Intensive Revision Program

of
Physical Chemistry

By : Brijesh Jindal Sir

KEY CONCEPTS

1. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

1.1 Law of conservation of mass [Lavoisier]
1.2 Law of constant composition [Proust]
1.3 Law of multiple proportions [Dalton]
1.4 Law of reciprocal proportions [Richter]
1.5 Gay Lussac law of combining volumes [Guess Who??]

"These are no longer useful in chemical calculations now but gives an idea of
earlier methods of analysing and relating compounds by mass."

2. MOLE CONCEPT
2.1 Definition of mole : One mole is a collection of that many entities as there are number of
atoms exactly in 12 gm of C-12 isotope.
or 1 mole = collection of 6.02 × 1023 species
6.02 × 1023 = NA = Avogadro's No.

2.2 Methods of Calculations of mole :

Given no.
(a) If no. of some species is given, then no. of moles =
NA
Given wt.
(b) If weight of a given species is given, then no of moles = (for atoms),
Atomic wt.
Given wt.
or = (for molecules)
Molecular wt.
(c) If volume of a gas is given along with its temperature (T) and pressure (P)

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 PV
use n =
RT
where R = 0.0821 lit-atm/mol-K (when P is in atmosphere and V is in litre.)

 Do not use this expression (PV = nRT) for solids/liquids.

2.3 Atomic weight:It is the weight of an atom relative to one twelvth of weight of 1 atom of C-12

 Be clear in the difference between 1 amu and 1 gm.

(a) Average atomic weight =  % of isotope X molar mass of isotope.

 The % obtained by above expression (used in above expression) is by number (i.e. its a
mole%)
2.4 Molecular weight : It is the sum of the atomic weight of all the constituent atom.

 ni Mi
(a) Average molecular weight =
 ni
where ni = no. of moles of any compound and mi = molecular mass of any compound.

 Make yourselves clear in the difference between mole% and mass% in question related to
above.
Shortcut for % determination if average atomic weight is given for X having isotopes XA & XB.

Average atomic weight  wt of X B

% of XA = × 100
difference in weight of X A & X B

3. EMPIRICAL FORMULA, MOLECULAR FORMULA :

3.1 Empirical formula : Formula depicting constituent atom in their simplest ratio.
Molecular formula : Formula depicting actual number of atoms in one molecule of the
compound

3.2 Relation between the two : Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n

Molecular mass
n = Empirical Formula mass

3.3 Vapour density :

Vapour density : Ratio of density of vapour to the density of hydrogen at similar pressure and
temperature.

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 Molecular mass
Vapour density =
2
4. CONCENTRATION TERMS :
w wt .of solute
(a) % by mass   : = wt .of solution × 100
W
[X % by mass means 100 gm solution contains X gm solute ;  (100 – X) gm solvent ]
w wt.of solute
(b) %  := 100 [for liq. solution]
V volumeof solution
w
[X %   means 100 ml solution contains X gm solute ]
V

v volumeof solute

(c) %   : = volumeof solution 100
V
Moles of solute
(d) Mole % : =  100
Total moles
Moles of solute
(e) Mole fraction (Xa) : = Total moles

Mole of solute
(f) Molarity (M) : =
volume of solution in litre
Moles of solute
(g) Molality (m) : = Mass of solvent(in kg )

Mass of solute 6 Mass of solute

(h) Parts per million (ppm) : = Mass of solution  10  Mass of solvent × 106

Get yourselves very much confortable in their interconversion. It is very handy.

4. STOICHIOMETRY : Stoichiometry pronounced (“stoy – key – om – e – tree”) is the calculations of

the quantities of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. Following methods can be
used for solving problems.
(a) Mole Method  Balance reaction required

(b) Factor Label Method 
(c) POAC method } Balancing not required but common sense use it with slight caree.
(d) Equivalent concept } to be discussed later

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 5. CONCEPT OF LIMITING REAGENT.
5.1 Limiting Reagent : It is very important concept in chemical calculation. It refers to reactant
which is present in minimum stoichiometry quantity for a chemical reaction. It is reactant consumed
fully in a chemical reaction. So all calculations related to various products or in sequence of reactions
are made on the basis of limiting reagent.

