पञ्चकर्म Part A

पञ्चकर्म
PART A
CHAPTER I: Introduction
Pañchkarma refers to five major therapeutic procedures, which have purificatory and/or
nourishing effects. These procedures can be used as health promotive, disease
preventive or curative measures.
According to Charaka Saṁhitā According to Sushruta Saṁhitā

& Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya
Vamana Vamana
Virechana Virechana
Anuvāsana Basti Basti
Āsthāpana Basti Nasya
Nasya Raktamokṣaṇa
 Trividha Karma
Trividha Karma are the 3 procedures which are followed during the whole process of
Pañchakarma.
1) Pūrvakarma
2) Pradhānakarma
3) Pashchātkarma
1) Pūrvakarma:
Pūrvakarma are the preparatory procedures which are to be followed prior to the main
procedure. It includes preparation of the therapy room, required equipment, medicines,
and the patient.
In regard to the patient, Pūrvakarma for Pañchakarma includes four major aspects:
i) Dīpana
ii) Pāchana
iii) Snehana
iv) Svedana
Dīpana and Pāchana ignites the Agni and promotes digestion of Āma respectively.
It is important that the patient’s Agni is not excessively diminished, otherwise the
medicine given for Pañchakarma might not be properly digested / processed and will
cause complications.
Snehana is given as Snehapāna for either 3, 5 or 7 days prior to Vamana or Virechana
Karma; depending on the Koṣṭha and Agnibala of the patient. Abhyaṅga is also indicated
as Bāhya Snehana. Snehana does Doṣa Utkleshana and disintegration of Mala.
Svedana is done either on the whole body or locally. It causes liquification of Doṣa and
dilatation of Srota, which assists the movement of Doṣa from Shākhā to Koṣṭha; so that
the Doṣa can easily be expelled by Shodhana. Saṁshodhana given without Snehana and
Svedana would destroy the body, like bending a dry stick would break it.
If Pañchakarma is used for Bṛṁhaṇārtha, these four Pūrvakarma support the absorption
and distribution capacity of the medicine.
Additional important aspects of Pūrvakarma include Āhāra bhojana and Mala pravṛtti.
Specific dietary measures should always be considered and followed prior to
Pañchakarma to improve its effect and prevent complications. Voiding of urine and
bowel should also be done before administration for the main procedure.
2) Pradhānakarma:
Pradhānakarma is the main procedure of Pañchakarma.
It includes either one of the following:
i) Vamana
ii) Virechana
iii) Anuvāsana Basti
iv) Āsthāpana Basti
v) Nasya
vi) Raktamoḳsaṇa
3) Pashchātkarma:
Pashchātkarma includes all the procedures which are performed after the administration
of Pradhānakarma. This also includes specific dietary measures for the patient and
specific regimens that should be followed or avoided.
If Shodhana was done, the patient will have low digestive and physical strength.
However, Pashchātkarma focuses on properly reviving the patient’s strength by
providing adequate nutrition and rest. If it is not done properly, it might worsen the
patient’s disease or bring about new complications. Hence, Pashchātkarma is as
important as Pūrva- and Pradhānakarma.
 General Precautions / Parihāra Viṣaya & Kāla:

Parihāra Viṣaya are specific regimens which should be avoided during the whole course
of Pañchakarma as well as afterwards for the time period equal to the days required for
the Panch̃ akarma therapy; except after Basti karma, the period should be twice as long.
अत्यासनस्थानवचासां स यानां स्वप्नां सिवा र्ैथुनवेगरोधान् ॥ ५४ ॥

शीतोपचारातपशोकरोषाांस्त्यजेिकालासितभोजनां च । (च - सस - १)
 General Indications & Contraindications of Shodhana
 Indications:
- Before administration of Rasāyana and Vājīkaraṇa Dravya
- Before administration of therapies such as Shirobasti, Kāyaseka, Dhārā, etc.
- In emergency conditions such as poisoning or severe aggravation of Doṣa.
- Ṛtu Shodhana during Sādhāraṇa Ṛtu for the prevention of Kālaja Roga (seasonal
diseases)
- Bahudoṣa Avasthā
Sāmānya Bahudoṣa Lakṣaṇa: Avipāka, Aruchi, Sthaulya, Pāṇḍutā, Gaurava, Klama,
Piḍaka, Koṭha, Kaṇḍū, Arti, Ālasya, Shrama, Daurbalya, Daurgandhya, Avasāda,
Tandrā, Klaibya, Abuddhitva, Nidranāsha, Varṇa nāsha
 Contraindications:
- Hemanta, Shishira, Grīṣma Ṛtu
- If the patient does not follow the physician’s advice, is aggressive, fearful,
doubtful, ungrateful, fickle minded, hates the physician, etc.
- Atikṣīṇā Bala, Atikṣīṇa Māṁsa
- Mumūrṣu (who is in the end stage of disease and predicted to die soon)
- Upavāsita, Alpāgni, Abhigāta, Kṣatakṣīṇa
- Bāla, Vṛddha, Garbhinī, Sukumāra
- Alpadoṣa Avasthā
 Shodhana according to Ṛtu

 Sādhāraṇa Ṛtu
Administration of evacuative therapies such as Vamana, etc. are done in seasons
having Sādhāraṇa Lakṣaṇa (ordinary characteristics) and is deferred in other
seasons. Sādhāraṇa Ṛtu are characterized by Manda Shīta Uṣṇa Varṣa (less
coldness, heat and rain). These season are most suitable for Shodhana as the body
and medicinal drugs are less afflicted by the climate. The other seasons, where
there is extreme coldness, heat and rain, are harmful to the body and drugs.
During Hemanta Ṛtu, the body is affected with excessive cold, becomes
severely roughened and the Doṣas get adhered to the minute channels.
The drugs which are used for Shodhana Karma are Uṣṇa Svabhāva (hot in nature),
and because of the coldness of Hemanta Ṛtu, they become less potent. As a result,
the evacuation becomes less effective and Vāta Dosha afflicts the body with
complications.
During Grīṣma Ṛtu, the body is affected with excessive heat and gets
distressed; being exposed to hot wind and heat of the sun the Doṣas get liquefied.
The drugs which are used for Shodhana Karma are Uṣṇa Svabhāva (hot in nature),
and because of the heat of Grīṣma Ṛtu, they become even more Tīkṣṇa. Due to
already liquefied Doṣas and increased potency of drugs, evacuation becomes
excessive and the body gets inflicted with excessive thirst or other complications.
During Varṣa Ṛtu, due to the sky being covered with water filled clouds, the
sun, moon and stars are hidden, excessive rain is falling and the atmosphere and
earth is covered with mud and water. The body gets excessively moistened and the
drugs used for Shodhana karma become damaged, which makes the evacuation
dull in action. The human body also becomes sluggish in recovery due to exposure
of wind with moistness and clouds.
Therefore, the measures like Vamana, etc. are not performed in the seasons
with excessive coldness, heat or rain; except in cases of emergency. In emergency,
one should apply the therapy very carefully by modifying the seasonal effect
properly through artificial means, affecting the qualities contrary to the ongoing
season, and making the procedure appropriate, administrating the drug having
standard potency of action with variation in combination, method of processing
and quantity of different drugs.
 Ṛtu Kālina Shodhana

To maintain the healthy condition of an individual, one should regularly take
Rasāyana and Vājīkaraṇa Dravya. Before adopting these Dravya, Shodhana Karma
needs to be followed along with Snehana and Svedana as Pūrvkarma, and
Saṁsarjana Krama as Pashchātkarma. Performing Shodhana Karma in the indicated
seasons also prevents ooccurrenceof Kālaja Roga.
Prāvṛta Ṛtu = Basti Karma

Sharada Ṛtu = Virechana Karma
Vāsanta Ṛtu = Vamana Karma
 Doṣagati & Rogamārga

-> Refer to Kāyachikitsā, Paper I, Part A
 Koṣṭha & Agni Parīkṣaṇa
 Koṣṭha Parīksā:
1) Mṛdu Koṣṭha
- Passes stool daily once or twice
- Semi-formed or formed stools
- Easy defecation, less time required for defecation
- Satisfactory bowel evacuation
- Minor laxatives often cause diarrhea or loose stool
- History shows repeated loose stool after intake of Kṣīra, Uṣṇodaka, Ikṣurasa,
Kāñjī, Guḍa, etc.
2) Madhyama Koṣṭha
- Passes stool daily once
- Formed stools
- Requires minimum stress, and more time for defecation as compared to
Mṛdu Koṣṭha
- Bowel evacuation is not always satisfactory
- Requires moderate dose of purgatives to induce loose stool
- Does not get loose stool after intake of minor laxatives or Kṣīra, etc.
3) Krūra Koṣṭha
- Does not pass stool regularly
- Hard or dry stool
- Requires a lot of straining, and long time for defecation
- Unsatisfactory bowel empyting
- History shows that loose stool / diarrhea did not occur often, but there is a
tendency towards frequent constipation
- Requires strong purgatives
Importance of Koṣṭha in Pañchakarma:

- Snehapāna: Mṛdu, Madhyama and Krūra Koṣṭha require 3, 5 and 7 days
respectively.
- Mṛdu, Madhyama and Krūra Koṣṭha require Mṛdu, Madhyama and Tīkṣṇa Dravya
respectively.
- Use of Tīkṣṇa Dravya for Vamana, Virechana or Basti Karma given in Mṛdu Koṣṭha
can lead to Atiyoga or Vyāpat.
- Use of Manda Dravya for Vamana, Virechana or Basti Karma given in Krūra Koṣṭha
can lead to Ayoga or Vyāpat.
 Agni Parīkṣā:
Assessment of Agni depends upon 2 main factors: Jaraṇa & Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti.
1) Evaluation of Jaraṇa Shakti (Digestive Capacity):

Jīrṇa Āhāra Lakṣaṇa:
उद्गारशसु िरुत्सगो वेगोत्सगो यथोसचतिः ।
लघुता क्षसु त्पपासा च जीर्ामिारस्य लक्षर्र्् ॥ ४ ॥ (र्ा.सन. ६)
1) Udgāra Shuddhi (clear eructation)
2) Utsāha (enthusiasm)
3) Vegotsarga Yathochitaha (proper evacuation of Vegas; Vāta, Viṭ, Mūtra)
4) Laghutā (feeling of lightness)
5) Kṣut-Pipāsā (proper manifestation of hunger and thirst)
Avara = Presence of 0-1 out of 5 symptoms

Madhyama = Presence of 2-3 out of 5 symptoms
Pravara = Presence of 4 out 5 or all 5 symptoms
2) Evaluation of Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti (Food Intake Capacity)

Avara = Intake of no food at all or only little quantity of food /
once a day
Madhyama = Intake of food in less or moderate quantity / twice a day
Pravara = Intake of food in normal (Mātrāvat) or large quantity / 2-3
times a day
After examining Jaraṇa Shakti & Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti, on the basis of Avara,
Madhyama and Pravara, Agnibala of a person can be assessed.
Importance of Agnibala in Pañchakarma:

- In case of Alpāgni, Pañchakarma is contraindicated.
- Depending on Agnibala, Sneha Mātrā for Snehapāna and Mātrā for Virechana is
chosen.
- Basti Dravya can be chosen depending on Agnibala. Basti also has Dīpana Karma
and therefore strengthens the Agni. By choosing appropriate Dravya, this effect can
be further supported.
- Planning of Saṁsarjana Krama and evaluation of Agni after Pañchakarma Vidhi.
CHAPTER Ii: Snehana
 Introduction
 Nirukti:
The word “Sneha” is derived from the root “Snih”.
Snih has a variety of meanings such as: To feel or have affection for, love, be fond
of, to be easily attached, to be sticky, viscid or adhesive, to be smooth, to make
unctuous, anoint, lubricate, to dissolve, to destroy
Sneha means: Oiliness, unctuousness, greasiness, lubricity, viscidity, affection, love,

kindness, tenderness
Snigdha is a Guṇa present in a Dravya and indicates the presence of Sneha in it.
That which is capable of promoting strength, colour, charm, viscosity and softness
in the body is called Snigdha.
Snehana denotes the therapy which increases mainly Snigdha Guṇa in the body.
 Paribhāṣā:
स्नेिनां स्नेिसवष्यन्िर्ािमवक्लेिकारकर्् । (च - सू - २२/११)
Snehana is the procedure which promotes Sneha, Viṣyanda, Mārdava and Kleda.
i) Sneha (unctuousness)
ii) Viṣyanda / Vilayana (flowing / liquefication)
iii) Mārdava (softness)
iv) Kleda (moisture)
 Snehayoni:
1) Sthāvara: Phala Sneha, Sāra Sneha
a) Snehopāga Mahākaṣāya: Mṛdvīka, Madhuka, Madhuparṇī, Medā, Vidārī,
Kākolī, Kṣīrakākolī, Jīvaka, Jīvantī, Shalaparṇī
b) Additional Sthāvara Sneha Dravya: Tila, Priyāla, Harītakī, Bhibhītakī,
Chitrā, Eraṇḍa, Bilva, Atasī, etc.
2) Jāṅgama: Kṣīra, Dadhi, Navanīta, Ghṛta, Vasā, Majjā, Māṁsa, Madhūcchiṣṭa
 Sneha Dravya Guṇa:

गरुु शीतसरसस्नग्धर्न्िसक्ष्ू र्र्ृिद्रु वर्् ।
औषधां स्नेिनां प्रायो सवपरीतां सवरूक्षर्र्् ॥ १ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
 Chaturvidha Sneha
ससपमस्तैलां वसा र्ज्जा स्नेिो सिष्टचतुसवमधः ॥ ८६ ॥
पानाभ्यञ्जनबस्त्यथं नस्यथं चैव योगतः ।
स्नेिना जीवना वर्णयाम बलोपचयवधमनाः ॥ ८७ ॥
स्नेिो ह्येते च सवसिता वातसपत्तकफापिाः । (च - सू - १)
ससपमर्मज्जा वसा तैलां स्नेिषे ु प्रवरां र्तर्् ।

तत्रासप चोत्तर्ां ससपमः सांस्कारस्यानुवतमनात् ॥ २ ॥
र्ाधयु ामिसविासित्वाज्जन्र्ाद्येव च शीलनात् । (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
 Ghṛta / Sarpi
Ghṛta is the best Pitta / Pitta-Vāta shamana Dravya.
Ghṛta is considered superior to Taila, Vasā and Majjā because it adopts the qualities
of Dravya which are mixed with it, because it is sweet, does not cause burning
sensation and one is accustomed to it since birth.
Among different types of Ghṛta, Goghṛta is considered superior.
a) Vargīkaraṇa:
Based on Origin:
1. Go
2. Avi
3. Ajā
4. Māhiṣa
5. Uṣṭra
6. Gaja
7. Ashva
8. Strī
Based on Time/Age:
1. Nava Ghṛta (<1 year)
2. Purāṇa Ghṛta (>1 year)
a. Purāṇa (1-10 years)
b. Prapurāṇa (>10 years)
b) Guṇa & Karma:
A) Nava Ghṛta
Rasa Pañchaka:
1. Rasa = Madhura
2. Guṇa = Snigdha, Shīta, Guru, Mṛdu, Sūkṣma
3. Vipāka = Madhura
4. Vīrya = Shīta
5. Prabhāva = Saṁskārasya Anuvartanāt
Karma: Pitta-Vāta hara, Svarya, Varṇya, Balya, Chakṣuṣya, Medhya,

Vṛṣya, Vayaḥsthāpaka, Dāha shamana, Rasakara, Shukrakara, Ojokara,
Dīpana, Snehana, Anabhiṣyanda
B) Purāṇa Ghṛta
Rasa Pañchaka:
1. Rasa = Kaṭu, Tikta
2. Guṇa = Shīta, Sara, Mṛdu, Sūkṣma, Ugragandha
3. Vipāka = Kaṭu
4. Vīrya = Shīta
5. Prabhāva = Saṁskārasya Anuvartanāt
Karma: Same as Nava Ghṛta; Tridoṣa hara, Grahāpaha, Virechaka
c) Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka
d) Prayoga: Varṣānta, Sharada Ṛtu, Vāta-Pitta prakṛti / vikṛti, Bāla, Vṛddha,
Garbhinī, Rasāyana, Vājīkaraṇa, Puṣṭi, Viṣa, Dāha, Mānasika Roga
 Taila
Taila is the best Vāta / Vāta-Kapha shamana Dravya.
Among different types of Taila, Tila Taila is considered superior.
a) Guṇa & Karma:

Rasa Pañchaka:
1. Rasa = Tikta, Kaṣāya, Kaṭu, Madhura
2. Guṇa = Snigdha, Tīkṣṇa, Guru, Uṣṇa, Sūkṣma, Vikāsi
3. Vipāka = Kāṭu
4. Vīrya = Uṣṇa
5. Prabhāva =---
Karma: Vāta-Kapha hara, Pittakara, Balya, Varṇya, Mārdavakara,

Tvachya, Yoni shodhaka, Bhagna sandhānakara, Dārḍhya, Lāghavakara
b) Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Yūṣa

c) Prayoga: Prāvṛt Ṛtu, Shīta Kāla, Vāta-Kapha prakṛti / vikṛti, Vātavyādhi,
Granthi, Nāḍīvraṇa, Kṛmi, Medoroga, Krūra Koṣṭha
 Vasā & Majjā
a) Guṇa & Karma:
Rasa Pañchaka = Properties should be understood based on its source.
b) Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Maṇḍa

c) Prayoga: Vāsanta Ṛtu, Kṣīṇa Dhātu due to Māruta Ātapa Adhva Bhāra Strī
Vyāyāma, Rūkṣa, Atyagni, Vātāvṛta, Sandhi-Asthi-Marma-Koṣṭha Ruja,
Yoni-Karṇa-Shiro Ruja, Viddha, Dagdha, Hata, Bhraṣṭa
 Yamaka, Trivṛta, Mahā Sneha

द्वाभ्याां सत्रसभश्चतुसभमस्तैयमर्कसिवृतो र्िान् ॥ ४ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
1) Yamaka Sneha = Combination of 2 Sneha Dravya (E.g.: Ghṛta & Taila)
2) Trivṛta Sneha = Combination of 3 Sneha Dravya (E.g.: Ghṛta, Taila & Vasā)
3) Mahā Sneha = Combination of 4 Sneha Dravya (Ghṛta, Taila, Vasā & Majjā)
 Metabolism of Fat / Lipid Metabolism

Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or
synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated
with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of glucose (such as acetyl CoA) can be
converted into lipids.
Lipid metabolism begins in the intestine where ingested triglycerides are broken
down into smaller chain fatty acids and subsequently into monoglyceride molecules by
pancreatic lipases, enzymes that break down fats after they are emulsified by bile salts.
When food reaches the small intestine in the form of chyme, a digestive hormone called
cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by intestinal cells in the intestinal mucosa.
CCK stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and stimulates the
contraction of the gallbladder to release stored bile salts into the intestine. CCK also
travels to the brain, where it can act as a hunger suppressant.
Together, the pancreatic lipases and bile salts break down triglycerides into free fatty
acids. These fatty acids can be transported across the intestinal membrane. However,
once they cross the membrane, they are recombined to again form triglyceride
molecules. Within the intestinal cells, these triglycerides are packaged along with
cholesterol molecules in phospholipid vesicles called chylomicrons. The chylomicrons
enable fats and cholesterol to move within the aqueous environment of your lymphatic
and circulatory systems. Chylomicrons leave the enterocytes by exocytosis and enter the
lymphatic system via lacteals in the villi of the intestine. From the lymphatic system, the
chylomicrons are transported to the circulatory system. Once in the circulation, they can
either go to the liver or be stored in fat cells (adipocytes) that comprise adipose (fat)
tissue found throughout the body.
Lipolysis: To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by
hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process,
called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-
oxidation into acetyl CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released
from triglycerides after lipolysis directly enters the glycolysis pathway as DHAP. Because
one triglyceride molecule yields three fatty acid molecules with as much as 16 or more
carbons in each one, fat molecules yield more energy than carbohydrates and are an
important source of energy for the human body. Triglycerides yield more than twice the
energy per unit mass when compared to carbohydrates and proteins. Therefore, when
glucose levels are low, triglycerides can be converted into acetyl CoA molecules and used
to generate ATP through aerobic respiration.
Ketogenesis: If excessive acetyl CoA is created from the oxidation of fatty acids and the
Krebs cycle is overloaded and cannot handle it, the acetyl CoA is diverted to create
ketone bodies. These ketone bodies can serve as a fuel source if glucose levels are too
low in the body. Ketones serve as fuel in times of prolonged starvation or when patients
suffer from uncontrolled diabetes and cannot utilize most of the circulating glucose. In
both cases, fat stores are liberated to generate energy through the Krebs cycle and will
generate ketone bodies when too much acetyl CoA accumulates.
Ketone Body Oxidation: Organs that have classically been thought to be dependent
solely on glucose, such as the brain, can actually use ketones as an alternative energy
source. This keeps the brain functioning when glucose is limited. When ketones are
produced faster than they can be used, they can be broken down into CO2 and acetone.
The acetone is removed by exhalation. One symptom of ketogenesis is that the patient’s
breath smells sweet like alcohol. This effect provides one way of telling if a diabetic is
properly controlling the disease. The carbon dioxide produced can acidify the blood,
leading to diabetic ketoacidosis, a dangerous condition in diabetics.
Lipogenesis: When glucose levels are plentiful, the excess acetyl CoA generated by
glycolysis can be converted into fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroids, and bile
salts. This process, called lipogenesis, creates lipids (fat) from the acetyl CoA and takes
place in the cytoplasm of adipocytes (fat cells) and hepatocytes (liver cells). When you
eat more glucose or carbohydrates than your body needs, your system uses acetyl CoA
to turn the excess into fat. Although there are several metabolic sources of acetyl CoA, it
is most commonly derived from glycolysis. Acetyl CoA availability is significant, because it
initiates lipogenesis. Lipogenesis begins with acetyl CoA and advances by the subsequent
addition of two carbon atoms from another acetyl CoA; this process is repeated until
fatty acids are the appropriate length. Because this is a bond-creating anabolic process,
ATP is consumed. However, the creation of triglycerides and lipids is an efficient way of
storing the energy available in carbohydrates. Triglycerides and lipids, high-energy
molecules, are stored in adipose tissue until they are needed.
 Snehapāka
Snehapāka is the processing of Sneha Dravya along with other Auṣadha Dravya to
prepare Snehakalpanā.
Only Mūrcchita Sneha should be used for Snehapāka.
 Sneha Mūrcchana Vidhi:

Sneha Mūrcchana Vidhi is the process of boiling raw Sneha with medicinal Dravya
and Jala to get rid of Āmadoṣa & Daurgandhya, and to enhance its potency.
1) Ghṛta Mūrcchana
Ingredients: Ghrita 1 part
Jala 1 / 2 parts
Harītakī, Bibhītakī, Āmalakī,
Musta, Haridrā 1/64 part each
Mātuluṅga Svarasa Q.S.
Procedure: Raw Ghṛta is mixed with Jala and heated over Mandāgni.
Meanwhile, medicinal drugs are mixed with Mātuluṅga Svarasa to prepare
Kalka. Kalka is added to the mixture of Ghṛta and Jala in the vessel over fire.
The mixture is boiled until all Sneha Siddha Lakṣana are attained.
2) Taila Mūrcchana
Ingredients: Taila 1 Part
Jala 1 /2 parts
Harītakī, Bibhītakī, Āmalakī,
Mañjiṣṭha, Haridrā, Lodhra,
Musta, Nālīka, 1/64 part each
Sūchipuṣpa Mūla Svarasa Q.S.
Procedure: Raw Taila is heated over Mandāgni until foam starts to appear.
Then the fire is switched off. Once the foam disappeared, the oil is heated
again over Mandāgni along with Jala. Meanwhile, Chūrṇa is mixed with
Sūchipuṣpa Mūla Svarasa to prepare Kalka. The Kalka is added to the mixture
of Taila and Jala, and boiling is continued with until all Sneha Siddha Lakṣaṇa
are attained.
-> Sneha Siddhi Lakṣaṇa: -

i) Wick-shaped when rolled between thumb & index finger
ii) No sound when heated
iii) Foam appears in Tailapāka & disappears in Ghritapāka
iv) Smell, colour and taste of the ingredients
 Snehapāka Vidhi:
General Ratio of Dravya in Snehapāka -> Kalka : Sneha : Drava = 1 : 4 : 16

