'mutant' born after

the creation of the Zone - replicates the natural subsonic train rumbling
which shifts glasses on tables at the opening of the film, by now pushing
one over the table's edge through paranormal control.
Dir: Andrei Tarkovsky; Prod: Aleksandra Demidova; Scr: Arkadi Strugatsky, Boris Strugatsky;
DOP: Aleksandr Knyazhinsky; Editor: Lyudmila Feiginova; Score: Eduard Artemyev; Sound:
V. Sharun; Main Cast: Aleksandr Kajdanovsky, Alisa Frejndlikh, Anatoli Solonitsyn, Nikolai
Grinko, Natasha Abramova.

Stand By Me
US, 1986-87mins
Rob Reiner
Stand By Me does not take its title from the Ben E. King song for mere
nostalgic effect. Aurally 'using' the song rather than merely referencing
or placing it, the film focuses on the interiority of the song and its
emotional aura. This constitutes a contra-literary mode which cinema

rarely employs despite cinema's propensity for the lyrical, the evocative
and the immersive - all qualities ascribed to the evocative power of
songs from another era.
This mode of narration is openly declared as forty-five-year-old

Gordie (Richard Dreyfuss) sits in his pick-up, reading a newspaper
headline about a man killed in a hold-up. Gordie is dumbstruck by what
he has read; it has violently ruptured his present, pouring in the
forgotten past when he was friends with the man - Chris - of whom he
now reads. Rising from the soft countryside ambience is a delicate
instrumental version of 'Stand By Me'. It is slow, measured, restrained; it
drips with melancholy, yearning, loss. This is song as touched by

remembrance, transforming its original energy into a distanced rendition.
While Ben E. King's version throws one back into the past - to the
moment of its release and effect upon young Gordie - this slowed-down
reverie ushers the past into the space of the present, where mature
Gordie hears things as differently as he perceives his past upon
reflection.
In Stand By Me, song is less musicological - referencing music's
social contract in the act of listening - and more diaristic and

interpretative - referencing the personal relationship one forms at a
juncture of listening. Melding sound design with song placement and
film score, the film's music mobilises memory as song through a series of
spatially rendered sites: on radios in cars, transistors carried while
crossing bridges, on turntables in rooms. The acoustic quality of each

space is fused with the song's emission, just as the smell of a room can
Stand By Me: the interionty of song and its emotional aura
make one recall its wallpaper. As the story of Stand By Me is told in
flashback by Gordie, the multiple manifestations of songs 'score' his
memory, on top of which his voice floats. Gordie's voice is continually
coloured by the moment of awareness, as if his remembering of the past

as triggered by a tragic present puts everything into perspective.
Just as Gordie's words convey this, his silence is crucial in framing his
awareness. Silence is what joins young Gordie (Wheaton) with his
buddies Chris (Phoenix), Teddy (Feldman) and Vern (O'Connell) when

they embark on a trip to witness the body of a dead boy. Its dread mute
presence marks their collective journey with an acute suppression which
binds them to never tell anyone of their experience. Gordie's voiceover
releases him from that which he had held within for too long; his
unplanned memory of the incident now allows him to break its silence.
Nostalgia is an entirely inappropriate term to describe the narrative

machinations of Stand By Me. Not once does one hear in Gordie's
voiceover a simple 'reliving of the past'. Rather, the lyrical weaving of his
voice with slivers, sheets and threads of songs from his childhood era -
either acoustically diffused or thematically orchestrated - conducts an

aching elegy that respects how songs of the past only ever return one to
that which one has lost.
Dir: Rob Reiner; Prod: Bruce A. Evans, Raynold Gideon, Andrew Scheinman; Scr: Raynold
Gideon, Bruce A. Evans; DOP: Thomas Del Ruth; Editor: Robert Leighton; Score: Jack
Nitzsche; Sourced Songs: Ben E. King, the Monotones, the Chordettes, Buddy Holly the Del
Vikings, the Coasters, Jerry Lee Lewis, Shirley and Lee; Supervising Sound Editor: Lon
Bender, Wylie Stateman; Main Cast: Wil Wheaton, River Phoenix, Corey Feldman, Jerry
O'Connell, Gary Riley Kiefer Sutherland, Casey Siemaszko.

The Straight Story

US, 1999-111 mins
David Lynch
The Straight Story foregrounds ageing as a process of the present rather

than as a portrait of the past. Appropriately, Alvin Straight (Farnsworth)
has aged in the bacl< story of the film, and now engages in forward
action (literally, driving forth on a ride-on lawnmower) in a cathartic
attempt to deal with his ageing by achieving closure through speaking to

his brother Lyie (cameoed by Stanton).
The dramatic graft which forges momentum in the film's story is the
silence that hangs over the Straight brothers like an unfinished sentence.
Non-speech and unfinished-speech are thematically mapped across many
characters of The Straight Story. Rose (Spacek) is traumatised by the legal
removal of her children due to her own psychological instability. Her
speech patterns carry the scar of this wrenching, leaving her to speak
grammatically correct sentences but in a timing which forces the flow of
meaning through spurted phrases. Like Alvin, her voice is her story - not
through words as written into her, but as words sounded through her.
These fractured voices are contrasted against the warm blanketed tones
which flow forth from the friendly family with whom Alvin stays while his
ride-on lawnmower is being repaired en route.

While there are many passages of the film wherein one
experiences abject silence. The Straight Story also exploits the digital
soundtrack's capacity to move accurately between aural extremes. The
mix of the film noticeably does not stay at a median of acceptable

audio presence. In numerous moments one is urged to listen carefully
- not because of distractions, simultaneous events or sonic density,

but simply because one is at a remove from spoken action. Alvin is
often presented chatting with others in one unedited shot. Long,
insignificant conversation is heard at a very low level, filmed from a

great distance. One manages to understand words, but at a severely
reduced auditory level. The Straight Story provides the sonic suit
within which we can experience this deafness that accompanies old

age.
Imbedded in these arranged silences, one sometimes hears a
monophonic textured hum. It sounds like a long-ringing reverberant
patina of parts of the film's lyrical score. Yet due to the rich, fixed
tonality of these harmonic sheets of soft pink noise, a discernible base
key works contra-harmonically to the score's apparently whimsical cues.
These tones repeatedly well up to forecast the possibility that Alvin's
brother may have already died. Like an emotional tinitis, this ringing is
subtle but persuasive. It is the sound of the past: lingering, lilting,
longing. Alvin feels that ringing, and travels across three states not
merely to reunite with his blood brother, but to hear his own voice in
their shared acoustic space. It is fitting that his brother is wordless at

their reunion. The silence that lolls between them at the film's finish is
the end to a disturbing hum which rang ceaselessly across time and
space, until physical proximity could set it to rest.
Dir: David Lynch; Prod: Neal Edelstein, Mary Sweeney; Scr: John Roach, Mary Sweeney;
DOP: Freddie Francis; Editor: Mary Sweeney; Score: Angelo Badalamenti; Sound Design:
David Lynch; Main Cast: Richard Farnsworth, Sissy Spacek, Harry Dean Stanton.
Suspiria
Italy, 1977-98mins
Dario Argento
If rock music in its epochal form can be characterised as an hysterical

unleashing of noise in libidinal, psychological and overall mind-bending
modes, then Suspiria truly boasts a 'rock score'. Carved in an era when
'rock opera' was viewed as a breakthrough in theatre, Suspiria
incorporates rock music into its narrative, allowing the music to retain its
violence in ways unimaginable in any Broadway production. Operatically

chiming to the unending set-pieces of graphic gore and baroque
expositions of murder and mayhem, the music is typically relentless,
scathing and excessive.
Suspiria's rock score confounds, compacts and confuses its audience.
Matching the film's often incomprehensible machinations, the music's

emotional schisms and energy peaks are ill-timed to discernible actions,
disproportionate to a character's tenor, and inappropriate in tone to any

scenographic outline. In fact it is the loudness with which the music
always presents itself that determines an audiovisual saturation. While
you are often left wondering who is killing who and why, you are likely
to be overwhelmed by such voluminous statement and depiction of these
acts that you are bludgeoned into accepting the 'senseless violence' on
screen. There is, of course, a story at the film's heart, concerning
American ballet dancer Susie Banyon (Harper) who has unwittingly

stumbled into a coven of witches who run a dance academy in the
Bavarian Black Forest in which she has just enrolled. Yet the set-up,
staging and resolution of the dramaturgy seem to be amplifying
something beyond mere plot. The music is key to this amplification, and
Its feverish performance and ornately conducted noise characterise the
film's bizarre conflation of mystical lore with pulp fiction.
Music is thus 'sounded' more than it is composed, cued or

conducted. Its presence is more abstract and abject than it is
representational or expressive. Its 'rockness' is allowed to be itself rather

228
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than be coded into some bland narrational voice. From the opening
credits to the arrival of Susie at the airport, the music's metre is in
overdrive. No reason is given for this level of drama; no symbolic
direction is provided to the story's ensuing exposition. Simply, things are
evil. And each time the music starts up, you are being cued for the
inevitable.
At the film's apocalyptic finale, it is as if the film has spent itself. Like
a drained rock performer, it has spun into its own collapsing orbit of self-
destruction. It now writhes in catatonic delirium, just as Susie exits dazed
and confused from the burning academy. She half smiles, soaked in the
rain again, exhausted from her delirium. The credits state: 'You have
been watching SUSPIRIA'. You've been listening to it, too.
Dir: Dario Argento; Prod: Claudio Argento; Scr: Dario Argento, Daria Nicolodi; DOP: Luciano
Tovoli; Editor: Franco Fraticelli; Score: Goblin; Sound Effects: Luciano Anzellotti; Main Cast:
Jessica Harper, Udo Kier, Aida Valli, Joan Bennett.

