GEC 8 – Ethics

- If we feel emotion, it means it is significant

6. Moral standards are associated with special
emotions and vocabulary.
ETHICS
NON-MORAL STANDARDS - are standards by which
Ethics - is the branch of philosophy that studies
we judge right or wrong or good or bad in a non-
morality or the rightness or wrongness of human
moral way.
conduct.
Examples: Standards of etiquettes, law, standards of
aesthetics
Morality - speaks of a code or system of behavior
regarding standards of right or wrong behavior
EXERCISE
1. color coding – non moral
IMPORTANCE OF RULES TO SOCIAL BEINGS
2. no trespassing – moral
Without rules, the world would be in chaos. Rules are 3. tapat mo linis mo - non moral
created to maintain peace and order which is 4. seatbelt law – non moral
important to a quality life. Below are the lists of 5. wearing of uniform – non moral
specific benefits of rules in man. 6. curfew – non moral
• Rules protect social beings by regulating 7. no vandalism – moral
behavior. 8. no littering – moral
• Rules help to guarantee each person certain 9. anti-graft law – moral
rights and freedom. 10. anti-fencing law – moral
• Rules produce a sense of justice among social 11. no travelling – non moral
beings. 12. technical foul – moral
• Rules are essential for a healthy economic system 13. checkpoint – non moral
14. no overpricing – moral
MORAL VS NON-MORAL STANDARDS 15. always keep right – non moral
Not all rules are moral rules and not all standards 16. no food/drink allowed – non moral
17. no id no entry – non moral
are moral standards.
18. no smoking in public places – moral
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVYcETMuJg8
19. secure business permit – moral
20. no parking – moral/non-moral
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORALITY
21. no cheating – non moral
1. Moral standards involve serious wrongs or
significant benefits.
DILEMMA
2. Moral standards ought to be preferred to other
- Refers to a situation in which a tough choice must
values.
be made between two or more options, especially
- Kung nagbabanggaan ang dalawang tama
more or less equally undesirable ones. Not all
parehas mahalaga, mas piliin yung mas
dilemmas are moral dilemmas
mabigat.
3. Moral standards are not established by authority
THREE LEVELS OF DILEMMA
figures.
1. Personal Dilemma – own self
- What is true yesterday is still true
- kind of dilemma which is experienced and
tomorrow and for all eternity
encounter on the personal level. Most of our
4. Moral standards have the trait of universality.
ethical decisions are drawn based on personal
- Whatever time or place, it will always be
encounters. Personal moral dilemmas are
right or wrong.
commonly experienced by every individual.
5. Moral standards are based on impartial
considerations.
2. Organizational Dilemma – an organization or 3. Only human beings are part of the moral
group community.
- refers to ethical issues experienced by social - Humans make laws that what makes us in a
organizations. These dilemmas are commonly moral community.
observed and experienced in business,
medical institutions, and the public sector. FREEDOM AS A FOUNDATION OF MORALITY
- Non-moral & moral dilemma
• Mr. Khan was raised by a group of terrorists. He
was taught that their group’s cause is noble, and
3. Structural Dilemma – e.g. economy
so he believed that killing and terrorizing their
- refers to cases involving a network of
target community is not wrong.
institutions and operative theoretical
• One day, he was caught by the authority and was
paradigms. This involves not only one
put on trial. During the hearing, his lawyer asserts
institutions but many other sectors making it
that he must be exempt from the death penalty
larger in scope.
because he was taught that terrorisms are not
- Involves not only one organization but several
evil. His lawyer proved to the court that he had no
aspects
biological family and was only raised by the group
of terrorists. In other words, he had no chance to
ACTIVITY know right from wrong because he had no other
people in his life other than these people who are
notorious terrorists.
o Is he morally responsible for his
actions? YES
o Does he deserve capital punishment?
As long as it has punishments.
It is not in our position to judge. It is
on the rule of law. In terms of
morality, no he does not deserve
death penalty pero may
punishment parin dapat
o Should he be given a chance to correct
Question
his crime? YES, It is not in our
1. Is there a moral issue here? If there is, what moral
position to judge. It is on the rule of
issue is involved?
law. - In terms of morality, no he
2. What kind of moral dilemma is involved in this
does not deserve death penalty
situation? PERSONAL DILEMMA kasi you
pero may punishment parin dapat
yourself yung kailangan magdecide (tsaka siya
magiging organizational dilemma kung sa
question ay sinabing yung buong section ang ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
magdedecide) 1. What sort of factors can hinder the freedom of
3. What is your action and explain why you choose choice? When there is wrong information,
this action? freedom of choice of vote. External influences
(our consideration of people around us) and
information around us
ONLY HUMAN BEINGS CAN BE ETHICAL 2. Try to recall when you were made to make a
wrong decision based on inadequate or
1. Only human beings are rational, autonomous,
misleading information. Did you feel responsible
and self-conscious.
- Rational, thinking should be process for the moral implications of your decision? Yes,
2. Only human beings can act morally or immorally
 take responsibility for your own mistake. You MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR MORALITY:
are the one who made that mistake. REASON AND IMPARTIALITY
3. If an illiterate (not able to read and write) person
• Reason as a requirement for morality entails that
committed a wrong action, can we exempt him
human feelings maybe important in ethical
from responsibility for the moral implications of
decisions, but they ought to be guided by reasons.
the decisions he makes? YES, the person can still
Impartiality involves the idea that everyone's
process the right and wrong
interest and point of view are equally important.
4. We are very much aware of some criminal suspect
• IMPARTIALITY – it involves the idea that each
turning as state witnesses against the crime to
individual’s interest and point of view are equally
avoid the potential punishment for the
important.
implications of their participation. Discuss the
• One immoral action I have noticed on people's
moral implications of authorities adopting this
reaction during and after the election is that some
option to obtain justice. They are not really
of them degraded and fought people who does not
serving the justice. Hindi pwedeng mawala
have the same preferred candidate with him/her.
ang moral accountability nung criminal na
At that time, I regularly see people posting mean
umamin
things about people who have dissimilar belief,
others even ruins their friendship/connection.
FREEDOM OF CHOICE IS IMPAIRED WHEN: Every individual has their freedom to choose, you
• When decisions were based on deceiving can fight and defend for what you stand but
facts or lies. neither one of us has the right to bad-mouth
o Learn to own our anyone.
decisions/mistakes/responsibilities.
o Morally accountable even if you do not
have any idea that there is drugs in THE MORAL AGENT: CULTURE
your things. However, there is a • Just an agent, not a source
possible that the sentence is reduced. Culture
• Freedom to choose is also obstructed by a lack - includes all the things individuals learn while
of mental capacity. growing up among group: attitudes, standards of
o People who lacks mental capacity has morality, rules of etiquette, perception of reality,
no moral accountability. language, notion about proper way to live, beliefs
• Freedom of choice can also be diminished and ideas.
when there is compulsive forces or undue - It is the way of life- the shared, learned behavior
influences. of people. It includes their ideas, values, beliefs,
o When it is compulsive force, you are literature, art music, religion and philosophy.
still accountable with your mistake. - It is an organization of learned behavior which,
together with tangible and intangible products, is
TWO COMPONENTS OF HUMAN AGENCY shared and transmitted among the members of
1. Freedom to Choose - it involves will and it the society. It is a design for living. (Ralph Linton,
corresponds to choose 1960)
2. Freedom to Act - involves capability or power,
and corresponds to actions. TYPES OF CULTURE
- Material
The two roles are important for the ascription of - Non-Material (beliefs – we will focus on)
moral responsibility. A person is held morally
Although there are differences between
responsible for his actions because he chooses to do
moral ideas of one time or country and
them. With respect to his actions, he is not only the those of another, the difference are not
performer but also a decision maker. very great – CS Lewis
• We affirm that morality of one people is better RACHEL’S EVALUATION OF CULTURAL
or worse than that of another, which means RELATIVISM JAMES RACHEL (1941-2003)
that there is a moral standard or rule by which
• The Greeks believed it was wrong to eat the dead,
we measure both moralities and that standard
whereas the Callatians (an Indian tribe) believed
is real.
it was right to eat the dead. Therefore, eating the
• Culture seems to be the source of morality (IT dead is neither objectively right nor objectively
IS NOT) - Culture is only an wrong. It is merely a matter of opinion, which
agent/tagapaghatid to what is right or wrong varies from culture to culture.
• The Eskimos see nothing wrong with infanticide,
• Cultural Relativism defines “moral” as what whereas we believe infanticide is immoral.
is socially approved by the majority in a Therefore, infanticide is neither objectively right
particular culture. It maintains that an act is nor objectively wrong. It is merely a matter of
ethical in a culture that approves of it, but opinion, which varies from culture to culture.
immoral in one that disapproves of it.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM’S ETHICAL FAULTS