Rules for Snehapāka:
1) In case of Dugdha, Dadhi, Māṁsarasa or Taila used as Drava Dravya, the
quantity of Kalka Dravya should be 1/8. However, for appropriate Pāka of
Sneha, 4 times of Jala should be added.
2) The quantity of Kalka Dravya differs from general ratio depending on different
Drava Dravya used. In case of Jala, Kvātha and Rasa, Kalka quantity will be 1/4,
1/6 and 1/8 respectively.
3) If the number of Drava Dravya is 5 or more, then the quantity of each should
be equal to Sneha Dravya. If there are less than 5, then the total quantity of all
should be 4 times as that of Sneha Dravya.
4) If only medicinal drugs are mentioned in the formulation, then Kalka of same
Dravya is prepared, but 4 times Jala is added.
5) If only Kvāha Dravya are mentioned in the formulation, then Kalka is prepared
from the same Dravya.
6) When Kalka is either not indicated or restricted, then Snehakalpanā may be

prepared without Kalka.
7) In case of Puspakalka, it should be taken in 1/8 of Sneha, but not as per

general ratio.
Procedure of Snehapaka:
Mūrcchita Sneha is mixed with Kalka Dravya and Drava Dravya in required ratio.
The mixture is boiled until Sneha Siddhi Lakṣaṇa are attained.
Snehapāka Bheda: - 3
i) Mṛdu -> Nasya
ii) Madhyama -> Pāna, Basti, Karṇapūraṇa, Netratarpaṇa, etc.
iii) Khara -> Abhyaṅga
- Unprocessed Sneha Dravya should not be used for Anuvāsana Basti as it produces
Abhishyanda in Guda pradesha.
- Use of Khara Snehapāka for Nasya, Snehapāna or any other procedure than
Abhyaṅga should not be done as it might cause complications.
 Sāmānya Snehana Yogya & Ayogya
स्वेद्यसश
ां ोध्यर्द्यिीव्यायार्ासक्तसचन्तकाः ।
वृिबालाबलकृ शा रूक्षाः क्षीर्ास्ररेतसः ॥ ५ ॥
वातातमस्यन्िसतसर्रिारुर्प्रसतबोसधनः ।
स्नेह्याः न त्वसतर्न्िासग्नतीक्ष्र्ासग्नस्थल ू िबु मलाः ॥ ६ ॥

ऊरुस्तम्भासतसाराऽऽर्गलरोगगरोिरैः ।
र्ूर्च्ामर्च्द्यमरुसचश्लेष्र्तृष्र्ार्द्यैश्च पीसिताः ॥ ७ ॥
अपप्रसूता युक्ते च नस्ये वस्तौ सवरेचने । (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
 Accha & Pravichāraṇa Sneha
 Accha Sneha / Acchapeyā / Kevala Sneha

अर्चचः के वलो यः स्नेिो पीयते ।
Accha (pure) Sneha refers to intake of only Sneha.
Accha Sneha is the oral administration of large quantity of Sneha alone, without
mixing it with any other substance. However, suitable Anupāna may be used.
Sneha may be plain or medicated (Siddha Sneha).
The external application of pure Sneha is not considered as Accha Sneha because
Sneha does not come in contact with Jaṭharāgni.
Accha Sneha is the most effect type of Snehana Karma.
It should be done in the morning after the digestion of previous day’s dinner.
Bheda:
1) Shodhana (Uttamamātra)
2) Shamana (Madhyamātrā)
Yogya:
स्नेिसात्म्यः क्लेशसिः काले नात्यष्र्शीतले । (सु - सच - ३१)
Ayogya:
स्नेिद्वेषी क्षार्ो र्ृिक
ु ोष्ठः स्नेिर्द्यसनत्यश्च ।
अध्वप्रजागरिीश्रान्ता नार्च्ां सपबेयुस्ते ॥ (का - सू - २२)
 Pravichāraṇa / Vichāraṇa Sneha
Pravichāraṇa Sneha refers to administration of Sneha internally or externally along
with various Kalpanā. External application of only Sneha without any other
substance is also considered as Vichāraṇa Sneha because the Sneha Dravya does
not come in contact with Jaṭharāgni.
Examples of Vichāraṇa Sneha:

1) Odana 13) Saktu
2) Vilepī 14) Tila piṣṭa
3) Māṁsarasa 15) Madya
4) Māṁsa 16) Lehya
5) Paya / Kṣīra 17) Bhakṣya
6) Dadhi 18) Abhyañjana
7) Yavāgū 19) Basti
8) Sūpa 20) Uttarabasti
9) Shāka 21) Gaṇḍūṣa
10) Yūṣa 22) Karṇataila
11) Kāmbalika 23) Nastaḥ tarpaṇa
12) Khaḍa 24) Akṣi tarpaṇa
Bheda:
A) Based on route of administration:
1) Bāhya (Abhyaṅgādi)
2) Abhyantara (Odanādi)
B) Based on action:
1) Shodhana
2) Shamana
3) Bṛṁhaṇa
C) Based on time required for achieving Snehana:

1) Sadyosneha Vichāraṇa
2) Chira Kālīna Vichāraṇa
Yogya:
- Sneha Dviṣa (aversion towards unctuous substances)
- Sneha Nityā (habituated to unctuous substances)
- Mṛdu Koṣṭha (soft bowels)
- Kleshāsahā (intolerable)
- Madya Nityā (habituated to alcohol intake)
 Snehana Bheda
1) Bāhya Snehana: Abhyaṅga, Karṇa Pūraṇa, Akṣi Tarpaṇa, Lepa, Mūrdhni Taila, etc.
2) Abhyantara Snehana: Shodhanārtha, Shamanārtha, Bṛṁhaṇārtha
Bahya Snehana
 Abhyaṅga
Abhyaṅga is the procedure of applying Sneha Dravya externally over the body with
various movements.
It is an important part of Dinacharya to preserve the health and strengthen the body.
 Bheda: (According Vātsyāyana Kāmasūtra)

1) Samvāhana (Sarvāṅgābhyaṅga)
2) Kesha Mardana (Shiro-abhyaṅga)
3) Utsādana (Sasneha Udvartana)
 Benefits of Sarvāṅga Abhyaṅga:

1) According to Sushruta Saṁhitā
अभ्यङ्गो र्ािमकरः कफवातसनरोधनः ।
धातूनाां पुसष्टजननो र्ृजावर्मबलप्रिः ॥ (सु - सच - २४/३०)
Abhyaṅga softens the body, pacifies Kapha and Vāta Dosha. It nourishes the
Dhātus and provides cleanliness, good complexion and strength.
2) According to Charaka Saṁhitā

Similar as a pot or leather & axle of cart become strong and efficient by oiling,
the body also becomes strong and stable, and the skin becomes firm and
healthy by application of oil.
Abhyaṅga pacifies Vāta Doṣa and the body becomes capable of withstanding
fatigue, exercise and disease.
3) According to Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya

Abhyaṅga should be done daily because it delays aging, pacifies fatigue and
Vāta Doṣa. It improves vision, nourishes the body, increases longevity,
produces good sleep, strengthens the skin and provides a good physic.
 Visheṣa Abhyaṅga:
सशरः श्रवर्पािेषु तां सवशेषेर् शीलयेत् ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू -२)
Abhyaṅga should especially be done on the head, ears and feet.
-> Generally, Sarvāṅga Abhyaṅga should be done daily as part of Dinacharya.
However, if it cannot be followed daily, at least the head, ears and feet should be
massaged with oil.
 Benefits of Shiro-Abhyaṅga:
Shiro-abhyaṅga eliminates diseases of the head. It promotes hair growth and
makes it, soft, long, strong, shiny and dark. It nourishes the head and sense
organs, and prevents & removes wrinkles.

By applying oil daily to the head, the individual does not get afflicted with
headache, baldness, falling or greying of hair.
The skull bones become. The roots of the hairs become strong, hair will grow
long and becomes dark coloured.
The sense organs get nourished and skin complexion increases. The person
also gets good sleep easily and feels happy.
 Benefits of Pādābhyaṅga
सनद्राकरो िेिसख ु श्चक्षष्ु यः श्रर्ससु िनतु ् ॥ ७० ॥
पाित्वङ्मृिक
ु ारी च पािाभ्यङ्गः सिा सितः । (सु - सच - २४)
Pādābhyaṅga induces sleep, provides comfort to the body, improves vision,
removes fatigue & numbness of the feet and softens the feet.

खरत्वां स्तब्धता रौक्ष्यां श्रर्ः सुसिश्च पाियोः ।
सद्य एवोपशाम्यसन्त पािाभ्यङ्गसनषेवर्ात् ॥ ९० ॥
जायते सौकुर्ायं च बलां स्थैयं च पाियोः ।
दृसष्टः प्रसािां लभते र्ारुतश्चोपशाम्यसत ॥ ९१ ॥
न च स्याद्गध्रृ सीवातः पाियोः स्फुटनां न च ।
न ससरास्नायसु ङ्कोचः पािाभ्यङ्गेन पाियोः ॥ ९२ ॥ (च - सू - ५)
Roughness, stiffness, dryness, fatigue and numbness of the feet get
immediately relived by Pādābhyaṅga. The feet also become soft, strong and
steady. The person obtains clear vision, Vāta gets pacified and the person does
not get affected by sciatica and cracks in the feet, and is not affected by
contractions of Sirā & Snāyu.
 Indications of Abhyaṅga: Sāmānya Snehana Yogya

- As part of Dinacharya or Pūrvakarma of Panchakarma before Svedana
- It may be used as part of Pradhānakarma or Pashchātkarma in specific condtions.
- Mūtra, Purīṣa, Retasa & Nidrā Vegadhāraṇa
- Pittaja Gulma, Unmāda, Apasmāra, Vātodara, Vamana Atiyoga, Vrishchika Viṣa,
Vātaja Hṛdroga
 Contraindications of Abhyaṅga:
- Sāma Doṣa, Ajīrṇa, Taruṇa Jvara; if Abhyaṅga is done in these conditions, it causes
severe diseases.
- After Vamana, Virechana or Nirūha Basti; if Abhyaṅga is done on the same day, it
causes Agnimāndya and produces diseases.
- Santarpaṇa Roga, Kapha prakopa
 Method of Abhyaṅga:
- Abhyaṅga should be done with warm Sneha or Siddha Sneha Dravya.
- Abhyaṅga should be done slowly, gently and in the direction of hair follicles.
- Abhyaṅga should specifically be done on the head, ears and feet.
- For Shiro-abhyaṅga, cold or lukewarm oil may also be used. The head is the seat
of the sense organs and is one of the most vital parts, so it should be protected
from heat.
- In Shīta Kāla, Abhyaṅga should be done with Uṣṇa Vīrya Dravya; in Uṣṇā Kāla, it
should be done with Shīta Vīrya Dravya.
- Abhyaṅga should be done in the following positions in successive sequence:
Position Application
1) Sitting Head, Ears, Face, Neck
2) Supine Anterior aspect of the body, Feet
3) Left lateral Right side of trunk, Inner aspect of right
arm, Outer aspect of right leg
4) Right lateral Left side of trunk, Inner aspect of left
arm, Outer aspect of left leg
5) Prone Posterior aspect of the body, Feet
6) Supine Anterior aspect of the body, Feet
7) Sitting Head, Ears, Face, Neck
- Depending on the duration of Abhyaṅga, the oil reaches different levels:
Dhatu level Kala

Lomamūla 300 matra (96 sec)
Tvak 400 matra (133 sec)
Rakta 500 matra (160 sec)
Māṁsa 600 matra (190 sec)
Meda 700 matra (228 sec)
Asthi 800 matra (240 sec)
Majjā 900 matra (285 sec)
-> Abhyaṅga should be applied at least for 5 minutes continuously on a specific site.
 Udvartana
Udvartana is the therapeutic procedure in which the body is rubbed with Chūrṇa Dravya.
Chūrṇa is rubbed all over the body in upwards direction.
It is generally indicated to perform Udvartana after Abhyaṅga & Vyāyāma and before
Snāna as part of Dinacharya. However, it is also useful in specific diseases, especially in
case of Kapha or Meda Vṛddhi.
 Udvartana Lābha:
उद्वतमनां वातिरां कफर्ेिोसवलापनर्् ।
सस्थरीकरर्र्ाङ्गानाां त्वक्प्रसािकरां परर्् ॥ (सु - सच - २४)
Udvartana pacifies Vāta and destroys Kapha & Meda.
It provides stability to the body parts and is a good procedure to clean the skin.
उद्वतमनां कफिरां र्ेिोध्नां शुक्रिां परर्् ।

बल्यां शोसर्तकृ र्चचासप त्वक्प्रसािर्ृित्ु वक्कृ त ॥ (भा.प्र. - ५)
Udvartana pacifies Kapha & Meda, increases Shukra, Bala & Rakta, and cleanses
the skin.
 Bheda:
1) Udgharṣaṇa
2) Utsādana
उद् घर्षणमस्नेहौर्धचू णषदददिघर्षणम् ॥ (डल्हण टीका)

Udgharṣaṇa is the procedure of rubbing Auṣadha Chūrṇa without
Sneha over the body.
सस्नेहं कल्केनोद् घर्षणमु त्सादनम् ॥ (डल्हण टीका)

Utsādana is the procedure of rubbing Auṣadha Chūrṇa with
Sneha Dravya in the form of Kalka over the body.
Udgharṣaṇa & Utsādana Lābha:

Udgharṣaṇa & Utsādana dilate the blood vessels, enhance the complexion of the
skin, provide pleasure and a sense of lighness. They relieve Kaṇḍū, Koṭha, Vātaroga
and Kapharoga.
 Chūrṇa Dravya: Yava, Kulattha, Methikā, Sarṣapa, Haridrā, Triphalā, etc.
 Sneha Dravya: Taila, Ghṛta, Kṣīra, etc.

 Mardana & Unmardana
Mardana is a therapeutic massage with application of deep pressure performed in
downward direction.
Unmardana is a therapeutic massage with application of deep pressure performed in
upward direction (or towards the heart).
Mardana & Unmardana are usually done after application of Sneha; hence they are
considered as Bāhya Snehana.
 Yogya: Tvak, Asṛk, Māṁsa, Sirā, Snāyu, Sandhi, Asthigata Vāta
 Aṅga Mardana Bheda: (According to Āchārya Tiruka)

1) Shuṣkāṅga Mardana (dry massage)
2) Kṣirāṅga Mardana (massage with milk)
3) Tailāṅga Mardana (massage with oil)
4) Svayamāṅga Mardana (self massage)
5) Yamalāṅga Mardana (twin massage)
6) Sāmānyāṅga Mardana (common massage)
 Padāghāta
Padāghāta is the procedure in which first Sneha Dravya is applied all over the body
followed by a special massage in which the therapist uses the feet to apply firm pressure
to the patient’s body.
The therapist should neither be too lean nor obese. His/Her feet should be smooth
without any cracks. The therapist should hold himself steady on a rope or a rod which is
hung above while using one of his/her feet to move in in different directions on the
patient’s body while exerting deep pressure.
It is indicated in Hemanta Ṛtu and in persons who are well built and can withstand the
pressure. It is useful after performing exercises.
All the benefits of Abhyaṅga are also achieved by Padāghāta.
 Saṁvāhana
Saṁvāhana is a mild form of massage (Sukhakara Sparsha), which may be done with or
without Sneha. Gentle pressure and squeezing should be performed.
प्रतीसनद्राकरां वृष्यां कफवातश्रर्ापिर्् ।
सांवािनां र्ासां रक्तत्वक्प्रसािकरां सुखर्् ॥ (सु - सच - २४/८३)
- Pratīkara (produces pleasantness / comfort)
- Nidrākara (induces sleep)
- Vṛṣya (enhances virility)
- Kapha-Vāta-Shrama Apaha (reduces Kapha & Vāta and relieves fatigue)
- Māṁsa-Rakta-Tvak Prasādakara (produces welfare / normalcy of Māṁsa, Rakta & Tvak)
- Sukha (provides happiness / pleasure / joy)
 Karṇa Pūraṇa / Karṇa Tarpaṇa / Karṇataila
Karṇa Pūraṇa is the procedure of filling the ear with Sneha Dravya.
 Yogya:
1) Nityaprayoga - Tila taila
2) Karṇashūla - Bilva taila, Nirguṇḍī taila, Lashuna taila
3) Karṇanāḍa - Apāmārgakṣāra taila
4) Bādhirya - Dhanvantari taila, Balā taila
 Pramāṇa:
1) Svastha rakṣaṇa 100 Mātrākāla (32 seconds)
2) Karṇaroga 100 Mātrākāla (32 seconds)
3) Kaṇṭharoga 500 Mātrākāla (160 seconds)
4) Shiroroga 1000 Mātrākāla (320 seconds)
 Vidhi:
1) Pūrvakarma
- Examination of the ear for ruling out tympanic membrane perforation.
- Abhyaṅga over the ear and the surrounding area followed by Mṛdu Svedana.
- Sneha Dravya is warmed slightly
2) Pradhānakarma
The patient is asked to lie on the right lateral position. The lukewarm Sneha
Dravya is slowly poured over the wall of the external ear. The patient should
remain in this position as required.
3) Pashchātkarma
The Sneha Dravya is removed completely by inserting cotton into the auditory
meatus and advising the patient to tilt the head. The ear and surrounding area
is wiped with a soft towel. The patient should remain in the same postion for 5
minutes.
Repeat the same procedure on the left side.
 Benefits of Karṇa Pūraṇa:

1) According to Sushruta Samhita
िनुर्न्यासशरःकर्मशूलघ्नां कर्मपूरर्र्् ॥ (सु - सच - २४ / २९)
2) According to Charaka Samhita
न कर्मरोगा वातोत्था न र्न्यािनसु ङ्रिः ।
नोर्चचैः श्रुसतनम बासधयं स्यासन्नत्यां कर्मतपमर्ात् ॥ (च - सू - ५ / ८४)
 Akṣi Tarpaṇa
Akṣi Tarpaṇa is the procedure in which the eyes are nourished through Ghṛta.
 Yogya: :Nayana (fatigue of eyes), Tāmyati / Timira, Stabdha, Shuṣka, Rūkṣa,

Abhighāta, Vātaja Netraroga, Pittaja Netraroga, Shīrṇa pakṣma (squint),
Vilekṣaṇa (loss of eye lashes), Kṛcchronmīla (difficulty in opening the eyes),
Sirāharṣa (congestion of conjunctival blood vessels), Shirotpāta (pannus), Tama,
Abhishyanda (conjunctivitis), Adhimantha (glaucoma), Anyatovāta (trigeminal
neuralgia), Vātaparyaya (complete oculomotor paresis), Shuklaka (corneal opacity)
Mahātriphalādya Ghṛta and Triphalādya Ghṛta are both indicated in all Netraroga.
Triphalādya Ghṛta is also ideal in healthy persons to prevent Netraroga and
promote the functioning of the eyes.
 Ayogya: Atishīta Kāla, Atyuṣṇa Kāla, Varṣa, Bhaya, Shrama, Bhrama
 Pariṇāma:
- Svastha 500 Mātrākāla (160 seconds)
- Vātaja pradhāna 1,000 Mātrākāla (320 seconds)
- Pittaja pradhāna 800 Mātrākāla (256 seconds)
- Kaphaja pradhāna 600 Mātrākāla (192 seconds)
Tarpaṇa should be done for either 1 day, 3 days or 5 days maximum.
 Vidhi:
1) Pūrvakarma
- Shodhana of Kāya and Shira
- Shiro-abhyaṅga, Mṛdu Svedana
- Traditionally, a dough is prepared from flour of Māṣa to form the boundaries
for Tarpaṇa Karma. Nowadays, swimming goggle is commonly used in which
the front wall has been removed:
- Ghṛta is slightly warmed
2) Pradhānakarma
The patient is asked to lie down the back in a room free from direct exposure
to sun, wind and dust. The eyes are encircled by forming a wall of 2 aṅgula
height with the prepared dough. Or the swimming goggles are put on properly
so that no liquid can leak.
The liquefied Ghṛta is poured slowly onto one eye until the entire eyelashes
are covered. Then the patient should blink slowly and repeatedly.
3) Pashchātkarma
After retaining the Ghṛta for the required time, it is drained out (through a
hole in the dough) laterally. The eyes should be washed with lukewarm water
or Triphalā Kvātha and wiped dry. Dhūmapāna or Puṭapāka may be indicated.
 Samyagādi Lakṣaṇa:
सुखस्वप्नावबोधत्वां वैशद्यां वर्मपाटवर्् ॥
सनवृसम तव्यामसधसवध्वसां ः सक्रयालाघवर्ेव च ॥ १३ ॥
गुवामसवलर्सतसस्नग्धर्श्रुकर्णिूपिेिवत् ॥
ज्ञेयां िोषसर्सु त्क्लष्टां नेत्रर्त्यथमतसपमतर्् ॥ १४ ॥
रूक्षर्ासवलर्स्राढ्यर्सिां रूपिशमने ॥
व्यासधवृसिश्च तज्ज्ञेयां िीनतसपमतर्सक्ष च ॥ १६ ॥ (सु - उ - १८)
 Puṭapāka
Pụtapāka is a form of Aḳsi Tarpaṇa, but instead of Siddha Ghṛta, other Drava Dravya,
mainly Svarasa, are used.
Bheda Kāla Parimāṇa Prayoga

1) Snehana 200 Mātrākāla (roughly 4 min) 3 days Vātaja Netraroga
2) Lekhana 100 Mātrākāla (roughly 2 min) 2 days Kaphaja Netraroga
3) Ropaṇa 300 Mātrākāla (roughly 5 min) 1 day Pittaja & Raktaja Netraroga
 Āshchotana
Āshchotana is the therapeutic procedure of instilling medical drops into the eyes
(conjunctival sac).
According to Āchārya Vāgbhaṭa, it is the first line of treatment in Netraroga.
 Vidhi: The patient is asked to lie on the therapeutic table in supine position in
Nivāta Sthāna. An eye dropper is filled with medicinal liquid, and is held 2 aṅgula
above the patient's right eye. The left eye is closed. Then the Auṣadha Dravya is
instilled into the conjunctival sac. The same is done on the left eye.
Both eyes are cleaned with a soft cloth.
 Bheda & Mātrā:

1) Snehana 10 drops
2) Lekhana 8 drops
3) Ropaṇa 12 drops
 Āmayika Prayoga:
Vātaja Netraroga (Snehana), Pittaja Netraroga (Ropana), Kaphaja Netraroga
(Lekhana), Netrashotha, Netradāha, Āshrusrava
 Añjana
Añjana is the application of Aụsadha Dravya on the margin of the eyelids. It nourishes
the eyes, makes them clear and promotes vision.
 Vidhi: The patient should sit straight or lie in supine position. Añjana Dravya is
applied on the margin of eyelids by using finger or Shalākā. The patient is asked to
blink several times, then keep the eyes closed and rotate the eyes to allow the
medicine to spread. The eyes should remain closed until the effect of Añjana has
subsided. Then the eyes are washed with Kaṣāya depending on the disease. The
eyes are wiped with a clean cloth.
 Bheda
A) On the basis of Karma
1) Snehana
2) Lekhana
3) Ropaṇa
B) On the basis of Kalpanā

1) Guṭikā / Varti
2) Kalka
3) Chūrṇa
C) On the basis of Guṇa

1) Mṛdu - Sauvīrāñjana (daily application)
2) Tīkṣṇa - Rasāñjana (once in 7 days, early morning / evening)
 Āmayika Prayoga :Vātaja Netraroga (Snehana/Mṛdu), Pittaja Netraroga

(Ropana/Mṛdu), Kaphaja Netraroga (Lekhana/Tīkṣṇa), Abhishyanda, Adhimantha,
Timira, Shuṣkākshipāka
 Gaṇḍūṣa
Gaṇḍūṣa is the procedure of filling the oral cavity completely (Mukha pūrṇam) with
Drava Dravya and withholding it without any movement until following features develop:
i) Kapha Pūrṇāsyatā
ii) Ghrāna srāva
iii) Akṣi srāva
Bheda Auṣadha Guṇa Prayoga

1) Snehana Snigdha, Uṣṇa, Madhura, Amla, Lavaṇa Vātaja Mukharoga
2) Shamana Shīta, Madhura, Tikta, Kaṣāya Pittaja Mukharoga
3) Shodhana Tikshna, Uṣṇa, Rūkṣa, Kaṭu, Amla, Lavaṇa Kaphaja Mukharoga
4) Ropaṇa Uṣṇa, Kaṣāya, Madhura, Kaṭu Mukhaja Vraṇa
 Yogya: Mukharoga, Manyāstambha, Praseka, Vaktra Shoṣa, Aruchi
 Lābha: Hanubala, Svarabala, Dṛḍha Mūla & Danta, Mukhopachaya, Para Rasajnāna,
Na Asya-Kaṇṭha Shoṣa, Na Oṣṭha Sphuṭana, Na Kṛmidanta, Na Dantashūla
 Kavala
Kavala is the procedure of filling the oral cavity half with Drava Dravya and moving it
around (gargling).
Bheda Auṣadha Guṇa Prayoga