Sympathy for the Devil {One Plus One)

France, 1968-99mins
Jean-Luc Godard
For fans of the Rolling Stones, Sympathy for the Devil is a documentary
of the recording of one of the group's most important songs, 'Sympathy
for the Devil' - irritatingly interrupted by boring speeches by Black
Panthers. For fans of the highly politicised end of the nouvelle vague
spectrum, it espouses the Panthers' views uncompromisingly - until it
cuts away to a bunch of decadent drug-fucked rock stars doodling in a
recording studio.
Sympathy for the Devil is a deliberately self-rupturing musicological
text - one whose gouged divisions have become wider and infected as
time goes on. The collision between its two textual zones - the
hedonistic abandon of the Rolling Stones and the ascetic commitment of
the Black Panthers - forms a statement on music and politics which

illustrates and demonstrates their uncomfortable co-option and
nullification of the other. Made at the height of the Parisian student
rebellion, the film creates a black hole into which social change is sucked
with ugly ferocity. Yet this symbolic plughole actualises a major dynamic
ignored by those who advocate change. To fully acknowledge this effect,
one must perceive all that binds and repels the Stones and the Panthers.
The Stones cherished and worshipped the blues, and ritualistically
adorned themselves - their sound, their posture, their performance -

with its musical mojos. Far from usurping the blues, the Stones' legacy is
one of preventing the blues' darkened waves and spirals from being
submerged by musical histories that at the time were actively segregating
'race' music from the supposedly purer and higher forms white America
championed. There is no denying the socio-political effect of the Stones'
blind love for black music. Conversely, the Panthers perceived the blues
as the result of racial oppression and colonisation - an expression born of

torturous conditions and social disenfranchisement. Being homeless and
penniless signified no romantic freedom to politicised African Americans,

Sympathy for the Devil: a deliberately self-rupturing musicological text
but a new form of displaced entrapment born of 'freed slaves' left with
no place in a post-Abolition era. The Stones' identified with the hoarse,
ravaged and beaten tonality of both acoustic and electric blues; the
Panthers preferred the socially galvanising force of African congas as a
mantra to rise up and take over the new oppressors.

The divide between the two is as wide as one between parent and
teenager, but the lazy mutated rhetoric of youth, music and politics has
been allowed to somehow bind these conflicting cultural perspectives.
Yet Sympathy for the Devil's depiction of environments for each group is
crucial in articulating this separation. The camera encircles the Stones in
their technological 'garden of delights' as they onanistically excite
themselves with their music and faux-voodoo 'woo-woos', all within the
subdivided isolation of the recording studio. We witness and audition
their disorganised and slovenly methods as we play in our own heads the
song as a meta-text to frame the growing audiovisual assemblage of

what we know has already come to be recorded. The same camera
100 MODERN SOUNDTRACKS [
231
tracks past Panthers dotted throughout the splayed bowels of a techno
Hades: a car junkyard strewn with the dead machina fronn one of
American's primary industries. The Panthers' polemics and prophesies are
read out from politically fundamental texts. Despite the location noise
which engulfs them, they remain respectful of the words, treating them
as manuals for a society which we know has not already come to be
enacted.
Dir: Jean-Luc Godard; Prod: Eleni Collard, Michael Pearson, lain Quarrier; Scr: Jean-Luc
Godard; DOP: Colin Corby, Anthony B. Richmond; Editor: Agnes Guillemot, Ken Rowles;
Song: The Rolling Stones; Sound: Arthur Bradburn; Main Cast: Mick Jagger, Keith Richards,
Brian Jones, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Marianne Faithful!, Anita Pallenberg, Clifton Jones,
Danny Daniels, Frankie Dymon.

Talk Radio
US,1988- 110 mins
Oliver Stone
Audience's initial impression in 1919 of voices on the radio likened thenn

to spirits and ghosts speaking from the beyond. The presence of a voice
in one's shared acoustic space minus its face and body attributed a
phantasmagorical aura to the medium of radio. Talk Radio superficially

appears to be a realist text coded v\/ith an array of topical and societal
concerns, but its sound design connects it back to a mysticism born of

radio's sonic apparition.
Barry Champlain (Bogosian) is a blunt, aggressive talk radio host,
maniacally fielding callers, feeding off their ignorance and feeding into
their prejudices. The feedback of live talk radio is his perfect medium. Talk
Radio methodically creates a radiophonic space for Barry's world and his
voice (the two are interchangeable), a space where production design and
camera work are actively engaged in 'listening to' the film's sound design.
Barry's control booth evidences this starkly. Set atop a skyscraper, his
broadcast suite is a centralised hexagonal room with glass walls all
round. Through them, he can see adjoining control rooms, offices of his
management, and the city to which he broadcasts every night. The

cinematography is bound to aligning internal political machinations
(framing his bosses' attempts to suppress his voice) with projected social
agendas (symbolised by his gaze across the nightscape) as he speaks into

the ever-present microphone. Both Barry's face and those of the station
personnel are superimposed on each other, granting us a variety of lap-
dissolves which simultaneously show talker and listener. This doubling of

perspective figures Barry's speech as a collapse of monologue into
dialogue: he mostly speaks in double senses, imparting something to a

caller over the phone while inferring something else to his staff at the
station.
Barry is at the centre of his own world - spatially, sonically and

visually - as confirmed by the camera's circular arcs from his point of
view. His ego is certainly not restrained, and his energy is such that it
requires this bizarre glass cage to both release it as a hyper performance
and to entrap it for dissemination. His hermetic world - part acoustic

tomb, part idealistic incubator - gives Barry's voice its strength. When he
speaks 'live' at a basketball game, his voice is acoustically blurred by the
cavernous space; the audience is a restless din; they boo and hurl paper
cups at him. Similarly, Barry's sense of self and his relationship to others
is threatened whenever he steps out of his glass bubble. Conversely,
when Barry lets the outside world into his control zone - the crazed fan,
Kent (Michael Wincott) - Barry is confronted with the reality of those

whom hitherto were an indistinct mass.
When the red light is illuminated as Barry is 'on air', he lights up his
cigarette. The hyper-tactile sound of these energy flares indicates the
dimensional warp we pass through to come into contact with Barry's
psyche. Prophetically and tragically, Barry's death at the hands of an
inflamed listener similarly blasts Barry 'off air'. Shot on the rooftop
carpark of the station, he falls dead directly at the foot of the broadcast
tower. As we survey the cityscape at night as a twinkling carpet of
invisible listeners, a montage of their voices serves as a wake in
remembrance of the voice of Barry Champlain - now a part of the
ethesphere of talk radio.
Dir: Oliver Stone; Prod: A. Kitman Ho, Edward R. Pressman; Scr: Eric Bogosian, Oliver Stone;
DOP: Robert Richardson; Editor: David Brenner, Joe Hutshing; Score: Stewart Copeland;
Sound Design: Lon Bender, Wylie Stateman; Main Cast: Eric Bogosian, Ellen Greene, Leslie
Hope, John C. McGinley, Alec Baldwin.