o Nagiging morality kung ano yung
katanggap tanggap sa lipunan 1. Moral simply means “socially approved.”
o It depends on what place and group • Right or wrong is based on socially
you are referring to. approval.
• It is right if it is socially approved and
wrong if it is not socially approved.
• Let society decide what is right and
wrong.

2. It discourages analytical thinking and

independent decision-making in Ethics as it
requires unsuspecting compliance and
subscription to social norms.
• Moral Relativism believes that no act is good • No more processing of thoughts if it is
or bad objectively, right or wrong
and there is no single
objective universal 3. Cultural relativism is inconsistent in promoting
standard through tolerance while teaching that no culture is
which we can morally superior or more progressive than
evaluate the truth of others.
moral judgments
o Not believing in objective good and 4. The theory is only applicable only if people do not
bad belong to more than one institution. Any ethical
o Truth varies from place to place and theory which explicitly proposes that morality is
kind of authority existing into that relative is basically unsound and untenable.
place. • Morality is flexible in cultural relativism
o Its difference with cultural relativism
is that it focuses on morality
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ARGUMENT
• Different cultures have different moral codes,
therefore, there is no objective “truth” in
morality. Right and wrong are only matters of
opinion, and opinions vary from culture to
culture.
 6. Respect for Elders - An act of special recognition
Is this statement correct? WRONG, because there and acknowledgement to elderly by being respectful
is STILL an OBJECTIVE TRUTH. Also, there is a and submissive without question.
moral standard, not just moral relativism. There
is a fixed right and wrong. There is universal Vary in RIGHT APPLICATION
ethics.
UNIVERSAL VALUES
MAJOR – not varying from any other country
•Telling truth OPPOSITE Telling lie
MINOR – varying from any other country
•Respect for Life OPPOSITE Killing

ASIAN MORAL UNDERSTANDING Characteristics of Truth is ABSOLUTE

Is white lie wrong? WRONG, but not immoral.

SMALL WRONG IS STILL A WRONG!

Is Abortion morally wrong? MORALLY WRONG

(respect for life)

Universal Values – are values observed in every

place. Wherever we go, we observe that there are
truths common to all and therefore they are
FILIPINO MORAL CHARACTER acknowledged and observe. One of the examples of
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES universal values observe is telling the truth and
1. Pakikisama - It is an act of pleasing others even respect for life. There is no place in this world where
sacrificing one’s pleasure or convenience. telling truth is not acknowledged. Likewise, respect
for life is enforced to all. Killing is always condemned
2. Hiya - An attitude of being sensitive to a person or and renounced. The existence of these universal
group of people in order not to offend them values prove that cultural relativism is not true.

3. Amor Propio - A Spanish word that became part of THE MORAL AGENT
Filipino characteristic which is about self-worth or
self-respect that prevent a person from swallowing his Objective:
pride 1. To know how did our moral character develop.
2. Identify the different stages of moral development
4. Utang na Loob - A form of debt of gratitude for the
favored receive from an individual or from an Moral Character
institution which is embedded in one’s consciousness - refers to the existence or lack of virtues such
with the desire to reciprocate by means of loyalty or as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty and
return favor in another means. loyalty. The Greek “ethikos” (ethical) is the
adjective cognate with ethos (character), the
5. Filipino Hospitality - Is a Filipino characteristic highlighting is not mere distinctiveness or
which offers warm and generous accommodation to individuality, but on the blend of qualities that
visitors or strangers even at the expense of own make a person the sort of ethically admirable
inconvenience. individual he/she is.
- Wrong and right behavior
 - Moral character therefore refers to having or • Obeys superior authority to make the rules
lacking moral virtue. especially if that authority has the power to
inflict pain.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT: LAWRENCE • Is responsive to rules that will affect his/her
KOHLBERG physical well-being

Moral Development STAGE 2: Naively Egotistical

- is the gradual development of an - Children account for individual points of view
individual's concept of right and and judge actions based on how they serve
wrongconscious and unconscious, individual needs. Reciprocity is possible, but if
religious values, social attitudes and only serves one’s own interest.
certain behavior. - Is motivated by vengeance. An “eye for an eye”
- Kohlberg was able to demonstrate through philosophy
studies that people progressed in their moral - Mabalik sayo yung ginagawa mo sa iba
reasoning. He believed that there were six
identifiable stages which generally classified • Is self-absorbed while assuming that he/she is
into three levels such as: generous
• PRECONVENTIONAL • Believes in equal sharing in that everyone gets
• CONVENTIONAL the same, regardless of need
• POSTCONVENTIONAL • Believes that the end justifies the means
• Will do a favor only to get a favor
SIX STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Expects to be rewarded for every non-selfish
MORAL DEVELOPMENT: LAWRENCE deed he/she does
KOHLBERG
• LEVEL 1- Pre-conventional Morality
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
• Stage1. Obedience and Punishment
STAGE 3: “ Good boy-good girl” orientation.
Orientation
- This stage of moral development is focused on
• Stage2. Individualism and Exchange
living up to social roles and expectations.
Emphasizes conformity and of being “nice”.
• LEVEL 2- Conventional Morality
- Sasabihin ng iba o reputasyon
• Stage3. Good Interpersonal Relationships
- Social approval
• Stage4. Maintaining Social Order

