PYTHON MODULES AND LIBRARY
Module is a collection of variables, functions, classes, object etc related to a particular type of entity.
Purpose : Implement modularity i.e. partition a program into several well individual components.
Advantage : Reduces complexity of development and further modification
Library is a collection of modules for a specific purpose or application.
Example:
Python Libraries
Python standard
library SciPy Library NumPy Library Matplotlib
Library
math random numpy pyplot
module module module module
floor() random() array() plot()
pow() randint() linspace() xlabel()
sin() trunc() show()
Python Built-in functions - numeric
Function Argument(s) Ret Purpose Example
Type
int(S) S is a string of only int Convert to decimal int("1365") = 1365, int(1365.65) = 1365
digits or a float integer # int("63.215"), int("6E.2A") gives
ERROR
oct(X) X is an integer str Convert to Octal oct(100) = '0o144', oct(-100) = '-0o144'
integer
hex(X) X is an integer str Convert to hex(-100) = '-0x64', hex(100) = '0x64'
Hexadecimal
integer
float(S) S is a string of only float Convert to float float("63.12") = 63.12, float(10) = 10.0
digits and ‘.’ or an
int
round(x,n) x is float, n is float Round off x to n round(63.895632,3) = 63.896
optional / int digits after decimal round(63.895632) = 64
point, otherwise int
Python Built-in functions for sequence
Function Purpose Example
str(x) Convert any data type to string str(True) = 'True', str(100) = '100'
list(x) Convert string/tuple to list list("Hello") = ['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
tuple(x) Convert string/list to tuple tuple("Hello") = ('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')
tuple(['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']) = ('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')
eval() Convert to appropriate data type eval(“Hello”) → str
considering syntax in input string eval("[8,9,6]") → list
Data sequence Example of functions on data sequence
string join(), split(), replace(), lower(), isupper(), isdigit(), capitalize(), find() etc
list append(), extend(),remove(), index() insert(), pop(), clear(), count(), sort() etc
tuple index(), count(), index() etc
dictionary get(), items(), keys(), values(), update(), clear(), pop() etc
General len(S), max(S), min(S)
math library functions (import math)
Sl. Function Name Ret. Purpose Example
No. Type
1 sin(float), float Trigonometrical math.sin(math.pi/2) = 1.0
cos(float), functions accepts angle math.cos(0) = 1.0
tan(float) in radian math.tan(0) = 0.0
2 ceil(float) int Nearest integer above math.ceil(9.2)=10, math.ceil(9)=9
math.ceil(-9.2)=-9, math.ceil(-9)= -9
3 floor(float) int Nearest integer below math.floor(9.2) = 9, math.floor(9) = 9
math.floor(-9.2) = -10, math.floor(-9) = -9
4 fabs(float) float Absolute value math.fabs(-9.3) = 9.3 math.fabs(9.3) = 9.3
5 sqrt(float) float Square root of a math.sqrt(25) = 5.0
positive real number math.sqrt(-25) # ERROR as Imaginary
6 pow(float, float) float Ab where A is 1st, b is math.pow(4, 3) = 64.0,
2nd parameter. math.pow(4.2, 3.2) = 98.718
Result cannot be math.pow(-4.2, 3) = -74.088
imaginary number. math.pow(-4, -3) = -0.015625
math.pow(-25,0.5) # ERROR as Imaginary
Sl. Function Name Ret. Purpose Example
No. Type
7 exp(float) float ex where x is parameter math.exp(1) = 2.718281828459045
8 log(float) float Natural log of 1st arg, math.log(16) = 2.772588722239781
nd
log(float, float) 2 arg base is optional. math.log(16,2.1)=3.736958035521297
Both args must be +ve. math.log(16,2) = 4.0
math.log(16,-2), math.log(-16), math.log(0)
produces DOMAIN ERROR
9 log10(float) float Log base 10 of positive math.log10(1000)=3.0
float math.log10(0.001)=-3.0
10 degrees(float) float Input angle in radians math.degrees(3.15) = 180.48170546620932
and returns degree math.degrees(-3.15) = -180.48170546620932
11 radians(float) float Input angle in degrees math.radians(90) = 1.5707963267948966
and returns radians math.radians(-90) = -1.5707963267948966
random library functions (import random)
Sl. Function Name Ret. Purpose Example
No. type
1 random() float 1. Generate a real number N, random.random() =
0.0 ≤ N <1.0 0.8579308403684683
2. Random real number random.random() =
between two values a and b 0.7908206309279567
= N * (b-a) + a
random.random()*(30-10) + 10
= 18.69140037731256
random.random()*(30-10) + 10
=29.70674695914648
2 randint(int, int) int randint(a,b) generates an random.randint(10,30) = 23
integer N between a and b,
a≤N≤b random.randint(-30,10) = -29
3 randrange(int,int,int) int 1. randrange(start,stop,step) random.randrange(10,30,5) = 25
generate an integer N between # start = 10, stop = 30, step = 5
start and stop-1 with a step