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Taxi Driver
US,1976-IIOmins
Martin Scorsese
Set in a hot New York summer. Taxi Driver paints the town as seething,
melting, hissing, steaming. Taxi cabs drive in slow motion through
clusters of steam rising from manhole covers, suggesting the city is on
the boil. Such a visual metaphor is apt and hard to misread. More
complex is the way the music's orchestral score 'auralises' this metaphor.
Essentially a series of variations between two- and four-note

oscillations, brass and string clusters inhale and sigh, replicating the
breath of a spent body. That body is Vietnam veteran Travis Bickle (De
Niro), an emotionally exhausted and psychologically drained being into

whose empty hull has seeped the city's social sewer. His weary breath
wheezing as if his lungs are full of mucus, Bickle is bent on flushing out
that sewer like the street cleaners and the hosing-down of his own cab.
He is a hollow shell who patrols the simmering city, as if the dark soil of
its denizens has infected him. By extension, the orchestra often sounds
like it is breathing through him, through the manholes, through the
psychic being of the city and its inhabitants.
These melodic oscillations convey an incredible weight, always

suggesting that they are not only playing notes, but modulating keys -
symbolically dragging everything down with their own weight. This is not
music of the airborne, the flighty, the ethereal, the transcendental: this is
the sound of sinking, slowly and perceptibly. Mixed loudly in an

onslaught of waves which envelop the image-track, the score's harmonia
liquefies like glue rendered aqueous. Travis is slipping.
Skirting around and sometimes through this musical ooze is a cycling
jazz motif that superficially holds the city as a hub to which jazz
gravitates. But Taxi Driver utterly repels that cliched son-image of the city
as jazz melting pot. This New York is not sexy and saucy; it is asexual and
acidic. The jazz motif's maudlin sax line is a sign of New Yorkers'
emotional desperation and their displaced humanity. It connects Travis'

yearning for an impossible affection with a WASP liberal campaigner's

assistant Betsy (Shepherd), to Iris' (Foster) pathetic dance with her pimp
Sport (Keitel) - in the latter, cued as a record played by Sport as he soft-
talks Iris into submission. The theme's allusion to love is decrepit and
acrimonious.
Just as the orchestra expresses energy welling from within the urban
jungle and energy being drained to create Travis' existential containment,
Travis expresses his self-transformation by working upon himself as a

vessel. Figuratively, he becomes a gun: a sawn-off, body-primed double-
barrel instrument through which the city's negative energy is compressed
and fired. Travis refines his aim in the deafening din of the indoor gun
range; those exact same sound effects appear on the soundtrack when
he blasts Sport and his cohorts. These are psychic shots fired by a man so
emptied that his penultimate actions ring with aching reverberant
dissonance. As the orchestra overflows in a humoral bath of swirling
harps and terse horns (phrasing the jazz theme), Travis lies like a spent
cartridge. Once a man, then a gun, now no more than a human

vocalising the sound of gunfire through his near-dying breath.
Dir: Martin Scorsese; Prod: Julia Phillips, Michael Phillips; Scr: Paul Schrader; DOP: Michael
Chapman; Editor: Tonn Rolf, Melvin Shapiro; Score: Bernard Herrmann; Supervising Sound
Effects Editor: Frank E. Warner; Main Cast: Robert De Niro, Cybill Shepherd, Peter Boyle,
Jodie Foster, Harvey Keitel.

Teenage Rebellion
US, 1967-81 mins
Norman T. Herman, Richard Lester
Deriving its pre-'mocl<umentary' form from 60s Italian exploitation
documentaries like Mondo Cane, Teenage Rebellion chaotically strings

together a hotchpotch of documentary footage of teenagers engaged in
supposedly wild but ultimately banal activities around the world. The
droll narrator's voiceover (by Burt Topper) attempts to make sense of the
patchwork of jumbled camera work (including uncredited use of non-

documentary films from Europe and Japan) bordered by po-faced faux-
anthropological observations, each more a non sequitur than an analysis
of any kind.
Such is the charm of Teenage Rebellion: it cannot help but cave in its
own makeshift roof of rationalism as it pretends to explain, contextualise
and qualify that which is beyond its scope. Never does the voiceover
narration falter - despite the outrageous sociological assertions of its
pseudo-beat poetry jive-talk. Never does it hint at its knowing

inadequacy in moving beyond the pithy altruisms of its grand cliched
interpretations of life, ritual and the cosmos.
If the narrator is 'the voice of reason' in 'this crazy world in which
we now live' (which he's not), then the score is a true-to-life snapshot of
the subcultural sounds of teenagers at the time (which it's not). Tagging
a slew of nondescript inept 'beat' sounds played by the type of session
musicians who throughout the 60s desultorily mimicked rock and pop
music they perceived to be well below their calibre. Teenage Rebellion's
soundtrack is its most potent anthropological document. Thin twangy
guitar, stilted bongo drives, jazzy guitar lines, plus a range of non-rock
instruments (harpsichord, trumpet, flute, castanets) are spread
indiscriminately across the ad-hoc sequences of the film. The overall
effect is one of indifferent 'rockzak', closer to James Last than Jimi
Hendrix. The relationship between any musical passage and the scene it
accompanies is arbitrary and almost irrelevant (the soundtrack album

actually features excerpts of the film's voiceover narration - but paired
with entirely different music). The sentiment essentially expressed by a

'documentary report' like Teenage Rebellion is that all teenager music is
the same - despite the film claiming difference for its subject.
Teenage Rebellion's crazy spinning triangular configuration of

scattered footage, fumbling voiceover and modular song placement
constitutes a fascinating mode of soundtrack production whose
audiovisual effect is greater than the sum of its parts. More openly
televisual than formally cinematic, it casts music in a detached state,
orbiting around the film but neither gravitating to any one point of
appropriateness nor coming to rest at any single moment of significance
-just like the rebellious teenager it is so bent on depicting.
Dir: Norman T Herman, Richard Lester; Prod: Norman J. Herman; Scr: Norman J. Herman;
DOP: various source documentary footage; Editor: uncredited; Songs: Dave Allen,
Mike Curb.
Temptress Moon {Feng yue)

China, 1996- ISOmins
Chen Kaige
Spanning the 1910s and 20s in China as British colonisation, opium trade
and revolutionary politics clash to give birth to China's new twentieth-
century world. Temptress Moon casts cycles of illumination over an
emotionally volatile constellation of three young adults whose childhood

circumstance fatally locks them into an obsessive orbit for years to come.
After arriving at the wealthy rural Pang estate to live with his older sister
Xiuyi (He) who has married the young lord Zheng (Zhou), Zhongliang
studies in between preparing their opium. Suffering emotional and sexual

abuse at their drug-addled hands, the young Zhongliang leaves for
Shanghai and grows into a cold and manipulative gigolo (Cheung). His
now-adult childhood friend Ruyi (Gong) takes over as head of the Pang
family and is aided by her distant relative Duanwu (Lin). Zhongliang's
Triad boss orders him to return home and bring Ruyi to Shanghai for
extortion of the Pang fortune. And so Zhongliang reunites his severed
contacts with devastating repercussions for everyone.
The use of this love triangle to illustrate the broader social changes is
a clearly announced agenda in Temptress Moon: the pre-credit text

outlines it, plus the film's 'generation in turmoil' theme is writ
handsomely large with stylistic grandeur. However, the film is unique in
the way it mobilises sound-image relationships to detail the bloodied
cauterised scarring that follows the impact of the social on the personal.
A particular audiovisual logic dictates this.
Very little camera work has the background in focus. Nearly always,
Zhongliang, Ruyi, Duanwu and others are posited in soft folds of space
and blurred contours of form. Their faces - sometimes only an angled

ear, the nape of a neck, a raised forehead - glow in sharp relief from
their settings. Yet, the sound is never partialised or hierarchically ordered
along such principles. Instead, sound is excessively greater than the visual
frame, forwarding not only that which is de-focused but also that which
is denied. This makes for a demanding and potent sound design whose
weight, clarity and liveliness cuts across the mannered staging of the
actors. Bats, geese, ducks, creaking oars, jumping fish, crickets, frogs,
burning lanterns, firecrackers, clocks of all kinds, gongs, smashing plates,
clinking cups, running taps, mah-jong cracks, kettle whistles, pigeons,
bells, thunder, rain -the retinue of rural and urban 'auralities' are in
hyper-focus and succulent grain.
This grants the film an aural fleshiness alluded to by Zhongliang, Ruyi
and Duanwu's sexual awakenings and amorous shifts. Tied to the film's
overreaching themes, their sexuality mutates from a rural earthy
sensuality to urban taboo-shaking excitement. Zhongliang in particular
embodies this transformation, and spreads it to the others when he

returns, and when Ruyi and Duanwu come to Shanghai. The richness of
sound - always timed to pregnant pauses and expectant heights -
drowns the world of Temptress Moon in torrents of desire. A lurid love
letter more than a stoic family tract, it audiovisually actualises the
unspoken and the unspeakable which falls between the cracks of its epic
structure.
Dir: Chen Kaige; Prod: Hsu Feng, long Cunlin; Sen Chen Kaige, Shu Kei,Wang Anyi; DOP:
Christopher Doyle; Editor: Pei Xiaonan; Score: Zhao Jiping; Sound Design: Lai Qizhen; Main
Cast: Leslie Cheung, Li Gong, Kevin Lin, Caifei He.
(Next page) Temptress Moon: sound in excess of the visual frame

I
^0
\
Tron
US, 1982-96mins
Steve Lisberger
Tron's technologically rich tale of two cities - modern day Los Angeles
and the cyber world comprised of bits and bytes which at the time of the
film was radically transforming LA's entertainment industries -

constitutes a parable whose self-reflexivity spins into greater depths at
each thematic point. Its overreaching duality based on digital versions
and their analogues is openly declared through the exploits of all its key
characters existing in both real and virtual worlds, plus the many ways
images and sounds appear in actual and synthetic guise.
Alan Bradley (Boxleitner) and Kevin Flynn (Bridges) are game

designers with a passion for invention and creativity. Flynn is now an
embittered defector, since his designs were stolen by Ed Dillinger
(Warner), who created an empire for which Alan now works. Flynn teams
with Alan to break into Dillinger's offices and hack into the mainframe
computer to get data that proves Dillinger stole Flynn's designs, but in
the process of doing so Flynn is digitised into a computer world whose

logic of Users, Programs and Code takes on cosmic significance. Once
there, he encounters a matrix of similarities, simultaneities and simulacra
which uncannily replicate his 'outside' world of LA.
In its disavowal of verisimilitude, Tron stands as a landmark in
computer graphics. It interrogates simulation born of digital technologies
while refusing to create lifelike apparitions with those same technologies.

