Globe Valve

 The globe valve has a bulbous body, housing , a valve seat and
screw down plug or disc arranged at right angles to the axis of
the pipe. For the valve shown, both seat and disc faces are
stellated and almost indestructible.
 Alliteratively, the seat may be renewable and screwed into the
valve chest or given a light interference fit and secured by grub
screw.
 The seating’s may be flat or more commonly mitred. The
spindle or stem may have a vee or square thread, below or above
the stuffing box.
 If the latter it will work in a removable or an integral bridge
(bonnet).
 The spindle may be held in the valve disc (or 'lid') by a nut as
shown or the button may locate in a simple horseshoe. Leakage

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 along the valve spindle is prevented by a stuffing box, packed
with a suitable material and a gland.
 If there is a change of direction, as in a bilge suction, the valve
is referred to as a angle valve. Flow is from below the valve
seat, so that the gland is not subject to higher static pressure
when the valve is closed.
 The disc must be guided by wings or a stem on the underside for
location, or by a piston. The type of valve with the disc attached
to the spindle is of the screw lift with type.
 When the disc is not attached to the spindle it is a movable
screw-down non-return (SDNR) valve, as used for bilge
systems, to prevent back flooding.
 They are also used as feed check and boiler stop valves. The
disk requires guide vanes or a stem to keep it concentric with
the seat when open
 The greatest lift required is one-quarter of the bore: guides must
be of a greater length than the lift.
 A free-lifting non-return valve is fitted in the compartment
served by a bilge suction line, when the pipe is nearer to the ship
side fifth of the ship's breadth.
 Such valves are intended to prevent flooding compartment in the
event of collision damage.

Safeties:
 Use proper PPE.
 Carry out lockout and tagout on the starter of the system and
thus. stopping the pump.
 Purge out the system line and drain the fluid present in the line.
 Mark the flanges of the valve.
 Use correct tools and spanners, lifting appliances.
 Use take five policy.

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Page 3 of 15
Various parts of Globe Valve:

Valve Body
The body, sometimes called the shell, is the primary pressure boundary of a valve. It serves
as the principal element of a valve assembly because it is the framework that holds
everything together. The body, the first pressure boundary of a valve, resists fluid pressure
loads from connecting piping. It receives inlet and outlet piping through threaded, bolted, or
welded joints.

 Valve Bonnet
The cover for the opening in the valve body is the bonnet. In some designs, the body itself is
split into two sections that bolt together. Like valve bodies, bonnets vary in design. Some
bonnets function simply as valve covers, while others support valve internals and accessories
such as the stem, disk, and actuator. The bonnet is the second principal pressure boundary of

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a valve. It is cast or forged of the same material as the body and is connected to the body by a
threaded, bolted, or welded joint. In all cases, the attachment of the bonnet to the body is
considered a pressure boundary. This means that the weld joint or bolts that connect the
bonnet to the body are pressure-retaining parts. Valve bonnets, although a necessity for most
valves, represent a cause for concern. Bonnets can complicate the manufacture of valves,
increase valve size, represent a significant cost portion of valve cost, and are a source for
potential leakage.

 Valve Trim
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim. The trim
typically includes a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide the stem. A valve's
performance is determined by the disk and seat interface and the relation of the disk position
to the seat. Because of the trim, basic motions and flow control are possible. In rotational
motion trim designs, the disk slides closely past the seat to produce a change in flow opening.
In linear motion trim designs, the disk lifts perpendicularly away from the seat so that an
annular orifice appears.

 Disk and Seat

For a valve having a bonnet, the disk is the third primary principal pressure boundary. The
disk provides the capability for permitting and prohibiting fluid flow. With the disk closed,
full system pressure is applied across the disk if the outlet side is depressurized. For this
reason, the disk is a pressure-retaining part. Disks are typically forged and, in some designs,
hard-surfaced to provide good wear characteristics. A fine surface finish of the seating area of
a disk is necessary for good sealing when the valve is closed. Most valves are named, in part,
according to the design of their disks. The seat or seal rings provide the seating surface for
the disk. In some designs, the body is machined to serve as the seating surface and seal rings
are not used. In other designs, forged seal rings are threaded or welded to the body to provide
the seating surface. To improve the wear-resistance of the seal rings, the surface is often
hard-faced by welding and then machining the contact surface of the seal ring. A fine surface
finish of the seating area is necessary for good sealing when the valve is closed. Seal rings are
not usually considered pressure boundary parts because the body has sufficient wall thickness
to withstand design pressure without relying upon the thickness of the seal rings.