 It comes into picture when reaction involves two or more reactants. For solving any such
reactions, first step is to calculate L.R.

5.2 Calculation of Limiting Reagent :

(a) By calculating the required amount by the equation and comparing it with given amount.
[Useful when only two reactant are there]
(b) By calculating amount of any one product obtained taking each reactant one by one irrespective
of other reactants. The one giving least product is limiting reagent.
(c) Divide given moles of each reactant by their stoichiometric coefficient, the one with least ratio
is limiting reagent. [Useful when number of reactants are more than two.]

actual yield
6. PERCENTAGE YIELD : The percentage yield of product = the theoretical maximum yield  100

The actual amount of any limiting reagent consumed in such incomplete reactions is given by
[% yield × given moles of limiting reagent] [For reversible reactions]
For irreversible reaction with % yield less than 100, the reactants is converted to product
(desired) and waste.

7. EUDIOMETRY : [For reactions involving gaseous reactants and products]

The stoichiometric coefficient of a balanced chemical reactions also gives the ratio of volumes
in which gaseous reactants are reacting and products are formed at same temperature and
pressure.
The volume of gases produced is often given by mentioning certain solvent which absorb
contain gases.
Solvent gas (es) absorb
KOH CO2, SO2, Cl2
Ammonical Cu2Cl2 CO
Turpentine oil O3
Alkaline pyrogallol O2
water NH3, HCl
CuSO4 /CaCl2 H2O
Check out for certain assumption which are to be used for solving problem related to this.

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 EXERCISE

Single Correct:

Q.1 One gram of the silver salt of an organic dibasic acid yields, on strong heating, 0.5934 g of silver. If the
weight percentage of carbon in it 8 times the weight percentage of hydrogen and one-half the weight
percentage of oxygen, determine the molecular formula of the acid. [Atomic weight of Ag = 108]
(A) C4H6O4 (B) C4H6O6 (C) C2H6O2 (D) C5H10O5

Q.2 Mass of sucrose C12H22O11 produced by mixing 84 gm of carbon, 12 gm of hydrogen and

56 lit. O2 at 1 atm & 273 K according to given reaction, is
C(s) + H2(g) + O2 (g)  C12H22O11(s)
(A) 138.5 (B) 155.5 (C) 172.5 (D) 199.5

Q.3 40 gm of a carbonate of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal containing some inert impurities
was made to react with excess HCl solution. The liberated CO2 occupied 12.315 lit. at 1 atm & 300
K. The correct option is
(A) Mass of impurity is 1 gm and metal is Be
(B) Mass of impurity is 3 gm and metal is Li
(C) Mass of impurity is 5 gm and metal is Be
(D) Mass of impurity is 2 gm and metal is Mg

Q.4 The percentage by mole of NO2 in a mixture of NO2(g) and NO(g) having average molecular mass 34 is :
(A) 25% (B) 20% (C) 40% (D) 75%

Q.5 The minimum mass of mixture of A2 and B4 required to produce at least 1 kg of each product is :
(Given At. mass of 'A' = 10 ; At. mass of 'B' = 120)
5A2 + 2B4 
 2AB2 + 4A2B
(A) 2120 gm (B) 1060 gm (C) 560 gm (D) 1660 gm

Q.6 74 gm of a sample on complete combustion gives 132 gm CO2 and 54 gm of H2O. The molecular
formula of the compound may be
(A) C5H12 (B) C4H10O (C) C3H6O2 (D) C3H7O2
Q.7 An iodized salt contains 0.5 % of NaI. A person consumes 3 gm of salt everyday. The number of
iodide ions going into his body everyday is
(A) 10–4 (B) 6.02 ×10–4 (C) 6.02 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1023

Q.8 The mass of CO2 produced from 620 gm mixture of C2H4O2 & O2, prepared to produce maximum
energy is (Combustion reaction is exothermic)
(A) 413.33 gm (B) 593.04 gm (C) 440 gm (D) 320 gm

Q.9 In the quantitative determination of nitrogen, N2 gas liberated from 0.42 gm of a sample of organic
100
compound was collected over water. If the volume of N2 gas collected was ml at total pressure
11