And while the past twenty years of regressive computer simulations
replay Renaissance-era optics combined with eighteenth-century musical

aesthetics, Tron's sound design and film score seriously query the nature
of sound in the era of digital reproduction.
Retracing an avant-garde arc strung between Edgar Varese and
Karlheinz Stockhausen, the score to Tron similarly stages the orchestra in
a hall of timbrel mirrors, using the orchestra to mimic itself, replicate
itself and confront itself. Mirroring the dual worlds which make up Tron's
quantum landscape and textual mindspace, the score is comprised of

synthesisers simulating orchestral instruments, and orchestral timbres
simulating synthetic colourings. The weighting between the two is always
fluid, as trills, rings, surges and decays will shimmer, never declaring a
fixed identity, always suggesting that musical identity is simultaneous.
This of course is echoed in Iron's own story of simultaneity, as actions in
each world impact the other in their precarious metaphysical balance.
Similarly, the score is delicately caught between the material space of the
'users' and the virtual domain of the 'programs'.
Tron's sound likewise rejects naturalistic codes and invents a lexicon

of effects, processes and sonic signifiers which postulate ways in which
sound waves might occur in an immaterial dimension. Footsteps echo
with pitches tuned to indicate difference in characters; interior and
exterior acoustics are flattened and conflated due to the transitory nature
of division between such spaces; echo and reverb take on psychological

and emotional qualities more than reflecting physical phenomena; and
mass and scale of sound are dependent on memory size, processor speed
and CPU power. In its overall speculative rendering of an alternative
existence ensnared by our codes of representation, Tron creates and
generates a simulated world whose audiovisuality rewrites the coding
and programming of cinema as a mimetic machine. ,
Dir: Steve Lisberger; Prod: Donald Kushner; Scr: Steven Lisberger, Bonnie MacBird; DOP:
Bruce Logan; Editor: Jeff Gourson; Score: Wendy Carlos; Sound Design: Michael Fremmer,
Gordon Ecker Jr, Wylie Stateman; Special Sound Effects Design: Frank Serafine; Main Cast:
Jeff Bridges, Bruce Boxleitner, David Warner, Cindy Morgan.

Vagabonde {Sans toit ni loi)

France, 1985- lOSmins
Agnes Varda
'Unmotivated action' is the central mystery to Vagabonde. What makes

people do the things they do? How did they end up where they did? The
vagabond of the title is Mona (Bonnaire), a young woman hitching rides
around southern France, living in fields, shacking up with whoever she

meets, stealing food when the moment presents itself. The film's
narrative is appropriately transient: it opens with Mona's body discovered

in a farm ditch, then follows a presumed narrative of her last few weeks
based on casual interviews with those whose paths she crossed in the
lead up to her undramatic death.
Five minutes into the film, you're following a story of which you
know the outcome: this woman will die. As the story unfolds, one is
brought into close proximity with the transient flow of life which
governed Mona's philosophy and the conditions under which she
existed. Vagabonde's accompanying score of interlocked chamber
instruments climbing over each other in serialist fashion marks Mona's
actions and reactions with a haunting, stilling quality. A strange

draining of pathos and seeping of affection fatally paints the young
woman as a ghost - a fading being whose erasure is proportionately
framed by people's wavering feelings towards her, and her response

to their lack or surplus of affection. Emotional confusion reigns, as
the music's atonality stalls one from committing to her character in
one way or the other. Soliciting neither a stream of ennui nor a

fissure of existentialism, Vagabonde creates a vacuum within which
harmony is posited as a device deemed entirely incapable of coding

the complexity of people's shifting emotional states. Like the
unpredictably twisted and organically gnarled winter vines which
spread across the realm where Mona will tragically freeze to death,
the score obeys its own logic and existence beyond human
endeavour.
Vagabonde: emancipated dissonance and parallel film scoring
While atonality is generally regarded as antithetical to humanist assertion,
it can be so much more than the odd bump of chromatic progression to
signify the absence of melodious accord. When its 'emancipation of
dissonance' and liberation of wider harmonic possibilities are embraced by a
film score, the core impulses of moments beyond the moral conventionalism
of 'character motivation' can be captured and given great narrative depth.
Part mystery, part tragedy, Vagabonde's emancipated dissonance is tersely
and unforgivingly matched to Mona's floating, detached, impulsive journey.

Not a mode of enhancement, illustration, commentary or counterpoint, the
score runs distinctly parallel to the film, creating an openly perplexing dialectic
between music and action. Vagabonde's meandering non-harmonic map

makes one realise what little psychological territory we have covered in the
musical characterisation of film scores.
Dir: Agnes Varda; Prod: Oury Milshtein; Scr: Agnes Varda; DOP: Patrick Blossier; Editor:
Patrida Mazuy, Agnes Varda; Score: Joanna Bruzdowicz; Songs: Fred Chichin; Sound: Jean-
Paul Mugel; Main Cast: Sandrine Bonnaire.

Videodrome
Canada, 1983-84niins
David Cronenberg
Abstraction is l<ey to the surfaces eroticised throughout Videodrome. Like
faces in the clouds, visual textures and nnorphological parts in the filnn
beconne uncanny representations of the apparent and the mysterious, the

nnanifest and the latent. TV screens become skin; hands become guns;
walls sweat like clay; lips wrap themselves around one like thighs; moist
orifices are portals to mental dimensions. Always, one is caught between

identification and disorientation, as abstraction swells and engorges the
film's pornographic visage.
Abstraction performs similarly on Videodrome' s soundtrack. The film
foregrounds 'breath' in both recognisable and abstracted states: from the

synthetic noise of mock-human breath, to actual breath analogue-
filtered, to the Synclavier simulating orchestral drones which historically
symbolise vocal sighs and choral murmurs. Abstraction is encoded in the
rendering of all sounds: one is continually aware of a 'humanness' that

audibly strikes one as entirely inhuman. Here, the synthesiser is exploited
for its queasy ability to render the human as a timbrelly pornographic
presence while exempting it from physical performance.

The streaming and cascading waves of morphed orchestration in
Videodrome paint a sonic abstraction of the schizophrenic media-being
of the present, portrayed by Max Renn (Woods), whose journalist hunger

for the shock of the new keeps him addicted not to any thing or topic,
but simply to his own self-generating state of agitation and anxiety. Ripe
for piercing the slick skin of any repressive traits - including his own -
Max's interior state is thus less of fixed temperament and more of fluid
potential. His personality is symbolised by the aura of digital and

analogue textures in contrast, connoting clinical precision and rounded
modulations respectively. In a progressively increasing state of being
'turned on', one simulates the other to create a schizophrenic vacillation
between states of existence and perception matching Max's hallucinatory

slippage. Hence, the score mutates between the heady erogenous

heights of breaths dancing close to the eardrum - all whispers over
salivated tongues and exhalations over sweat-beaded upper lips - and
the faecal sensorial depths of rumbles from the stomach - all grumbling
and gas displacements as the body's insides are realigned by exploratory
activity. The latter realm is particularly noticeable in the sinewy orchestral

lines which grow and cling to each other, forming unpredictable phalli,
protrusions, and fissures of tonality.
Coated with VIdeodrome's sono-scopic fix of media encoding,
transference and transformation, bodily presences are as much sited by

their mediated residue as their unmediated tactility. As cinema spends
much care not to advance or promote the non-linguistic utterances of
the mouth (breaths, gasps, drips, sniffles, groans, burps, etc.), it leaves
pornography to be the sonic realm that celebrates and fetishises the
mouth running at its pre-verbal fervour. Listening to Videodrome can be

like hearing pornography - or, in accordance with the plot's themes -
picking up interference deliberately being broadcast from an Other

dimension. This is VIdeodrome's defiantly erotic promulgation of the
audiovisual grotesquerie which points to faces in clouds, lips upon ears,
and vaginas within stomachs.
Dir: David Cronenberg; Prod: Claude Heroux; Scr: David Cronenberg; DOP: Mark Irwin;
Editor: Ronald Sanders; Score: Howard Shore; Sound: Peter Burgess; Main Cast: James
Woods, Sonja Smits, Deborah Harry, Peter Dvorsky, Leslie Carlson, Jack Creley.
Violated Angels {Okasareta hakui)

Koji Wakamatsu
Violated Angels is an irrevocably compacted and resolutely stylised
journey into the mind of a young and unnamed sexual psychopath (Kara)
as he invades, terrorises and murders five nurses in their dormitory.
Amorally leaving us deserted upon his psychological planet, the film scars
us with its sounds and images.