• Finds peer approval very important

• LEVEL 3- Post-Conventional Morality
• Feel that intentions are as important as deeds
• Stage5. Social Contract and Individual Rights
and expects others to accept intentions or
• Stage6. Universal Principles
promises in place of deeds.
• Begins to put himself/herself in another’s
LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY shoes and think from another perspective.
STAGE 1: Obedience and Punishment
- at this stage children see rules as fixed and STAGE 4: Law and Social Order.
absolute. - At this stage of moral development, people
- Ayaw mo parusahan begin to consider society when making
- at this stage children see rules as fixed judgments. The focus is maintaining order by
absolute. following rules.
- Involves law
• Obeys rule to avoid punishment
• Determines a sense of right and wrong by • Is a duty doer who believes in rigid rules that
what is punished and what is not. should not be changed
 • Respects the authority and obeys it without radium that a druggist in the same town had
question recently discovered. The drug was expensive
• Supports the rights of the majority without to make, but the druggist was charging ten
concern for those in the minority times what the drug cost him to produce. He
• Is part of about 80% of the population that paid $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The
does not progress past stage 4 sick woman ’ s husband Heinz, went to
everyone he knew to borrow the money, but
LEVEL 3: POST CONVENTIONAL he could only get together about $1,000 which
STAGE 5: Legalistic Social Contract. is half of its cost. He told the druggist that his
- At this stage people begin to account for the wife was dying and asked him to sell it
differing values, opinions and beliefs of other cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist
people. Rules of law are important for said: “ No, I discovered the drug and I’m going
maintaining a society which members should to make money from it.” So, Heinz got
agree to these standards. desperate and broke into the man’s store to
- Para sa mga nakakarami steal the drug for his wife.

• Is motivated by the belief in the greatest WHAT WOULD YOU DO AND STATE YOUR
amount of good for the greatest number of REASON WHY?
people.
• Believes in consensus rather than majority rule. LET US PRACTICE!
• Respects the rights of the minority especially Stage 1. Punishment and Orientation
individual rights. • Believes that change in law Ex. “ He shouldn’t steal the drug because he might get
is possible but only through the system. caught and be punished”
Stage 2. Action is based on one’s need Ex. “ It won’t
STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles. do any good to steal drug because his wife would be
- At this stage, people follow these internalized dead by the time he gets out of jail.”
principles of justice, even if they conflict with Stage 3. Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation
laws and rules. Ex. He should’nt steal the drugs because others will
- Kung ano ang nasa konsensya niya, dapat ‘yon think that he is a thief. His wife will not want to be
ang pairalin. saved by stealing.”
Stage 4. Authority Orientation
Ex. “ Although his wife needs the drug, he should not
• Believes that there are high moral principles
break the law to get it, His wife’s condition doesn’t
than those represented by social rules and
justify stealing. “ – traditional moral authority.
customs.
Stage 5. Social Contract Orientation
• Is willing to accept the consequence for Ex. “He should not steal the drugs. The druggist
disobedience of the social rule he/she has response is unfair but mutual respect of rights must
rejected. be maintained. “ (Social Contract)
• Believes that the dignitiy of humanity is sacred Stage 6: Ethical Principles
and that all humans have value Ex. “ He should steal the drugs but alert authorities he
has done it. He will have to face penalty, but he will
80% of the population are only until Stage 4. save human life. “ ( self chosen principle)

FOOD FOR THE SOUL

THE HEINZ DILEMMA Proverbs 22: 6 Train up a child in the way he should
• A woman was near death from a special kind of go; even when he is old he will not depart from it.
cancer. There was one drug that the doctor's
thought might save her. It was a form of
Romans 12: 2 Do not be conformed to this world, but
be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by 2. EMOTIVISM
testing you may discern what is the will of God, what - An improved version of subjectivism. A theory
is good and acceptable and perfect. developed by Charles L. Stevenson which
basically states that moral judgments express
positive or negative feelings. Moral judgments
are not statement of facts but are mere
expressions of the emotions of the speaker,
specially since they are usually based on
feelings.

These two theories are NOT reasonable & impartial

REASON AND IMPARTIALITY AS MINIMUM

• Ethical Subjectivism and Emotivism are not viable
theories in ethics because they miss a distinction
between moral judgments and mere expressions of
human preference.
• REASON is the basis or motie for an action,
decision, or conviction.
o As a quality, it refers to the capacity for logical,
rational, and analytic though for consciously
making sense of things, establishing and
verifying facts, applying common sense and
logic, and justifying, and if necessary changing
practices, institutions, and beliefs based on
PART II: THE ACT existing or new existing information.
FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION MAKING • IMPARTIALITY involves the idea that each
Feelings and moral decision - making are always individual’s interes and point of view are equally
tied up to perform an action. There are at least two important
theories that give focus on the role of feelings on o It is a principle of justice holding that decisions
morality. ought to be based on objective criteria, rather
1. Ethical Subjectivism than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or
2. Emotivism preferring the benefit to one person over
another for improper reasons
TWO THEORIES IN ETHICS THAT FOCUS ON
FEELINGS: 7-STEP MORAL REASONING MODEL
1. Gather the facts
1. ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM a. Sight the facts
- Holds that the truth or falsity of ethical
propositions is dependent on feelings, attitude 2. Determine the Ethical Issues
or standards of a person or groups of person. a. Ethical Issues – restating the dilemma
Example is views on homosexuality and but different way
abortion, there are at least two opposing views.
- Contrary to the belief that morality is about 3. Identify the Principles that have a bearing on
objective facts, this theory states that moral the case
judgements simply describe our personal
feelings.
 o Principles – behavior or refer to is generally looked upon with extreme disfavor among
obedience, punctuality Hispanics." (Rae, n.d.)