1) Snehana Snigdha, Uṣṇa, Madhura, Amla, Lavaṇa Vātaja Mukharoga
2) Shamana Shīta, Madhura, Tikta, Kaṣāya Pittaja Mukharoga
3) Shodhana Tikshna, Uṣṇa, Rūkṣa, Kaṭu, Amla, Lavaṇa Kaphaja Mukharoga
4) Ropaṇa Uṣṇa, Kaṣāya, Madhura, Kaṭu Mukhaja Vraṇa
 Yogya: Mukharoga, Bahu Kapha Sañchaya, Gurutā, Jāḍhya, Ālasya, Ardita,

Manyāstambha, Praseka, Akṣiroga, Karṇaroga, Shiroroga, Vaktra Shoṣa, Tandrā,
Pīnasa, Hṛllāsa, Aruchi
 Lābha: Hanubala, Svarabala, Dṛḍha Mūla & Danta, Mukhopachaya, Para Rasajnāna,
Na Asya-Kaṇṭha Shoṣa, Na Oṣṭha Sphuṭana, Na Kṛmidanta, Na Dantashūla
 Lepa
Lepa is the procedure in which Kalka is applied topically to a specific area. Kalka may or
may not be mixed with Sneha Dravya.
Simple application of only Sneha Dravya without Kalka and without massaging is also
known as Lepa. It is less effective than Abhyaṅga but useful in conditions where pressure
is not indicated.
 Paryāya: Lepa, Lipta, Lepana
 Bheda :(Ā :Sushruta)

1) Pralepa Shīta Guṇa, Tanu
a) Avishoṣi (Kalka is removed before drying)
b) Vishoṣi (Kalka is removed after drying)
2) Pradeha Uṣṇa / Shīta Guṇa, Ghana, Avishoṣi

3) Alepa Anuṣṇa, Madhya
 Rules:
1) Lepa Kalka should neither be too Snigdha (unctuous) nor too Rūkṣa (dry),
neither too Piṇḍa (solid) nor too Drava (liquid).
2) Lepa should be used immediately after preparing the Kalka and should be used
only once. Dried or stale Lepa Dravya vitiates Doṣa and Rakta. If the same Lepa
is reused, it causes moisture, spread of the disease and pain.
3) Lepa should not be applied at night time and it should not be allowed to stay
on the skin until it dries up; only in case of Vishoṣi Pradeha, it is allowed to stay
ever after drying in order to cause constriction in the affected part of the body.
4) At night, the heat of the body comes out thorugh the skin pores. Therefore, if
Lepa is applied at night, the skin pores get blocked and the transfer of body
heat is obstructed, which leads to vitiation of Doṣa and may worsen the
condition.
5) Lepa should not be placed on a piece of cloth which is then applied. Also, a
new Lepa should not be applied over another Lepa.
In both cases, because of the increased thickness, there will be rise of local
temperature causing Sveda, Svedaja Piḍaka and Kaṇḍū.
 Method of Preparation of Lepa:

Wet drugs are triturated to a very fine paste with no fibrous part left.
Dry drugs are thoroughly pounded and the obtained powder is sieved :It is further
triturated with specified liquid to prepare Kalka
 Thickness of Lepa: 1/4 aṅgula -> Doṣaghna
1/3 aṅgula -> Viṣaghna
1/2 aṅgula -> Varṇya
 Method of Application:
The paste should be gently rubbed on the skin in opposite direction of the hairs. By
doing so, Lepa Dravya enters through Romakūpa and gets further absorbed by
Svedavaha Srotas & Sirāmukha.
 Āmayika Praygoa: Kuṣṭha, Visarpa, Shotha, Khalitya, Palitya, Indralupta, Shirashūla,

Udarashūla, Vraṇa, Kesha pātana, Dāruṇaka, Tvakgata Vāta, Shirogata Tvakroga,
Vātarakta, Kaṇḍū, Dāha, etc.
 Māstiṣkya
Māstiṣkya is the procedure of keeping Sneha or Sneha mixed with Kalka on the head.
Ā. Sushruta described it as Māstiṣkya or Māstiṣka. Ā. Ḍalhaṇa described Māstiṣka as a
type of Shirobasti.
In Keralīya Pañchkarma, it is called Talam.
 Talam / Taladhāraṇa
Talam is the application of medicated paste over on the scalp.
 Required Materials: Stove, Vessels, Plate, Chair, Taila

 Kalka Dravya: Takra (15 pala / 720 ml), Chūrṇa (4 pala / 192 gm)
Takra and Chūrṇa are mixed together and boiled until the fluid is evaporated.
Chūrṇa Prayoga
Āmalakī Insomnia, Dandruff, Headache, Mirgraine
Panchagandhā Psychiatric disorders
Elādi Scalp disorders
Balāmūla Facial palsy
 Vidhi:
After performing Abhyaṅga on the patient, the patient should sit comfortably on a
chair. The prepared medicine is applied on the scalp (3-5 cm thick). The patient
should remain seated calmly for about 30-90 minutes. The body is gently massaged
during this period. After removal of the paste from the head, the scalp is rubbed
with a dry cloth, and a bath should be taken.
 Talapothichil
Talapothichil is the application of wet medicated paste over the head and then covering
the same with a processed plantain leaf.
 Course of the Treatment: 7 days / 14 days / 21 days

 Required Materials: Stove, Vessels, Long straps of cloth, Padma / Kaḍalī patra, Taila
 Kalka Dravya: Takra, Āmalakī, Musta, Maṇḍūkaparṇī, Brāhmī, etc.
 Vidhi:
The patient’s head should be shaved clean for obtaining best therapeutic results.
The patient is seated comfortably and given a mild massage on the head with
suitable medicated oil. A strap of cloth is tied around the head above the level of
the ears and eyebrows. Then the paste is applied (0.5-1 cm thick) evenly over the
scalp by leaving a small portion at the centre free, which is filled with Taila. The
scalp is then covered with the prepared leaf which is kept in position by tying
another long strap around the head. The patient should remain seated calmly for
about 20-40 minutes. After removing the cloths, leaf and paste, the scalp is wiped
and another mild massage should be done on the head.
The patient should avoid exposure to cool & blowing air.
 Prayoga: Unmāda, Apasmāra, Nidrānāsha, Psychosomatic disorders, Neurological

disorders, Scalp disorders, Migraine, Stress
 Sneha Avagāha
Sneha Avagāha is the immersion of the body parts in a bath tub filled with Sneha Dravya
up to the level of the umbilicus. Sneha which is used should be in room temperature to
avoid Svedana.
ससरार्ुखःै रोर्कूपैधर्म नीसभश्च तपमयन् ।
शरीरबलर्ाधत्ते युक्तः स्नेिोऽवगािने ॥ (सु - सच - २४)
Sneha Avagāhana provides nourishment through Sirāmukha, Romakūpa and Dhamanī,
and strengthens the body.
Yogya: Vātavyādhi, Dhanurvāta, Apatānaka, Apatantraka, Sarvāṅga Vāta, Bhagna,

Chedya Vṛṇa (amputation)
 Sneha Pariṣeka
Sneha Pariṣeka is the procedure of pouring Sneha Dravya over a specific part or the
whole body below the neck. Sneha which is used should be in room temperature or only
slightly warmed to avoid Svedana.
Karma: Shramahara, Vātahara, Bhagna sandhāna, Vraṇa ropaṇa, Vṛṣya, Balya, Varṇya,
Ojokara, Agni-Indriya Sthiratā, Dirghāyu
 Mūrdha Taila / Shiro Tarpaṇa
Mūrdha Taila includes the procedures in which Sneha Dravya is used to nourish the head.
 Chaturvidha Mūrdha Taila:

1) Shiro-abhyaṅga
2) Shiroseka
3) Shiropichu
4) Shirobasti
 General Benefits of Mūrdha Taila:

Shiraḥshūla Na Jāyate, Na Khalitya, Na Palitya, Dṛḍhamūla Dīrgha Kṛṣṇa Kesha,
Na Kesha Pātana, Shiraḥkapāla Balakara, Indriya prasāda, Nidrā lābha, Udvega hara
1) Shiro-Abhyaṅga
Shiro-abhyaṅga is oil massage performed on the head.
In general, it can be performed at any time of the day, but the early morning is most
favourable. It is included under Sarvāṅga Abhyaṅga, but may also be done
independently.
 Benefits of Shiro-Abhyaṅga:
Shiro-abhyaṅga eliminates diseases of the head. It promotes hair growth and
makes it, soft, long, strong, shiny and dark. It nourishes the head and sense
organs, and prevents & removes wrinkles.

By applying oil daily to the head, the individual does not get afflicted with
headache, baldness, falling or greying of hair.
The skull bones become. The roots of the hairs become strong, hair will grow
long and becomes dark coloured.
The sense organs get nourished and skin complexion increases. The person
also gets good sleep easily and feels happy.
2) Shiroseka / Shirodhārā
Shiroseka is the procedure in which Drava Dravya is continuously poured on the
forehead and allowed to flow over the scalp.
It is commonly referred to as Shirodhārā. Shiroseka with Sneha Dravya comes under
Mūrdha Taila; this may also be called Tailadhārā.
Other Drava Dravya which are also commonly used for Shirodhārā include Kvātha, Kṣīra
and Takra. Depending on the used liquid media, the procedure is named respectively,
like Kvāthadhārā/Kaṣāyadhārā, Kṣīradhārā or Takradhārā.
 Dhārā Table:
Dhārā table is needed for making the patient lie down in supine position for
Shirodhārā procedure. This table has a shallow rounded depression at its head end.
This portion is large enough to accommodate the patient’s head, approximately 45
cm in diameter. The head portion also possesses a small hole of 1 cm diameter at
the center of theshallow depression. This hole is fitted with a tube below. The
other end of the tube ends in a vessel to collect the liquid which falls into the
depression and is drained out through the hole.
 Dhārā Yantra:
Dhārā Yantra is a special vessel used for Shirodhārā. It is a shallow pot, commonly
made from stainless steel or copper, attached with chains to hang it on a hook in
the ceiling or on a stand. The pot has a hole at its center with a control valve
mechanism. Dhārā Yantra is hung above the head end of Dhārā table.
 Tailadhārā
1) Dravya: Tila taila, Balā taila, Kṣīrabalā taila, Dhanvantara taila, Chandanādi
taila, Madhuyaṣṭyādi taila, etc.
2) Yogya: Mental stress, Hypertension, Dermatological conditions, Pediculosis,

Headache, Anxiety, Psychological illness, Insomnia, Mental exhaustion
 Takradhārā
1) Dravya: Takra (generally mixed with Āmalakī kvātha; or other medicinal drugs)
Takra has to be prepared on the day before Takradhārā procedure, and

Āmalakī kvātha on the day of the procedure.
For the preparation of buttermilk, 1 ½ prastha (1152 ml) of cow’s milk is boiled
and cooled. The milk may be boiled with other medicinal drugs depending on
the patient’s condition.
When the milk has cooled down, about 20 ml of curd or sour buttermilk is
added to it and kept overnight for fermentation.
On the next morning, the prepared curd is churned to extract the butter and
separate the buttermilk.
The decoction of Āmalakī is prepared by boiling 40 pala (1920 gm) of dried
Āmalakī in 9 prastha (6912 ml) of water on low fire until it is reduced to 1 ½
prastha (1152 ml). When it has cooled down, Āmalakī is properly crushed and
the decoction is strained.
It is then mixed with equal amount of the previously prepared buttermilk.
This mixture is used for Takradhārā.
2) Yogya: Pālitya, Klama, Shiroruja, Ojaḥkṣaya, Mūtra Doṣa, Hṛdaya ruk, Aruchi,
Shiroroga, Karṇaroga, Akṣiroga,
 Kṣīradhārā
1) Dravya: Go-Kṣīra, Kṣīrapāka, Nārī-Kṣīra, etc.
Kṣīrapāka is commonly prepared by mixing 1 prastha (768 ml) of cow’s milk
with 8 prastha (6144 ml) of water. The mixture is boiled with coarse powder of
Balā mūla and crushed tubers of Shatāvarī until reduced to 1 prastha (768 ml).
Balā and Shatāvarī can also be tied in a piece of cloth for the boiling process.
The Kṣirapāka is strained and allowed to cool down. It may be mixed with
equal amount of tender coconut water for Kṣīradhārā.
2) Yogya: Psychological illness, Insomnia, Burning sensation in the head,

Headache
-> Kṣīradhārā with Nārī-Kṣīra

1) Dravya: Nārī-Kṣīra
The human beastmilk used for Kṣīradhārā should be fresh and unprocessed.
This type of Kṣīradhārā should be performed for about 60-90 minutes.
After the procedure, the head is completely dried followed by application of
Rāsnādi chūrṇa on the scalp. This prevents the development of symptoms or
complications due to exposure to coldness during the Kṣīradhārā procedure.
2) Yogya: Specifically indicated in severe febrile states, Delirium due to high fever
 Shirodhārā Sāmānya Vidhi:
1) Pūrvakarma
- For the best results, Shirodhārā should be performed either in the morning or
in the evening.
- Shiro-abhyaṅga may be done before Shirodhārā if indicated for the patient’s
condition.
- Patient is made to lie down on the Dhārā table in supine position.
- A cotton ribbon is folded twice along its length to make it thicker. This ribbon
is placed along the lower border of the patient’s forehead upon the eyebrows.
The eyes are covered with cotton pads and bandaged. This will prevent fluid
from entering the eyes.
- Dhārā Yantra is fixed over the patient’s head so that the liquid from the
vessel can pour onto the center of the forehead.
- The pot will be filled with Sneha or other chosen Drava Dravya.
Taila and Kvātha are generally warmed for Shirodhārā. Takra and Kṣīra are
commonly used in cold state.
2) Pradhānakarma
- The valve of the pot is opened and the therapist must ensure that the liquid
media pours out of the Shirodhārā pot in continuous motion onto the
forehead.
- The pot is then oscillated constantly and steadily in a to and fro fashion from
one lateral side to the other so that the fluid falls on the entire forehead and
further flows over the scalp. The pot can also be moved in the shape of an 8
across the forehead. Quick or sudden movements of the pot should be
avoided.
- The liquid that has dripped down from the head and is collected below can be
reused to fill the Dhārā pot.
- The procedure is continued for about 30 minutes.
3) Pashchātkarma
- After the procedure, a mild head massage may be done.
- The patient should rest for about 15 minutes and is then allowed to take a
head bath with warm water.
If Sneha has been used, it may not be washed off immediately but kept on the
head for 1-2 hours while being covered with a towel.
3) Shiropichu
Shiropichu is the procedure in which a cotton pad soaked in Taila is kept on
Brahmarandhra / Sahasrāra Chakra / Bregma.
In general, it can be performed at any time of the day, but the early morning is most
favourable.
 Vidhi:
Abhyaṅga may be done on the head, neck and shoulders of the patient before
applying Shiropichu.
A pad of cotton wool is wrapped in a cotton gauze. The patient is asked to sit
comfortably on a chair. It is always ideal if the patient has short hair, or else the
hair is combed away from the vertex region to expose the skin.
The prepared cotton pad is then placed on the vertex area. It may either be dipped
into warmed Taila before placing it on top of the head or it may be placed first and
then warm oil (10 ml) is poured on the pad.
If the patient is suffering from any dermatological condition on the scalp, the pad it
placed at the site of the lesion.
A piece of cloth is then placed above the pad and tied to keep the pad firmly in
touch with the scalp.
The patient shall remain seated undisturbed for about 30-60 minutes.
Kesha pātana, Kesha Sphuṭana, Pakṣāghāta, Ardita, Nāsagata Raktapitta,
Netrastambha, Shiraḥkapālagata Roga
4) Shirobasti
Shirobasti is the procedure in which Sneha Dravya is retained on the top of the head.
 Shirobasti Yantra / Shirobasti Hat:

2 feet long and 1 feet wide rectangular piece of leather fitted with buckles or
buttons in its width. The leather should be soft and well seasoned. This piece of
leather when fitted around the head forms a hat. Alternatively, one can use plastic
material instead of leather.
 Shirobasti Dravya: Tila taila, Balā taila, Kṣīrabalā taila, Triphalādya taila,
Dhattūrapatrādi taila, Nārāyaṇa taila, Chandanādi taila, Dhanvantara taila, etc.
Netrastambha, Prasupti, Ardita, Anidrā, Nāsa-Āsya Shoṣa, Timira, Shiroroga,
Kampavāta
 Kāla & Pariṇāma:

- Early morning or evening is the best time to conduct Shirobasti.
- Shirobasti should be done once per day for 3, 5 or 7 days maximum.
 Vidhi:
1) Pūrvakarma
- Shodhana (Vamana & Virechana) to increase efficacy of Shirobasti
- Patient’s head should be shaved clean on the day before Shirobasti
- Preparation of Charmapaṭṭa (leather strap) and Māṣa Kalka. A long cotton
cloth (1.5 feet long and 3 inches width) is evenly spread and a thin layer of
Māṣa kalka is smeared onto it. It is then folded in its length, smeared again,
and folded once more.
- Heating Sneha Dravya in water bath until lukewarm
2) Pradhānakarma
- Bastiyantra Dhāraṇa: The patient is seated comfortably in a chair with arm
rest. He/She should sit erect and the head is held straight and steady. The
prepared cotton ribbon is wrapped around the head horizontally at the level of
the forehead; above the eyebrows and ears. The free end of the cloth is
smeared with Māṣa kalka again and firmly stuck to the underlying piece of
cloth. The cloth should neither be wrapped too loose nor too tight. If it is
loose, Sneha may leak during the procedure. If it is too tight, it will cause
discomfort or even headache.
The rectangular leather piece is wrapped around the cotton ribbon firmly, so
that its lower border corresponds to the lower border of the ribbon around the
head. The leather is then buttoned properly to form a hat with an open top.
Inside the hat, the angle between the hat and the scalp is properly sealed with
a think layer of black gram paste without leaving any rent.
- Taila Dhāraṇa: Luke warm oil is poured into the hat until it reaches a level of
2 aṅgula (approximately 1 ½ inches) above the scalp. Care must be taken to
maintain the temperature of Sneha Dravya constant during the whole
procedure by carefully replacing the cooled Sneha with lukewarm Sneha.
The patient should remain seated calmy until appearance of Samyak Lakṣaṇa.
Otherwise, the time should be according to the predominance of Doṣa:
i) Vāta pradhāna -> 10,000 Mātrākāla (53 minutes)
ii) Pitta pradhāna -> 8,000 Mātrākāla (42.5 minutes)
iii) Kapha pradhāna -> 6,000 Mātrākāla (32 minutes)
iv) Svastha -> 1,000 Mātrākāla (5.3 minutes)
According to Ā. Shārṅgadhara, Shirobasti is performed for 1 Yāma (3 hours) in

Vāta and Pitta pradhāna, and ½ Yāma (1 ½ hours) in Kapha pradhāna.
- Samyak Lakṣaṇa: Vedanā shamana, Tanmala Srāva -> Vaktrasrāva,

Nāsikasrāva, Karṇasrāva
- Removal of Taila & Bastiyantra: The head is tilted forward and Sneha Dravya
is collected in a vessel. Then the hat, cotton ribbon and any remaining paste is
removed.
3) Pashchātkarma
- After removal of Taila and Bastiyantra, a mild massage is done on the head,
neck and shoulders.
- Immediately afterwards, the soles, palms, shoulders and back of the ear
pinna are warmed by gently rubbing these parts.
- The patient should take rest for about 15 minutes and then take a head bath
with warm water.
 Variations of Local Basti

Kaṭi-, Grīva-, Uro- and Jānubasti are similar to Shirobasti since warm Sneha Dravya
is retained over a specific body part in an enclosed space for a certain period. These
procedures are generally categorized as a form of Snigdha Svedana.
Traditionally, Māṣa kalka is used to form a basin around the indicated area to retain
the warm Sneha Dravya. Nowadays, steel rings, fiber rings or plastic materials are
used and Māṣa kalka is only applied on the lower border, where the instrument
meets the skin, to prevent leakage and to stabilize the instrument.
The warm Sneha Dravya (50° C) should be filled until it reaches a level of about 1
aṅgula. Its temperature is maintained throughout the procedure. Sneha should be
retained for about 30 minutes. After the Sneha and Kalka have been removed
again, mild massage is performed. Then mild Svedana is done with the help of a
heated towel on the same area for about 5 minutes.
Sneha Dravya: Balā taila, Kṣīrabalā taila, Dhanvantara taila, Mahāmāṣa taila,
Dhattūra taila, Nirguṇḍī taila, Mahānārāyaṇa taila, etc.
1) Kaṭibasti
Kaṭibasti is the procedure in which warm Sneha Dravya is retained on the
lumbar or sacral region.
Āmāyika Prayoga: Lumbar spondylosis, Spondylolysthesis, Disc prolapse,

Ankylosing spondylitis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sacroileitis, Lumbosacral strain,
Mechanical backache, etc.
2) Grīvabasti
Grīvabasti is the procedure in which warm Sneha Dravya is retained on the
back of the neck.
Āmāyika Prayoga: Cervical spndylosis, Spondylolysthesis, Disc prolapse,

Anyklosing spondylitis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Stiffness of the neck, etc.
3) Hṛd/Urobasti
Urobasti is the procedure in which warm Sneha Dravya is retained over the
heart region.
Āmāyika Prayoga: Angina pectoris, Costochondritis, Painful conditions of the

anterior chest
4) Jānubasti
Jānubasti is the procedure in which warm Sneha Dravya is retained over the
knee joint.
Āmāyika Prayoga: Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Ligamental injury, etc.