The film's title shatters the screen to the sound of intensely loud
gunshots. A photo-montage prelude follows, accompanied by a

mournful electric organ, evoking the childlike playback of a theme from a
roving food truck (heard often throughout Japan). Across this drooping
theme, stills of 'our hero' are interspersed with pornographic images
wrenched from magazines. The man appears to be consuming them;

they also seem to be overwhelming him in a scopic onslaught.
Suddenly, we are at the ocean. It rages like an audiovisual wall of

noise. The man fronts its massive swell - and fires a gun into it
repeatedly. Those shots sonically aimed at us earlier are now being

directed at the ocean's overwhelming power in a violently impotent act
of sexual aggression, penetrating its liquefying bulk in repayment for the
disenchanted dry-humping enacted in the preceding pornographic
images of women with their silent mouths agape, falsely yearning for his
manhood.
Cut to silence. A group of nurses sleep in their quarters - except for
two engaged in sexual exploration. Their erotic murmuring and

exhalation sparkles in the house's deadly quiet. An utterly strange growl
reverberates in the distance - electronic, harsh, animalistic, inhuman. No
one seems to notice it. A rattling noise outside: our prowling predator
has wandered into their territory. The other nurses now awakened, they
innocently yet mockingly invite him to watch the show . . .
Suddenly he fires a shot at one of the love-makers. Responding to
this deadly sonic announcement, Violated Angels' morbid theatre of

malicious acts now unfolds upon a blood-soaked tatami-stage, giving us
a mix of Grand Guignol and kabuki. Gradually the nurses' massed cries
subside and we notice only one voice: the dying convulsions of the shot
nurse. All through this, the man watches the women, silently daring
them to make a move. They become submissive to his glare, forced to
audit the last gasp of their friend. Once she dies, they break into
uncontrolled wailing.
This scenario is then played out in repeated modular form, often

degenerating into nightmarish visions of all the women naked and
moving in on him like an ocean of smothering flesh. Their crying,
laughing and sobbing are processed into harshly echoic feedback-

inducing sheets of post-human noise. His gunshots recurrently break into
its oppressive sonic walls, just as he shot the ocean. The last nurse
standing is the only one not to whimper. She speaks to him like a
mother to a child, and sings a lullaby. Thus lulled to sleep, he becomes

another naked body in the mandala pattern of the nurses' blood-soaked
corpses. With his somnambulistic interment, the nurse disappears as the
organ returns to extend her solo voice. Violated Angels is not for the
faint of ear.
Dir: Koji Wakamatsu; Prod: Koji Wakamatsu; Scr: Masao Adachi, Juro Kara; DOP: Hideo
Itoh; Editor: Fumio Tomita; Score: Koji Takamura; Sound: Shin Fukuda; Main Cast: Juro
Kara, Shoko Kido, Keiko Koyanagi, Makiko Saegusa, Michiko Sakamoto, Kyoko Yayoi.
l/l/ay of the Dragon {Meng Long Guojiang)

Hong Kong, 1972- lOOmins
Bruce Lee
Much laughter has been aimed at Hong Kong kung fu movies of the
early 70s. Fortunately, the deafening roar of their active soundtracks
drowns out the rabble of those who ridicule the films' unique
audiovisuality. Way of the Dragon is not only a strong example of the
genre, but also a transglobal commentary on the position held by Hong

Kong action cinema at the time: wedged between Italian Westerns and
Japanese samurai films. The film is set in Italy. Tang Lung (Lee) plays an
awkward nephew who has come to help out his uncle's business in
Rome, There he encounters a gang who extort his uncle, forcing Tang
into an eventual gladiatorial conflict in the Colosseum with hired
American killer, Colt (Norris).
A tawdry heroic pageant, Way of the Dragon would be dismissable if
it weren't for the overwhelming physicality of the movie. Direction,

choreography, performance, camera, editing and sound confer to
represent one thing alone: the body of Bruce Lee. When Tang prepares for
his battle at the Colosseum, we see in real time how thoroughly in control
Lee is of his body, a percussive instrument in tune with itself, the result of
him sounding his own body. Colt, meanwhile, manages some phantom
blows into the air: all huff and bluff to Tang's scintillating cnck and crack.
Percussivity and subjectivity form the subtextually aligned key to
unlocking Way of the Dragon's bodily soundtrack. It is partially derived
from the sonic assault that accompanies Peking Opera's gymnastic feats,
where cymbals and drums chart the energy transference at the heart of
all chi-based martial arts. Way of the Dragon transposes that approach to
scoring, and performs it not through a musical ensemble but through
actual fight sequences. Nanchuku slaps and bone snaps, wood breaks
and jaw cracks - all become sono-musical events timed to
choreographed sequences, merging 'musicians' with 'actors' to form

total sonic beings.
l/l/ay of the Dragon: the body as a percussive instrument in tune with itself
Often misread as being 'unnatural', the harsh percussivity of Way of the

Dragon accords with its simulation of the subjective state of being hit. The
hyper-tactile skin of the soundtrack is extended into it being itself a 'body'
like Lee's. An ascetic 'narrowness' is discernible in its mono-dimensional mix

where full volume level is continually maintained with no variation or
modulation. The resulting 'weight' of the soundtrack again resembles Lee's
body: a monolithic mass of muscle, its presence defined by its intensity.

The legacy of ta'i-chi is physically and theatrically foregrounded by

Lee as he projects his body as an instrument for channelling its own
energy and repelling energy directed at him. His howling voice
symbolically and audibly conveys how he is conducting that energy
through his body and into/onto others. Charged with pure physical
adrenaline, he often lingers frozen after he has struck someone, as if stili
feeling the reverberant impact of his own strike, emblematic of l/l/ay of

the Dragon's holistic dissolution of sound into total physicality.
Dir: Bruce Lee; Prod: Raymond Chow, Bruce Lee; Scr: Bruce Lee; DOP: Tadashi Nishimoto,
Ho Lang Shang; Editor: Chang Yao Chan; Score: Joseph Koo; Sound: Wang Ping; Main
Cast: Bruce Lee, Nora Miao, Chuck Norris, Robert Wall, Ing-Sik Whang, Jon T. Benn.
Index
Page numbers in italics denote illustrations; those in bold indicate

detailed analysis
Abramova, Natasha Angel Dust {Enjeru Ballard, J. G. 83, 118
221 dasufo) (1995) 7, Balsam, Martin 186

The Adventures of Milo 22-3 Barthes, Roland 4
and Otis {^ 986) 97 The Angels 206 Bartok, Bela 9, 213, 214
advertising 144 Anger, Kenneth, Scorpio The Beatles 206
Ajaye, Franklin 57 Rising 0968) 206-7 Beckett, Samuel 118
Akerman, Chantal 85 animations 117-18 Beethoven, Ludwig van
Akira 0988) 17, 17-19 Apocalypse Now (1 979) 63-4
Alexander, Phoebe 81 1 5, 24-6, 25, 85 Beneath the Valley of the
Algar, James, Fantasia Arashi ga oka (Onimaru) Ultra-Vixens 0979)
(1940) 106-7 (1988) 10, 27-8 7, 32-3
Altman, Robert, Aratama, Michiyo 146 Bergman, Ingmar, Hour
California Split Argento, Dario, Suspiria of the Wolf 0968)
(1974) 51-2 (1977) 227-8 130-1
American Graffiti 0973) Arquette, Rosanna 83 Bernstein, Leonard, West
13,20-1 atonality 186-7, Side Story 197
Anderson, Paul Thomas 213-14, 242-3, Berry, Chuck 20
Boogie Nights (]997) 244-5 The Beverley Hillbillies
49-50 (TV) 119

/Wagno/;a (1 999) eabe(1995) 97 Bigelow, Kathryn, Blue
160-2 Babita 92-3 Steel 0990) 46-8
Punch-Drunk Love Bacharach, Burt 87 The Birds 0963) 7,
(2002) 188-90 The Ballad of Narayama 34-5

Anderson, Paul W. S., {Narayama bushiko) Bitter Rice {Riso amaro)
Resident Evil (2002) (1958) 13, 29-31, (1950) 36-7
193-4 30 Black Panthers 229-31
Blade Runner 0982) Carpenter, John, Escape The Colour of

