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Adesida et al., 2020

METHODS OF POULTRY MANURE APPLICATION AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWTH AND YIELD
OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

*Adesida O.A., Smart M.O., Isola J.O., Kehinde O.M.

Department of Crop Production Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan
*Corresponding Author: tozino4real@yahoo.com; +2348064488959

ABSTRACT
This study examined the effect of methods of fertilizer application on growth and yield of okra. The
experiment was conducted within the research plot of Crop Production Technology Department, Federal
College of Forestry, Ibadan. Poultry manure was applied at varying levels using different methods of
fertilizer application (Ring and Broadcasting methods). The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having five (5) treatments which includes T1 – 2 Kg/ha of
poultry manure and ring method, T2–2 Kg/ha of poultry manure and broadcasting method, T3– 4kg/ha of
poultry manure and ring method, T4 – 4 Kg/ha of poultry manure and broadcasting method, T5 – Control
replicated three (3) times. Growth and yield parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, stem
diameter and fruit weight. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means
were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. The result obtained
showed that all the treatments favorably influenced the growth parameters of okra although T4(poultry
manure and broadcasting) at 4kg/ha performed best while the least performances were recorded in
T3(poultry manure and ring method) and T5 (control) plots. In addition,T4(poultry manure and
broadcasting) at 2kg/ha had the highest number of fruits recording 242.0 while T5 (control) recorded least
with 86.0. Broadcasting method at 4kg/ha and 2kg/ha levels of application performed best at both the
vegetative and yield parameters assessed while the control plot recorded the least performance. In
conclusion, since T4(Poultry manure and broadcasting)at 2kg produced the highest number of fruits, it is
therefore recommended to farmers for optimum growth and yield of okra.

Keywords: Poultry manure, okra, ring and broadcasting methods, growth, yield

INTRODUCTION important protective food for the maintenance of

Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.), a member of the health and prevention of disease. It contains valuable
Malvaceae family, is a widely cultivated vegetable food ingredients, which can be successfully utilized
crop and very important in the diet of Africans to build up and repair the body (Edet et al., 2007).
(Omotoso et al., 2008). It is a valuable crop that The nutritional constituents of okra include calcium,
provides an excellent income and generates other protein, oil and carbohydrates; others are iron,
opportunities for small-scale farmers (Adelakun,et magnesium and phosphorus. Most okra is eaten in
al., 2008). Indeed, it is one of the important cooked or processed form. Young fruits may be
nutritional vegetable crops cultivated in Nigeria. It is eaten raw. The oil in the seed could be as high as in
an annual crop grown mainly as fruit and leafy poultry eggs and soybean (Omotoso et al., 2007).
vegetable in both green and dried state in the tropics Okra is recommended for consumption by World
(Schippers, 2000). Okra as vegetables is an Health Organization due to its ability to fight

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 EFFECT OF METHODS OF POULTRY MANURE APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

123

diseases. Okra has been found to be a rich source of average temperature is about 320C, average relative
vitamins A and C, calcium, thiamine and riboflavin. humidity of 80 – 85% and the ecological climatic
It is also rich in iron and is used as a medicine in the conditions of the area experiences rainfall with two
treatment of the peptic ulcer (Uka et al., 2013). Okra distinct seasons: dry season from November to
in Nigeria has often recorded low yield. The low March and rainy season from April to October
yield experience has been attributed to poor soil (FRIN, 2017).
fertility and deficiency in important mineral
nutrients.Manure provides a source of all necessary Experimental Design
macro and micro nutrient in available forms, thereby The experiment was laid out using 2 x 2 factorial in a
improving the physical properties of the soil (Abou Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with
El- Magd et al., 2006). Poultry manure is an five (5) treatments replicated three (3) times as
excellent source of nutrients and can be incorporated follows: T1 – 2 Kg/ha of poultry manure and Ring
as fertilizers. Poultry manure can also be used as method, T2–2 Kg/ha of poultry manure and
topdressing and for soil improvement. Its low broadcasting method, T3– 4kg/ha of poultry manure
nutrient value makes it safe to apply unlimited and Ring method, T4 – 4 Kg/ha of poultry manure
quantities. The form a nutrient is applied in the soil and Broadcasting method, T5 – Control.
often determines its availability and long-term effect Sowing of Okra Seeds
on the soil. During the past decade, there has been a Okra seeds were sown on the seed bed made on the
great deal of discussion and debate about the use of field; two seeds were sown per hole at a depth of
organic fertilizer in tropical region to improve soil 1cm and spacing of 45cm x 30cm was used.
fertility and thus increase crop yield. In this Seedlings were later thinned to one two weeks after
circumstance, a low-cost management strategy planting. A management practice which includes
becomes necessary to maximize yield and fruit watering and weeding was done at regular intervals.
quality of vegetable crops (Micheal et al., 2010).
Different methods of fertilizer application have been Data collection
known to influence plant yield (Sweeney et al., Assessment of the following growth parameters was
1996). Broadcasting method is the spreading of carried out once every week commencing from the
fertilizer uniformly applied over the soil surface and second week after sowing; Plant Height (cm),
may be incorporated in the soil or left on the soil Number of leaves, Stem Diameter and at maturity
surface and may reach the root zone by percolating the number of fruits and fruit Weight were assessed.
rainfall or by wetting. (Toews and Soper, 2002).
Ring method is a method of applying fertilizer in a Data Analysis
round circle from about 30cm from the plant. Ring Data collected was subjected to Analysis of Variance
method also enhance vegetable yield helping farmers using General Statistical Software Package
to have bountiful harvest. The mode of applying (GENSTAT) and means was separated using DMRT
fertilizers to crops has been considered a precious at 5% level of probability.
supplement in the application of nutrients to soil
system (Fageria et al., 2009). RESULTS
The table below shows the result of the analysis of
MATERIALS AND METHODS soil samples from the experimental plot. It clearly
Study Area shows that the soil used was slightly acidic with pH
The experiment was carried out behind the screen values of (5.81). Organic carbon content was high
house of Federal College of Forestry (FCF), Ibadan. having 1.50 while Total nitrogen, Available
The college is situated at Jericho Hill, Ibadan North phosphorus and potassium were low with values
West area of Oyo State. The area lies between (0.13,3.05 and 0.099) compared with the standard
latitude 7023N, and Longitude 3015E. The climatic critical values.
condition of the area is tropically dominated by
rainfall pattern from 1400 mm – 1500 mm. The