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 860 mm Hg at 250 K, % by mass of nitrogen in the organic compound is
[Aq. tension at 250 K is 24 mm Hg and R = 0.08 L atm mol–1 K–1 ]
10 5 20 100
(A) % (B) % (C) % (D) %
3 3 3 3

Q.10 The mass of P4O10 produced if 440 gm of P4S3 is mixed with 384 gm of O2 is
P4S3 + O2  P4O10 + SO2
(A) 568 gm (B) 426 gm (C) 284 gm (D) 396 gm

Q.11 Calculate percentage change in Mavg of the mixture, if PCl5 undergo 50% decomposition.
PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2
(A) 50% (B) 66.66 % (C) 33.33 % (D) Zero

Q.12 The mass of Mg3N2 produced if 48 gm of Mg metal is reacted with 34 gm NH3 gas is
Mg + NH3  Mg3N2 + H2
200 100 400 150
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3

Q.13 The number of carbon atoms present in a signature, if a signature written by carbon pencil weights
1.2 × 10–3 g is
(A) 12.04 × 1020 (B) 6.02 × 1019 (C) 3.01 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1020

Q.14 The average atomic mass of a mixture containing 79 mole % of 24Mg and remaining 21 mole % of
25Mg and 26Mg , is 24.31. % mole of 26Mg is

(A) 5 (B) 20 (C) 10 (D) 15

Q.15 Equal volumes of 10% (v/v) of HCl is mixed with 10% (v/v) NaOH solution. If density of pure NaOH
is 1.5 times that of pure HCl then the resultant solution be.
(A) basic (B) neutral (C) acidic (D) can’t be predicted.

Q.16 What volumes should you mix of 0.2 M NaCl and 0.1 M CaCl2 solution so that in resulting solution the
concentration of positive ion is 40% lesser than concentration of negative ion. Assuming total volume
of solution 1000 ml.
(A) 400 ml NaCl , 600 ml CaCl2 (B) 600 ml NaCl, 400 ml CaCl2
(C) 800 ml NaCl, 200 ml CaCl2 (D) None of these

Q.17 Assuming complete precipitation of AgCl, calculate the sum of the molar concentration of all the ions if
2 lit of 2M Ag2SO4 is mixed with 4 lit of 1 M NaCl solution is :
(A) 4M (B) 2M (C) 3 M (D) 2.5 M

Q.18 A definite amount of gaseous hydrocarbon was burnt with just sufficient amount of O2. The volume of
all reactants was 600 ml, after the explosion the volume of the products [CO2(g) and H2O(g)] was
found to be 700 ml under the similar conditions. The molecular formula of the compound is
(A) C3H8 (B) C3H6 (C) C3H4 (D) C4H10

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 Q.19 C6H5OH (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Magnitude of volume change if 30 ml of C6H5OH (g) is burnt with excess amount of oxygen, is
(A) 30 ml (B) 60 ml (C) 20 ml (D) 10 ml
Q.20 10 ml of a compound containing 'N' and 'O' is mixed with 30 ml of H2 to produce H2O (l) and 10 ml
of N2 (g). Molecular formula of compound if both reactants reacts completely, is
(A) N2O (B) NO2 (C) N2O3 (D) N2O5
Q.21 200 ml of a gaseous mixture containing CO, CO2 and N2 on complete combustion in just sufficient
amount of O2 showed contraction of 40 ml. When the resulting gases were passed through KOH
solution it reduces by 50 % then calculate the volume ratio of VCO : VCO : VN in original mixture.
2 2