Abhyantara Snehana
1) Shodhanārtha Snehana
ह्यस्तने जीर्म एवान्ने स्नेिोऽर्च्ः शि
ु ये बिः । (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
Shodhana Snehana is Accha Snehapāna in Bahumātra administered after digestion of
the previous meal.
Shodhana Snehana is Pūrvakarma of Shodhana (Vamana & Virechana).
It is also known as Shodhanārtha, Shodhanāṅga or Shodhanapūrva Snehana.
 Importance of Dīpana Pāchana in Shodhanārtha Snehana:

1) Dīpana
Dīpana Dravya kindle the Jaṭharāgni but do not digest Āma.
Snehapāna is contraindicated if a person is having Agnimāndya. Hence, it
should first be ignited by Dīpana.
Dīpana also improves Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti (intake capacity).
2) Pāchana
Pāchana Dravya digest Āma but do not stimulate the Agni.
Snehapāna is contraindicated if a person is suffering from Āma. Hence, it
should first be treated by Pāchana.
Pāchana also improves Jaraṇa Shakti (digestive capacity).
-> Dīpana Pāchana is generally given for 2-4 days, or until Dīptāgni is
manifested and Āma is digested, before starting Snehapāna.
Examples of Dīpana Pāchana Auṣadha:
Trikaṭu chūrṇa, Pañchakola, Hiṅgvaṣṭaka chūrṇa, Lavaṇabhāskara chūrṇa,
Āmapāchaka vaṭī, Chitrakādi vaṭī, Agnituṇḍī vaṭī, Shaṅkha vaṭī, Sañjīvanī vaṭī
 Importance of Agni & Koṣṭha in Shodhanārtha Snehana:

1) Agni
- In case of Alpāgni, Hrasvamātrā should be given. If a higher dose of Sneha is
given, it would suppress the Agni even further, but a low dose acts as Dīpana.
- In case of Uttamāgni, Uttamamātrā should be given. If a low dose of Sneha is
given, it would not produce the desired effect of Snehana.
2) Koṣṭha
- In case of Mṛdu Koṣṭha, Uttamamātrā should not be given because it causes
Agnimāndya and Drava Mala pravṛtti.
- In case of Krūra Koṣṭha, Hrasva or Madhyamamātrā is not sufficient because
it does not cause Doṣa-Utklesha.
- In general, Snehapāna is administered for 3, 5 and 7 days for Mṛdu,
Madhyama and Krūra Koṣṭha respectively.
 Importance of Rūkṣaṇa in Shodhanārtha Snehana:
रौक्ष्यां खरत्वां वैशद्यां यत् कुयामत्तसि रूक्षर्र्् ॥ १० ॥ (च - सू -–२२)
Rūkṣaṇa is the procedure which produces dryness, roughness and non-sliminess.
Rūkṣa Dravya Guṇa: Rūkṣa, Laghu, Khara, Tīkṣṇa, Uṣṇa, Sthira, Apicchila, Kaṭhīna
Examples of Rūkṣaṇa:
Internal -> Kaṭu-Tikta-Kaṣāya Āhāra, Yava, Takra, Takrāriṣṭa, Takra Harītakī,
Triphalā, Gomūtra, Gomūtra Harītakī
External -> Udvartana with Triphalā, Kulattha, Yava, Haridrā, Musta, etc.
Rūkṣaṇa Samyak Lakṣaṇa:

वातर्त्रू परु ीषार्ाां सवसगे गात्रलाघवे ।
हृियोद्गारकर्णठास्यशुिौ तन्द्राक्लर्े गते ॥ ३४ ॥
स्वेिे जाते रुचौ चैव क्षसु त्पपासासिोिये ।
कृ तां लङ्घनर्ािेश्यां सनव्यमथे चान्तरात्र्सन ॥ ३५ ॥ (च - सू - २२)
Indication of Rūkṣaṇa before Snehapāna:

र्ासां ला र्ेिरु ा भरू रश्लेष्र्ार्ो सवषर्ाग्नयः ॥ ३७ ॥
स्नेिोसचताश्च ये स्नेह्यास्तान् पूवं रूक्षयेत्ततः ।
सस्ां नेह्य शोधयेिवे ां स्नेिव्यापन्न जायअते ॥ ३८ ॥
अलां र्लानीरसयतुां स्नेिश्चासात्म्यताां गतः । (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
In case of Māṁsalā (stout person), Medurā (obesity), Bhuri-Shleṣmaṇa (Kapha
predominance), Viṣamāgni (irregular digestive fire), Sneha-Uchita (habituated to
Sneha Dravya) and Snehyā (indicated for Snehana), Rūkṣaṇa should be done first.
After that, Snehana should be done, followed by Shodhana.
By performing Rūkṣaṇa in this manner, Snehavyāpat will not occur, and the
administered Sneha can properly disintegrate the Mala.
 Snehapāna Mātrā:
1) Uttama (6 yāma)
2) Madhyama (4 yāma)
3) Hrasva (2 yāma)
4) Hrasīyasī (1 yāma)
1) Uttama/Bahu/Pradhāna Mātrā
It is the maximum dosage for Snehapāna. It is the quantity which digests
within 6 yāma (24 hours).
It is indicated in case of Uttamāgni, Krūra Koṣṭha, Balavān and Sneha Nitya.
Besides as Pūrvakarma for Shodhana, it is beneficial in conditions such as:
Gulma, Sarpadaṁṣṭa, Visarpa, Unmāda, Mūtrakṛcchra and Gāḍha Varcha.
Karma:
- Shīghravikāra shamana (cures diseases instantaneously)
- Doṣānukarṣiṇī (attracts, absorbs and draws Doṣa which will be expelled with
the excessive Sneha)
- It pervades through all the Mārgas of the body.
- Balya, Rasāyana
2) Madhyama Mātrā
It is the moderate dosage for Snehapāna. It is the quantity which digests within
4 yāma (12 hours).
It is indicated in case of Madhyamāgni Bala, Madhyama & Mṛdu Koṣṭha, and
Madhyama Bala.
Aruṣka, Sphoṭa, Piḍakā, Kaṇḍū, Kuṣṭha, Pāma, Vātarakta, etc.
It is also described as Shamanārtha Snehana. For that purpose, Madhyama

Mātrā is administered (after digestion of the previous meal) when hunger is
manifested, but without intake of food.
Karma:
- Madhyama Mātra does not cause much complication, does not affect the
person’s strength much, and causes Snehana in a comfortable way.
- It is used as Shodhanārtha or Shamanārtha Snehana.
3) Hrasva/Alpa/Hīna Mātrā
It is the low dosage for Snehapāna. It is the quantity which digests within
2 yāma (6 hours).
It is indicated in case of Alpāgni, Mṛdu Koṣṭha, Durbala, Sukumāra, Bāla,
Vṛddha, etc.
Jīrṇa Jvara, Atisāra, Kāsa, Kārshya, etc.
It is also described as Bṛṁhaṇārtha Snehana. For that purpose, Hrasva Mātrā is

administered with Rasa, Madya, Kṣīra, Yavāgū, and taken along with meal.
Karma:
- Hrasva Mātra does not cause complications, increases the person’s strength
and virility.
- It is used as Shodhanārtha, Shamanārtha or Bṛṁhaṇārtha Snehana.
4) Hrasīyasī Mātrā
It is the minimal dosage for Snehapāna. It is the quantity which digests within
1 yāma (3 hours). It is only described by Ā. Vāgbhaṭa.
When the patient’s type of Koṣṭha is not known and Sneha is administered in
large quantity, it may cause various complication or even death.
Therefore, before administration of Uttama, Madhyama or Hrasva Mātrā,
Hrasīyasī Mātrā should be used. It helps in assessing Koṣṭha, Agni, and Sātmya
of the patient.
 Methods of Shodhanārtha Snehana:

1) Fixed dose administration
2) Fixed dose increase
3) Non-fixed increase according to Agnibala
1) Fixed dose administration

In this method, a fixed dose is administered every day throughout the whole
Snehapāna course.
For example:
Hrasva Mātrā = 1 pala (48 ml) for 3 days or until Samyak Lakṣaṇa are obtained.
2) Fixed dose increase
In this method, the dose is increased daily by a fixed amount without
consideration of Agnibala and given until Samyak Lakṣaṇa are obtained.
Mātrā -> Uttama Madhyama Hrasva

1st day 3 pala 1 ½ pala / 6 karṣa 3 karṣa
2nd day 3½ 7 3½
3rd day 4 8 4
4th day 4½ 9 4½
5th day 5 10 5
6th day 5½ 11 5½
7th day 6 pala 3 pala / 12 karṣa 1 ½ pala / 6 karṣa
3) Non-fixed dose increase according to Agnibala

In this method, the dose is increased based on the strength of Agni.
During Snehapāna, Agnivṛddhi is expected. Therefore, the patient will have a
better Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti and more Sneha can be given. If more Sneha is
consumed, Pāchana Kāla is bound to increase.
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒 (𝑇.𝐷.)

A.I. (Abhyavaharaṇa Index) =
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒 (𝐺.𝐷.)
If A.I. is more than 1, it denotes the decrease of Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti.

If A.I. is less than 1, it denotes improvement of Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti.
With the help of Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti, Agnibala can be calculated. To

formulate Agnibala, one has to consider Pāchana Kāla; the time required to
digest the given dose.
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒 (𝑇.𝐷.)

A.B.I. (Agni Bala Index) = x Time (t)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒 (𝐺.𝐷.)
If the A.B.I. consequently decreases on the following days, it indicates increase

of Agnibala, and vice-versa. A.B.I. can be calculated from the 2nd day onwards.
Example:
30
On the 1st day, 30 ml of Sneha is consumed. A.I. = =1
30
30
On the 2nd day, 70 ml of Sneha is consumed. A.I. = = 0.43
70
30
70 ml of Sneha gets digested within 3 hours. A.B.I. = x 3 = 1.29
70
On the 3rd day, 100 ml of Sneha is consumed,

30
which gets digested within 3.5 hours. A.B.I. = x 3.5 = 1.05
100
The decrease of A.B.I. from 1.29 on the second day to 1.05 on the third day indicates
increased strength of Agni.
The lesser the A.B.I., the more will be the Agnidīpti by Snehana, which indicates that
Sneha Mātrā can further be increased on the following day.
By the 3rd day, one can see whether Agni gets promoted or suppressed through
Snehapāna. If Agni gains strength, a fixed dose for increase in the following days can be
established. However, A.B.I. should be calculated until the last day of Snehana in case
Agni gets diminished due to any misconduct of Āhāra or Vihāra.
2) Shamanārtha Snehana
शर्नः क्षद्वु तोऽनन्नो र्ध्यर्ात्रश्च शस्यते ॥ १९ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
Shamana Snehana is Accha Snehapāna in Madhyamātra administered (after digestion
of the previous meal) when hunger is manifested, but without intake of food.
Shamana Snehamātrā depends on Agnibala. Generally, 2-3 pala (96-144 ml) can be
given in case of Uttamāgni; 3-6 karṣa (36-72 ml) in case of Alpāgni.
Shuddha Sneha can be used for promotion of health, prevention of diseases and
for Shamanārtha of various diseases.
Siddha Sneha can be given as Shamana Auṣadhi for a specific disease.
3) Bṛṁhaṇārtha Snehana
बृिां र्ो रसर्द्याद्यैः सभक्तोऽल्पः … । (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
Bṛṁhaṇa Snehana is Sneha in Alpamātra mixed with Rasa, Madya, Kṣīra, Yavāgū, and
taken along with meal (Odanādi).
Bṛṁhaṇa Snehamātrā depends on Agnibala. Generally, 1-2 pala (48-96 ml) can be
given in case of Uttamāgni; 2-4 karṣa (24-48 ml) in case of Alpāgni.
Shuddha Sneha can be used for promotion of health, prevention of diseases and
for Bṛṁhaṇārtha.
Siddha Sneha may be used to focus on pacification of a specific disease or to obtain a
desired effect such as for Rasāyanārtha or Vājīkaraṇārtha.
 Yogya:
… सितः स च ।
बालवृिसपपासातमस्नेिसद्वर्णर्द्यशीसलषु ॥ २० ॥
िीस्नेिसनत्यर्न्िासग्नसुसखतक्लेशभीरुषु ।
र्ृिक
ु ोष्ठाल्पिोषेषु काले चोष्र्े कृ शेषु च ॥ २१ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
 Karma:
प्राङ्मध्योत्तरभक्तोऽसावधोर्ध्योध्वमििे जान् ।
व्याधीञ्जयेद्बलां कुयामिङ्गानाां च यथाक्रर्र्् ॥ २२ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
Depending on the time of Bṛṁhaṇa Sneha administration, it pacifies Vyādhi and
strengthens the Aṅga of the respective area:
1) Prāgbhakta Bṛṁhaṇa Snehana -> Adha Deha
2) Madhyabhakta Bṛṁhaṇa Snehana -> Madhya Deha
3) Uttarabhakta Bṛṁhaṇa Snehana -> Ūrdhva Deha
1) Prāgbhakta Bṛṁhaṇa Snehana

- It strengthens Kaṭi, Uru, Jaṅgha, Pāda, Guda and Upastha.
- It pacifies diseases of the same areas.
- It causes Vātānulomana.
2) Madhyabhakta Bṛṁhaṇa Snehana

- It strengthens Udara, Bahu, Hasta, Basti, Pakvāshaya, Grahaṇī, Yakṛt, Plīhā
and Vṛkkau.
- It enhances Agnibala.
3) Uttarabhakta Bṛṁhaṇa Snehana

- It strengthens Ura, Āṁsa, Grīva, Kaṇṭha, Shira, Āmāshaya, Hṛdaya, Phuphusa
and Mastuluṅga.
- It enhances stability and strength of Gyānendriya.
 Avapīḍaka Sneha
Avapīḍa = compress, press down
The Sneha which is given in the middle of a meal gets compressed by food, hence it is
called Avapīḍaka Sneha. (Ā. Chakrapāṇi)
For the treatment of Mūtravega dhāraṇajanya Roga, Ā. Vāgbhaṭa explained that Ghṛta
should be taken in Uttama Mātrā divided in 2 doses, Prāgbhakta (before the meal) and
Jīrṇāntika (after completion of digestion). This is known as Avapīḍaka Sneha.
Āmayika Prayoga: Vātavyādhi, Arsha, Mūtravega dhāraṇajanya Roga
अधोवातस्य रोधेन गल्ु र्ोिावतमरुक्क्लर्ाः ।

वातर्ूत्रशकृ त्सङ्गदृष्ट्यसग्नवधहृद्गिाः ॥ २ ॥
शकृ तः सपसर्णिकोद्वेष्टप्रसतश्यायसशरोरुजः ।
ऊध्वमवायुः परीकतो हृियस्योपरोधनर्् ॥ ३ ॥
र्ुखने सवट्प्रवृसत्तश्च पूवोक्ताश्चार्याः स्र्ृताः ।
अङभङ्गाश्र्रीबसस्तर्ेढ्रवक्ष ां र्वेिनाः ॥ ४ ॥
र्ूत्रस्य रोधात्पूवे च प्रायो रोगाः तिौषधर्् । (अ.हृ. - सू - ४)
र्ूत्रजेषु तु पाने च प्राग्भक्तां शस्यते घृतर्् ॥ ६ ॥

जीर्ामसन्तकां चोत्तम्या र्ात्राया योनजाद्वयर्् ।
अवपीिकर्ेतर्चच सांसज्ञतां ... ॥ ७ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - ४)
 Sadyosneha
Sadyosneha is the administration of Sneha in a short duration to achieve the desired
effect of Snehana instantaneously or within a short period (3 days).
In certain conditions, where one cannot wait for 3-7 days to achieve the effect of
Snehana karma, one should follow Sadyosneha. Moreover, in case of children or elderly,
the administration of Snehapāna or the adaptation of the specific diet and regimen
during Snehapāna may be difficult, or in patients who cannot tolerate Accha Snehapāna;
also in such situations, Sadyosneha should be used.
 Examples of Sadyosneha:
1) Pañchaprasṛtiki Peyā = Ghṛta, Taila, Vasā, Majjā and Shāli (each 1 prasṛti)
2) Pippalī, Saindhava, Ghṛta, Taila, Vasā, Majjā, Dadhi and Mastu
3) Large amount of Kṣīra with a small amount of Saindhava Lavaṇa
4) Ghṛta with adequate amount of Sharkarā and warm Kṣīra
5) Ghṛta with Saindhava Lavaṇa
6) Yavāgū cooked with Kṣīra and added with Ghṛta
7) Krisharā along with Sneha and Phāṇta.
 Lavaṇayukta Sneha:
Sneha which is mixed with Lavaṇa has immediate Snehana effect because Lavaṇa is
Abhishyandi, Sūkṣma, Arukṣa, Uṣṇa and Vyavāyi.
The quantity of Lavaṇa mixed with Sneha should be such that it does not become
excessively salty.
 Mātrā:
The dose of Sadyosneha is fixed on the basis of Agnibala as described in
Shodhanārtha Snehapāna.
 Āhāra & Vihāra during and after Snehana

भोज्योऽन्नां र्ात्रया पास्यन् श्वः सपबन् पीतवानसप ।
द्रवोष्र्र्नसभष्यसन्ि नासतसस्नग्धर्सङ्करर््॥ २५ ॥
उष्र्ोिकोपचारी स्यािर् ह्मचारी क्षपाशयः ।
न वेगरोधी व्यायार्क्रोधशोकसिर्ातपान् ॥ २६ ॥
प्रवातयानयानाध्वभाष्यात्यासनसांसस्थतीः ।
नीचात्युर्चचोपधानािः स्वप्नधर्ू रजाांसस च ॥ २७ ॥
यान्यिासन सपबेत्तासन तावन्त्यन्यान्यसप त्यजेत् ।
सवमकर्मस्वयां प्रायो व्यासधक्षीर्ेषु च क्रर्ः ॥ २८ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
 Sneha Jīryamāṇa & Jīrṇa Lakṣaṇa
The administered Sneha undergoes various digestive phases. During this period, some
self-limiting symptoms may be produced which are known as Sneha Jīryamāṇa Lakṣaṇa.
These Lakṣaṇa will subside after digestion of Sneha; they do not require any therapeutic
intervention. Sneha Jīrṇa Lakṣaṇa are the symptoms which indicate completion of Sneha
digestion. In case of doubt whether Sneha is completely digested or not, Uṣṇodaka
should be taken.
 Sneha Jīryamāṇa Lakṣaṇa:

Shiroruja, Bhrama, Niṣṭhīva, Mūrcchā, Sāda, Arati, Klama, Tṛṣṇā, Dāha
 Sneha Jīrṇa Lakṣaṇa:

- Shirorujādi Jīryamāṇa Lakṣaṇa Prashamana
- Vātānulomana, Svasthyatā
- Udgāra Shuddhi, Laghutā, Kṣudha, Tṛṣṇā,
 Snehana Samyagādi Lakṣaṇa

वातानुलोम्यां सििोऽसग्नवमचमः सस्नग्धर्सांितर्् ॥ ३० ॥
स्नेिोद्वेगः क्लर्ः सम्यसक्स्नग्धे रूक्षे सवपयमयः ।
असतसस्नग्धे तु पार्णिुत्वां घ्रार्वक्त्रगुिस्रवाः ॥ ३१ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
पुरीषां रसथतां रूक्षां वायुरप्रगुर्ो र्ृिःु ।

पक्ता खरत्वां रौक्ष्यां च गात्रस्यासस्नग्धलक्षर्र्् ॥ ५७ ॥
वातानुलोम्यां िीिोऽसग्नवमचमः सस्नग्धर्सांितर्् ।
र्ािमवां सस्नग्धता चाङ्गे सस्नग्धानार्पु जायते ॥ ५८ ॥
पार्णिुता गौरवां जाि्यां परु ीषस्यासवपक्वता ।
तन्द्रीररुसचरुत्क्लेशः स्यािसतसस्नग्धलक्षर्र्् ॥ ५९ ॥ (च - सू - १३)
 Sneha Vyāpat & Chikitsā

अर्ात्रयाऽसिसतऽकाले सर्थ्यािारसविारतः ।
स्नेिः करोसत शोफाशमस्तन्द्रास्तम्भसवसांज्ञताः ॥ ३२ ॥
कर्णिूकुष्ठज्वरोत्क्लेशशूलानािभ्रर्ासिकान् ।
क्षत्तु ष्ृ र्ोल्लेखनस्वेिरूक्षपानान्नभेषजर्् ॥ ३३ ॥
तक्राररष्टखलोद्दालयवश्यार्ाककोद्रवाः ।
सपप्पलीसत्रफलाक्षौद्रपथ्यागोर्त्रू गग्ु गल
ु ु ॥ ३४ ॥
यथास्वां प्रसतरोगां च स्नेिव्यापसि साधनर्् । (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
 Snehana Karmukta
 Bāhya Snehana Karmukta:

Bāhya Snehana -> Dravya Pāchana by Bhrājaka Pitta -> Vīrya of Dravya is absorbed
through Romakūpa, Sirāmukha & Dhamanī -> Circulated all over the body by Vyāna
Vāyu -> Dhātu poṣaṇa & Doṣa shamana
 Abhyantara Snehana Karmukta:

Anila Hanti: One of the major properties of Snehana is Vāta shamana. Sneha
Dravya have predominantly opposite Guṇa to Vāta Doṣa, so Vāyu gets subsided and
Vātānulomana is achieved.
Mārdavakara: Snigdha and Mṛdu are important Guṇa of Sneha Dravya, hence
Snehana provides unctuousness and softness.
Mala Saṅga Hanti: Srotorodha inside the body occurs due to obstruction by
accumulated Mala/Doṣa which often occurs due to excessive Rūkṣatā. Snehpāna
helps in providing Snigdhatā and disintegration of Mala due to its inherent Guṇa,
therefore enables movement of Mala within in the body.
Sneha as a solvent: Sneha Dravya, especially Ghṛta and Taila, act as a good solvent
for many metabolic waste products and helps to expel them from the body.
Sneha is able to enter cells easily because the cell membrane is made up of
phospholipids; therefore, it also acts as a vehicle for medicinal drugs which are
used to prepare Sneha Siddha Auṣadha.
Increase of water content of the body: Sneha has predominance of Jala

Mahābhūta. The increased water content in the body due to Snehapāna ultimately
leads to Doṣa Utklesha and can be considered as temporary Rasa & Kleda Vṛddhi.
After proper Snehana, the cells of the body become completely saturated with fats.
Then the fat matieral comes out of the cells to the extra-cellular fluid by osmosis.
Due to the aqueous properties of Sneha and liquefied Mala brought from the
tissues, the levels of fatty acids in the blood increases, resulting in high plasma
volume. To keep the equilibrium of the normal plasma level, the additional amount
of liquid reaches the Koṣṭha for excretion. Once Shodhana (Vamana / Virechana) is
performed, the excessive amount of fluids and waste products are evacuated.
CHAPTER Iii: svedana
 Introduction
 Nirukti:
The word “Sveda” is derived from the root “Svid”.
Svid means to sweat or to perspire.
Sveda means: Sweating, Perspiring, Warmth, Heat
Sveda is one of the Tri-Mala and also the Mala of Meda Dhātu, and its Karma is
Kleda Dhāraṇa.
Svedana denotes the therapy which induces perspiration.
 Paribhāṣā:
स्तम्भगौरवशीतघ्नां स्वेिनां स्वेिकारकर्् । (च - सू - २२)
Svedana is the procedure which induces perspiration and relieves stiffness,
heaviness and coldness.
 Sveda Dravya Guṇa:

Uṣṇa, Tīkṣṇa, Sara, Snigdha, Rūkṣa, Sūkṣma, Drava, Sthira, Guru
 Svedopāga Mahākaṣāya:
Shigru, Eraṇḍa, Shveta Punarnavā, Rakta Punarnavā, Arka, Yava, Kola, Kulattha,
Tila, Māṣa
 Svedana Karma:
Stambha-Gaurava-Shīta-Shūlaghna, Vātahara, Mārdavakara, Tvak prasāda,
Agnidīpana, Bhakta-shraddha, Srotāsām nirmalatva, Nidrā-Tandrā hanti
 Svedana Kāla:
1) Pūrvakarma in case of Nasya, Basti and Shodhana.
2) Pashchātkarma in case of Shalya haraṇa, Mūḍhagarbhā Prajāta, Anupadravā
Prajāta and Samyak Prajātā.
3) Pūrva- & Pashchātkarma in case of Bhagandara, Arsha and Ashmarī.
 Sāmānya Svedana Ayogya & Yogya
न स्वेियेिसतस्थूलरूक्षिबु मलर्ूसर्च्म तान् ॥ २१ ॥
स्तम्भनीयक्षतक्षीर्क्षार्र्द्यसवकाररर्ः ।
सतसर्रोिरवीसपमकुष्ठशोषाढ्यरोसगर्ः ॥ २२ ॥
पीतिग्ु धिसधस्नेिर्धनू ् कृ तसवरेचनान् ।
भ्रष्टिग्धगुिग्लासनक्रोधशोकभयासद्दमतान् ॥ २३ ॥
क्षुत्तष्ृ र्ाकार्लापार्णिुर्ेसिनः सपत्तपीसितान् ।
गसभमर्ी पुसष्पताां सतू ाां र्ृिु चात्यसयके गिे ॥ २४ ॥
श्वासकासप्रसतश्यायसिध्र्ाध्र्ानसवबसन्धषु ।
स्वरभेिासनलव्यासधश्लेष्र्ार्स्तम्भगौरवे ॥ २५ ॥
अङ्गर्िमकटीपाश्वमपष्ठृ कुसक्षिनरु िे ।
र्ित्वे र्ुष्कयोः खल्यार्ायार्े वातकर्णटके ॥ २६ ॥
र्ूत्रकृ र्चराबुमिरसन्थशुक्राघाताढ्यर्ारुते ।
स्वेिां यथायथां कुयामत्तिौषधसवभागतः ॥ २७ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १७)
 Sveda/Svedana Vargīkaraṇa
 Dvividha Sveda:
1) Anagni / Niragni Sveda
2) Sāgni Sveda
1) Snigdha Sveda
2) Rūkṣa Sveda
1) Rūkṣapūrvaka Snigdha Sveda

2) Snigdhapūrvaka Rūkṣa Sveda
1) Ekāṅga Sveda
2) Sarvāṅga Sveda
1) Bāhya Sveda
2) Abhyantara Sveda
1) Saṁshamana
2) Saṁshodhana
 Trividha Sveda:
1) Snigdha Rūkṣa Sveda
2) Snigdha Sveda
3) Rūkṣa Sveda
1) Mahan / Tīkṣṇa Sveda

2) Madhyama Sveda
3) Durbala / Mṛdu
 Chaturvidha Sveda:
1) Tāpa Sveda
2) Upanāha Sveda
3) Ūṣma Sveda
4) Drava Sveda
 Aṣṭavidha Sveda:
1) Hasta Sveda
2) Pradeha Sveda
3) Nāḍī Sveda
4) Prastara Sveda
5) Saṅkara Sveda
6) Upanāha Sveda
7) Avagāha Sveda
8) Pariṣeka Sveda
 Rūkṣa & Snigdha Svedana

 Snigdha Rūkṣa Svedana
- Svedana is done by using Snigdha and Rūkṣa Dravya.
- It is indicated in Vāta-Kaphaja Vyādhi.
 Snigdha Svedana
- Svedana is done by using Snigdha Dravya.
- It is indicated in Vātaja Vyādhi.
 Rūkṣa Svedana
- Svedana is done by using Rūkṣa Dravya.
- It is indicated in Kaphaja Vyādhi.
 Rūkṣapūrvaka Snigdha Svedana

- Rūkṣa Svedana is done followed by Snigdha Svedana.
- It is indicated in Āmāshayagata Vāta (Vāta entering the seat of Kapha).
 Snigdhapūrvaka Rūkṣa Svedana

- Snighda Svedana is done followed by Rūkṣa Svedana.
- It is indicated in Pakvāshayagata Kapha (Kapha entering the seat of Vāta).
 Chaturvidha Svedana
स्वेिस्तपोपनािोष्र्द्रवभेिार्चचतुसवमधः । (अ.हृ. - सू - १७)
1) Tāpa Svedana
2) Upanāha Svedana
3) Ūṣma / Bāṣpa Svedana
4) Drava Svedana
1) Tāpa Svedana
Tāpa Svedana is the fomentation procedure by direct application of a surface which
was heated by fire (Agnitapta). It is a form of Rūkṣa Svedana.
Tāpa Svedana can be done by heating the following:
i) Hastatala / Pāṇi (Palm of the hands)
ii) Kāṁsya (Bronze sheet)
iii) Kandu (Ball-like/Rounded structure made from different
materials; e.g.: Loha = iron, Pāṣaṇa = stone)
iv) Kapāla (Piece of mud pot)
v) Vāluka / Sikatā (Sand)
vi) Vastra / Vasana / Paṭṭa (Cloth)
2) Upanāha Svedana
Upanāha Svedana is the fomentation procedure by application of medicinal drugs,
which may or may not be covered with a cloth, after oleating the indicated area.
It may either be Niragni or Sāgni.
 Bheda:
1) Pradeha (Pradeha = anointing, smearing)
2) Sālvaṇa (Sālvaṇa / Shālvaṇa = Poultice)
3) Avanaddha (Avanaddha = Tied / Bound on / Covered with)
1) Pradeha
It is the fomentation procedure in which warm Auṣadha Kalka is applied on the
indicated area.
2) Sālvaṇa Upanāha Svedana / Saṅkara or Piṇḍa Svedana

It is the fomentation procedure in which Auṣadha Dravya is tied in a piece of
cloth to form a Poṭalī (poultice) which is then applied to the indicated area.
3) Avanaddha / Bandhana Upanāha Svedana

It is the fomentation procedure in which Auṣadha Dravya is first applied to the
indicated area, then covered with a thin piece of cloth and tied to the body to
keep it in place. Instead of a cloth, silk, leather, or leaves with Vātahara Guṇa
can also be used for covering. To avoid Vidāha, the Upanāha which is applied
in the morning should be removed in the evening; the Upanāha which is
applied in the evening should be removed in the morning.
This method is favourable for Niragni Upanāha Svedana because the Auṣadha
Dravya can be retained steadily on the indicated area for a long period.
In this way, Svedana will be produced without the use of Agni to heat the
Auṣadha Dravya.
 Upanāha Dravya:
In general, Kalka prepared from Mūla of Vātahara Dravya is macerated with
Amla Drava, and added with Sneha and affluent quantity of Lavaṇa.
1) Dravya in case of Kevala Vāta

Vachā, Kiṇva, Shatāvarī, Devadāru, Rāsnā, Eraṇḍa, Jaṭāmāṁsī, Dhānya, Shukta,
Takra, Kṣīra, Gḥrta, Taila and Lavaṇa.
2) Dravya in case of Kaphānubandha Vāta

Surasādi Gaṇa Dravya, Vātahara Dravya, Amla Drava, Taila, Lavaṇa
3) Dravya in case Pittānubandha Vāta

Padmakādi Gaṇa Dravya, Vātahara Dravya, Amla Drava, Kṣīra, Ghṛta, Lavaṇa
Sālvaṇa Upanāha Svedana can be done frequently in case of Pittānubandha
with the above mentioned Dravya.
Avanaddha Upanāha Svedana is not indicated because Pitta is associated and
the prolonged exposure increases Uṣṇatva.
3) Ūṣma Svedana
Ūṣma Svedana is the fomentation procedure by exposure to steam (Bāṣpa).
 Vidhi:
The solid material for Ūṣma Svedana is strongly heated and then a liquid media is
sprinkled over it to produce steam. The steam is directed towards the body part
which is indicated for Svedana.
 Ūṣma Dravya:
- Broken pieces of Kapāla (mud pot), Pāṣaṇa (stone), Iṣṭaka (brick)
- Loha piṇḍa (iron ball)
- Pāṁsu (clay powder)
- Bhaṅga Patra (chopped leaves)
- Dhānya (grains)
- Karīṣa sikatā (powder of dried cow dung)
Drava Dravya: Jala, Amla Drava; Takra, Kāñjī, etc.