38-9, 40-1 from New York Pomegranates
Blair, Linda 101 (1981) 99-100 (Sayat Nova) 0969)
Blood Simple 0983) CasMway (2000) 9, 13, 72-3, 74-5
42-3 58-9 Commingore, Dorothy
Blue {1993) 6,44-5 Cazale, John 81 61
Blue Steel 0990) 46-8, characterisation, through computer games
47 music 186-7, 193-4
Bogosian, Eric 232 215-16,232-3, 'concrete music' 221
Bonnaire, Sandrine 244, 244-5, 246-7 Conrad, Joseph, Heart of
245 Chatterjee, Soumitra 92 Darkness 24
Boogie Nights 0997) Cheadle, Don 49-50, Confacf (1997) 9, 76-7
49-50 68 The Convent (0
Boulez, Pierre 9 Cheung, Leslie 238 Convento) 0998)
Bowman, Lee 132 Cintra, Luis Miguel 78 78-9
Boxleitner, Bruce 242 Citizen ATane (1941) The Conversation (1974)
Brakhage, Stan, The 60-2, 61 6, 80-2, 81
Pittsburgh Trilogy Citti, Franco 168 Copland, Aaron 94-5
(1972) 177-8 cityscapes, sonic Coppola, Francis Ford
Brando, Marlon 24 evocations of 145, Apocalypse Now
breath, sounds of 54, 234-5 (1979) 24-6
195, 246 Clayton, Jack, The The Conversation
Brewer and Shipley 1 15 Innocents 0960) (1974) 80-2
Bridges, Jeff 242 138-9 Rumble Fish 0983)
Bronson, Charles 170 A Clockwork Orange 197-8
Bronte, Emily, Wuthering (1971) 63-4 Crash 0996) 83-4
Heights 27 Close Encounters of the Crazy (1999) 85-6
Brook, Michael 128 Third Kind 0977) Cronenberg, David
Burstyn, Ellen 101 9, 65-6 Crash 0996) 83-4
close-ups, Wdeodrome (1983)
Cage, John 4, 6 accompaniment to 246-7.
Cage, Nicolas 103, 704 85-6 Cruise, Tom 161, 162
California Split 0974) Coen, Joel/Ethan, Blood The Crystals 206

14, 51-2 Simple 0983) Curtis, Jamie Lee 46, 47
Car VUas^ (1976) 56-7 42-3
Cardinale, Claudia Colors 0987) 67-9, 68 Dardenne, Jean-
171 The Colour of Paradise Pierre/Luc, Rosetta
Carnival of Souls 0962) {Rang-e khoda) (1999) 195-6

53-5, 54 (1999) 70-1 Darrin, Bobby 115
Daves, Delmer, Pride of The Doors 24 Face/Off (1997) 103-5,

the Marines 0945) Dr Dolittle 0998) 14, 704
184-5 97-8 fanfas/a (1940) 106-7
Davis, Brad 191 Dreyfuss, Richard 21, Farmer, Gary 90
Days of Wine and Roses 65, 222 Farnsworth, Richard
(1962) 87-9, 88 Dukas, Paul 106-7 225

De Bont, Jan, The Duke, Bill 57 Fassbinder, Rainer
Haunting 0999) Duras, Marguerite, India Werner, Querelle

125-7 Song 0975) (1982) 191-2
DeNiro, Robert 128, 234 135-7 Feldman, Corey 223,
De Oliveira, Manoel, The 223
Convent 0998) Edwards, Blake, Days of Fellini, Federico,
78-9 Wine and Roses Satyricon (1969)
De Palma, Brian, (1962) 87-9 202-3

Scarface 0983) Einsturzende Neubauten Ferzetti, Gabriele 171
204-5 128 Forbidden Planet 0954)
De Santis, Giuseppe, Elam, Jack 170 11, 108-9
fi/ffer/?/ce(1950) electronic music 10-11, Ford, Harrison 40-1
36-7 63-4, 90-1, Foster, Jodie 76, 235
Dead Man (1995) 11, 149-50, 242-3, Franklin, Pamela 138
90-1 246-7 Friedkin, William, The
Delon, Alain 199,200 Elgar, Edward 64 Exorcist 097])
Deneuve, Catherine 78 Ellington, Duke 174 101-2
Depp, Johnny 90 Eno 128
Dequenne, fmilie 195, Erice, Victor, The Spirit of Garfield, John 184
196 the Beehive 0973) Garr, Terri 81
Derek and the Dominoes 218-19 Gafe of Flesh (Nikutai no

115 Escape from A/ei/i/ York mon) 0968)
Deutch, Howard, Some (1981) 11, 99-100 110-12, 7??
Kind of Wonderful ethnic musical styles Gautier, Anne 123
(1987) 215-17 African-American Genet, Jean 191, 206
Dillon, Matt 197 56-7, 67-8, 94-6, Germi, Pietro, Seduced
Dillon, Melinda 65 174, 211-12 and Abandoned
disco music 204 Chinese 105 (1964) 208-10
Distant Thunder (Ashani Italian 208 Gerrard, Lisa 128
Sanket)0973) Japanese 146-8 Gershwin, George 174
92-3 mixed 167-8, 175-6 Getz, John 42
Do the Right Thing The Exorcist 097 ^) Gimpera, Teresa 218
(1989) 94-6, 95 101-2 Glucksman, Carisa 122
Godard, Jean-Luc Hall, Philip Baker 162 Honigmann, Heddy,

Hail Mary {Je vous Hanks, Tom 58 Crazy (1999) 85-6
salue, Marie) 098S) Hannah, Daryl 39 Hopper, Dennis, Colors
123-4 harmonica music (1987) 67-9
Sympathy for tlie Devil 170-1 Hour of the Wolf
{One Plus One) Harper, Jessica 227 {Vargtimmen)
(1968) 229-31, Harvey, Herk, Carnival of (1968) 130-1
230 Sou/5 (1962) 53-5 House by the River
Godzilla, King of Hauer, Rutger 39 (1950) 9, 132-4,

Monsters {Kaiju o The Haunting {\999) 133
Goy/ra) (1954) 125-7, 726 humour, expression
113-14 Hayes, Isaac 99 through sound
Goethe, Johann Hayward, Louis 132, 181-2
Wolfgang von 79 133 Hunter, Holly 83
Gomez, Fernando Fernan He, Caifie 238
218 Heaf(1995) 128-9 / Spit on Your Grave {Day
Gong, Li 238, 240-7 Hedaya, Dan 42 of the Woman)
Goodfe/Zas (1990) Hedren, Tippi 34-5 (1978) 14, 142-3
115-16 Hendrix, Jimi 4, 211, / Stand Alone {Seul
Gould, Elliot 51 236 contra tous) {] 998)
Gould, Glenn 4 Henriksen, Lance 149 144-5
Graham, Heather 50 Herman, Norman T., and Ice-T 68
Greek drama 152 Richard Lester, Imamura, Shoei, The
Grieg, Edvard, Peer Gynt Teenage Rebellion Insect Woman
159 (1967) 236-7 (1963) 140-1
Grinko, Nikolai 220 Herrmann, Bernard 10 India Song {\97S) 135-7
Gubajdulina, Sofia 78-9 Heston, Charlton 179 rZ)e/nnocenrs(1960) 7,
Gu/c/ed/Wusc/e(1955) Hidari, Sachiko 140 138-9

7, 117-18 Hillgoss, Candace 53 The Insect Woman
Gummo (1997) 119-22, Hitchcock, Alfred {Nippon konchuki)
720-7 7/iee//-ds(1963) (1963) 140-1
gunshots (on soundtrack) 34-5 Ishii, Sogo, Angel Dust
67, 104, 144-5, Psyc/io( 1960) 186-7 (1995) 22-3
163, 235, 248-9 Hoffman, Philip Seymour
188 Jackson, Samuel L. 95
Hackman, Gene 80 Holly, Buddy 20, 122 Japanse music/culture,
Hail Mary {Je vous salue, Honda, Inoshiro, Godzilla relationship with
Marie) (1985) - King of Monsters European 27-8,

123-4 (1954) 113-14 29, 113-14
Jarman, Derek, Blue Koyaanisqatsi (1 982) Lisberger, Steve, Tron
(1993) 44-5 151-2 (1982) 242-3

Jarmusch, Jim, Dead Kraftwerk 4 Lloyd, Danny 213
Man (1995) 90-1 The Kronos Quartet 128 Lonsdale, Michel 135,
jazz 94, 100, 174-5, Kubrick, Stanley 136
182 A Clockwork Orange Look Who's Talking
Jessop, Clytie 138 (1971) 63-4 (1989) 97
Jones, Charles M., The Shining 0980) Lorre, Peter 1 58
Guided Muscle 213-14 Lost Highway 0997) 9,
(1955) 117-18 156-7

Jones, Eugene S. 24 Lacoste, Philippe 124 Lucas, George, American
Lang, Fritz Graffiti 0973)
kabuki theatre 29-30, House by the River 20-1
146 (1950) 132-4 Lumet, Sidney, The
Kaidan (Kwaidan) (1964) /W(1931) 158-9 Pawnbroker 0965)
10, 146-8, 747 Mefrapofe (1927/83) 174-6
Kaige, Chen, Temptress 165-6 Lynch, David
Moon (^ 996) 238-9 Last, James 236 Lost Highway 0997)

Kajdanovsky, Aleksandr Last Year at Marienbad 156-7
220 {L'Annee derniere a The Straight Story
Kara, Juro 248 Marienbad) 0959) (1999) 225-6
Kasai, Satoko 110 14, 153-5, 754
Kaufmann, Gunther 191 Lee, Bruce 257 M(1931) 7, 158-9
Keaton, Diane 142 Way of the Dragon Mack, June 33
7"he/Ceep(1983) 149-50 (1972) 250-2 Magnolia 0999) 160-2,
Keitel, Harvey 235 Lee, Spike, Do the Right 767
Kerr, Deborah 138 Thing 0989) 94-6 Mahjoub, Hossein 70
Kilmer, Val 129 Leigh, Janet 186 Majidi, Majid, The Colour
King, Ben E. 222 leitmotif, use of 65-6 of Paradise 0999)
Kinoshita, Keisuke, The Lemmon, Jack 87 70-1
Ballad of Narayama Leone, Sergio, Once Malkovich, John 78
(1958) 29-31 Upon a Time in the The Man Who Lies
Kishi, Keiko 146 West 0969) 170-1 (L'Homme qui ment)