4. List the Alternatives Identify the dilemma of each of the following

a. Minimum of 3 and maximum of 4 character:
1. Physician
5. Compare the alternatives with the Principles 2. The infected Man
a. Must have the same number in 3. The sister
alternatives
To sufficiently address the ethical dilemma, Rae offers
6. Weigh the consequence a model which can be used to insure all the needed
7. Make a decision bases of decision.
a. Gather the Facts
EXAMPLE: b. Determine the Ethical Issues
Dr. Scott B. Rae, a contemporary author, c. Identify the principles that Have a Bearing on the
proposed a 7-step model for making an ethical Case
decision. He presented his model by a case about a 20- d. List the Alternatives
year-old Hispanic male who was brought to a hospital e. Compare the Alternatives with the Principles
emergency room. The man was admitted due to a f. Weigh the Consequences
gunshot wound obtained in gang violence. The young g. Make a Decision
man had no medical insurance, and his stay in the
hospital was somewhat shorter than expected due to a. Gather the Facts
his fast recovery. Physicians attending to him felt that − The patient is a young man, infected with HIV
he could continue recover at home, so he was easily − He suffered fairly severe abdominal wounds but
discharged after few days of stay in the hospital. is recovering well
During his stay in the hospital, he admitted to his − Homosexuality is looked down upon Hispanic
attending physician that he is HIV positive which was Communities
then confirmed in his laboratory test. "When he was − The patient has insisted that his physician
discharged from the hospital. His doctor suggested maintain confidentiality about his HIV status
that a professional nurse visit him at home regularly − The patient is afraid of rejection by his father if his
to change his bandage to ensure that an infection will homosexuality is discovered, an understandable
not develop. Since he had no health insurance, he was fear given the way homosexuality is viewed in the
dependent on Medicaid, a government program that Hispanic community.
pays for necessary medical care for those who cannot − He was wounded by gunfire in gang violence. It is
afford insurance. However, Medicaid refuse to pay for clear but is a reasonable assumption that he is a
home nursing care since there was already in the gang member. As a result he likely fears rejection
home who was capable of providing the necessary and perhaps retribution from his fellow gang
care." That person was the patient's 22-year-old members, especially if they discover that he is HIV
sister, who was willing to take care of her brother until positive.
he was fully recovered. Their mother died years ago − He is uninsured and cannot afford home nursing
and the sister was accustomed to providing care for care by a professional.
her younger siblings. The patient had no objection to − Medicaid refuses to pay for professional home
his sister providing this care, but he insisted that she nursing care. The patient's sister is willing and
not be told that he had tested HIV positive. Though he able to provide the necessary nursing care for her
had always had a good relationship with his sister, she brother. She is accustomed to providing,
did not know that he was an active homosexual. His maternallike care for her brothers and sisters.
even greater fear was that his father would hear of his
homosexual orientation and lifestyle. Homosexuality
− The patient has specifically requested that his suggest that the physician will be the one to
sister not be told of his HIV status. She does not tell her.
know that he is an active homosexual.
− The patient sister would be changing fairly e. Compare the Alternatives with the Principles
sizable wound dressings for her brother and the Option 1: It does not meet the principle of
chances are high that she would come into confidentiality but able to warn the sister
contact with his HIV infected blood. The Option 2: Kept confidentiality but prevents
probability of her becoming infected with the warning the sister of possibly contacting HIV.
virus from this contact is difficult to predict. Option 3: Able to keep confidentiality and was
to warn the sister but not specific.
b. Determine the Ethical Issue(s) Option 4: Did not violate confidentiality and
− The competing interests are those of the sister was able to warn the sister clearly.
who will provide the care and the patient who will
receive it. Both of them have interests in being f. Asses the Consequences
protected from harm. The patient fears being The option of telling the sister or insisting the patient
harmed in a psycho-social way. In effect, he has of telling the sister has the following consequences:
put the physician in a difficult situation by − The sister would be properly warned about
demanding his right of confidentiality. This case the risk of taking care of her brother
is a conflict between confidentiality for the minimizing the risk of her contracting HIV and
patient and the right to know the patient's saving her from the risk of developing a fatal
condition for his sister due to the risk she could illness.
possibly get if this will not be disclosed to her. To − The brother', or any other one again until a
simplify, the conflict is the need for patient dire medical emergency. This would be
confidentiality versus the duty to warn the sister unfortunate since due to his HIV status, he will
of the risk of contracting the disease. need on going cares HIV status would be out in
the open, leaving family and gang friends to
c. Identify the principles that Have a Bearing on the draw their own conclusions about his
Case homosexuality. Should they draw the right
− The two principles identified first is the widely conclusion, which is likely, he suffers
acknowledge principle that patients have a right significant psychosocial harm from his gang
to have their medical information kept members and possibly (though not certainly
confidential, especially if the information could from his family)
harm them if it revealed. The second principle − Trust with the physician and the patient
relevant to the case is the duty of the physician to suffers and he may refuse to see that
warn interested parties other than the patient if physician, or any other one again until a dire
they are at risk of impending and considerable medical emergency. This would be
harm. unfortunate since due to his HIV status, he will
need an ongoing care
d. List the Alternatives
Option 1. Tell the sister that her brother has g. Make a Decision
HIV. Option 2. Refuse to tell her the − Rae offers no definite decision under this final
information step but instead leaves us the following further
Option 3. Warn the sister in general terms guiding questions: "What would you decide in
about taking suitable precautions for caring this case? Which principles are the weightiest?
this type of wounds. Are there others that you would include? Which
Option 4. Request that the patient inform his alternatives are the most viable? Are there others
sister of his condition and if he refuse, you can that you would suggest? Which consequences
 seem to you the most severe? Are there others - I might get into trouble
that you think will occur?" (Rae n.d.) - Don’t make waves
- Nobody ever gives me a break (you are
− Rae model is good because it accommodates the blaming to other people)
different perspective it need to explore the - I only did it once
possibilities of the outcome. It also promotes
reasons and impartiality in ethics without DEVELOPING WILL AND MENTAL COURAGE
necessarily eradicating the role of feelings in 1. Develop and practice self-discipline
ethical deliberation. 2. Do mental strength training
LESSON 3: MORAL COURAGE 3. Draw inspiration from people of great courage
4. Repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage
• Doing the right thing even at the risk of and will
inconvenience, ridicule, punishment, loss of job 5. Avoid deeds that show lack of moral courage and
or security or social status, etc.
• Moral courage requires that we rise above the
apathy, complacency, hatred, cynicism, and fear PART III: FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES
mongering in our political systems, socio FRAMEWORK- a basic structure underlying a system
economic divisions and cultural/religious or concept. In ethics, it refers to a “set of assumptions,
differences. concepts, values and practices that constitutes a way
• WILL POWER of viewing reality.”
• Refers to the “inner strength to make a decision,
take action, and handle and execute any aim or To be able to understand the proper application of
task until it is accomplished, regardless of inner ethical theories in any given situation, one has to learn
or outer resistance, discomfort, and difficulties. It how to framework the given situation. One has to
bestows the ability to overcome laziness, learn the basic moral theories which are possessed by
temptations and negative habits, and to carry out many people.
actions, even if they require effort, is unpleasant
and tedious or as contrary to one’s habits” Ethical Theories
(Developing Will Power and Self-Discipline, ‘n.d.). - Epistemology
- Meta-Ethics
MORAL COURAGE STATEMENT: - Axiology
• Stands to what is right despite of the
consequences. Three General Subject of Morality
- I strongly believe in 1. Meta-Ethics
- That joke was offensive to women 2. Normative Ethics
- Let’s volunteer 3. Applied Ethics
- It’s not fair that
- I support your principle BEHIND OUR MORAL DISPOSITION
- I was wrong BASIC THEORIES AS FRAMEWORK IN ETHICS
- You can depend on me
- Will you sign this petition 1. META-ETHICS
- Branch of ethics that studies the nature of
LACK OF COURAGE SOUNDS: morality. It talks about the meaning, reference,
- It’s none of my business and truth values of moral judgments.
- That’s nothing to do with me - It seeks to understand the nature of ethical
- It is not for me to judge properties, statements, attitudes, and
- This is all your fault judgements. Metaethics explores as well the
 connection between values, reason for action,
and human motivation asking how it is that EMOTIVISM
moral standards might provide us with reasons 1. Moral Statements are meaningless
to do or refrain from doing as it demands, and it 2. Moral statements only express the speakers’
addresses many of the issues commonly bound feelings about the issue
up with the nature of freedom and its 3. Moral statement attempt to influence people
significance. Meta-ethical theories are https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIOZ7kta5Ng
commonly classified semantically as either
cognitivist or non-cognitivist; substantially as UNIVERSALISM VS. RELATIVISM
either Universalist or relativist; and Cultural relativism
epistemologically as an empiricist, rationalist, − is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are
or intuitionist. relative to the individual within his own social
- It deals with the questions like: context. In other words, “right” and “wrong” are
• Are there objective moral truths? culture-specific; what is considered moral in one
• What do words “good”, “bad”, “right” society may be considered immoral in another,
and “wrong” mean? and, since no universal standard of morality
• Are moral judgments a matter of exists, no one has the right to judge another
subjective personal feeling? society’s customs.