4) Drava Svedana
Drava Svedana is the fomentation procedure by exposure to warm liquids, such as
Kvātha, Jala, Taila, Ghṛta, Kṣīra, Kāñjī, etc.
 Bheda:
1) Pariṣeka
2) Avagāha
1) Pariṣeka
Pairṣeka Svedana is the fomentation procedure in which warm Drava Dravya is
poured over a specific body part.
2) Avagāha
Avagāha Svedana is the fomentation procedure in which the whole body is
immersed into warm Drava Dravya.
 Anagni / Niragni Svedana

Niragni Svedana is the procedure of inducing perspiration through various methods
without using Agni.
व्यायार् उष्र्सिनां गुरुप्रावरर्ां क्षधु ा ।

बिपानां भयक्रोधावपु नािािवातपाः ॥ ६४ ॥ (च - सू - १४)
1) Vyāyāma (Exercise)
2) Uṣṇasadana (Staying in a warm place)
3) Guruprāvaraṇa (Heavy covering by clothes or blankets)
4) Kṣudhā (Hunger)
5) Bahupāna (Excessive drinking of Madya)
6) Bhaya (Fear)
7) Krodha (Anger)
8) Upanāha (Application of medicinal drugs covered with a cloth)
9) Aha (Fighting)
10) Ātapa (Exposure to sun)
 Sāgni Svedana
Sāgni Svedana is the procedure of inducing perspiration through various methods by
using Agni. All types of Sāgni Svedana can be classified under Chaturvidha Svedana only.
सङ्करः प्रस्तरो नािी पररषेकोऽवगािनर्् ।

जेन्ताकोऽश्र्घनः कषूमः कुटीः भूः कुसम्भकै व च ॥ ३९ ॥
कूपो िोलाक इत्येते स्वेियसन्त त्रयोिश । (च - सू - १४)
1) Saṅkara/Piṇḍa 8) Karṣū
2) Prastara 9) Kuṭī
3) Nāḍī 10) Bhū
4) Pariṣeka 11) Kumbhika
5) Avagāha 12) Kūpa
6) Jentāka 13) Holāka
7) Ashmaghana
1) Saṅkara/Piṇḍa Svedana
Saṅkara Svedana refers to application of heat by forming Piṇḍa (bolus) made from
heated Auṣadha Dravya. Piṇḍa may be applied either while covered with a cloth
(Vastrāntarita) or without cloth (Avastrāntarita).
 Saṅkara Sveda Dravya:

1) Vātaja Roga -> Tila, Māṣa, Kulattha, Amla, Gḥrta, Taila, Pāyasa, Kṛshara, etc.
2) Kaphaja Roga -> Go-Khara-Uṣṭra-Varāha-Ashva Shakṛt, Sikatā, Pāṁshu,
Pāṣaṇa, Āyasa, etc.
-> Patra-Piṇḍa (Poṭalī) Svedana / Elakizhi

Patra-Piṇḍa Svedana is the application of heat by using a Poṭalī containing a bolus
(Piṇḍa) made from medicinal leaves (Patra).
It is a form of Snigdha Svedana because Abhyaṅga is performed as Pūrvakarma, the
bolus contains Sneha Dravya and the Poṭalī is additionally dipped into warm Sneha
Dravya before application.
 Yogya:
- Vātaja Roga (Sarvāṅga Vāta, Ekāṅga Roga, Gṛdhrasī, etc.)
- Kaṭīshūla, Sandhishūla, Sandhigraha
- Asthikṣaya, Asthisauṣirya
 Commonly used Dravya:

1) Patra: Nirguṇḍī, Eraṇḍa, Dhattūra, Arka, Shigru, Varūṇa, Vāsā, Karañja,
Vṛkṣāmla, Amlavetasa, Chiñchā, Shatāvarī, Methikā, etc.
2) Taila: Balā taila, Ashvagandhā taila, Eraṇḍa taila, (Mahā)Nārāyaṇa taila,
Shūlahara taila, Lākṣādi taila, Nimba tila, etc.
3) Prakṣepaka Dravya: Haridrā, Shuṇṭhī, Rāsnādi chūrṇa, Saindhava, Narikela
 Required Auṣadha Dravya:
- Patra (fresh leaves) 1 kg
- Narikela (grated coconut) 100 gm
- Saindhava lavaṇa 5-10 gm
- Chūrṇa 5-10 gm
- Taila for frying 120 ml
- Taila for heating the Poṭalī Q.S.
- Taila for Abhyaṅga Q.S.
 Preparation of Poṭalī:
The medicinal leaves are chopped into small pieces. Oil for frying is heated in a wok
and the Prakṣepaka Dravya are added. Then the leaves are added bit by bit while
stirring continuously. Fry the leaves for about 5-10 minutes.
A square cotton cloth (about 45 cm) is spread on a working area and half of the
fried leaves are placed on its center. The free corners of the cloth are approximated
to cover the leaves. Their free ends are folded in the middle and are tied with a
thread to form the Poṭalī (rounded pack with a handle).
In general, two of such packs are prepared. However, one Poṭalī may be sufficient,
if only a smaller area requires Svedana.
 Vidhi:
1) Pūrvakarma
- Preparation of Poṭalī
- Abhyaṅga
- Heating the Poṭalī; about 200 ml of Taila is warmed in a pot and Poṭalī is
placed inside. Care should be taken thath the cloth does not get burnt. When
the pack is properly heated, it is taken out of the vessel and any excessive oil is
squeezed out.
- Heat of the Poṭalī must be checked before applying to the patient.
2) Pradhānakarma
The heated Poṭalī is applied on the indicated area. If the heat is higher, Poṭalī is
applied momentarily several times. Once the heat has reduced a bit, Poṭalī is
used to perform gentle massage. Movements are done in linear fashion on the
extremities from above downwards, and on the trunk from below upwards.
On the joints, the Poṭalī is moved in circular fashion. It may also be placed
below the knee joint and kept there for a while.
Depending on the body surface on which Svedana is performed, the procedure
might take about 15-60 minutes. Poṭalī should be reheated when required.
3) Pashchātkarma
- Massage is performed on the same area for 5-10 min
- The patient should be covered and take rest for additional 20 minutes in
Nivāta Sthāna before washing off the oil and sweat.
-> Jambīra-Piṇḍa Svedana
Jambīra-Piṇḍa Svedana is the application of heat by using a Poṭalī containing a bolus
made from Jambīra and other medicinal drugs.
 Yogya: Āmavāta, Sandhigraha, Avabāhuka, Ostheoarthritis, Muscular cramps, etc.

- Jambīra (lemon) 700 gm
- Narikela 100 gm
- Methikā 35 gm
- Shatāvarī 35 gm
- Haridrā 35 gm
- Lashuna 2 bulbs
- Saindhava 8 gm
- Eraṇḍa taila 60 ml
- Taila for heating the Poṭalī Q.S.
Mature frutis of Jambīra are cut into small pieces and Lashuna cloves are crushed-
Eraṇḍa taila is heated in a wok and the Prakṣepaka Dravya are added. Then Jambīra
pieces are added and the mixture is fried while stirring continuously until it gains a
reddish colour. Poṭalī is formed as described in Patra-Piṇḍa Svedana.
 Vidhi: Same as for Patra-Piṇḍa Svedana
-> Chūrṇa-Piṇḍa Svedana / Podikizhi

Chūrṇa-Piṇḍa Svedana is the application of heat by using a Poṭalī containing a bolus
made from Chūrṇa of various medicinal drugs.
General required quantity of Chūrṇa for 2 Poṭalī = 1 kg
Example:
- Chūrṇa of Kulattha, Tila, Shatāvarī, Devadāru,
Rāsnā, Kola, Haridrā, Methikā 150 gm each
- Saindhava lavaṇa 50 gm
- Nimba taila 500 ml
-> Bolus is made with all the ingredients and Poṭalī is formed. It is heated in
additional Nimba taila before application.
-> Indicated in Vāta-Kaphaja Roga, Arthritis, Lumbago, Sciatica, Neurological
disorders, etc.
-> Vāluka / Bāluka Svedana
Vāluka Svedana is the application of heat by using a Poṭalī containing sand (Vāluka).
Abhyaṅga is not indicated as Pūrvakarma.
 Yogya: Kaphaja Roga, Medo Roga, Ūrustambha, Shotha-Shūla, Āmavāta, Granthi
 Vāluka: 2 kg of properly cleaned sand collected from the banks of a clean river
500 gm of Valūka is placed on a piece of cloth and Poṭalī is formed as described in
Patra-Piṇḍa Svedana.
The remaining 1.5 kg are placed in a wok which will then be heated. When the sand
is properly heated, the previously prepared Potalī is placed on the sand in the wok.
It should be kept there for a considerable period so that the whole sand inside the
Poṭalī is heated properly. Poṭalī can then be applied for Svedana.
According to Bhaiṣajya Ratnāvalī, Poṭalī can be dipped in hot Kāñjī for heating.
-> Dhānya-Piṇḍa Svedana

Dhānya-Piṇḍa Svedana is the application of heat by using a Poṭalī containing a bolus
made from grains or pulses mixed with Vātashāmaka Dravya.
Dhānya Dravya = Ṣaṣṭika, Shāli, Yava, Mudga, Māṣa, Kulattha, etc.
500 gm of dried grain/pulses are cooked until completely boiled and then made into
a paste, which will be fried with Sneha & Prakṣepaka Dravya, and finally Poṭalī is
prepared and applied as described in Patra-Piṇḍa Svedana.
-> Ṣaṣṭika-Shāli-Piṇḍa Svedana / Navarakizhi

Ṣaṣṭika-Shāli-Piṇḍa Svedana is the application of heat by using a Poṭalī containing a
bolus made from Ṣaṣṭika-Shāli (rice which grows in 60 days).
 Yogya: Vātavyādhi, Diseases of the nervous system, Spinal cord degeneration,

Neuropathy, Chronic rheumatism, Emaciation, Phakka Roga, Cerebral palsy,
Poliomyelitis, Muscular dystrophy, Muscle wasting, Fatigue syndrome, etc.

- Ṣaṣṭika-Shāli 500 gm
- Balāmūla yavakut 750 gm
- Jala 12 ltr
- Kṣīra 3 ltr
Coarse powder of Balāmūla is taken in a vessel and added with 12 litres of water.
The mixture is boiled on a low flame until reduced to 3 litres. The liquid is strained.
1.5 litre of the Kaṣāya is mixed with equal amount of Kṣīra and kept in a vessel
which will be used for boiling Ṣaṣṭika-Shāli until it becomes thick and semisolid.
Sufficient quantitiy of hot water can be used if rice requires more boiling.
The properly cooked rice is equally divided into 4 portions, and 4 Poṭalīs are
prepared. The remaining 1.5 litre of Kaṣāya is mixed with the remaining 1.5 litre of
Kṣīra in another vessel and heated. This liquid is used for heating the Poṭalī.
 Vidhi:
Abhyaṅga is done before performing Svedana karma. Then 2 warm Poṭalīs should
be applied gently in a synchronized manner by two therapists followed by gentle
massage with the other hand. The other 2 Poṭalīs are kept warm in the vessel with
Kaṣāya and Kṣīra.
At the end of the procedure, the medicine remaining on the patient’s body should
be scrapped of with coconut leaves or with any similar device, the body is wiped
dry and covered. The patient should take complete rest for half an hour, and is then
allowed to take a warm water bath.
-> Annalepana
Annalepana is a type of Svedana in which warm paste of rice (Annalepa) is applied to
the whole body below the neck. It is a form of Snigdha Sāgni Svedana.
The use of Ṣaṣṭika-Shāli, rice which grows in 60 days, is preferred for this procedure.
 Yogya: Sāmānya Svedana Yogya

- It can be used for prevention as well as curing diseases.
- It is especially indicated in children and patients suffering from Vāta Roga.
- Other specific indications for Annalepana include:
Hemiperesis, Hemibalismus, Motor neuron disease, Degenerative disorders of the
nervous system, Bulbar palsy, Parkinsonian syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis,
Perpiheral vascular disease, Emaciation, General debility
 Parimāṇa:
Usually, Annalepana is performed in a course of 7, 9, 11, 14, 21 or 28 sittings.
During this period, Annalepana may be carried out on daily basis or alternative days
depending upon the requirement. 14-day course, twice a year, is ideal in healthly
individuals for the promotion of health.
 Preparation of Ṣaṣṭika Kalka:
Ingredient: Ṣaṣṭika chūrṇa 200 gm
Balā yavakut 150 gm
Kṣīra 600 ml
Jala 2400 ml
Coarse powder of Balāmūla is taken in a vessel and added with the water. The
mixture is boiled on a low flame until reduced to 600 ml. The liquid is strained.
The obtained Kaṣāya is mixed with Kṣīra in another vessel. To this mixture, coarse
powder of Ṣaṣṭika is added. It is then boiled on low flame until the rice is properly
boiled and the mixture is transformed into a thick paste.
 Vidhi:
1) Pūrvakarma
- Preparation of Ṣaṣṭika Kalka
- Abhyaṅga
2) Pradhānakarma
Ideally, Annalepana is performed synchronized by four therapists
simultaneously on different parts of the patient’s body. It is favourable
because the paste must be applied when warm and it takes less time for
application if multiple therapists are available. Additionally, Svedana will be
produced on the different body parts at the same time.
Care should be taken that the paste is not too hot. Ṣaṣṭika Kalka should have
approximately 45-50° C when it is applied.
After application of the paste, mild massage is done on the same site.
The whole body below the neck should be covered completely.
Position Application
1) Supine Anterior aspect of the body
2) Left lateral Right side of trunk, Inner aspect of right
arm, Outer aspect of right leg
3) Right lateral Left side of trunk, Inner aspect of left
arm, Outer aspect of left leg
4) Prone Posterior aspect of the body
3) Pashchātkarma
The paste sticking to the patient can easily be scrapped by using the free
border of a coconut leaflet. If it is not available, the paste may be wiped with a
towel. After completely scraping off the paste, the body is again anointed with
oil. The patient should rest for about 15 minutes and should take a warm bath.
2) Prastara Svedana
Prastara Svedana refers to application of heat by making the patient to lie down on a
heated marble/stone slab with Auṣadha Dravya on it while the body is covered by a
blanket. The marble slab should be sufficiently long to accommodate the patient in
supine position. In this procedure, first the marble slab is heated by spreading boiled
grains such as Shuka Dhānya, Shami Dhānya, etc. or various other heated Dravya.
When the heat on the slab is tolerabe, a sheet of silk (Kausheya), Eraṇḍa patra or
Arka patra are used to cover the slab with the Dravya completely. The patient is
made to lie down and is covered with a thick blanket.
Prastara Sveda Dravya:

1) Vātaja Roga -> Tila, Māṣa, Kulattha, Amla, Gḥrta, Taila, Pāyasa, Kṛshara, etc.
2) Kaphaja Roga -> Go-Khara-Uṣṭra-Varāha-Ashva Shakṛt, Sikatā, Pāṁshu,
Pāṣaṇa, Āyasa, etc.
3) Nāḍī Svedana
Nāḍī Svedana refers to the application of heat by steam, which is generated in a pot
and directed towards the indicated area via a tube.
Nāḍī Svedana is indicated in all the conditions where Svedana is applicable.
 Nāḍī Svedana Dravya: (described in Charaka Saṁhitā)

1) Vātaja Roga -> Grāmya-Anūpa-Ūdaka Māṁsa, Paya, Basta Shira (brain of goat),
Varāha Vasā, Varāha Pitta, Varāha Rakta, Eraṇḍa bīja, Tila bīja, etc.
2) Kaphaja Roga -> Varūṇa, Guḍūchī, Eraṇḍa, Shigru, Mūlaka, Sarṣapa, Vāsā,
Vaṁsha, Karañja, Arka, Ashmantaka, Tulasī, etc.
3) Vāta-Kaphaja Roga -> Ajamoda, Pañchamūla, Surā, Dadhimastu, Gomūtra,
Amla Drava
-> Commonly used Dravya nowadays -> Bṛhatpañchamūla Kaṣāya,

Laghupañchamūla Kaṣāya, Dashamūla Kaṣāya, Devadarvyādi Kaṣāya,
Vidārdigandhādi Kaṣāya, Elādi gaṇa Kaṣāya, Nirguṇḍī, Vāsā, Varūṇa, Guḍūchī,
Eraṇḍa, Sarṣapa, Balā, etc.
 Nāḍī Sveda Yantra:

It consists of a vessel/pot, rubber tube and nozzle.
The vessel should have a 5-liter capacity with a wide mouth, which is fitted with an
air tight lid. In its summit, the lid has a nozzle with a lumen of approximately 2 mm.
The rubber tube, with length of 5 feet/152 cm, is fitted into this nozzle. The other
end of the rubber tube may also be fitted with a nozzle which can facilitate increase
or decrease of its lumen. Liquid media and medicinal drugs are kept in the vessel
and are subjected to heat to generate steam.
 Vidhi:
Abhyaṅga should be done first, then the steam from the vessel is direct towards
the indicated area via the rubber tube. The rubber tube should slowly be moved
across the site which requires fomentation. Prolonged exposure of steam to one
area produces too much heat and can cause burns. Also, considerable distance
between the nozzle and body part is maintained to prevent overheating and falling
of any drop of hot water, which may come out of the tube, onto the patient.
Nāḍī Svedana is done until desired therapeutic effect is observed.
If Nāḍī Svedana is performed on Ūrdhvajatru Pradesha, as a protective measure,
the eyes are covered with cotton pads and then bandaged.
-> Kṣīra Dhūma

Kṣīra Dhūma is modified form of Nāḍī Svedana in which Kṣīra is used to generate
steam. It is found to be especially effective in Ūrdhvajatrugata Roga.
 Yogya: Hanugraha, Manyāgraha, Avbāhuka, Kaṭīgraha, Vātarakta, Vishvāchi, Ardita,

Mastoiditis, Trigeminal neuralgia, Cervical disc diseases
 Kṣīra Dhūma Dravya:

- Kevala Kṣīra
- Kṣīrapāka
- Kṣīra mixed with Kaṣāya (e.g. Balā Kvātha, Dashamūla Kvātha, etc.)
-> Bāṣpa Svedana

Bāṣpa Svedana is the procedure in which steam is accumulated inside a specifically
designed chamber and the patient is placed inside so that the entire body below the
neck will be exposed to Bāṣpa (steam).
Bāṣpa Svedana in this manner has not been described in the classical Ayurvedic texts,
but it can be considered as a modified form of Nāḍī Svedana, and can be classified
under Ūṣma Svedana among Chaturvidha Svedana.
Bāṣpa Svedana is ideal for performing Sarvāṅga Svedana and is one of the most
practiced Svedana methods; especially for Pūrvakarma of Shodhana karma.
All the benefits of Svedana can be achieved through Bāṣpa Svedana in a simple, cost
effective and comfortable way.
The same Dravya as for Nāḍī Svedana can be used to generate steam for Bāṣpa
Svedana as well.
 Bāṣpa Sveda Yantra / Steam chamber:
A steam chamber is a specifically designed chamber for sudation, made up of heat
and moisture resistant material, preferably wood.
1) Horizontal Steam Chamber

The horizontal steam chamber consists of a lower box and an upper lid.
The lower box, upon which the client is made to lie down, is generally 6.5 feet long,
2.5 feet wide and 2 feet high. This box is closed at all the sides, except at its surface,
which is made up of wooden mesh, having plenty of large pores. Inside the box,
there will be an electrical steam generator. This is nothing but a metal chamber of
about 5-liter capacity, fitted with an electrical heating immersion coil. This metal
chamber has a perforated metal lid. When it is filled with water or medicinal
decoction, the power is switched on, the liquid media will be heat and steam is
generated. The steam escapes into the steam chamber through the perforations on
the lid. As an alternative, the decoction is prepared and the steam is generated in a
separate chamber outside the box, and steam may be passed into the box with the
help of rubber tubing.
At the head end of the box, there is a separate wooden head rest, which extends
beyond the box. The upper lid fits exactly into the lower box. Its upper surface may
be flat, conical or rounded. The sides of the lid may be made up of glass so that
observation of the client is possible during the sudation procedure. At the head end
of the lid, there is a semicircular or square rent through which the client’s head is
kept outside the steam chamber.
The simpler version of horizontal steam chamber is without a lid. In such a type, the
client is made to lie down on the lower box. The upper surface of the box and the
client’s body up to the neck will be covered by a thick cotton blanket to entrap the
steam which is generated from the box.
2) Vertical Steam Chamber

The vertical steam chamber is made up of a box with an anterior door. In general,
the box is 4.5 feet high, 4 feet long and 3 feet wide. Inside the box, at its bottom,
there will be an electrical steam generator. This steam generator is similar to the
one described in the horizontal model. Similar as described before, alternatively,
steam can be generated in a separate external chamber and directed into the box
through rubber tubes.
Inside the box there is a wooden plank or seat, the height of which is adjustable.
The box is closed on all sides except in its upper surface and anterior side.
Except the anterior side, all the laterals of the box are vertical. The anterior side of
the chamber is slant towards the front, and is fitted with a door. The upper surface
has a semicircular rent of approximately 10 inches in diameter, and is also opened
anteriorly. This is the space where the head of the client is seen outside the box
when subjected to sudation.
4) Pariṣeka Svedana
Pariṣeka Svedana refers to application of heat by pouring warm liquid over the body
in a continuous stream.
It may be performed to a portion of the body or the whole body. If Pariṣeka is done
on the whole body, it is known as Sarvāṅga Pariṣeka, Kāyaseka or Pizichil.
 Pariṣeka Svedana Dravya: Kvātha, Kṣīra, Takra, Taila, Ghṛta, Kāñjī, Gomūtra, etc.
When Sneha Dravya are used, the benefits of Snehana and Svedana can be
obtained. Use of cold Sneha Dravya is described as Pariṣeka Snehana.
The oil which is used for the 1st day is generally used for the next 2 consecutive
days. The deficient volume should be added every day. On the 4th day, completely
fresh oil should be taken and again used for 3 days. Remaining quantity of oil at the
end of the 3rd and 6th day should be mixed and used on the 7th day. The remaining
oil from the 7th day is discarded. It would be ideal to use fresh oil every day, but it
may be too expensive.
If decoction, milk, buttermilk or cow’s urine is used once for Pariṣeka, it should not
be used again. Kāñjī may be used for 3 consecutive days, then it should be
discarded.
 Vidhi:
Abhyaṅga and Taladhārā are indicated before performing Pariṣeka Svedana.
In case of Kāyaseka, the head end of Abhyaṅga table is raised by six inches.
This slant position of the table is required so that the liquid which is poured during
the procedure flows easily to the foot end of the table and is drained out to collect
in a vessel.
Pariṣeka is performed in supine and prone position of the patient on anterior and
posterior aspects of the body respectively. As the liquid is poured with one hand,
gentle massage should be done with the other hand.
On the extremities, pouring of liquid and massage are performed from above
downwards; while on the trunk, it is done from below upwards.
4 therapists, 2 on each side, performing the procedure is ideal for Pizichil. The
pouring of liquid and the massage should be well synchronized.
For local Pariṣeka, one therapist is sufficient.
After the procedure, the patient should take rest for about 15 minutes, then he/she
is allowed to take a warm water bath.
-> Dhānyāmla Seka / Dhārā
Dhānyamla Dhārā is the specific name for Pariṣeka Svedana when Kāñjī is used as
liquid media for pouring over the whole body. The procedure is same as for Pizichil.
It is indicated in Vāta-Kapha pradhāna Vikāra, Āmavāta, Ankylosing spondylitis,
Obesity, etc.
-> Kṣīra Seka / Dhārā

Kṣīra Seka is the specific name for Pariṣeka Svedana when Kṣīra or medicated Kṣira is
used as liquid media for pouring over the whole body.
The procedure is same as for Pizichil.
-> Kvātha Seka / Dhārā

Kvātha Seka is the specific name for Pariṣeka Svedana when Kaṣāya is used as
liquid media for pouring over the whole body. The procedure is same as for Pizichil.
5) Avagāha Svedana
Avagāha Svedana refers to application of heat by keeping the body immersed in
warm liquid media.
 Avagāha Svedana Dravya: Kvātha, Kṣīra, Taila, Ghṛta, Uṣṇodaka, etc.