Kobayashi, Masaki, Lester, Richard see (1968) 14, 163-4
Kaidan (Kwaidan) Herman, Norman T. Mangano, Silvana 36,
(1964) 146-8 Leysen, Johan 123 7 68
Korine, Harmony, Ligeti, Gyorgy 9, 213 Mann, Aimee 160
Gummo (1997) Lin, Kevin 238 Mann, Michael
119-22 Liotta, Ray 115 Heaf (1995) 128-9
Mann, Michael cont. music orchestral resources, use
The Keep 0983) absence/delayed of 9-10, 83, 131,

149-50 introduction 58-9, 133, 141, 179-80,
Manson, Charles 206 100 186-7
Masterson, Mary Stuart relationship with vocal organ music 155
215 patterns 172-3 Otomo, Katushiro, Akira
Matsuda, Yusaku 27 (1988) 17-19

Mayron, Melanie 57 Nahon, Philippe 144
McDaniels, Gene 207 Nakadai, Tatsuya 146 Pachelbel, Johann 144
McDowell, Malcolm Natividad, Kitten 32, Pacino, Al 128, 204
63 33 Paradjanov, Sergei, The
McLuhan, Marshall 24 nature, sounds of 70-1, Colour of

Melville, Jean-Pierre, The 92-3, 123-4, Pomegranates
Samurai 0967) 142-3, 239 (1969) 72-3
199-201 Nelson, Ricky 206 Parker, Eleanor 184
Messiaen, Olivier 9 Nero, Franco 191 Parks, Gordon, Jr., Shaft
Metropolis 0927/83) Nicholson, Jack 213 (1971) 211-12
165-6 Nilsson, Harry 160 Partch, Harry 4
Meyer, Russ, Beneath Noe, Caspar, / Stand Pasolini, Pier Paolo,
the Valley of the Alone 0998) Oed/pus/?ex (1967)

Ultra-Vixens 0979) 144-5 167-9
32-3 Nogawa, Yumiko 1 10 The Passengers 128
Mikuni, Rentaro 146 Norris, Chuck 250 Patrick, Dorothy 132,
Miles, Vera 186 Nosferatu 092^) 79 133
Minami, Kaho 22 Nova, Sayat 72-3 Patty Hearst 0988)
Moby 128 Nunn, Bill 95 172-3
The Modernaires 87 The Pawnbroker 0965)
Molina, Alfred 50 O'Connell, Jerry 223, 174-6, 7 75
Mondo Cane (1961) 223 Peking Opera 103, 250
236 Oedipus Rex {Edipo re) Penderecki, Krysztof 9,
Moore, Julianne 162 (1967) 167-9, 213-14
Moreau, Jeanne 192 768 Penn, Sean 68
Moroder, Giorgio 165 Of/W/ce and Men (1939) percussion 250-1
Mozart, Wolfgang 95 period, musical
Amadeus, The Once Upon a Time in the evocations of

Magic Flute 131 West {Cera una 20-1, 49, 115, 166,
MTV 165, 197 volta iI west) (1969) 222-4
Mulock, Al 170 170-1 Perkins, Anthony 186
Murphy, Eddie 97 Ono, Yoko 4 Phoenix, River 223, 223
The Pittsburgh Trilogy Resnais, Alain, Last Year Sandler, Adam 188, 189
(1972) 177-8 at Marienbad Sandrelli, Stefania 208,

Planet of the Apes (1959) 153-5 209
(1968) 179-80 Reynolds, Burt 49 Sanford, Erskine 60
Playtime {] 967) 181-2, Reynolds, Jacob 120-1, Satie, Erik 4
183 122 SafKr/con (1969) 202-3
Pleasence, Donald Richardson, Natasha Sea/face (1983) 11,
100 172 204-5

poetry, Robards, Jason 162, 171 Schaffner, Franklin J,,
readings/voiceovers Robbe-Grillet, Alain, The Planet of the Apes

70, 72-3 Man Who Lies (1968) 179-80
Pride of the Marines (1968) 163-4 Schoenberg, Arnold 9,
(1945) 184-5 rock 10-11, 227-8, 10, 87

PsschI, Hanno 192 236 Schrader, Paul, Patty
Psycho (1960) 10, Rockwell, Norman 33 Hearst 0988)

186-7 Rode, Thierry 123 172-3
Puccini, Giacomo 85 The Rolling Stones Schultz, Michael, Car
Puglisi, Aldo 208 229-31,230 Wash 0976) 56-7

Pullman, Bill 156 Romagnoli, Mario 202 Scorpio Rising 0968)
Punch-Drunk Love (2002) The Ronettes 1 1 206-7
188-90 Rongione, Fabrizio 196 Scorsese, Martin
/?oseffa(1999) 14, Goodfe//as (1990)

Que/-e//e(1982) 191-2 195-6, 796 115-16
Rosier, Cathy 198 rax/ Dr/Ver (1976)
Ramezani, Mohsen 70 Rossini, Gioacchino 64 234-5
Randone, Salvo 203 Rourke, Mickey 197 Scott, Ridley, Blade
Ray, Satyajit, Distant Roussel, Myriem 123 Runner 0982) 38-9
Thunder 0973) Rowntree, Richard 21 Seduced and Abandoned
92-3 Rumble Fish 0983) 11, {Sedotta e
Red Hot Robin Hood 197-8 abbandonata)
(1943) 118 Russell, Kurt 100 (1964) 208-10,
Reggio, Godfrey, Russolo, Luigi 4 209
Koyaanisqatsi Rydeberg, Georg 131 Segal, George 51
(1982) 151-2 Rypdal, Terje 128 Sevigny, Chloe 122
Reiner, Rob, Stand By Sewell, Jacob 122
Me (1986) 222-4 Samples, Candy 33 sex(uality), sonic
Remick, Lee 87, 88 The Samurai (Le evocations of

Resident Evil (2002) Samourai) 0967) 83-4, 132-3,
193-4 199-201, 200 191-2, 239
Seyrig, Delphine 135, Spector, Phil 4 Sympathy for the Devil
136, 154 Spielberg, Steven, Close (One Plus One)

Shaft {197]) 11, 100, Encounters of the (1968) 11, 229-31
211-12 Third Kind (1977)
The Shangri-Las 115 65-6 Takahashi, Teiji 30, 30

Sheen, Martin 24, 25 The Spirit of the Beehive Takemitsu, Toru 10
Sheffer, Craig 276 (El espiritu de la Talk Radio 0988) 232-3
Shepherd, Cybill 235 colmena) (\97 3) Tanaka, Kinuyo 29, 30
The Shining 0980) 218-19 Tanaka, Kunie 747, 148
213-14 Stalker (\97 9) 9, 220-1 Tarkovsky, Andrei,
Shotwell, Phyllis 52 Sfand By Me (1986) Stalker 0979)
silence, use/symbolisnn of 222-4, 223 220-1
34-5, 51-2, 53, Stanton, Harry Dean Tati, Jacques 33, 183
80-1, 126, 156, 225 Playtime 0967)
158-9, 177-8, Steiger, Rod 174, 775 181-2
192, 199-201, 203 Stephens, Martin 138 7ax;D/-/Ve/-(1976) 10,
Silveira, Leonor 78 Stockhausen, Karl-Heinz 234-5

Silver, Ron 46 4, 242 Taylor, Lili 125, 726
sixties music 20-1, 1 15, Stoltz, Enc 215,276 Taylor, Rod 35
206-7, 236-7 Stone, Oliver, Talk Radio Teenage Rebellion (1967)
see also Rolling Stones (1988) 232-3 11, 236-7
Sizennore, Tom 129 The Straight Story 0999) Telleria, Isabel 218
Solonitsyn, Anatoli 220 6, 225-6 Temptress Moon {Feng
Some Kind of Wonderful Strauss, Richard 9 yue) (1996) 6,
(1987) 215-17 Stravinsky, Igor 9, 78-9 238-9, 240-7

song, use of 12-13 Strode, Woody 170 Thomas, Betty, Dr
see also ethnic music; supernatural, sonic Dolittle 0998)
jazz; period; rock; evocations of 97-8
sixties 138-9 Thompson, Lea 215
sound The Surfans 207 Thomson, Virgil 94-5
nature of 5-6 Susp/na (1977) 11, Topper, Bert 236
role in cinematic 227-8 Torrent, Ana 218
experience 1-3, Sutton, Nick 119 Tracy, Steve 32
6-9 Suzuki, Seijun, Gafe of Travolta, John 103, 704
space (travel), sonic Flesh 0968) Trintignant, Jean-Louis
evocations of 110-12 163