 Valves Stem
The stem, which connects the actuator and disk, is responsible for positioning the disk. Stems
are typically forged and connected to the disk by threaded or welded joints. For valve designs
requiring stem packing or sealing to prevent leakage, a fine surface finish of the stem in the
area of the seal is necessary. Typically, a stem is not considered a pressure boundary part.
Connection of the disk to the stem can allow some rocking or rotation to ease the positioning
of the disk on the seat. Alternately, the stem may be flexible enough to let the disk position
itself against the seat. However, constant fluttering or rotation of a flexible or loosely
connected disk can destroy the disk or its connection to the stem. Two types of valve stems
are rising stems and non-rising stems. For a rising stem valve, the stem will rise above the

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actuator as the valve is opened. This occurs because the stem is threaded and mated with the
bushing threads of a yoke that is an integral part of, or is mounted to, the bonnet. For the non-
rising stem design, the valve disk is threaded internally and mates with the stem threads.

 Valve Actuator
The actuator operates the stem and disk assembly. An actuator may be a manually operated
handwheel, manual lever, motor operator, solenoid operator, pneumatic operator, or hydraulic
ram. In some designs, the actuator is supported by the bonnet. In other designs, a yoke
mounted to the bonnet supports the actuator. Except for certain hydraulically controlled
valves, actuators are outside of the pressure boundary. Yokes, when used, are always outside
of the pressure boundary.

 Valve Packing
Most valves use some form of packing to prevent leakage from the space between the stem and the
bonnet. Packing is commonly a fibrous material (such as flax) or another compound (such as Teflon)
that forms a seal between the internal parts of a valve and the outside where the stem extends through
the body. Valve packing must be properly compressed to prevent fluid loss and damage to the valve's
stem. If a valve's packing is too loose, the valve will leak, which is a safety hazard. If the packing is
too tight, it will impair the movement and possibly damage the stem.

Advantages:
1. Simple structure, convenient manufacture and easy to maintenance
2. Small working stroke, short opening and closing time.
3. Good sealing, low friction between the sealing surfaces and long
service life.

Disadvantages:
1. Big flow-resistance and large opening and closing power
2. It is not suitable for the medium with particle, viscosity and easy-
coking.
3. Poor regulation performance

Overhauling Procedure:
 Clean and polish out the parts of valve.

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 Check all threaded parts for damage and if any threaded part is
damaged, then must be dressed by needle file.
 Check stem for straightness(with the help of lathe m/c and
surface gauge)
 Check stem for scratches and if any, remove them by emry
paper or oil stone.

Gate valves

 Unlike the globe valve, gate (or sluice) valves give full bore
flow without change of direction.
 The valve disc known appropriately as a gate, is moved at right
angles into the flow by a screwed spindle working in a nut.
 It rests when closed, between circular openings furnished with
seats. Valves and seals may be tapered or parallel on their facing
sides.

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  Such a valve is not suitable to partially open operation since
wire-drawing of the seat will occur.
 The bonnets of these valves are frequently of cast iron and care
should be taken when overhauling.
 To ensure tightness, some parallel gates are fitted with twin
discs, dimensioned similarly to the chest seats but pressed
against the seats by a spring when closed.
 Where change of direction is required a full bore angle valve
may be used.

Working Principle:
Working of valve is very simple because it does not have any
complex mechanism, the spindle wheel, which is attached to the
spindle rod, is rotated to move the gate at right angle to the flow of
the liquid/fluid.
The screwed spindle spindle works in a nut lifts the valve to open or
close the gate between the circular opening and finished with seals.
The valve and the seats may be either tapered or parallel on their
facing sides.