Kvātha Dravya is mostly used as it has good therapeutic effects and is less costly
compared to Sneha Dravya.
When Sneha Dravya are used, the benefits of Snehana and Svedana can be
obtained. Use of cold Sneha Dravya is described as Avagāha Snehana.
 Parimāṇā:
In general, the course of Avagāha Svedana consists of 7, 11, 14, 21 or 28 days.
During these, it may be done on alternate days or once in three days, depending
upon requirement or tolerance level of the patient.
 Vidhi:
Abhyaṅga may or may not be done before performing Avagāha Svedana.
Warm liquid media is filled into a tub and the patient is allowed to sit inside, with
his/her back properly resting. The level of the liquid in the tub should be as much
so as to immerse the body up to the level of the umbilicus.
Alternatively, the body can be immersed up to a few inches above the umbilicus.
Simultaneously, Pariṣeka Svedana may be done with the same liquid media on the
patient’s shoulders.
As a general rule, the duration of Avagāha Svedana can range from 1 Muhūrta (48
minutes) up to 4 Muhūrtas (192 min), depending on the requirement.
After the procedure, the patient is asked to rest on a chair for 5-10 minutes. Then a
warm bath should be taken.
6) Jentāka Svedana
Jentāka Svedana refers to application of heat by staying inside a room specifically
constructed for this purpose. Inside the room, there will be a facility for burning the
medicinal plants and a resting place for the patient. Initially, the indicated plants are
burnt to heat up the room. When all the smoke in the room has cleared, the patient
is allowed to enter and stay inside with the body covered by a thick blanket to induce
perspiration. If due to excessive Svedana, complications such as dizziness occur, the
patient should not stand up because he/she may faint while trying to leave the room.
In general, when the patient feels free from all obstructions, and stiffness, numbness,
pain and heaviness are relieved, the he/she should exit the room.
The patient should not apply cold water immediately to the eyes as it may cause eye
disorders. After the the heat and extertion has subsided, a lukewarm bath should be
taken; approximately after 1 Muhūrta (48 min). Then the patient is allowed to
consume food.
7) Ashmaghana Svedana
Ashmaghana Svedana referts to application of heat by making the patient to lie down
on a heated marble/stone slab while the body is covered by a blanket.
The marble slab should be sufficiently long to accommodate the patient in supine
position. In this procedure, first the indicated medicinal plants are burnt on the
marble slab. The burnt remains are removed and hot water is sprinkled over the slab.
Then it should be covered with a silk or woolen sheet. When the heat is tolerable, the
patient is asked to lie down and his body is covered with a thick blanket.
8) Karṣū Svedana
Kaṣū Svedana refers to application of heat by making the patient to lie down on a cot
which is placed over a trench in which medicinal plants are burnt.
In this procedure, first a trench is dug. Then the indicated medicinal plants are placed
inside and burnt. A cot is placed over the trench. The surface of the cot should be
made up of ropes and should have plenty of small rents (holes).
The patient who has undergone Abhyaṅga is asked to lie down on the cot and the
body is covered with a thick blanket. The heat emitting from the trench passes
through the rents in the cot and induces perspiration.
9) Kuṭī Svedana
Kuṭī Svedana refers to application of heat by staying inside a round room specifically
constructed for this purpose. The room should have thick walls, not be very high nor
wide, have no windows, and plastered with Uṣṇa and Sugandhi Dravya.
In the center of the room, a cot is placed and surrounded entirely by furnaces filled
with charcoal. The patient who has undergone Abhyaṅga should lie down on the cot
and the body is covered with a thick blanket.
10) Bhū Svedana
Bhū Svedana refers to application of heat by making the patient to lie down on a
heated ground while the body is covered by a blanket. The procedure is same as for
Ashmaghana Svedana, except that the patient is lying on the ground instead of a
marble/stone slab. The place must be devoid of direct exposure to wind.
11) Kumbhikā / Kumbhī Svedana

Kumbhī Svedana refers to application of heat by making the patient to lie down on a
cot which is placed over a pot in which medicinal plants are burnt.
In this procedure, a large pot is taken and buried in the ground up to half or one
third. Then the pot is filled with warm medicinal decoction and a cot is placed over
the pot. The surface of the cot should be made up of ropes and should have plenty of
small rents (holes). The patient who has undergone Abhyaṅga is made to lie down on
the cot and the body is covered with a thick blanket. Then an iron ball is heated until
red-hot and dipped into the decoction in the pot. This generates steam which will
pass through the rents in the cot and induce perspiration.
12) Kūpa Svedana

Kūpa Svedana refers to application of heat by making the patient to lie down on a cot
which is placed over a well in which dried animal dung is burnt.
In this procedure, first a deep well is dug with the length of a cot and depth is double
to the height of a cot. Inside the well, Karīṣa (dried dung) of Hasti, Ashva, Go, Khara
or Uṣṭra is placed and burnt. When the dung is properly burnt and no more smoke is
emitting, a cot is placed over the well. The surface of the cot should be made up of
ropes and should have plenty of small rents (holes). The patient who has undergone
Abhyaṅga is asked to lie down on the cot and the body is covered with a thick
blanket. The heat emitting from the well passes through the rents in the cot and
induces perspiration.
13) Holāka Svedana

Holāka Svedana refers to applicaion of heat by making the patient to lie down on a
cot which is placed over an oven in which dried animal dung is burnt.
When the dung is properly burnt and no more smoke is emitting, a cot is placed over
the oven. The surface of the cot should be made up of ropes and should have plenty
of small rents (holes). The patient who has undergone Abhyaṅga is asked to lie down
on the cot and the body is covered with a thick blanket. The heat emitting from the
oven passes through the rents in the cot and induces perspiration.
 General Precautions for Sāgni Svedana
- Svedana should be done after considering Roga, Rogī, Ṛtu and Desha. After examining
these factors, indicated Svedana type should be chosen. Only then, Svedana will produce
the desired effects.
1) Rūkṣapūrvaka Snigdha Sveda -> Indicated in Āmāshayagata Vāta
2) Snigdhapūrvaka Rūkṣa Sveda -> Indicated in Pakvāshayagata Kapha
1) Snigdha Rūkṣa Sveda -> Indicated in Vāta-Kaphaja Vyādhi

2) Snigdha Sveda -> Indicated in Vātaja Vyādhi
3) Rūkṣa Sveda -> Indicated in Kaphaja Vyādhi
1) Mahan / Tīkṣṇa Sveda -> Indicated in Mahan Vyādhi, Balavān,

Shīta Kāla, Anūpa Desha
2) Madhyama Sveda -> Indicated in Madhyama Vyādhi, Madhyama Bala,
Madhyama Shīta Kala, Jāṅgala Desha
3) Durbala / Mṛdu -> Indicated in Durbala Vyādhi, Alpabala, Alpabala,
Durbala Shīta Kāla, Sarva Desha
- The suitable Svedana should be done in Nivāta Sthāna to the patient who is indicated
for Svedana and has undergone Abhyaṅga.
- वृषर्ौ हृियां दृष्टी स्वेियेन्र्ृिु नैव वा ।

र्ध्यर्ां वक्ष
ां र्ौ शेषर्ङ्गावयवसर्ष्टतः ॥ १० ॥ (च - सू - १४)
Mṛdu Svedana should be done on Vṛṣaṇau (testicles), Hṛdaya (heart) and Dṛṣṭī (eyes), or
Svedana is completely avoided on these specific areas.
Madhyama Svedana should be done on Vaṅkṣaṇau (groins).
On the remaining body parts, indicated Svedana should be done as required.
- The eyes should be protected with Padma/Utpala palāsha (leaves) or a wet cloth.
- The heart region should be protected by local application of Shīta Muktāvali (pearl),
Shīta Bhājana (plate/vessel) or a hand dipped in cold water.
- In Bāṣpa Svedana, Hastatala and Pādatala (Talahṛdaya Marma) may become heated
faster than the remaining parts of the body. Therefore, if the patient feels excessive
hotness in the palms or soles, they should be covered with a cloth/towel.
- A wet towel may be kept on the head to prevent accumulation of heat.
- As a precaution to avoid dehydration or dizziniess during or after Sarvāṅga Svedana, the

patient may be given a class of water with sugar before starting the fomentation.
- If the patient feels uneasiness during Svedana, it should be stopped immediately and
the patient should drink a glass of cool water and splash the face.
 Svedana Samyagādi Lakṣaṇa
शीतशल ू व्युपरर्े स्तम्भगौरवसनरिे ।
सांजाते र्ािमवे स्वेिे स्वेिनासद्वरसतर्मता ॥ १२ ॥ (च - सू -१४)
शीशूलक्षये सस्वन्नो जातेऽङ्गानाां च र्ािमवे । (अ.हृ. - सू - १५)
Ayoga Lakṣaṇa = Samyak Viparyāya

-> Sveda apravṛtti, Shīta-Shūla-Stambha-Gaurava aprashamana
सपत्तास्रकोपतृर्णर्ूर्च्ामस्वराङ्गसिनभ्रर्ाः ।
ससन्धपीिा ज्वरः श्यावरक्तर्र्णिलिशमनर्् ॥ १६ ॥
स्वेिासतयोगार्च्सिमश्च तत्र स्तम्भनर्ौषधर्् । (अ.हृ. - सू - १५)
 Āhāra & Vihāra during and after Svedana

भोज्योऽन्नां र्ात्रया पास्यन् श्वः सपबन् पीतवानसप ।
द्रवोष्र्र्नसभष्यसन्ि नासतसस्नग्धर्सङ्करर््॥ २५ ॥
उष्र्ोिकोपचारी स्यािर् ह्मचारी क्षपाशयः ।
न वेगरोधी व्यायार्क्रोधशोकसिर्ातपान् ॥ २६ ॥
प्रवातयानयानाध्वभाष्यात्यासनसांसस्थतीः ।
नीचात्युर्चचोपधानािः स्वप्नधर्ू रजाांसस च ॥ २७ ॥
यान्यिासन सपबेत्तासन तावन्त्यन्यान्यसप त्यजेत् ।
सवमकर्मस्वयां प्रायो व्यासधक्षीर्ेषु च क्रर्ः ॥ २८ ॥ (अ.हृ. - सू - १६)
सम्यक् सस्वन्नां सवर्ृसितां स्नातर्ुष्र्ाम्बुसभः शनैः ॥ २८ ॥

स्वभ्यक्तां प्रावृताङ्गां च सनवातशरर्सस्थतर्् ॥
भोजयेिनसभष्यसन्ि सवं चाचारर्ासिशेत् ॥ २९ ॥ (सु - सच - ३२)
 Svedana Karmukta
- Due to Uṣṇa Guṇa of Svedana, Vāta will be pacified and circulation is increased which
results in decrease of Shīta and Shūla.
- Stambhana mainly occures due to Vyāna Vāyu, Shleṣaka Kapha, Āmarasa, Māṁsa,
Meda & Vasā Duṣṭi. Svedana helps to relieve Stambhana due to its Uṣṇa and Snigdha
Guṇa by pacifying Vāta and promoting Shleṣaka Kapha. Uṣṇa, Tīkṣṇa and Sūkṣma Guṇa of
Svedana also help in Āmapāchana and Srotoshuddhi.
Sveda is Mala of Meda Dhātu, so by inducing perspiration, waste products are expelled.
Svedana induces softness which also helps in relieving stiffness.
- Svedana helps in elimination of excessive Āpa & Kleda, and therefore relieves Gaurava.
- Snehana is done before Svedana to disintegrate Doṣa present all over the body and are
adhered to the Srotas. Svedana then dissolves the Doṣa. Additionally, due to heat, there
will be softening and dilatation of the channels, and the movement of Mala towards
Koṣṭha is stimulated; even more so due to Sara Guṇa of Svedana.
Doṣa can then be expelled from Koṣṭha by Shodhana karma.
- Mūlasthāna of Svedavaha Srotas include Romakūpa which are located in the skin.
The sweat is expelled via the skin, therefore Svedana helps in elimination of Tvakmala
and may be helpful in certain skin conditions. It also provides Tvak prasāda and Mārdava.
 Sauna Bath
A sauna is typically a room heated to between 70-100° C.
Traditional Finnish saunas usually use dry heat, with a relative humidity that is often
between 5-20%. In other sauna types, the moisture is higher. Turkish-style saunas, for
example, involve a greater level of humidity.
A sauna use can raise the skin temperature to roughly 40° C.
As the skin temperature rises, heavy sweating also occurs. The heart rate rises as the
body attempts to keep cool.
 Types of Saunas:
1) Wood burning: Wood is used to heat the sauna room and sauna rocks. Wood-
burning saunas are usually low in humidity and high in temperature.
2) Electrically heated: Similar to wood-burning saunas, electrically-heated saunas

have high temperatures and low humidity. An electrical heater, attached to
the floor, heats the sauna room.
3) Infrared room: Far-infrared saunas (FIRS) are different to wood-burning and

electrically-heated saunas. Special lamps use light waves to heat a person’s
body, not the entire room. Temperatures are typically lower than other
saunas, but the person sweats in a similar way. Usually, infrared saunas are
about 60° C.
 Health Benefits:
1) Improved circulation: Heart rate increases (up to 100-150/min) and blood
vessels dilate. This increases circulation, in a similar way to low to moderate
exercise depending on the duration of sauna use.
2) Relieve of pain: Increased circulation may help reduce muscle soreness,

improve joint movement, and ease arthritis pain.
3) Reduced stress levels: As the heat in a sauna improves circulation, it may also
promote relaxation. This can improve feelings of well-being.
4) Improved cardiovascular health: The reduction in stress levels may be linked

to a lower risk of cardiovascular events.
5) Relieve of skin problems: A dry sauna dries the skin during. Some people with
psoriasis may find that their symptoms reduce while using a sauna. However,
those with atopic dermatitis may find that it worsens.
6) Relieve of Asthma: People with asthma may find relief from some symptoms.
A sauna may help open airways, loosen phlegm, and reduce stress.
 Precautions:
1) Avoid alcohol: Alcohol increases the risk of dehydration, hypotension,
arrhythmia, and sudden death.
2) Time limit: Do not spend more than 20 minutes at a time in a sauna. First-time
users should spend a maximum of 5-10 minutes. As they get used to the heat,
they can slowly increase the time to about 20 minutes.
3) Water intake: Whatever type of sauna a person uses, it is important to replace

the fluids lost from sweating. It is important to drink plenty of water
beforehand, as well.
 Steam Room / Steam Bath

A steam room is a heated room used for relaxation and to relieve some medical
conditions. They are often found in gyms or spas.
A steam room is created when a water-filled generator pumps steam into an enclosed
space so there is moisture in the air.
The temperature inside a steam room is generally between 43-45.5° C with a humidity
level of 100%.
It is advisable not to spend longer than 15-20 minutes inside a steam room.
 Health Benefits:
1) Improved circulation & cardiovascular health
2) Improved skin health
3) Workout recovery
4) Loosens stiff joints & relieves joint pain
5) Reduced stress levels
6) Opening of mucous membranes which improves breathing, treat colds and
unblock sinuses
 Steam room & Sauna:

Steam rooms and saunas are similar as both are heated rooms used for relaxation
and to help relieve symptoms of some medical conditions.
The key difference is that while steam rooms are filled with moist heat, a sauna
provides dry heat.
The temperature in a sauna (70-100° C) is higher than in a steam room (43-45.5° C),
while the humidity level is much lower in a sauna (5-30%).
 Precautions:
- Same as for Sauna
- Wearing a towel and flip-flops or shower shoes when inside a steam room
because it provides ideal conditions for growth of bacteria / fungus.
- Steam room is contraindicated in pregnant women, heart diseases, very low or
high blood pressure, epilepsy, intake of anibiotics or mind-altering drugs.
CHAPTER IV: Vamana karma
 Introduction
 Nirukti: Vamana is the act of ejecting/vomiting from the mouth.
 Paribhāṣā:
तत्र िोषिरर्र्ूध्वमभागां वर्नसांज्ञकर्धोभागां सवरेचनसांज्ञकर्ुभयां
वा शरीरर्लसवरेचनासद्वरेचनसांज्ञाां लभते ॥ ४ ॥ (च - सस – १)
 Paryāya: Vama, Vāma, Vāmī, Vamathu, Chardi, Chardana, Ullekhana, Shodhana,
Saṁshodhana, Udgīraṇa
 Yogya:
Pīnasa, Kuṣṭha, Navajvara, Rājayakṣma, Kāsa, Shvāsa, Galagraha, Galagaṇḍa,
Shlīpada, Prameha, Mandāgni, Viruddhānna, Ajīrṇa, Visūchikā, Alasaka, Viṣapīta,
Garapīta, Adhoga Raktapitta, Praseka, Arsha, Hṛllāsa, Arochaka, Avipāka, Apachī,
Apasmāra, Unmāda, Atisāra, Shopha, Pāṇḍuroga, Mukhapāka, Stanyaduṣṭi
 Ayogya:
Kṣata, Kṣīṇa, Atisthūla, Atikṛsha, Bāla, Vṛddha, Durbala, Shrama, Pipāsā, Kṣudha,
Karma-Bhāra-Adhvahata, Upavāsa-Maithuna-Adhyāyana-Vyāyāma-Chintā prasakta,
Kṣāma, Garbhiṇī, Sukumāra, Samvṛtta Koṣṭha, Dushchardana, Ūrdhvaga Raktapitta,
Prasakta Chardi, Ūrdhvavāta, Āsthāpita, Anuvāsita, Hṛdroga, Udāvarta, Plīharoga,
Gulma, Udararoga, Aṣṭhīla, Svaropaghāta, Timira, Shira-Shaṅkha-Karṇa-Akṣi Shūla
 Vamana Dravya
 Sāmānya Guṇa:
1) Uṣṇa -> liquification of Doṣa
2) Tīkṣṇa -> separation of adhered Doṣa
3) Sūkṣma -> penetration even into minute channels
4) Vyavāyi -> pervades and acts quickly before having to undergo digestion
5) Vikāsi -> breakdown of Doṣa
6) Agni-Vāyu pradhāna -> promote upward movement due to Laghutva
 Madhu & Saindhava Lavaṇa:

In all Vamana Yoga, Madhu and Saindhava Lavaṇa should be added for Vilayana
(liquification) and Chedana (separation) of Kapha. There is no antagonism if honey
gets heated when added to a Vamana Yoga because it is expelled without
undergoing digestion.
 Examples of Vamana Dravya:
1) Sushruta Saṁhitā (Su. Sū. 39)
a) Phala of Madana, Kuṭaja, Jīmūtaka, Ikṣvāku, Dhāmārgava, Kṛtavedhana,
Sarṣapa, Viḍaṅga, Pippalī, Karañja, Prapunnāḍa
b) Mūla of Kovidāra Karbudāra, Ariṣṭa, Ashvagandhā, Vidula, Bandhujīvaka,

Shvetā, Shaṇapuṣpī, Bimbī, Vachā, Mṛgervāru, Chitra
2) Charaka Saṁhitā
a) Vamanopaga Mahākaṣāya (Cha. Sū. 4)
Madhu, Madhuka, Kovidāra, Karbudāra, Nīpa, Vidula, Bimbī, Shaṇapuṣpī,
Sadāpuṣpī/Arka, Pratyakpuṣpā/Apamārga
b) Kalpa Sthāna, Adhyāya 1-6
Chapter Vamana Dravya Number of Yoga Examples of Vamana Yoga

1 Madana 133 Madanphala Pippalī Kṣīra/Dadhi Yoga,
Madanphala Chūrṇa/Varti/Leha Yoga
2 Jīmūtaka 39 Jīmūtaka Surāmaṇḍa Yoga,
Jīmūtaka Jīvakādi Yoga
3 Ikṣvāku 45 Ikṣvākuphala Svarasa Yoga,
Ikṣvāku Takra Yoga
4 Dhāmārgava 60 Dhāmārgavaphala Anna Yoga,
Dhāmārgava Gḥrta Yoga
5 Vatsaka 18 Kuṭaja Chūrṇa Yoga,
Kuṭaja Jala Yoga
6 Kṛtavedhana 60 Kṛtavedhana Kaṣāya Yoga,
Kṛtavedhana Varti Yoga
--- --- 355 ---
3) Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (A.H. Sū. 15)

Madana, Madhuka, Lambā, Nimba, Bimbī, Vishālā, Trapusa, Kuṭaja, Mūrvā,
Devadālī, Kṛmighna, Vidula, Dahana, Chitrā, Koshavatī, Karañja, Kaṇa, Lavaṇa,
Vachā, Elā, Sarṣapa
 Madanaphala
1) Latin Name: Randia dumetorum
2) Family: Rubiaceae
3) Paryāya: Karahāṭa, Rāṭha, Piṇḍītaka, Phala, Shvasana, Vāmana
4) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Tikta, Madhura, Kaṭu, Kaṣāya
ii) Guṇa Laghu, Rūkṣa
iii) Vipāka Kaṭu
iv) Vīrya Uṣṇa
v) Prabhāva Vāmaka
5) Karma: Kapha-Vāta shāmaka, Kapha-Pitta shodhaka, Vāmaka, Lekhana,