COGNITIVISM VS. NON-COGNITIVISM Moral Universalism

• Cognitivism states the moral judgments convey − Theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to
propositions, that is, they are “truth bearers” or everybody in all places. It is also called “moral
they are either true or false. Most ethical theories objectivism”. Moral universalism is very much
are cognitivist as they contend that right and compatible with ‘moral realism’.
wrong are matters of fact.The most famous form
of cognitive ethics are the moral realism and Moral Relativism
ethics subjectivism − Submits that different moral facts and principles
• Non-cognitivism denies moral judgment are apply to different persons or group of individuals.
either true or false. It claims that ethical
sentences do not convey authentic propositions, EMPERICISM vs. MORAL EMPIRICISM
hence they are neither true nor false Ex. − a meta-ethnical stance which states that moral
Emotivism acts are known through observation and
MORAL REALISM claims that the experience.
existence of moral facts and the truth
(falsify) of moral judgments are RATIONALISM vs. MORAL RATIONALISM
independent of people’s thoughts and
perceptions. - Independent, doesn’t − contends that moral facts and principles are
need our approval knowable a priori, that is by reason alone and
UNDER ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM holds that
COGNITIVISM without reference by experience.
the truth (or falsify) of ethical
propositions are dependent on the
attitudes or standards of a person or INTUITIONISM vs. MORAL INTUITIONISM
group of persons. Subjectivism is − submit that moral truths are knowable by
obviously contrary to moral realism. intuition
Dependent, you rely on your own
understanding
UNDER NON EMOTIVISM The most popular form of 2. Normative Ethics
COGNITIVISM non-cognitivist theory. It submits that - Branch of ethics that studies how man ought
moral judgment are mere expressions to act, morally speaking. It evaluates standards
of our emotions and feelings.
for the rightness or wrongness of actions and
determined a moral course of actions.
 - It examines ethical norms, that is, those public life, the professions, health,
guidelines about what is right from wrong. technology, law, and relationship

Normative ethical Theories are categorized into o Bioethics

three kinds: Deontological, Teleogical, Virtue ▪ Genetic engineering, abortion,
Ethics euthanasia, organ transplants, surrogacy
artificial intelligence, cloning GMO food,
o Deontology stem cell
▪ Ethical system that bases morality on
independent moral rules or duties o Environmental Ethics
▪ It came from the Greek word “deon” ▪ Mining, pollution, industrial and
which means duty, implying the household waste. Waste Management,
foundational nature of man’s duties and Fuel Emissions, illegal logging
obligations.
▪ Based sa kung ano yung duty na o Business Ethics
ginagawa niya for example as a teacher. ▪ Marketing, branding, advertisements,
Kung hindi niya nagawa nang maayos product imitation, hoarding. Marketing
yung duty niya strategy, labor issues

o Teleology o Sexual Ethics

▪ Refers to the moral system that ▪ PDA, pre-marital sex, nudity,
determines the moral value by their pornography.
outcomes results
▪ It came from the Greek word “deon” o Organizational Ethics
which means duty, implying the ▪ Nepotism, favoritism, illegal activities
foundational nature of man’s duties and
obligations. o Social Ethics
▪ Based sa nagging result, kung tama ▪ Respect, language use,
yung action at tama yung results. multiculturalism. Marketing strategy,
labor issues
o Virtue Ethics
▪ A moral system, places emphasis on
developing good habits of character, like
kindness and generosity and avoid bad
character traits It came from the Greek
word “deon” which means duty, implying
the foundational nature of man’s duties
and obligations.

3. Applied Ethics
− Attempts to determine the ethically correct
course of action in specific realms of human
action.
− Refers to the practical application of moral
consideration. It is ethics with respect to
real worldactions and their moral
considerations in the areas of private and
 4. Virtue Ethics knowing the Good. To happiness. Aristotle
− A moral philosophy that teaches than an know the Good requires mentions four basic moral
an austere and virtues: courage,
action that is a virtuous person would temperance, justice, and
intellectually meticulous
perform in the same situations. Its emphasis prudence. He distinguishes
way of life.
on developing good habits of character and virtue as a virtue of
intellect and moral virtues
avoiding bad character traits or vices.
The phronesis is the
intellectual virtue of
practical wisdom which is
to act in accordance with
the right prescription. A
morally virtuous man is
someone who constantly
and habitually acts
according to moral virtue
and practical wisdom

− Ethics for Aristotle, is the inquiry into the human

goods. This is to say the purpose of studying ethics
is to make ourselves good, through Aristotle
assimes that we already want to become good. This
human good is eudaimonia or happiness.
− Motif, Act, and End
− He observed that wise persons seek an end that is
Examples of Virtues: self-sufficient, final and attainable over one's life.
Periodic Table of Character Strengths This end is happiness which all human beings want.
WISDO COURAG HUMAN JUSTICE TEMPERA TRANSCEND − He also considers happiness as the summum
M E ITY TURE ENCE
Creativi Bravery Love Social Forgivenes Appreciation bonum - the greatest good of all human life.
ty Persever Kindnes Responsi s Humility of Beauty
Curiosit ance s Social bility Prudence Gratitude
− He believes that the ultimate human goal is self-
y Love Honesty Intellige Teamwor Self- Optimism realization.
of Enthusia nce k Fairness Control Humor
Learnin sm Leadershi − https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDI
g p Q
Perspec
tive

ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE
Socrates and Plato’s Aristotle’s Ethics
Moral Philosophy − Aristotle’s complete picture of a morally virtuous
Socrates’ point is that “Self-realization” when man is someone who constantly and habitually
what is good has certain someone acts in line with acts according to moral virtue and practical
independence from the his nature or end (telos)
and realizes his full
wisdom, ideally exhibiting a lifetime of rational
whims of the gods’ living and avoidance of vice. His comprehensive
potential, he does moral
determination of the
and will be happy. notion of moral virtue is that it state of character
rightness of our actions “Aretaic” or virtue-based
and mores. He believed manifested in choice and in action, resting in the
wherein act-oriented
in the existence of ethics is focused mainly on golden mean.
objective ethical what we should do, that is, − The moral virtue is the golden mean between the
standards but admitted virtue ethics is interested two less extremes.
that it is not easy to basically in what we
− Base kay Aristotle, dapat alam mo kung sobra ka
specify them. Plato should be, that is, the
character or the sort of na sa isang attitude mo or kulang pa dahil
believes that those who
comprehend Goodwill person we should struggle masama yon dapat sakto langz
to become. Ethics for − Kailangan mo ng wisdom and right application
always do good actions.
Aristotle is the inquiry into
Bad actions are human good. This human para maattain yung sakto
performed out of not good is eudemonia or − Wisdom – applying of knowledge
− Human good is to attain happiness particularly when natural law is not
− Gumagawa tayo ng mabuti upang maligayahan, observed or followed
the end goal is happiness o Most human law is derived from moral law

Aristotle’s Four Basic Moral Virtues • Divine Law

1. Courage – golden mean between cowardice o it is a law of revelation disclosed through
(deficiency) and the tactless rashness (excess) the scriptures.
2. Temperance – mean between gluttony o Refers to Special revelation- the will of
(excess) and extreme frugality (deficiency) God as reveals in the Scriptures of Old and
3. Justice – virtue of giving others right what New Testament.
they deserve o Utos ni Lord from the Bible (ex. 10
4. Prudence or Wisdom – enables us to keep us commandments)
away from excess or defect.
The type of law that is primarily significant with
THOMAS AQUINAS ETHICS Ethics is Natural Law.
Law – to put order in order to preserve good
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
− He is an Italian philosopher and theologian. He
Two kinds of Virtues According To Aquinas
believes that all actions are directed towards ends
1. Moral Virtues
and that happiness is final end.
− the object is not God Himself but activities
− True happiness is then found only in the souls of
that are less virtuous and inferior to the
the blessed heaven or in beatitude with God
end. To this kind belong the four basic
− Goodness is made for us to be with God
virtues.
o Prudence
Four Primary Types of Law by T. Aquinas
o Fortitude
• Eternal Law
o Temperance
o rational plan of God by which all creation is
o Justice
ordered.
o It is the ideal type and order of the universe
2. Theological Virtues
(kosmos) pre-existing in the mind of God
− concerned directly with God. It provide us
(Logos).
with true knowledge and desire of God
o Yung specific position ni earth sa galaxy
and his will.
o Love
• Natural Law
o Hope
o aspect of the eternal law which is accessible
o Faith
to human reason
o katawan ng tao, bakit dalawa yung tenga at
mata, isa yung bibig, etc.
o Extension of God’s eternal law

• Human Law
o refers to positive laws. This human law
includes civil and criminal laws.
o It is also called Positive laws. It refers to
“the more particular determinations of
certain matters devised by human reason.
Human law reinforces the natural law IMMANUEL KANT
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
− is one of the most influential philosophers whose Maxim – general rule or principle which serve as a
contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, guide or action
ethics, and aesthetics had an impact on many
philosophical movements. He is the most Two Kinds of MAXIMS: (Classes of Maxim)
important proponent in deontological or duty- HYPOTHETICAL
based ethics. “Act only according to the maxim by − Only true under some conditions, and therefore
which you can at the same time will that it should not universally true or valid.
become a universal law.” o ex. I will allow you to go with your
friends if you will clean the house first.
KANT'S ETHICS o ex. I will give you my vote, if you admit
− He rejects that ethical judgements are based on that your father did commit crime
feelings. His ethical theory is based on moral against the Filipino People
judgments on reason alone. Reason is what
deems an action ethical or otherwise.
− Virtue is based on act, basta tama yung action