value step, random.randrange(10,30) = 17
start ≤ N < stop # start = 10, stop = 30, step = 1
2. start is optional by default 0, random.randrange(30) = 9
step is optional by default 1. # start = 0, stop = 30, step = 1
Statistics library functions (import statistics)
These functions works on sequence data types like list and tuple
Sl. Function Name Ret. Purpose Example
No. type
1 mean(sequence) float mean/average value statistics.mean((10, 50.5, 30, 40.5)) = 32.75
2 median(sequence) float middle value in the statistics.median([10, 50, 30, 40]) = 35.0
sequence of # Average of 2 if no. of elements is even
ascending /
descending order of statistics.median([10, 50, 90, 30, 40]) = 40
values. #Only one in case of odd no. of elements
statistics.median(['a','c','p','x','z']) = 'p'
#statistics.median(['a','c','p','x','z','m']) ERROR
as middle cannot be calculated
3 mode(sequence) float Most frequent statistics.mode(['a','c','p','a','x','z','m','a'])='a'
element in a statistics.mode([10, 50, 40, 30, 40, 50, 40])=40
sequence. If multiple
elements have same #ERROR
highest frequency statistics.mode(['a','c','p','c','a','x','c','z','m','a'])
then ERROR. as a →3 and c → 3
statistics.mode([10, 50, 10, 30, 40, 30])
as 10 → 2 and 30 → 2
Import modules in program:
1. Import Single module – import math
print(math.sqrt(25)) #Output = 5
2. Import Multiple modules - import math, random
x =random.randint(2, 5) #x = 2
print(math.pow(x,3)) #Ouput = 8.0
3. Import all objects from a module – from math import *
<module prefix Not Required> print(sqrt(25)) #Output = 5
4. Import selective object from module -from math import pi, sqrt
<module prefix Not Required> print(round(sqrt(pi),3)) # Output = 1.772
5. Import and Rename module - import math as m
print(m.floor(m.pi)) #Output = 3
STRUCTURE OF A PYTHON MODULE
docstrings – tripple quoted comments used for documentation
Variables / Constants – define label for data.
Classes – customized data type with data members and function related to an entity
Objects – Implementation / instance of class which is allocated specific memory location
Statements - instructions for execution
Functions – group of statements for specific operation
DEFINE A PYTHON MODULE
#INR_USD.py
""" Conversion function between Indian Rupee and US Dollar """
#Functions
def toUSD(INR):
""" Returns: INR converted to USD """
return round(INR * 0.013, 2)
def toINR(USD):
""" Returns: USD converted to INR """
return round(USD * 75.38, 2)
# Constants
Base_USD = 75.38
""" 1 USD = 75.38 INR as on 30.03.2020 """
Base_INR = 0.013
""" 1 INR = 0.013 USD as on 30.03.2020 """
'''
OUTPUT:
>>> import INR_USD
>>> help(INR_USD)
Help on module INR_USD:
NAME
INR_USD - Conversion function between Indian Rupee and US Dollar
FUNCTIONS
toINR(USD)
Returns: USD converted to INR
toUSD(INR)
Returns: INR converted to USD
DATA
Base_INR = 0.013
Base_USD = 75.38
FILE
/home/sonam/INR_USD.py
'''
IMPORT MODULE IN A PYTHON PROGRAM
import INR_USD as Cur
print("1 Rupee = ", Cur.Base_USD, "USD")
print("1 USD = ", Cur.Base_INR, "Rupees")
print("Press 'I' to input Indian Currency!")
print("Press 'U' to input US Currency!")
choice = input("Enter your choice : ")
if choice.upper()[0] == 'I':
inr = float(input("Enter Amount of Rupee : "))
usd = Cur.toUSD(inr)
print("The equivalent amount in US currency is = ", usd, " USD")
elif choice.upper()[0] == 'U':
usd = float(input("Enter Amount of US dollar : "))
inr = Cur.toINR(usd)
print("The equivalent amount in Indian currency is = ", inr, " Rupees")
else:
print("Error in selection of Menu!!!")
'''
Output:
1 Rupee = 75.38 USD
1 USD = 0.013 Rupees
Press 'I' to input Indian Currency!
Press 'U' to input US Currency!
Enter your choice : I
Enter Amount of Rupee : 500
The equivalent amount in US currency is = 6.5 USD
>>>
======================== RESTART: /home/sonam/test.py ========================
1 Rupee = 75.38 USD
1 USD = 0.013 Rupees
Press 'I' to input Indian Currency!
Press 'U' to input US Currency!
Enter your choice : U
Enter Amount of US dollar : 2
The equivalent amount in Indian currency is = 150.76 Rupees
'''
PACKAGE
Package is a collection of Python modules under common namespace.
A single directory contains different modules along with some special files (e.g. - __init__.py for
importable python package)
A Library can have multiple packages or sub packages.
PROCEDURE FOR CREATING PACKAGE
Design basic structure of package
Create directory structure having folders with the
names of packages and sub packages
Create __init__.py files in package or sub package folders
Associate package to Python site-package folder by using
sys.path attribute for PYTHONPATH
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