Vraṇahara, Kuṣṭhaghna, Jvarahara, Shophahara, Vidradhihara
6) Saṅgraha Vidhi:
i) Collection of Madanaphala during January – March. Madanaphala should be
ripe, pale or yellowish-white, undamaged, free from infections, not too small.
ii) Fruits should be cleaned and tied up inside a bundle of Kusha, pasted with
fresh cowdung and stored for 8 days in a heap of either Yava, Māṣa, Shāli,
Kulattha or Mudga. Madanaphala will become soft and attain honey-like smell.
iii) After removing them from the bundle, they are dried under the sun. Then
the seeds are removed and gently mixed with Ghṛta, Dadhi, Madhu and Palala.
This is dried again and stored in an airtight container.
7) Yoga: (Charaka Saṁhitā, Kalpa Sthāna, Adhyāya 1)

i) Kaṣāya 9
ii) Mātrā 8
iii) Payādi 5 (Paya, Dadhi, Santānikā, Navanīta, Ghṛta)
iv) Phāṇiṭa 1
v) Chūrṇa 1
vi) Ghreya Nasya 1
vii) Varti 6
viii) Leha 20
ix) Modaka 20
x) Utkārikā 20
xi) Shaṣkuli 16
xii) Pūpa 16
xiii) Ṣāḍava 10
133
Examples:
1) Madanaphala Kaṣāya Yoga:
Madanaphala is crushed and taken with Kaṣāya of either one of Yaṣṭīmadhu, Nimba,
Kovidāra, Bimbī, Shaṇapuṣpī, Arkapuṣpī, Apamārga, etc. added with Madhu & Lavaṇa for
Vamanārtha in case of Kaphaja Jvara, Gulma and Pratishyāya.
2) Madanaphala Pippalī Kṣira Yoga:

Kṣīrapāka of Madanaphala added with Pippalī is taken for Vamanārtha in case of Adhoga
Raktapitta or Hṛddāha.
3) Madanaphala Pippalī Dadhi Yoga:

Dadhi prepared from Madanaphala Kṣīrapāka, added with Pīppalī is taken for Vamanārtha in
case of Kaphaja Chardi, Tamaka Shvāsa or Praseka.
 Kuṭaja
1) Latin Name: Holarrhena antidysenterica
2) Family: Apocynaceae
3) Paryāya: Vatsaka, Shakra, Vṛkṣaka, Girimallikā, Indrayava, Saṅgrāhī
4) Bheda: Puruṣa & Strī
5) Guṇa: (Bīja)
i) Rasa Kaṭu, Tikta
iii) Vipāka Kaṭu
iv) Vīrya Shīta
v) Prabhāva Vāmaka
6) Karma: Tridoṣa shāmaka, Vāmaka, Jvaraghna, Atisāraghna, Kuṣṭhaghna,

Shūlahara, Dīpana
7) Saṅgraha Vidhi: Kuṭaja phala should be collected when ripe and dried. These
are coarsely powdered and stored.

i) Kaṣāya 9
ii) Chūrṇa 5
iii) Jala 3
iv) Kṛshara 1
18
Examples:
1) Kuṭaja Chūrṇa Yoga:
Kuṭaja phala chūrṇa is impregnated in Arka kṣīra for 8 days. One Pāṇitala of this should be
taken along with any one of the following:
Kvātha of Jīvaka, Madanaphala, Jīmūtaka, Ikṣvāku or Jīvantī.
2) Jala Yoga: Kuṭaja chūrṇa as described above + Sarṣapa / Madhuka / Lavaṇa + Jala
 Nimba
1) Latin Name: Azadirachta indica
2) Family: Meliaceae
3) Paryāya: Kṛmighna, Sutiktaka, Ariṣṭa
4) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Tikta, Kaṣāya
iii) Vipāka Kaṭu
iv) Vīrya Shīta
v) Prabhāva ---
5) Karma: Pitta-Kapha shāmaka, Kṛmighna, Netrya, Viṣaghna, Kuṣṭhaghna,

Ruchikara, Vraṇahara, Kāsahara, Shvāsahara
6) Saṅgraha Vidhi: Nimba tvak is collected, dried, roughly powdered and stored.
7) Yoga: Nimba Kvātha, 2-4 litres, alone or mixed with other Vāmaka Dravya,
such as Madanaphala, is taken to induce Vamana.
 Yaṣṭīmadhu
1) Latin Name: Glycyrrhiza glabra
2) Family: Papilionaceae
3) Paryāya: Yaṣṭī, Madhuyaṣṭī, Madhuka
4) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Madhura
ii) Guṇa Guru, Snigdha
iii) Vipāka Madhura
iv) Vīrya Shīta
v) Prabhāva ---
5) Karma: Vāta-Pitta shāmaka, Shukrala, Balya, Chakṣuṣya, Varṇya, Keshya,

Svarya, Kaṇṭhya, Ruchya, Vraṇahara, Shothahara, Viṣaghna, Tṛṣṇāhara,
Kāsahara, Shvāsahara
6) Saṅgraha Vidhi: Yaṣṭī mūla are collected, dried, roughly powdered and stored.
7) Yoga: Yaṣṭīmadhu Kvātha, 3-6 litres, alone or mixed with other Vāmaka
Dravya, such as Madanaphala, is taken to induce Vamana. Yaṣṭ̣ īmadhu chūrṇa,
2-6 gm, is also used.
 Vachā
1) Latin Name: Acorus calamus
2) Family: Araceae
3) Paryāya: Aruṇā, Golomī, Ugragandhā, Ugrā, Karṣaṇī
4) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Kaṭu, Tikta
ii) Guṇa Laghu, Tīkṣṇa
iii) Vipāka Kaṭu
iv) Vīrya Uṣṇa
v) Prabhāva Medhya
5) Karma: Kapha-Vāta shāmaka, Medhya, Lekhana, Vāmaka, Dīpana, Pāchana,

Vibandhahara, Ādhmānahara, Shūlaghna, Mūtra vishodhaka, Kaṇṭhya,
Mukharogahara, Jvaraghna, Atisāraghna
6) Saṅgraha Vidhi: Rhizome of Vachā is collected, dried, powdered and stored.
7) Yoga: Vachā chūrṇa, 1-2 gm, are generally used along with other Vāmaka
Dravya to induce Vamana.
-> Vāmaka Yoga:
 Madanaphalādi Yoga:
Ingredients: Madanaphala, Yaṣṭī, Vachā, Saindhava lavaṇa
Anupāna: Madhu (Q.S.)
Mātrā Madana Yaṣṭī Vachā Saindhava

Uttama 8 gm 6 gm 2 gm 2 gm
Madhyama 6 gm 4 gm 1.5 gm 1.5 gm
Hīna 4 gm 2 gm 1 gm 1 gm
 Other Vāmaka Yoga:

1) Indrayava (Kuṭaja bīja), Madana, Madhuka chūrṇa with Kvātha of Nimba and
Paṭola in Kuṣṭha.
2) Madana in the form of Mantha with Madhu and Sharkarā or Madana Ikṣurasa
in Adhoga Raktapitta.
3) Kvātha of Vatsaka phala, Musta, Madana and Madhuka with Madhu in Adhoga
Raktapitta.
4) Kvātha of Nimba, Paṭola and Madana in Amlapitta.
-> Mātrā according to Charaka Saṁhitā: Madanaphala should be of the quantity which
fits inside the patient’s fist (Antarnakha muṣka) and is then powdered.
 Vidhi
Mṛdu Koṣṭha Madhyama Koṣṭha Krūra Koṣṭha

Snehapāna 3 days 5 days 7 days
Abhyaṅga, Svedana & 4th day 6th day 8th day
Kapha Utklesha Āhāra
Vamana 5th day 7th day 9th day
Saṁsarjana Krama after considering Shuddhi
 Pūrvakarma
1) Preparation of Vamana Yoga, such as Madanaphala (10 gm) mixed with Madhu
(25 ml), made into a thick paste from which 2-3 pills are formed and dried; or
any other indicated Vamana Yoga.
2) Dīpana Pāchana
3) Snehapāna (3-7 days)

Āhāra during Snehapāna: Laghu, Drava, Uṣṇa, Anabhiṣyandi, Nāti Snigdha
4) One Gap Day in which Abhyaṅga and Bāṣpa Svedana are performed.
Kapha Utklesha Āhāra is taken on the same day in the evening, such as Kṣīra,
Kṛshara, Māṣa, Vaḍā, Pāyasa, Tila, Guḍa, Dadhi, etc.
5) Preparation of the patient on the morning of Vamana karma:

In the early morning, after making sure that the meal taken on the previous
night is properly digested, and Mala have been expelled, the patient is
administered Vamana Yoga on empty stomach.
In case of Durbala, Bāla, Vṛddha or Bhaya, the patient may be given Yūṣa,
Ikṣurasa, Kṣīra, Madya, Tuṣodaka, Yavāgū or Maṇḍa in the early morning.
If the patient is Nāti Snigdha, Yavāgū with Ghṛta should be given.
 Pradhānakarma
1) In the treatment room, the patient is asked to sit on a chair facing east or
north. The body may be draped with a clean cloth to prevent soiling the cloth
by vomitus. A towl is kept within the patient’s reach and a mug with water is
placed nearby for cleaning the mouth and face. On a stool placed in fron of the
patient, near to the knees, a large bowl is placed for collecting the vomitus.
2) Administration of Medicines: To start with the administration of medicine, the

patient is asked to fill the stomach with Kṣīra, Ikṣu svarasa, etc. Approximately
2 liters of liquid is required. The total amount of liquid given to the patient
should be measured and noted for later assessment. After filling the stomach
with liquids, Vamana Yoga is administered.
3) Doṣagati: The therapist should observe the patient for appearance of
perspiration on the forehead, horripilation, abdominal discomfort, nausea and
salivation. Perspiration on the forehead indicates that Doṣa are liquefied;
horripilation indicates movement of Doṣa towards Āmāshaya; abdominal
discomfort show that Doṣa are present in Āmāshaya; and nausea & salivation
are the symptoms of Doṣa moving towards the mouth.
4) Management during Vamana: If the patient does not start to vomit within 1
Muhūrta (48 min) after administration of Vamana Yoga, vomiting should be
induced by:
- Frequent intake of Yaṣṭīmadhu kvātha.
- Intake of plenty of warm water with salt.
- Administration of Kalka prepared from Sarṣapa, Āmalakī and Pippalī.
If this also fails to induce vomiting, the pharynx should be mechanically

irritated by using a stalk of lotus, fingers, rubber catheter, etc.
During this period, the therapist should also move his/her palm from below
upwards on the patient’s back with gentle pressure. The abdominal region may
also be pressed to support vomiting. Once the patient starts vomiting, the
forehead should be supported with the other hand.
During the procedure, Vamana Kaṣāya or other liquids can be administered

repeatedely until the appearance of Pitta in vomitus.
5) Observations
-> During each vega, the color, taste, odor, sound and conistency should be
examined to assess the quantity and nature of expelled Doṣa.
-> Types of Shuddhi & Vagikī, Mānikī, Antikī and Laiṅgikī Lakṣaṇa:
Shuddhi Avara/Jaghanya/Hīna Madhyama Pravara

Lakṣaṇa
Vaigikī 4 vega 6 vega 8 vega
Mānikī 1 prastha (648 ml) 1 ½ prastha (972 ml) 2 prastha (1296 ml)
Antikī Pittānta / Pitta darshana
Laiṅgikī Samyak Vamana Lakṣaṇa
While measuring the quantity, the medicines and liquids which were given for
inducing Vamana is not counted.
-> Samyagādi Lakṣaṇa
1) Samyak Lakṣaṇa / Laiṅgikī Lakṣaṇa:

- Kāle pravṛtti
- Svayam Cha Avasthāna (urge of vomiting stops by itself)
- Hrṭ-Pārshva-Mūrdha-Indriya-Mārga Shuddhi
- Laghutva, Kārshya, Daurbalya
- Anati Mahatī Vyathā (not much discomfort)
- Expulsion of Kapha, Pitta, Vāta in succession
2) Ayoga Lakṣaṇa:
- Vega apravṛtti
- Kevala Auṣadha pravṛtti
- Vega Vibandha
- Hṛdaya-Sroto Ashuddhi
- Guru Gatratā
- Sphoṭaka, Koṭha, Kaṇḍū
- Kapha praseka
3) Atiyoga Lakṣaṇa:
- Tṛṣṇā, Moha, Mūrcchā, Bhrama
- Anila prakopa
- Nidrānāsha
- Balādi hāni
- Hṛt-Kaṇṭha pīḍā
- Tama pravesha
 Pashchātkarma:
1) Patient is advised to wash mouth, hands and feet with warm water. Then
Dhūmapāna, Prāyogika, Vairechanika or Snaihika, is done, depending on the
condition. Afterwards the patient should should take rest for 1 Muhūrta.
Peyādi Saṁsarjana Krama is started on the same day at evening.
2) Peyādi Saṁsarjana Krama or Tarpaṇādi Krama
Day Annakāla Pravara Shuddhi Madhyama Shuddhi Avara Shuddhi

1st Evening Peya Peya Peya
2nd Morning Peya Peya Vilepī
Evening Peya Vilepī Kṛtākṛta Yūṣa
3rd Morning Vilepī Vilepī Kṛtākṛta Māṁarasa
Evening Vilepī Akṛta Yūṣa Normal diet
4th Morning Vilepī Kṛta Yūṣa
Evening Akṛta Yūṣa Akṛta Māṁsarasa
5th Morning Kṛta Yūṣa Kṛta Māṁsarasa
Evening Kṛta Yūṣa Normal diet
6th Morning Akṛta Māṁsarasa
Evening Kṛta Māṁsarasa
7th Morning Kṛta Māṁsarasa
Evening Normal diet
Akṛta = Without Sneha, Lavaṇa, Shuṇṭhī, Maricha, etc.

Kṛta = With Sneha, Lavaṇa, Shuṇṭhī, Maricha, etc.
Maṇḍa is a form of rice water in which rice (1 part) is cooked in water

(14 parts) until it becomes completely soft. It is strained and only the liquid is
consumed. Shāli : Jala = 1 : 14
Peya is a form of rice soup in which rice (1 part) is cooked in water (14 parts)
until it becomes completely soft and the liquid and solid parts are equally
propotional. Shāli : Jala = 1 : 14
Yavāgū is semid-solid rice preparation in which rice (1 part) is cooked in water

(6 parts) until it becomes completely soft and no or only a little liquid portion is
remaining. Shāli : Jala = 1 : 6
Vilepī is a thick rice preparation in which rice (1 part) is cooked in water

(4 parts) until it becomes soft and no liquid portion is remaining. Solid portion
is consumed along with the remaining liquid. Shāli : Jala = 1 : 4
Yūṣa is a soup prepared by boiling a pulse (1 part) with water (14 parts) until
completely soft. Shimbi Dhānya : Jala = 1 : 14
Māṁsarasa is a meat soup in which meat (1 part) is cooked in water (4 parts).

Māṁsa : Jala = 1 : 4
-> Tarpaṇādi Krama
Tapaṇādi Krama is an alternative to Peyādi Saṁsarjana Krama which is
indicated in the following conditions:
- Kapha and Pitta have been eliminated by Shodhana in small quantity only.
(Avara Shuddhi)
- Frequent intake of Madya
- Vāta-Pitta prakṛti
According to Ā. Chakrapāṇi, Svaccha Tarpaṇa can be served instead of Peya

and Ghana Tarpaṇa instead of Vilepī.
According to commentator of Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya following have been mentioned:

1st Annakāla 2nd Annakāla 3rd Annakāla
a) Aruṇadatta -> Lājā + Saktu Jīrṇa Shāli Odana Māṁsarasa + Odana
b) Parameshvara -> Lājā + Saktu Yūṣa + Anna Māṁsarasa + Anna
3) Parihāra Viṣaya
Parihāra Viṣaya are specific regimens which should be avoided after Vamana
karma for a time period twice as long as the time which was required for the
whole treatment procedure, including Pūrvakarma.
अत्यासनस्थानवचासां स यानां स्वप्नां सिवा र्ैथुनवेगरोधान् ॥ ५४ ॥
शीतोपचारातपशोकरोषाांस्त्यजेिकालासितभोजनां च । (च - सस - १)
 Sadyovamana
Sadyovamana is the procedure of inducing emesis instantaneously or within a short
period in emergency cases when Doṣa are in Utkliṣṭa Avasthā.
Sadyovamana can be given irrespective of the ongoing Ṛtu.
Sadyovamana may be given with or without Abhyaṅga & Svedana as Pūrvakarma.
Saṁsarjana Krama is also not essential. However, according to the condition,
Pathyāpathya must be followed.
 Sadyovamana Dravya: Kṣīra, Yaṣṭīmadhu Phāṇṭa, Ikṣurasa, Jala, Lavaṇa, Madhu,

Pippalī, Madanaphalādi Vāmaka Dravya
 Yogya: Navajvara, Āmajvara, Viṣapīta, Āmāshayagata Vāta, Tamaka Shvāsa, Ajīrṇa,

Viruddhabhojana, Sāma Grahaṇī, Madātyaya, Chardi, Alasaka, Visūchikā,
Upadaṁsha, Amlapitta
 Vamana Karmukta
Snehana & Svedana as Pūrvakarma help in Doṣa Utklesha, liquification and transport of
of Doṣa from Shākhā to Koṣṭha.
The Vāmaka Dravya have the following properties:

6) Agni-Vāyu pradhāna -> promote upward movement due to Laghutva
Ingested Vāmaka Dravya get absorbed and move through Sthūla & Sūkṣma Srotas by
Sūkṣma and Vyavāyi Guṇa. Adhered Doṣa get separated by Tīkṣṇa Guṇa and specifically
Kapha gets liquefied by Uṣṇa which helps in movement of Doṣa towards Āmāshaya. In all
Vamana Yoga, Madhu and Saindhava Lavaṇa should be added for Vilayana (liquification) and
Chedana (separation) of Kapha. There is no antagonism if honey gets heated when added to
a Vamana Yoga because it is expelled without undergoing digestion.
Due to Vikāsi Guṇa, Doṣa get broken down into smaller molecules and reach the Āmāshaya.
This will cause abdominal irritation, discomfort and distension, ultimately leading to nausea
and finally Doṣa Nirharaṇa through Ūrdhvabhāga supported by Agni-Vāyu Mahābhūta
pradhāna.
Vomiting is the oral expulsion of upper gastrointestinal contents resulting from

contractions of gut and thoraco-abdominal wall musculature. Vomiting is the means by
which the upper GIT gets relieved from its contents when there is excessive irriation, over
distension or excitement. Excessive distension or irritation of the duodenum causes an
especially strong stimulus for vomiting.
During Vamana karma, large amounts of fluid and strong medicines are administered, which
cause distension and irritation respectively. This leads to repeated vomiting which scraps
away the mucosal layer of the upper tract.
The body tries to prevent further damage which results in a series of events:
i) Release of chemical substances (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, proteolytic
enzymes, leukotrienes) from the damaged tissue cells which active an inflammatory process.
ii) There will be increased blood flow towards the irritated area.
iii) Leakage of large quantities of plasma out of the capillaries into the damaged areas.
iv) Infiltration of the area by leukocytes.
When vomiting is violent, the abdominal muscles act energetically. Vomiting is

generally preceeded by a feeling of nausea, and usually there is a rush of saliva to the
mouth, caused by a reflex stimulation of the afferent fibers in the gastric branches of the
vagus. After this, a deep inspiration is taken and the glottis closed, then a violent expiratory
effort is made, so that the contraction of the abdominal muscles act upon the content of the
abdomen, the stomach being forcibly compressed. The cardiac orifice of the stomach is open
at the same instant, and the contents of the stomach are ejected. The center for the
movement concerned in vomiting lies in the medulla oblongata, and is in relation with the
respiratory center.
CHAPTER V: virechana karma
 Introduction
 Nirukti: Virechana refers to evacuation or clearing.
 Paribhāṣā:
तत्र िोषिरर्र्ूध्वमभागां वर्नसांज्ञकर्धोभागां सवरेचनसांज्ञकर्ुभयां
वा शरीरर्लसवरेचनासद्वरेचनसांज्ञाां लभते ॥ ४ ॥ (च - सस - १)
 Paryāya: Vireka, Rechana, Praskandana, Adhoparisrava, Shodhana
 Yogya:
Kuṣṭha, Jvara, Meha, Ūrdhvaga Raktapitta, Bhagandara, Udararoga, Arsha, Bradhna,
Plīharoga, Gulma, Arbuda, Galagaṇḍa, Granthi, Visūchikā, Alasaka, Mūtrāghāta,
Kṛmikoṣṭhatā, Visarpa, Pāṇḍu, Shira-Pārshva Shūla, Udāvarta, Netra-Āsya Dāha,
Hṛdroga, Vyaṅga, Nīlikā, Netra-Nāsika-Āsya sravana, Halīmaka, Kāmalā, Shvāsa,
Kāsa, Apachī, Apasmāra, Unmāda, Vātarakta, Yonidoṣa, Shukradoṣa, Timira,
Arochaka, Avipāka, Chardi, Shvayathu, Visphoṭaka
 Ayogya:
Kṣata, Kṣīṇa, Atisthūla, Atikṛsha, Bāla, Vṛddha, Durbala, Shrama, Pipāsā, Kṣudha,
Karma-Bhāra-Adhvahata, Upavāsa-Maithuna-Adhyāyana-Vyāyāma-Chintā prasakta,
Kṣāma, Garbhiṇī, Subhaga Guda, Kṣata Guda, Gudabhraṁsha, Adhoga Raktapitta,
Vilaṅghita, Indriyadaurbalya, Alpāgni, Āsthāpita, Ajīrṇa, Navajvara, Madātyaya,
Ādhmāna, Shalyārdita, Abhighāta, Atisnigdha, Atirūkṣa, Daruṇa Koṣṭha
 Virechana Dravya
 Vargīkaraṇa:
A) Based on Origin:
1) Sthāvara -> Mūla, Tvak, Phala, Patra, Kṣīra (E.g.: Trivṛt mūla, Snuhī kṣīra)
2) Jāṅgama -> Kṣīra, Mūtra (E.g.: Gokṣīra, Gomūtra)
B) Based on Strength:
1) Mṛdu (E.g.: Triphalā, Aruṇa Trivṛt, Drākṣā, Āragvadha)
2) Madhyama (E.g.: Dantī, Eraṇḍa, Kaṭukī)
3) Tīkṣṇa (E.g.: Snuhī kṣīra, Shyāma Trivṛt, Jayapāla)
C) Based on Application:
1) Snigdha -> Virechana Yoga contains Sneha (E.g.: Eraṇḍa taila, Snūhī ghṛta)
2) Rūkṣa -> Virechana Yoga does not contain Sneha
(E.g.: Icchābhedi rasa, Abhayādi modaka, Triphalā kaṣāya)
D) Based on Method of Application:
1) Pratyakṣa -> direct application through ingesting Virechana Dravya (E.g.: Trivṛt)
2) Apratyakṣa -> indirect application without ingesting Virechana Dravya, but by
external method such as application, wearing or holding Virechaka Dravya
(E.g.: Holding Jayapāla in hand causes Virechana)
E) Based on Action: (According to Ā. Shārṅgadhara)

1) Anulomana -> guiding in the correct direction
2) Sraṁsana -> loosening, slipping down, relaxing, laxative
3) Bhedana -> breaking, splitting, dividing
4) Rechana -> purging, evacuation, act of emptying
1) Anulomana
कृ त्वा पाकां र्लानाां यसित्त्वा बन्धर्धो नयेत् ॥ ३ ॥
तर्चचानुलोर्नां ज्ञेयां यथा प्रोक्ता िरीतकी । (शा - ४)
That which moves the Mala downwards after digesting them and breaking
their attachment is known as Anulomana.
For example, Harītakī.
2) Sraṁsana
पक्तव्यां यिपक्त्वैव सश्लष्टां कोष्ठे र्लासिकर्् ॥ ४ ॥
नयत्यधः स्रांसनां तद्यथा स्यात्कृ तर्ालकः ।
That which carries the digested Mala or the indigested Mala, which is adhered
in the Koṣṭha, downwards is known as Sraṁsana.
For example, Kṛtamālaka/Āragvadha.
3) Bhedana
र्लासिकर्बिां च बिां वा सपसर्णितां र्लैः ॥ ५ ॥
सभत्त्वाधः पातयसत तिेिनां कटुकी यथा ।
That which directs the Abaddha (unformed) Mala and Baddha (formed) or
Piṇḍita (thick/accumulated/united) Mala, after breaking them, downwards is
known as Bhedana. For example, Kaṭukī.
4) Rechana
सवपक्वां यिप्क्वां वा र्लासि द्रवताां नयेत् ॥ ६ ॥
रेचयत्यसप तज्ज्ञेयां रेचनां सत्रवृता यथा ।
That which makes the digested or indigested Mala fluid and expels them
forcefully is known as Rechana. For example, Trivṛt.
 Sāmānya Guṇa of Virechana Dravya:
6) Pṛthvī-Āpa pradhāna -> promote downward movement due to Gurutva
 Examples of Virechana Dravya:

1) Sushruta Saṁhitā (Su. Sū. 39)
a) Mūla of Trivṛt, Shyāma, Dantī, Dravantī, Saptalā, Shaṅkhinī, Viṣāṇikā,
Gavākṣi, Chagalāntrī, Snuhī, Suvarṇakṣīrī, Chitraka, Kiṇihī, Kusha, Kāsha
b) Tvak of Tilvaka, Ramyaka, Paṭola
c) Phala of Pūga, Harītakī, Āmalakī, Bibhītaka, Nīlinī, Āragvadha, Eraṇḍa
d) Patra of Pūtīka, Mahāvṛkṣa/Āragvadha
e) Kṣīra of Saptacchadā, Arka, Jyotiṣmatī
2) Charaka Saṁhitā
a) Virechanopaga Mahākaṣāya (Cha. Sū. 4)
Drākṣā, Kāshmarya, Parūṣaka, Abhayā, Āmalaka, Bibhītaka, Kuvala,
Badara, Karkandhu, Pīlu
b) Kalpa Sthāna, Adhyāya 7-12