KANT and RIGHTS THEORY CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES

Kantian Ethics – focuses on goodwill − Demand actions without qualification without
any ifs, without regard to any consequence it may
GOODWILL - An act accords with reason, or it does produce.
not. If it accords with reason, we must do it, if does not, o ex. I will support BBM whether the
we must avoid it accusations against him are true
o ex. I will vote for Leni even if she does
Kant’s Goodwill not win
− He believes that one of the functions and o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
capacities of our reason is to produce a will which 8bIys6JoED
is good not as means to some further end, but
good in itself. For him, the good will is the highest RIGHTS THEORY
good and the condition of other goods. − The Principle of Rights theory is the notion that
− He does not agree that happiness is the summum for a society to be efficacious. " Government must
bonum or the highest good. Happiness can be approach the making and enforcement of law
corrupting and maybe worthless when not with the right intentions in respect to the end
combine with good will. goals of the society that it governs. Members of
− Kant thinks that acting from a sense of duty society agree to give up some freedoms from the
means exhibiting good will even in the face of protection enjoyed by organized society, but
difficulty. government cannot infringe upon the rights that
citizen have been promised.
UNIVERSALIZABILITY – the thesis that any moral
judgment must be equally applicable to every Examples of Rights Theory
relevantly identical situation. the Kantian principle • Right to life
that if a course of action cannot be universally • Right to Liberty
adopted it must be morally impermissible.
• Right to pursue Happiness
• Right to a fair trial
Inclination refers to the feeling that pushes us to
• Right to Due process
select a par
• Right to Education
• Right to Marry
“ACTIONS ON MAXIM FROM ACTIONS ON
• Right to Work
IMPULSE”
• Right against Slavery APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE OF
• Right to a Lawyer UTILITARIANISM
• Right to Education 1. ACT UTILITARIANISM (CLASSICAL
• Right to Privacy UTILITARIANISM)
• And others… − The right act is one that gives best result or the
least amount of bad result,
Legal Rights VS. Moral Rights Ex. Torture , Bribery.
Legal Rights - Denotes all rights found within − Kahit bad yung act basta good result
existing legal codes
2. RULE UTILITARIANISM
Moral Right - Rights that exist prior to and − The principle of utility is used to decide the
independently from their legal counterparts. validity of rules of conduct. We ought to live by
rules that in general are like to lead to the
UTILITARIANISM greatest good of the greatest number,
Ex. Slavery, promise keeping, giving a
Jerry Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill collateral, taxation
(1808-73) – utilitarianism proponents. - Bagay lang ang pwedeng gamitin pero pwede
ring tao basta may contract between the two
A teleological ethical system judges the rightness of person.
an act in terms of an external goal or purpose. –
(Parental discipline)
UTILITARIANISM
− States that what is useful is good, and that moral
• CONSEQUENTIALIST THEORY
value of actions are determined by the utility of
− Proposes that actions or policies should be
its consequences.
ethically measured and evaluated by their
− It argues that the right course of action is one that
consequences, not by the intentions or
maximizes over all happiness. This ethical system
motives of the agent.
is basically hedonistic as it identifies happiness
− Maganda yung act kapag gagawin sa maganda
with pleasure.
− Maganda sa aspetong economics
− Utilitarianism is essentially opposed to ethical
− Hindi siya qualified sa ethical issue because
theories that consider God’s will or some inner
you cannot make use people as the means of
sense or faculty, like the conscience to be the
our end. (Hindi pwedeng gamitin yung tao sa
final arbiter of morality.
kasiyahan)
− Ikaw ay isang oportunista kasi utilitarianism
− May magandang resulta pero may paraan
ka, kasi ginagamit mo yung mga tao, system.
na pangit
o Ex. Politicians, businessmen, media
• Principle of Utility − Not acceptable to ethical theory kasi you are
− States that an action is right in so far as it tends using people.
to produce the greatest happiness for the − Kahit mali basta maging tama ang result!
greatest number. EX. Five patients and four − Maganda depende sa application
drugs available/one healthy homeless capable − More on economic term
to give all his organs to people with troubled − There are flaws
death. (Pipiliin mo maligtas yung five lives Mabuting traits:
kesa sa 1 lang maligtas mo.) − Tama gamitin if sa bagay
Ex.2 5 noble people with different sickness − If there is contract it is good
− Magssacrifice ka.
− Kung sino mas maraming makikinabang.
ACTIVITY IN UTILITARIANISM: JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS
Case Analysis “All differences in wealth and income, all social
and economic inequalities, should work for the
Bob was an accountant in Toronto, Canada,
good of the least favored.” John Rawls (1921-
who had connections all over the city. Need a bank
loan? Call Bob. Need concert tickets? Bob is your man.
2002)
A job? Bob can help you get it. The best thing about
Bob is that he didn't ask for anything in return. He was RAWL’S 2 PRINCIPLES
content. At least, that's what he told everyone who 1. Rawl’s First Principle of Social Justice: Liberty
wanted to repay him. But that wasn't completely true. Principle
You see, Bob has wanted to become a cowboy since he Each person has the same and indefeasible
was a kid. And he believed it's impossible for him to do (permanent) claim to be fully adequate scheme of
so. He didn't even know if cowboys exist anymore... equal basic liberties, which scheme is compatible
Plus, he was running a business in Toronto... And he with the same scheme of liberties of all”
only talked about that as a joke with his best friends
and family. Now, here's the best part... One of Bob's 2. Second Principle of Social Justice consisted of
friends had a co-worker whose uncle had a farm in “fair equality of opportunity” and the
Oklahoma. And the uncle needed some financial Difference Principle”
advice. So, when Bob's friend heard about that, he had “Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy 2
an idea. He told his co-worker about Bob and his conditions, first they are to be attached to offices
dream to become a cowboy. The next day, Bob got a and positions open to all under conditions of fair
call from Oklahoma. The farmer told Bob he can visit equality of opportunity, second, they are to be the
the farm and stay for a few days while they talk about greatest benefit to least-advantaged members of
business. And he'll even pay for the flight! Bob was society (the Difference Principle)
shocked. But he accepted the offer and came to a visit - Voting
a month later. What's the takeaway here? First, it pays - Qualifications of being a President
off to be a nice guy. Not all people will remember the o Natural born citizen
good you've done, but some of them will. And you need o Able to read and write
only one person to help you at the right time. Second, o Resident of the Philippines for at least
networking is powerful. It makes impossible dreams 10 years
possible through the power of connections. You never o At least 40 years of age on the day of
know who's the person you're talking to. And you election
never know who their friends are. If you're currently o Registered voter
stuck and you think your dreams will never come true,
maybe you just don't know the right people. • Magkaroon ng social justice para lahat may
opportunity
Think how utilitarianism works in business!!
THE THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
- There is a utilitarianism because Bob uses his • An imagined gathering held under strict
talent. There is no unethical because they have conditions that allowed persons to deliberate,
consent. only by the reason and logic.
- Walang masama sa utilitarianism basta may • Assuming that you are the person
boundary which is consent and contract in both •
sides.
- Mali kapag you are taking an advantage to a VEIL OF IGNORANCE
person. • Taking into account the value of impartiality,
Rawls added a condition to assure that the
choice of social justice principles would truly
 be unbiased. These people would know SOCIALIST/STATE SOCIALIST DISTRIBUTIVE
nothing about their specific position in a JUSTICE
society, as though some force had plucked - is a system where the government or a central
them from a society and caused them to have authority controls the production of goods and
severe amnesia. services.

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE TAXATION AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Rawls’ Justice as Fairness is an example of a social https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6HEH23W_bM
justice concept called distributive justice &t=144s

COMMON TYPES OF DISTRIBUTIVE NORMS

PLURALISM/ GLOBALIZATION
1. Equity
− out comes should be based upon input. Ethics is applied everywhere.
− Pantay-pantay depende sa
pangangailangan Pluralism
− Kung mababa yung sahod, maliit - A belief in difference – a philosophy
buwisvideo supporting diversity, religious tolerance, and
multiculturalism.
2. Equality- regardless of inputs all members
should be given an equal share of rewards or Moral Pluralism
costs. - The idea that there can be conflicting moral
views that are each worthy of respect.
3. Power- those with authority should receive - Moral pluralists tend to be open-minded when
more than those in lower position. faced with competing viewpoints. They analyze
issues from several moral points of view before
4. Need- those with greatest need should be deciding and taking action.
allocated with more resources,
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL PLURALISM
5. Responsibility- members who have more
• Moral Pluralism seem to advocate flexibility when
have the responsibility to share
faced with competing perspective.
• It thus proposes that no single philosophical
EGALITARIANISM
approach will provide all the answers.
- a set of closely related socio-economic-
• Moral Pluralist occupy a middle ground between
political theories that without exemption
“There is only one right answer” as moral
promote the proposition that all society
absolutist, and “There is no wrong answer” as
members ought to have exactly equal amount
moral relativist claim.
of resources
- pare parehas lahat.
AGAINST MORAL PLURALISM
CAPITALISM/LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM 1. Moral Pluralism fails to stipulate what to do when
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE two or more values/theories indicate consistent
- when people, businesses, and corporations practical imperatives.
perform based on their individual self-interest 2. Moral Pluralism gives us no standard.
for their own benefit 3. There is no real solution to ethical dilemmas.
- dehado yung mga mahihirap 4. All possible answers are acceptable as long as
they have underlying fundamental values
5. Moral Pluralist fail to prove that the problem of
conflicting values is in principle insoluble.
GLOBALIZATION CHALLENGES OF FILINNIALS AND
MILLENIALS
• Worldwide integration of government policies,
cultures, social movements, and financial markets − Millenials are generally the children of baby
through trade and the exchange of ideas. boomers and older X
• Japan, Italy, Germany – dominated themselves o In discussion, included na rin ang GenZ
• World Bank - International Reconstruction − Fillinials is a term use to denote Filipino
Development Bank Millenials.