(A) 4 : 1 : 5 (B) 2 : 3 : 5 (C) 1 : 4 : 5 (D) 1 : 3 : 5

Q.22 When 20 ml of mixture of O2 and O3 is heated, the volume becomes 29 ml and disappears in alkaline
pyragallol solution. What is the volume precent of O2 in the original mixture?
(A) 90% (B) 10% (C) 18% (D) 2%
Q.23 A mixture of C2H2 and C3H8 occupied a certain volume at 80 mm Hg. The mixture was completely
burnt to CO2 and H2O(l). When the pressure of CO2 was found to be 230 mm Hg at the same
temperature and volume, the fraction of C2H2 in mixture is
(A) 0.125 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.85 (D) 0.25
Q.24 20 mL of a mixture of CO and H2 were mixed with excess of O2 and exploded & cooled. There was
a volume contraction of 23 mL. All volume measurements corresponds to room temperature (27°C)
and one atmospheric pressure. Determine the volume ratio V1 : V2 of CO and H2 in the original
mixture
(A) 6.5 : 13.5 (B) 5 : 15 (C) 9 : 11 (D) 7 : 13
Q.25 The % by volume of C4H10 in a gaseous mixture of C4H10, CH4 and CO is 40. When 200 ml of the
mixture is burnt in excess of O2. Find volume (in ml) of CO2 produced.
(A) 220 (B) 340 (C) 440 (D) 560

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 SUBJECTIVE

Q.1 A 10 g sample of a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride is treated with Na2CO3 to
precipitate calcium as calcium carbonate. This CaCO3 is heated to convert all the calcium to CaO and
the final mass of CaO is 1.12gm. Calculate % by mass of NaCl in the original mixture.

Q.2 If the yield of chloroform obtainable from acetone and bleaching powder is 75%. What is the weight of
acetone required for producing 30 gm of chloroform ?
2CH3COCH3 + 6CaOCl2  Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2CHCl3 + 3CaCl2 + 2Ca(OH)2

Q.3 A sample of impure Cu2O contians 66.67% of Cu. What is the percentage of pure Cu2O in the
sample?

Q.4 Equal weights of mercury and iodine are allowed to react completely to form a mixture of mercurous
and mercuric iodide leaving none of the reactants. Calculate the ratio by weight of Hg2I2 and HgI2
formed (Hg = 200 , I = 127)

Q.5 Consider the following set of reactions

If 0.1 moles of silver salt is taken & wt. of residue obtained is 54 gms then what will be the molecular
mass of

CH 
CH 3 —  CH — CH — CH 3
| | | 
 Br Br Br  n


Q.6 Density of a solution containing 13% by mass of sulphuric acid is 1.09 g/mL. Then molarity of solution
will be

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 Q.7 The density of a solution containing 40% by mass of HCl is 1.2 g/mL. Calculate the molarity of the
solution.

Q.8 15 g of methyl alcohol is present in 100 mL of solution. If density of solution is 0.90 g mL–1. Calculate
the mass percentage of methyl alcohol in solution

Q.9 A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water contains 30% by mass of KOH. What is density of solution in
gm/ml.

Q.10 The mole fraction of solute in aqueous urea solution is 0.2. Calculate the mass percent of solute ?

Q.11 How much BaCl2 would be needed to make 250 ml of a solution having the same concentration of Cl–
as one containing 3.78 gm NaCl per 100 ml ? (Ba = 137)

Q.12 When 100 ml of a O2 – O3 mixture was passed through turpentine, there was reduction of volume by
20 ml. If 100 ml of such a mixture is heated, what will be the increase in volume?

Q.13 60 ml of a mixture of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide was exploded with excess of hydrogen. If 38 ml of
N2 was formed, calculate the volume of each gas in the mixture.

Q.14 10 ml of CO is mixed with 25 ml air having 20% O2 by volume. What would be the final volume if none
of CO and O2 is left after the reaction?

Q.15 Calculate the volume of CO2 evolved by the combustion of 50 ml of a mixture containing 40% C2H4
and 60% CH4 (by volume)

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 ANSWER KEY
OBJECTIVE

Q.1 B Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 A

Q.5 A Q.6 C Q.7 C Q.8 C
Q.9 A Q.10 B Q.11 C Q.12 A
Q.13 B Q.14 C Q.15 A Q.16 D
Q.17 B Q.18 A Q.19 B Q.20 C
Q.21 C Q.22 B Q.23 A Q.24 D
Q.25 C

SUBJECTIVE

Q.1 %NaCl = 77.8% Q.2 19.4 gm Q.3 75%

Q.4 0.532 : 1.00 Q.5 495 Q.6 1.445

Q.7 13.15 Q.8 16.66% Q.9 1.288
Q.10 45.45% Q.11 16.8 gm Q.12 10 ml
Q.13 NO = 44 ml; N2O = 16 ml Q.14 30 ml Q.15 70 ml

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