76-7, 108-9 Swing Shift Cinderella 7"ron(1982) 242-3
Spacek, Sissy 225 (1945) 118 Truffaut, Frangois 65
Spader, James 83 The Swingle Singers 87 Tyler, Bonnie 165
Ullmann, Liv 130 Wagner, Richard 9 wind instruments, use of

Unger, Catherine 83 Wahlberg, Mark 50 46-8
Urzi, Saro 209 Wakamatsu, Koji, Wolfman Jack 21
Violated Angels Woo, John, Face/Off

Vagabonde {Sans toit ni (1967) 248-9 (1997) 103-5
/0/)(1985) 244-5, Wakamatsu, Takeshi Woods, James 246
245 22 Wray, Link 4
The Vandellas 206 Walters, Melora 162 Wyngarde, Peter 138
Varda, Agnes, war, musical evocations
Vagabonde 0985) of 24-6, 184-5 Yernaux, Anne 195
244-5 Warhol, Andy 85 Yoshida, Yoshihige,
Varese, Edgar 9, Warner, David 242 Arashi ga oka
179-80, 242 Watson, Emily 189, 189 (1988) 27-8
Vicious, Sid 115, 116 Way of the Dragon Young, Neil 90
Wdeodrome (1983) (Meng Long Young, Sean 39
246-7 Guojiang) (1972)
Vinton, Bobby 206 250-2, 251 Zarchi, Mier, / Spit on
Violated Angels Webern, Anton 9 Your Grave {Day of
{Okasareta hakui) Welles, Orson 67 the Woman) {]978)
(1967) 248-9 Citizen /Cane (1941) 142-3
voiceovers 13-14, 60-2 Zemeckis, Robert
53-4, 72-3, Westerns, musical CasM way (2000)
153-4, 218, 236-7 accompaniment to 58-9
Voight, Jon 129 170-1 Confacf (1997) 76-7
volume, impact/ Wheaton, Wil 223, 223 Zhou, Yemang 238
manipulation of Widmann, Ellen 158
92, 151-2, 157, Wilcox, Fred Macleod,
202-3 Forbidden Planet
von Sydow, Max 102, (1954) 108-9
130 Wincott, Michael 233
List of Illustrations
Whilst considerable effort has been made to correctly identify the
copyright holders, this has not been possible in all cases. We apologise
for any apparent negligence and any omissions or corrections brought to

our attention will be remedied in any future editions.
Akira, Akira Committee; Apocalypse Now, Omni Zoetrope; The Ballad of Narayama,
Shochiku Co. Ltd; Blade Runner, Blade Runner Partnership/Ladd Company/Run Run
Shaw; Blue Steel, Lightning Pictures; Carnival of Souls, Harcourt Productions; Citizen
Kane, RKO Radio Pictures/Mercury Productions; Colors, Orion Pictures Corporation;
The Colour of Pomegranates, Armenfilm/Georgiafilm Studios/Azerbaijanfilm; The
Conversation, © Paramount Pictures Corporation; Days of Wine and Roses, Warner
Bros./Martin Manulis Productions/Jalem Productions; Do the Right Thing, 40 Acres
and a Mule Filmworks; Face/Off, Paramount Pictures/Douglas-Reuther
Productions/WCG Entertainment; Gate of Flesh, Nikkatsu; Gummo, Independent
Pictures/New Line Productions, Inc.; The Haunting, DreamWorks SKG/Roth-Arnold
Productions; House by the River, Republic Pictures Corporation/Fidelity Pictures;
India Song, Sunchild Productions/Films Armorial/S. Damiani/A. Valio-Cavaglione;
Kaidan, Ninjin Club/Bungei Productions; Last Year at Marienbad, Jena Film/Societe

Nouvelle des Films Cormoran/Precitel/Como Films/Argos-Films/Films Tamara/Cinetel/
Silver Films/Cineriz; Magnolia, © New Line Productions, Inc.; Oedipus Rex, Arco
Film/Somafis; The Pawnbroker, Pawnbroker Company/Landau Company; Playtime,
Specta Films; Punch-Drunk Love, © Revolution Studios Distribution Company;

Rosetta, Films du Fleuve/ARP Selection/RTBF; The Samurai, Filmel/Compagnie
Industrielle et Commerciale Cinematographique/Fida Cinematografica; Seduced and
Abandoned, Lux Film/Ultra FilmA/ides Cinematografica/Lux Compagnle
Cinematographique de France; Some Kind of Wonderful, Paramount Pictures/John
Hughes; Stand By Me, © Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.; Sympathy for the Devil,
Cupid Productions; Temptress Moon, Tomson Films/Shanghai Film Studio;

Vagabonde, Cine-Tamaris/Films A2; Way of the Dragon, Concord
Productions/Golden Harvest.
-""
PUBLIC
Of BOSTON
Philip Brophy's book provides a soundmap to a hundred films
that engage the ears. Covering titles as diverse as Way of the
Dragon and Apocalypse Now, Le SamouraY and Stalker, Angel
Dust and Citizen Kane, each entry outlines the film's distinctive
contribution to the hitherto underexplored w^orld of sound and
music in cinema.
The author guides the reader through an alternative cinema

canon of the 'ear' of sonically exciting and remarkable films from
across the world and their amazing diversity of purpose and effect.
This guide addresses how most film criticism has underestimated

the significance of the soundtrack, and details ways in which the
film soundtrack is defined by the meeting of two sonic forces;
film scoring and sound design.
In his introduction and analysis (or more accurately 'hearing') of
a hundred films, the author compels the reader to 'listen not

look' and to 'think with their ears'. This provocative and
absorbing guide, part of the new 'BFI Screen Guides' series,
examines some of the most exciting uses of sound in popular

and international cinema.
Philip Brophy is a composer and instigator in

film director,
Soundtrack Production Media Arts, RMIT University,

at
Melbourne. He has edited three books on film sound/music, the
latest being Cinesonic: Experiencing the Soundtrack (2002).
ISBN l-8445'7-014
Publishing
781844 "57014 Design. Paul Wright

Philip Brophy - 100 Modern Soundtracks

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100 MODERN

Philip Brophy ^ '"

21 Stephen Street, London WIT ILN

© Philip Brophy 2004

Cover design: Paul Wright

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

ISBN 1-84457-014-2 (pbk)

Akira, Katsuhiro Otomo, 1988 17

Keisuke Kinoshita, 1958 29

Carnival of Souls, Herk Harvey, 1962 53

Close Encounters of the Third Kind (Special Edition),

Steven Spielberg, 1 977 65

Contact, Robert Zemeckis, 1997 76

Face/Off. John Woo, 1997 103

Inoshiro Honda, 1954 113

The Insect Woman {Nippon konchuki), Shoei Imamura, 1963 140

Last Year at Marienbad {L'Annee derniere a Marlenbad),

Alain Robbe-Grillet, 1968 163

Sergio Leone, 1 969 1 70

Seduced and Abandoned {Sedotta e abbandonata),

Talk Radio, Oliver Stone, 1988 232

Thanks go to: Andrew Lockett for commissioning this thoroughly

a-literate book; Adrian IVlartin for continual and ongoing encouragement

Schutze and Alessio Cavallaro for enabling publishing of my work; Tony

allowing me to develop the 'Cinesonic' series; all the amazing guests

who attended the Cinesonic international conferences on film scores and

Scott Goodings, Monica Zetlin, Adam Milburn; and producers and

directors who have allowed me to put my ideas into practice on their

Lynne B. Williams, Monica Zetlin.

soundtrack. An awkward realm where grand symphonies collide with

overhead helicopters in panoramic spectacle; a bloodied field where

essential quality. The soundtrack is a world caught in eternal

disequilibrium by two meta-forces: filnn scores - the commissioned

composition of music for specific scenes - and sound design - the

The cinesonic womb

reflections, swelling rhythms. Much has been made of the cinema as

We say we 'watch' movies, but the 'cinesonic' experience is far more

soundtrack, and through the blackness one can be excited by the

orchestration of voices, atmospheres, effects and music. This is how the

sonic engulfs us in the unfolding audiovisual carnival that is the cinema.

Yet like a mysterious hieroglyphic stream, those squiggly white lines

under-theorised, presumed unimportant, yet vital to the history of

audiovisuality, and integral to technological advances in the

you articulate filmic experience through words which use visual

bird of morning, a distant siren at midnight, a woman's scream next

effects' to you or me. Nor do they ever behave so in a film.

Night clubs, the ocean, tunnels, elevator muzak, stadium concerts,

freeways, televisions in the next room while we eat breakfast - we are

realities which direct your everyday momentum.

Braille for the deaf

frameworks through which the cinema has been perceived, structural

audiovisual impact. Fundamentally, this requires a different mode of writing

whose 'flow' is more important in its capture, replay and rendering of a

Diagnosing the modern

destruction: a decimation of all that has naturally grown by itself. Cinema

assemblage, Futurist in its bombast. All that is modern in cinema is the

result of technological, metaphysical and existential inquiry. Cinema's

do with endoscopic exploration, plastic surgery, chemical alteration,

This book is thus concerned with, swayed by and attracted to cinema

being which arises from decentred and deconstructed audiovisual