PROBLEMS OF GLOBALIZATION Generation Year Born

− It uses up finite resources quickly Generation 1996-Later
− Increases world carbon dioxide emissions Z/iGen/Centennials
− It makes virtually impossible for regulators in one Millenials/Gen Y 1977-1995
Generation X 1965-1976
country to foresee the worldwide implications of
Baby Boomers 1946-1964
their actions. Traditionalist/Silent 1945 and before
− It acts to increase world oil prices Generation
− It transfers consumption of limited oil supply
from developed countries to developing Generations X, Y, and Z: Which One Are You? -
countries. YouTube

ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION WORK ETHICS

− From the consequentialist viewpoint it fails to
Millennials in the Workforce, A Generation of
maximize happiness for the greatest number of
Weakness - Simon Sinek - YouTube
people.
− Globalization has caused radical inequality. Millennials
− From a deontological perspective, particularly - Self-interested, unfocused, lazy
Kantian Ethics, globalization is condemnable on - Millennials want to work with purpose, free
the account that it exploited population s as food
means to an end and not as end in itself.
− Parity Amendment – search mo ano meaning ➢ Parenting
➢ Technology
GENERAL ETHICAL ISSUES IN o Peer approval
GLOBALIZATION o Feels relieve if someone will hi –
− States are in effect increasingly losing their releases dopamine
sovereignty ➢ Impatience
− The threat of environmental problems. o Instant gratification
o Millennials need patience for things
GLOBALIZATION AND BUSINESS ETHICS that really matter – love, job
• Ethical issues emerged from globalization are fulfillment, joy, love of life, self-
product imitation, child labor, money laundering, confidence, skill set which happens in
environmental issues, cybercrimes, intellectual a slow process
property and patent thefts. ➢ Environment
• In globalizing the world, it is prudent to advocate
universal cultural values such as truth, justice, − Millenials who consider some behaviors as
and love. ethical in the workplace:
o Using social networking to finds out
about company’s competitor -37%
 o “Friending” a client or customer on a SecularHumanism
social network- 36% − people can be good without God in the picture
o Uploading personal photos on a or without being religious
company network-26% − Subjective because strictly within human
beings
o Keeping copies of confidential
documents -22% Denying supernatural and religious views as a basis of
o Working less to compensate for cuts in morality and decision-making, secular humanism
benefits or pay- 18% affirms the notions of a human nature- human
o Buying personal items using a experience, human need, and human reason as ethical
company credit card- 15% foundation.
o Blogging or tweeting negatively about
− Human Experience as Moral basis- secular
a company- 14%
humanism explains that moral rules are
o Taking a copy of work software home derived from human experience
for personal use-13%
− Human Need and Reason- secular humanist
INDIVIDUALISM admits that Ethics is conventional, but it has a
natural basis. The natural basis of ethics, they
− Millenials are habitually painted as the entitled, assert, is none less than human need and
selfie-snapping generation, class of self-centered human reason.
and self-absorbed. - (contribute by a lack of
patience) Human experience, human need and reason as (hindi ko
− They are independent, they view morality as naalalaa balikan mooo)
personal and subjective, based on feeling, and
ANALYSIS OF SECULARISM AND HUMANISM
nontransferable to others.
− They are said to be more individualistic and − By removing God in the picture, secularism and
materialistically motivated. humanism, affirm that the rules of morality were
just fabricated by human beings using human
nature as basis of fabrication. Subscribing to
CONFLICT WITH PARENTS secularism and humanism, it is impossible
Differences Between Millennials and Baby maltreatment, cruelty or corruption as morally
wrong.
Boomers
− In the absence of God, it is hard to think that
− Millennials are more progressive on social issues. human beings have nonmaterial properties such
− Millennials are hesitant to identify themselves as consciousness, reasoning power, personhood,
with a political party. moral sense, and values.
− Millennials are less wealthy.
− Millennials are reluctant to get married. “Supposing there was no intelligence behind the
universe, no creative mind. In that case nobody designed
− More millennials live at home than their parents
my brain for the purpose of thinking. It is merely that
(Baby Boomers) did at the same age. the atoms inside my skull happen for physical and
chemical reasons to arrange themselves in a certain
SECURALISM & HUMANISM way, this gives me a bye-product, the sensation I all
thought. But if so, how can I trust my own thinking to be
Secularism true? It is like upsetting a milk jug and hoping that the
− is basically a theistic belief system or a way the splash arranges itself will give you a map of
worldview which does not acknowledge London. But if I can’t trust my own thinking, of course I
supernatural or divine views of reality. can’t trust the arguments leading to atheism, and
− Do not acknowledge God therefore have no reason to be an atheist or anything
else. Unless I believe in God, I can’t believe in thought: so
Humanism I can never use thought to disbelieve in God.”
− is a system of thought which gives emphasis to - (CS Lewis, 1943, p.32)
the value of human beings and favors man’s
thought over faith or religious doctrine.
WHERE DOES MORALITY COME FROM? − Religions Role in Ethics:
o “ Morality cannot survive , in the long
• Objective- that is outside of human beings.
• Subjective- strictly within human beings run, if it ties to religion are cut.”
…”Without religion there can be no
There are 3 ways of looking at values when they are real, sincere morality, just as without
taken as being totally objective roots there can be no flower”
• They come from Supernatural Being
• There are moral laws somehow embedded
within nature itself THEISTIC ETHICS
• The world and objects in it have value with − Believes that a supernatural being called God is
or without the presence of valuing human the foundation of morality. God is viewed as the
beings. source of moral laws, and as the only plausible
cause of moral obligations which posses
Brothers Karamazov
“If you were to destroy in overriding and binding character.
mankind the belief in − Theist claim that unlike secularists’ ethical
immortality, not only love but theories, this moral system which is also called
every living force maintaining moral supernaturalism can satisfactorily explain
the life of the world would at the existence of objective ethical values and moral
once be dried up. Moreover,
law
nothing then would be
immoral; everything would be − Believes in God, you do good because it is God’s
lawful, even cannibalism." command

Moral Supernaturalism explain the existence of

objective ethical values and the moral laws.
THE NATURAL LAW THEORY: OBJECTIVE 1. Can justify moral values
Others believe that morality somehow is embodied in 2. Can explain moral accountability
nature that there are “natural laws.” Tomas Aquinas 3. No real accountability in non-theism
argued for this. Natural Law Theory was also central
to the ethical theory of Immanuel Kant

(Immanuel Kant is not a Christian)

Objective is fix
Subjective has someone/thing to judge

CAN WE BE GOOD WITHOUT GOD?

− If God exists, then the objectivity of moral
values, moral duties and moral accountability is
secured and if God does not exist, then morality is
just a human convention.
− If God does not exist, objective moral values
does not exist. The moral choices we make in this
life are infused with an eternal significance

ROLE OF RELIGION IN ETHICS

− Religious Ethics concerns belief and practices of

what is good or bad, right or wrong, virtuous or
vicious from a religious point of view