Advantages:
The main advantages of gate valve include:
1. The fluid resistance of the valve is small. Because the valve body
of gate valve is straight-through type and the flow of the medium
doesn’t change direction, the fluid resistance of it is small compared
with other kinds of valves.
2. The sealing performance is better than that of the shut-off valve.
The opening and closing of it is more convenient than those of the
shut-off valve.
3. The range of applications is wide. In addition to steam, oil and
other media, it can be used in medium containing granular solid and

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with a large viscosity. It can also be used as venting valve and low
vacuum system valve.
4. Gate valve is a valve that has dual flow directions. It’s not subject
to the flow directions of the medium. Therefore, it is suitable for use
in pipeline where the medium may change the flow direction. It is
also easy to install.

Disadvantages:
The main disadvantages of gate valve include:
1. The opening and closing time is long. During the opening process,
the valve plate needs to be lifted to the upper part of the valve
chamber. During the closing process, the valve plate needs to fall into
the valve seat. Thus, the opening and closing distance of the valve
plate is large, leading to long opening and closing time.

2. Because there is friction during the opening and closing processes

between the valve plate of the gate valve and the two sealing surfaces
of the valve seat, the sealing surface is prone to scratch, which has an
impact on the sealing performance and the service life. And it’s not
easy for repair.

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Material: Parts
 Valve body- Cast Iron
 Bonnet- Cast Iron
 Valve Disc-Cast Iron and Brass ring
 Valve Seat-Brass Ring
 Gland Flange- Cast Iron
 Gland- Asbestos, Teflon
 Spindle/Stem- Mild Steel
 Bonnet Gasket-Asbestos
 Bonnet Studs-Mild Steel
 Yoke Bush-Cast Iron

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Butterfly valves

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 A butterfly valve consists basically of a disc pivoted across the
bore of a ring body having the same radial dimensions as the
pipe in which it is fitted. The full bore straight through flow
arrangement of this type of valve especially if combined with a
carefully streamlined disc profile, gives excellent flow
characteristics and low pressure drop.
 The valve is quick-acting if required as only a quarter of a turn
of the spindle is required to move the valve from the fully open
to the fully closed position.
 Sizes range from 6 mm to over 1000 mm bore.
 For fine control of cooling water temperature a special type of
ganged butterfly valve may be used to bypass coolers. Known as
a diverter valve it consists of a Y or T casting with butterfly
valves in two of the legs.
 A pneumatic actuator working from a signal provided by a
temperature sensor opens one valve while closing the other. This
gives precise control of the flow rate in the main and branch
lines.

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  In the event of a temperature controller failure, a built-in return
spring opens or closes the main and branch lines (as appropriate
to the system of operation) to provide maximum cooling flow.
 Manual control is available for emergencies.

Advantages:
The advantages of butterfly valves include:

 An in-built simple and affordable design that comprises of lesser

parts which make it maintenance friendly and convenient to repair.

 Its wafer-form lightweight body makes it budget-friendly as far as

the initial price of the valve and installation cost with regard to in-
person hours and piping need is concerned.

 It can transfer mud, with a negligible fluid deposit in the pipeline

outlet.

 They achieve good sealing at low pressure and open and shut
easily.

 Its disc is light-weight when compared to a ball.

 Butterfly valve needs a much less structural assistance than a ball

valve of same diameter needs.

Disadvantages:
In addition to advantages, there are slight disadvantages of butterfly
valves like:

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 A certain part of the disc always faces the flow, even when
completely opened. The operation of a butterfly valve thus always
leads to a pressure switch over the valve irrespective of the setting.

 It has a poor sealing function.

 Throttling by employing butterfly valves is restricted to low-

pressure drop systems.

 Possible cavitation and choked flow is a worry when butterfly

valves perform.

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Overhaul procedure:
 Clean and polish all parts of valve.
 Clean all threaded parts for damage and if any threaded
damaged, dress it.
 Check the straightness(with the help of lathe and surface
gauges).
 Check the stem for any scratches,. If any remove them by emry
paper.
 The v/v disc is lapped on face plate using lapping paste.
 The v/v seat cannot be lapped or clean with emri paper.

Safeties:
 Use proper PPE.
 Carry out lockout and tagout on the starter of the system and
thus. stopping the pump.
 Purge out the system line and drain the fluid present in the line.
 Mark the flanges of the valve.
 Use correct tools and spanners, lifting appliances.
 Use take five policy.

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