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Table 1: Typical Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soil Used

Nutrients Status
pH 5.81
Organic Carbon (OC) 1. 50
Organic Matter (OM) 2. 58
Total Nitrogen 0.13
Available Phosphorus 3.05
Exchangeable Bases (Cmol/kg)
Na (cmol/kg) 4.52
Potassium (K) (cmol/kg) 0.099
Calcium(Ca) 0.10
Magnesium (Mg) 0.07
Exchangeable micro nutrients (mg/kg)
Mn 130
Iron (Fe) 60
Cu 2.6
Zn 12
Sand% 86.5
Clay% 9.00
Silt% 4.5

The table below shows the result of the chemical recorded low phosphorus (0.12) compared with
properties of the poultry manure used. The result 1.5-3.5%. However, organic carbon and potassium
shows that the Total nitrogen in the poultry manure appears to be high recording (6.34) and (1.61) when
was low with values of 0.55 compared with the compared with the ranges of 5.8-7.6% and 1.5-3.0%
contents which ranges between 3-5%, and also of poultry manure.

Table 2: chemical properties of poultry manure used

Nutrients Contents
Total Nitrogen (%) 0.55
Organic Carbon (%) 6.34
Exchangeable bases(%)
Mg 0.002
K 1.61
Na 0.11
Available Phosphorus(mg/kg) 0.12
Extractable micronutrients(mg/kg)
Mn 0.0002
Fe 0.002
Cu 0.000
Zn 0.002

Effect of methods of fertilizer application and rate the seventh week after planting. At week seven (7),
on the plant height of okra is as presented in table 3. T4 (PM+B) at 4kg had the highest plant height
The result shows there was significant difference (63.5) while plot T3 (PM+R) at 4kg had the least
among the treatments used from the fourth week to performance having the mean value of 32.5.

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Table 3꞉ Effect of Methods of Fertilizer Application on the Plant Height of Okra.

Rate of Fertilizer Weeks After Planting
Method of Fertilizer Application
Application (Kg)
4 5 6 7
Control 0 18.57 26.97 35.2 43.25
Ring 2 14.37 17.95 26.6 32.5
4 18.75 24.92 39.2 53.4

Broadcasting 2 19.55 28.27 33.5 39.2

4 25.08 31.23 56.5 63.5
LSD MFA (p<0.05) 3.02** 4.04* 4.55** 4.62ns
LSD RATE (p<0.05) 3.69* 4.94ns 5.58** 5.65**
LSD MFA*RATE (p<0.05 5.22ns 6.99* 7.89* 8.00**
Ns – Not significant

Table 4: Effect of Methods of Fertilizer Application on Number of Leaves on Okra

Rate of Fertilizer Weeks After Planting
Method of Fertilizer Application
Application (Kg) 4 5 6 7
Control 0 7.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
Ring 2 7.00 8.00 9.00 9.00
4 8.00 9.00 8.00 9.00

Broadcasting 2 6.00 9.00 8.00 7.00

4 8.00 11.00 8.00 10.00
LSD MFA (p<0.05) 0.92ns 1.50ns 2.30ns 1.72ns
LSD RATE (p<0.05) 1.12* 1.84ns 2.82ns 2.10ns
1.54ns 2.60ns 3.99ns 2.98ns

Effect of methods of fertilizer application on planting. At week seven, T4 (PM + B) at 4kg had
number of leaves of okra is as presented in table 4 the highest number of leaves having the mean
above. There was no significant difference among values of (10.00) while the control plot recorded
the treatments used from 4th to 7th week after least with the mean values of (8.00).

Table 5: Effect of Methods of Fertilizer Application on the Stem Diameter of Okra

Rate of Fertilizer Weeks After Planting
Method of Fertilizer Application
Application (Kg) 4 5 6 7
Control 0 0.54 0.59 3.85 4.47
Ring 2 0.27 0.32 3.62 4.82
4 0.37 0.42 4.78 5.07

Broadcasting 2 0.33 0.40 4.05 4.48

4 0.43 0.47 5.33 6.10
LSD MFA (p<0.05) 0.13ns 0.14 0.87 0.92ns
LSD RATE (p<0.05) 0.16* 0.17* 1.07 1.13ns
LSD MFA*RATE (p<0.05 0.23ns 0.23ns 1.51 1.60ns

Effect of methods of fertilizer application and rates There was no significant difference among the
on stem diameter of okra is as presented in table 5. treatments used from 4th to 7th week after planting.

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Adesida et al., 2020
126

At week seven, T4 (PM + B) at 4kg had the highest at 2 Kg had the highest yield (178kg/ha) while the
performance (6.10) while T5 (control) recorded control plot recorded least having the mean values
least with 4.47. of 15kg/ha. The increase in fresh pod weight of okra
due to poultry manure application could be
Effect of fertilizer application on the yield of okra is attributed to easy solubilization effect of released
as presented in table 6. There was significant plant nutrient leading to improved nutrient status
difference among the treatments used. T3 (PM + B) and water holding capacity of the soil.

Table 6꞉ Effect of Fertilizer Application on Yield of Okra

Rate of Fertilizer Yield (Kg/ha)
Method of Fertilizer Application
Application (Kg)
Control 0 15
Ring 2 47
4 119
Broadcasting 2 178
4 125
LSD 144.9ns

DISCUSSION Broadcast fertilizer should be incorporated after

The result of the study showed that application of application to enhance effectiveness or to avoid
organic poultry manure at 2kg using broadcasting evaporation losses of N. The increase in fresh pod
method performed best among all the treatments weight of okra due to poultry manure application
assessed although all the treatments had significant could be attributed to easy solubilization effect of
effects on the growth and yield characters of okra. released plant nutrient leading to improved nutrient
Organic fertilizers are very essential for proper status and water holding capacity of the soil. The
development of plants as they offer rapid growth results obtain were in agreement with the findings
with superior quality by containing some nutrients of (Premsekhar and Rajashree, 2009) in which they
that is necessary for better development. It was also reported that higher yield response of crops due to
reported that poultry manure seems to promote organic manure application could be attributed to
higher growth and yield of okra (Tiamiyu et al., improved physical and biological properties of the
2012). Oyewole and Oyewole (2011) observed that soil. It has been reported poultry manure
organic manures are good sources of nitrogen, subsequently increase yield attributing characters
potassium, calcium, phosphorus which are essential and yield of okra (Sameera et al., 2005).
nutrients that increase the growth and yield of
crops. However, the mode of applying fertilizer to CONCLUSION
crops has been considered a precious supplement to This study investigated the Effect of fertilizer
the application of nutrients to soil systems (Fageria application on the growth and yield of okra. The
et al., 2009). Broadcasting requires less labor and result obtained showed that all treatments favorably
helps to evenly cover the field surface before influenced the growth and yield of okra.
incorporation into soil through ploughing or hand- Application of organic manure (poultry) at the
hoeing. Incorporation generally increases the different levels in this study had significant effect
fertility status of the whole plough layer. When on the growth characters. Broadcasting method at 4
hand applied, it is essential to distribute the and 2 Kg/ha levels of application performed best at
fertilizers uniformly and at the recommended rates both the vegetative and yield parameters assessed
to avoid over- or under-fertilization (IRRI, 2009). while the control plot recorded the least

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 EFFECT OF METHODS OF POULTRY MANURE APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

127

performance. From the result obtained, it showed therefore recommended to farmers for the optimum
that broadcasting method at 2Kg/ha (poultry growth and yield of okra.
manure) produced the highest number of fruits and

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