Chapter Virechana Dravya Number of Yoga Examples of Virechana Yoga
7 Trivṛt 110 Salavaṇa Trivṛt Yoga,
(Shyāma & Aruṇa) Yaṣṭīmadhu Trivṛt Yoga
8 Āragvadha 12 Āragvadha Drākṣārasa Yoga,
Āragvadha Ghṛta Yoga
9 Tilvaka 16 Lodhra Ariṣṭa Yoga,
Lodhra Ghṛta Yoga
10 Sudhā 20 Sudhā Ghṛta Yoga,
Sudhā Surā Yoga
11 Saptalā Shaṅkhinī 39 Saptalā Shaṅkhinī Taila Yoga,
Saptalā Shaṅkinī Madya Yoga
12 Dantī Dravantī 48 Danti-Ariṣṭa Yoga
Dantī Kāmalā Nāshaka Yoga
--- --- 245 ---
3) Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (A.H. Sū. 15)

Nikumbha, Kumbha, Triphalā (Harītakī, Āmalakī, Bibhītakī), Gavākṣī, Snuhī,
Shaṅkhinī, Nīlinī, Tilvaka, Shamyāka, Kampillaka, Hemadugdhā, Dugdha, Mūtra
 Trivṛt
1) Latin Name: Operculina turpethum
2) Family: Convolvulaceae
3) Paryāya: Tribhaṇḍī, Trivṛtā, Shyāma, Sarvānubhūti, Suvahā, Nishotha
4) Bheda:
a) Aruṇa Trivṛt
It is considered more useful than Shyāma because the chance of causing
complications is much less.
It is useful for Virechana in Sukumāra, Bāla, Vṛddha and Mṛdu Koṣṭha.
b) Shyāma Trivṛt
It is a strong Virechana Dravya due to Ashukāri Guṇa. It may easily cause
complications, such as Moha, Kṣīṇatva and Mūrcchā, if not administered
properly or given in case of Sukumārādi.
It is useful for Virechana in Bahu Doṣa and Krūra Koṣṭha.
5) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Kaṣāya, Madhura, Kaṭu, Tiktā
ii) Guṇa Laghu, Rūkṣa, Tīkṣṇa
iii) Vipāka Kaṭu
iv) Vīrya Uṣṇa
v) Prabhāva Virechaka
6) Karma: Vāta-Kapha shāmaka, Pitta-Kapha shodhaka, Rechana, Shothahara,

Udaraghna, Kṛmighna, Plīhārogahara, Pāṇḍurogahara, Kuṣṭhaghna, Kaṇḍūghna
7) Saṅgraha Vidhi: Trivṛt mūla which is deeply rooted, smooth and straight
should be collected. It is cut open, the inner pulp is removed and the Mūlatvak
(bark of the roots) is dried, powdered and stored.
i) Amlādi 9
ii) Saindhavādi 12
iii) Pipplī Gomūtrādi 18
iv) Yaṣtīmadhu 2
v) Jīvakādi 14
vi) Kṣīrādi 7
vii) Leha 8
viii) Sharkarā 4 (Modaka, Vartī, Gurlikā, Pūpaka)
ix) Pānakādi 5
x) Shāḍava 10
xi) Tarpaṇa 2
xii) Modakādi 5
xiii) Ṛtu Anusāra 5
xiv) Sukha Virechaka 1
xv) Chūrṇa 1
xvii) Ghṛta-Kṣīra 4
xviii) Madya 2
xix) Kāñjika 2
110
Examples:
1) Trivṛt Amlādi Yoga:
One Akṣa Pramāna of Trivṛt Piṇḍa (bolus), either Aruṇa or Shyāma, should be taken for
Virechana with any one of the following liquids:
Amla Kāñjika, Gomūtra, Avimūtra, Ajāmūtra, Mahiṣīmūtra, Sauviraka, Tuṣodaka, Prasanna or
Triphalā Kvātha
2) Salavaṇa Trivṛt Yoga:

2 parts of Trivṛt chūrṇa (1-4 gm) is mixed with 1 part of either one of the 12 Lavaṇa; Saindhava,
Sauvarchala, Viḍa, Samudra, Audbhida, Kāla, Pākya, Anūpa, Kūpya, Vālukaja, Maulaka,
Romaka. This mixture is administered along with Shuṇṭhī chūrṇa and Uṣṇ ̣ āmbu for Virechana.
3) Yaṣṭīmadhu Trivṛt Yoga:

2 parts of Trivṛt chūrṇa is mixed with 1 part of Madhuka chūrṇa and administered along with
Sharkarāmbu for Virechana.
4) Trivṛt Kṣīrādi Yoga

2 parts of Trivṛt chūrṇa is mixed with 1 part of Harītakī chūrṇa and administered for Virechana
along with any one of the following liquids:
Kṣīra, Ghṛta, Ikṣurasa, Gambhārī kvātha, Drākṣā kvātha
 Āragvadha
1) Latin Name: Cassia fistula
2) Family: Caesalpinaceae
3) Paryāya: Chaturaṅgula, Rājavṛkṣa, Shampaka, Svarṇapuṣpa, Dīrghaphala
4) Guṇa: (Phalamajjā)
i) Rasa Madhura, Tikta
ii) Guṇa Guru, Snigdha, Mṛdu
iv) Vīrya Shīta
v) Prabhāva - - -
5) Karma: Vāta-Pitta shāmaka, Pitta-Kapha shodhaka, Sraṁsana, Shūlahara,

Ruchya, Kṛmighna, Pramehaghna, Jvarahara, Kuṣṭhaghna
6) Saṅgraha Vidhi: Pakva Āragvadha should be collectedin large quantity and

buried in sand for 7 days. After that, the fruits are taken out and dried under
the sun. Majjā is removed from these fruits and stored.
7) Yoga:
i) Drākṣārasa 1
ii) Surāmaṇḍādi 5 (Surāmaṇḍa, Kolasīdhu, Dadhimaṇḍa, Āmalakī rasa,
Sauvīraka shītakaṣāya)
iii) Kaṣāya 2
iv) Avaleha 1
v) Ghṛta 2
vi) Ariṣṭa 1
Examples:
1) Drākṣārasa Yoga:
Āragvadha Phalamajjā is administered along with Drāḳārasa for Virechana in a patient aged
between 4-12 years suffering from Dāha or Udāvarta.
2) Kaṣāya Yoga:
Trivṛt Kaṣāya or Bilva Kaṣāya is added with Āragvadha Phalamajjā (10-20 gm) and
administered along with Lavaṇa and Madhu for Virechana.
3) Ghṛta Yoga:
Kṣīrapāka is prepared with Āragvadha Phalamajjā. From this milk, Ghṛta is prepared.
The Ghṛta should be cooked with Āragvadha Phalamajjā kalka and Āmalkī svarasa, and
administered for Virechana.
 Eraṇḍa
1) Latin Name: Ricinus communis
2) Family: Euphorbiaceae
3) Paryāya: Pañchāṅgula, Dīrghadaṇḍa, Chitabīja, Vātāri, Shūlashatru
4) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Madhura, Kaṭu, Kaṣāya
ii) Guṇa Tīkṣṇa, Guru, Snigdha
iv) Vīrya Uṣṇa
v) Prabhāva ---
5) Karma: Tridoṣa shāmaka, Virechaka, Bhedana, Shūlahara, Arshoghna,

Udarāpaha, Kṛmighna, Mūtrakṛcchrahara, Shothahara, Jvarahara, Kāsahara,
Āmavātahara
6) Yoga: Eraṇḍamūla chūrṇa (3-6 gm) can be administered with suitable Kvātha
for Virechanārtha. Eraṇḍa taila (5-15 ml) is taken for Mṛdu Virechana.
Nimbāmṛtādi Eraṇḍa taila, Sukumāra Eraṇḍa taila, Nirguṇḍyādi Eraṇḍa taila,
Gandharvahastādi taila
 Kaṭukī
1) Latin Name: Picrorrhiza kurroa
2) Family: Scrophulariaceae
3) Paryāya: Chakrāṅgī, Tiktā, Kaṭvī, Āmaghnī, Rohiṇī, Kaṭurohiṇī
4) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Tikta
ii) Guṇa Rūkṣa, Laghu
iii) Vipāka Kaṭu
iv) Vīrya Shīta
v) Prabhāva ---
5) Karma: Pitta-Kapha shāmaka, Bhedana, Hṛdya, Jvaraghna, Pramehahara,

Shvāsahara, Kāsahara, Kuṣṭhaghna, Kṛmighna, Viṣamajvaraghna, Dāhahara
6) Yoga: Kaṭukī mūla chūrṇa (3-6 gm) can be administered with suitable Kvātha
for Virechanārtha.
 Jayapāla
1) Latin Name: Croton tiglium
2) Family: Euphorbiaceae
3) Paryāya: Rechaka, Maladrāvī, Dantībīja
4) Guṇa:
i) Rasa Kaṭu
ii) Guṇa Guru, Rūkṣa, Tīkṣṇa
iii) Vipāka Kaṭu
iv) Vīrya Uṣṇa
v) Prabhāva ---
5) Karma: Kapha-Pitta shāmaka & shodhaka, Virechaka, Lekhana, Vidāhi,

Sphoṭajanana, Kṛmighna, Viṣaghna, Jalodaranāshaka, Kāsahara
6) Shodhana: Jayapāla bīja are purified by Svedana with Kṣira for 3 hours.
7) Yoga: Icchābhedi Rasa, Abhayādi Modaka
-> Virechaka Yoga:
 Icchābhedi Rasa
Ingredients: Jayapāla, Shuṇṭhī, Maricha, Pārada, Gandhaka, Taṅkana bhasma
Mātrā: 1-2 vaṭī / 1-4 ratti
Anupāna: Shītāmbu, Triphalā kvātha, Ghṛta, etc.
Prayoga: Jalodara, Shotha, Viṣa, Kuṣṭha
 Abhayādi Modaka
Ingredients: Harītakī, Āmalakī, Shuṇṭhī, Maricha, Pippalī, Pippalīmūla, Viḍaṅga,
Tvak, Tejapatra, Musta, Jayapāla, Trivṛt, Sharkarā, Madhu
Mātrā: 1-2 vaṭī / 1-4 ratti
Anupāna: Shītāmbu, Triphalā kvātha, Ghṛta, etc.
Prayoga: Vibandha, Jalodara, Vātavyādhi, Shotha, Āmavāta, Vātarakta
 Trivṛt Leha
Ingredients: Trivṛt kaṣāya & kalka, Sharkarā, Madhu, Trijātaka (Tvak, Elā, Patra)
Mātrā: 15-40 gm
Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Kṣīra, Madhu
Prayoga: Mṛdu/Madhya Virechana, Pittaja roga, Amlapitta, Yakṛtroga, Kāmalā, etc.
 Māṇibhadra Guḍa
Ingredients: Guḍa (576 gm), Trivṛt (144 gm),
Viḍaṅga, Āmalakī, Harītakī (48 gm each)
Mātrā: 15-40 gm
Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Triphalā kvātha, Madhu
Prayoga: Gulma, Plīhā, Ādhmāna, Shotha, Udara, Kaṭishūla, Vātavyādhi, Vṛddhi
 Gandharvahastādi Taila
Ingredients: Eraṇḍamūla, Yava, Nāgara, Jala for Kvātha;
Kṣīra, Eraṇḍa taila, Eraṇḍa kalka, Shuṇṭhī kalka for Tailapāka
Mātrā: 30-80 ml
Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Kṣīra, Shuṇṭhī kvātha
Prayoga: Gulma, Plīhā, Ādhmāna, Shotha, Udara, Kaṭishūla, Vātavyādhi, Vṛddhi
 Avipattikara Chūrṇa
Ingredients: Trivṛt, Shuṇṭhī, Maricha, Pippalī, Harītakī, Bibhītakī, Āmalakī, Musta,
Viḍa lavaṇa, Viḍaṅga, Elā, Patra, Lavaṅga, Sharkarā
Mātrā: 15-40 gm
Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Kṣīra
Prayoga: Amlapitta, Vibandha, Kāmalā, Yakṛt-Plīhāroga, Arsha, Chardi
-> Mātrā according to Classics:

1 Tolā = 12 gm / ml

Kalka, Chūrṇa, Modaka 1 tolā 2 tolā 4 tolā
Svarasa 1 tolā 2 tolā 4 tolā
Kvātha 2 tolā 4 tolā 8 tolā
Uṣṇodaka 4 tolā 8 tolā 12 tolā
-> Mātrā according to Vaidya Kasture H.S.:

Eraṇḍa taila, Drākṣā, Āragvadha ½ - 2 tolā 2-5 tolā 5-10 tolā
Harītakī phānta, Triphalā kvātha, etc. 1-2 tolā 2 ½ - 5 tolā 5-10 tolā
Jayapāla, Snuhī Yoga, etc. ½ - 1 ratti 1-2 ratti 4-8 ratti
 Vidhi

Snehapāna 3 days 5 days 7 days
Abhyaṅga, Svedana & 3 days (4th 5th 6th) 3 days (6th 7th 8th) 3 days (8th 9th 10th)
Pitta Utklesha Āhāra
Virechana 7th day 9th day 11th day
Saṁsarjana Krama after considering Shuddhi
 Pūrvakarma
1) Dīpana Pāchana
2) Snehapāna (3-7 days)

Āhāra during Snehapāna: Laghu, Drava, Uṣṇa, Anabhiṣyandi, Nāti Snigdha
3) Three Gap Days in which Abhyaṅga and Bāṣpa Svedana are performed, and on
the last evening, Pitta Utklesha Āhāra is given; Laghu, Snigdha, Drava, Uṣṇa,
Amlaphala svarasa
4) Preparation of the patient on the morning of Virechana karma:

In the morning, after making sure that the meal taken on the previous night is
properly digested, and Mala have been expelled, the patient is administered
Virechana Yoga on empty stomach after Shleṣma Kāla has passed.
Ā. Sushruta advised to give light liquid food in small quantity in the morning
and Virechana Yoga is given at noon.
 Pradhānakarma
1) After Shleṣmakāla has passed, the patient is asked to sit in a chair and
Virechana Yoga is administered. It is generally given between 9-11 am.
Virechana Yoga may be irritating and nauseating. Therefore, it can be prepared
with Dravya which make it pleasant, such as Tvak, Elā, etc. or after ingestion of
the drug, to avoid vomiting following measures can be adopted:
- Gargling with warm water and smelling fragrance of flowers or sour things
- Sprinkling of cold water over the face
- Tambūla sevana
2) Management:
- Virechana occurs after a few hours, so the patient is advised to stay in Nivāta
Sthāna and should take bed rest without falling asleep.
- It is important that the patient remains in a calm mood because intestinal
motility, secretion of various enzymes and that of the mucous membrane are
sensitive towards emotional disturbance. Hence, emotional stress may cause
disturbance in Samyak Virechana.
- Small quantity of warm water can be administered frequently to promote
easy purgation.
3) Observations
-> Jīrṇa Ajīrṇa Auṣadhi
Jīrṇa Auṣadhi Lakṣaṇa: Vātānulomana, Kṣudha, Tṛṣṇā, Ūrja, Manasvita,

Laghutva, Indriya shuddhi, Udgāra shuddhi
Ajīrṇa Auṣadhi Lakṣaṇa: Klama, Dāha, Aṅgasāda, Bhrama, Mūrcchā, Shiroruja,

Arati, Balahāni
If Virechana does not occur because Auṣadha has not been digested, repeated
administration of Virechana Dravya should not be done as it may lead to
Virechana Atiyoga.
If Auṣadha Jīrṇa Lakṣaṇa are present and Virechana does not occur adequately,
Virechaka Dravya should be given again on the following day. If Virechana still
does not occur properly, then it can be repeated after 10 days by starting with
Snehapāna.
-> Types of Shuddhi & Vagikī, Mānikī, Antikī and Laiṅgikī Lakṣaṇa:
Shuddhi Avara/Jaghanya/Hīna Madhyama Pravara

Lakṣaṇa
Vaigikī 10 vega 20 vega 30 vega
Mānikī 2 prastha (1296 ml) 3 prastha (1944 ml) 4 prastha (2592 ml)
Antikī Kaphānta / Kapha darshana
Laiṇgikī Samyak Virechana Lakṣaṇa
While measuring the quantity, the first 2-3 vega which contain Purīṣa are not
counted.
-> Samyagādi Lakṣaṇa
1) Samyak Lakṣaṇa:
- Sroto vishuddhi
- Indriya prasāda
- Laghutā
- Agni vṛddhi
- Anāmayatva
- Expulsion of Viṭ, Pitta, Kapha, Anila in succession
2) Ayoga Lakṣaṇa:
- Kapha, Pitta, Vāta prakopa
- Agnisāda, Gaurava, Pratishyāya, Tandrā, Chardi, Arochaka, Dāha
- Vātagraha / Pratiloma
- Viṭ saṅga, Mūtrasaṅga
3) Atiyoga Lakṣaṇa:
- Vātaprakopa due to excessive expulsion of Kapha, Pitta and Rakta
- Suptatā, Aṅgamarda, Klama, Vepana, Nidrānāsha, Daurbalya
- Tama pravesha, Unmāda, Hikkā, Mūrcchā, Bhrama, Tṛṣṇā, Gudabhraṁsha
 Pashchātkarma: -> Same as for Vamana, except Dhūmapāna is not done.

 Vamana Virechana Vyāpat / Dashavyāpat
Vamana Virechana Vyāpat are 10 iatrogenic conditions which occur due
to Ayoga or Atiyoga.
 Sāmānya Nidāna:
1) Chatuṣpāda Doṣa
- Parichara vaiguṇya
- Bhaiṣajya vaiguṇya
- Vaidya vaiguṇya
- Ātura vaiguṇya
2) Auṣadha Doṣa
- Akāle (administration of Auṣadha at the wrong time; seasonal / daytime)
- Alpamātra (insufficient dosage)
- Atimātra (excessive dosage)
- Purāṇa (stored for a long time; old / expired drug; having less potency)
- Asamyak Saṁsḳrta (improperly processed / prepared)
3) Ayoga / Hīnayoga Nidāna

- Alpamātra (insufficient dosage)
- Dīptāgni (due to strong Agni, Auṣadha will be digested quickly)
- Stabha Auṣadha (Auṣadha prepared with Shīta vīrya Dravya become less
effective for Shodhana)
- Āma Avasthā (Shodhana Auṣadha is given if the patient is afflicted with Āma)
- Asnigdha Asvinna (patient did not undergo Snehana and Svedana)
4) Atiyoga Nidāna
- Atimātra (excessive dosage)
- Mṛdu Koṣṭha (a patient having Mṛdu Koṣṭha is more susceptible to Atiyoga)
- Kṣudha (Shodhana Auṣadha is given if the patient is hungry)
 Dashavyāpat:
1) Ādhmāna
2) Parikartika
3) Parisrāva
4) Hṛdgraha
5) Gatragraha
6) Jīvādāna
7) Vibhraṁsha
8) Stambha
9) Upadrava
10) Klama
No. Vyāpat Nidāna Lakṣaṇa Chikitsā
1 Ādhmāna Alpa Auṣadha given in case Doṣa Utklesha leading to Abhyaṅga, Svedana, Varti,
of Bahudoṣa, Rūkṣatā, obstruction of Srotas causing Nirūha Basti & Anuvāsana
Hīnāgni or Udāvarta Ādhmāna, Pṛṣṭha-Pārshva- Basti
Shiroruja, Dāruṇa Shvāsa-Viṇ-
Ayoga janya Mūtra-Vāta saṅga
2 Parikartika Balavat Auṣadha given in Doṣa reach the Guda in Sāma Laṅghana, Pāchana, Rūkṣaṇa,
case of Snigdhatā condition and get expelled out Laghu Uṣṇa Āhāra, Bṛṁhaṇa
Gurukoṣṭha Sāma or in immediately causing Parikartika Āhāra for emaciated patients
case of Kṣāma Mṛdukoṣṭha Tīvrashūla Sapicchāsra
Shrānta Alpabala Rogī
3 Parisrāva Alpamātra Auṣadha given Doṣa Utklesha leading to Shamana Auṣadha or

in case of Bahudoṣa obstruction and Doṣa get Shodhana by Vamana;
expelled (Parisrāva) frequently
in small quantity, Alpa Shopha, After Snehana, Tīkṣṇa
Kaṇḍū, Kuṣṭha, Gaurava, Virechana is administered
Agnināsha, Utklesha, Staimitya, followed by Āsavāriṣṭa
Aruchi, Pāṇḍu processed with Dīpana Dravya
4 Hṛdgraha Vegadhāraṇa after Aggravated Vātādi Doṣa localize Vamana should be induced
administration of Vamana in Hṛdaya causing Hṛdgraha, immediately;
Yoga Hikkā, Kāsa, Pārshvashūla, Madhura Dravya are given in
Shrama, Lālāsrāva, Akṣi case of Pitta-Mūrcchā, Kaṭu
OR vibhrama, Niḥ Sajnā Jihvā Dravya in case of Kapha-
khādita (unconsciousness while Mūrcchā; Pāchana Dravya
Atiyoga due to excessive biting the tounge), Danta kiṭikiṭa
aggravation of Vāta (grinding of teeth) OR
Snigdha-Amla-Lavaṇa Dravya
in case of Vāta prakopa
5 Gātragraha Vegadhāraṇa after Vāta prakopa leading to Vātahara karma such as Sneha
administration of Stambha, Vepathu, Toda, Sāda, Svedādi
Virechana Yoga or Dveṣṭ̣ ana (cramps/spams),
obstruction by Kapha Manthana (tremblimg)
leading to Vāta prakopa
6 Jīvādāna Tīkṣṇā Virechana given in Expulsion of Doṣa followed by Shīta Basti by using Kṣīra
case of Mṛdu Koṣṭha and expulsion of Jīva Rakta processed with Dravya like
Alpa Doṣa Priyaṅgu, Kāshmarī, Badara,
Dūrva, Ushīra, etc. OR Picchā
Basti OR Sneha Basti with
Maṇḍa & Ghṛta
7 Vibhraṁsha Virechana Atiyoga leading Guda vibhraṁsha, Sajnānāsha Application of Kaṣāya Dravya
to Guda vibhraṁsha and pushing the rectum back
OR to its place
OR
OR
Vamana Virechana Ayoga
leading to Vibhraṁsha Vibhraṃsha, Kaṇḍū, Shūla, etc. Treatment depends on the
individual condition
8 Stambha Sneha Virechana given in Vitiated Vāyu causes Tīkṣṇa Basti or Virechana
case of Snigdhatā leading Gudastambha and Shūla with followed by Laṅghana and
to Doṣāvaraṇa frequent expulsion of Doṣa in Pāchana
little quantity
9 Upadrava Rūkṣa Virechana given in Vāta prakopa causing severe Vātahara karma such as Sneha
case of Rūkṣatā or complications such as Sarvāṅga Svedādi
Alpabala Stambha & Shūla, Mūrcchā
10 Klama Mṛdu Vīrya Auṣadha given Kapha Pitta duṣti and Immediate Vamana,
in case of Snigdhatā and obstruction of Vāta leading to Laṅghana, Pāchana, Snigdha-
Mṛdukoṣṭha Klama, Tandrā, Gaurava, Tīkṣṇa Shodhana
Daurbalya, Aṅgasāda
 Virechana Karmukta
Snehana & Svedana as Pūrvakarma help in Doṣa Utklesha, liquification and transport of
of Doṣa from Shākhā to Koṣṭha.
Virechana Dravya generally have the following properties:

6) Pṛthvī-Āpa pradhāna -> promote downward movement due to Gurutva
Ingested Virechaka Dravya get absorbed and move through Sthūla & Sūkṣma Srotas
by Sūkṣma and Vyavāyi Guṇa. Adhered Doṣa get separated by Tīkṣṇa Guṇa and liquified by
Uṣṇa Guṇa which helps in movement of Doṣa towards Āmāshaya & Pakvāshaya.
Due to Vikāsi Guṇa, Doṣa get broken down into smaller molecules. This will cause abdominal
irritation, ultimately leading to Doṣa Nirharaṇa through Adhoabhāga supported by Pṛthvī-
Āpa Mahābhūta pradhāna.
According to Ā. Shārṅgadhara, Virechana Dravya can be classified into the following based
on their mode of action:
1) Anulomana
That which moves the Mala downwards after digesting them and breaking their
attachment is known as Anulomana. For example, Harītakī.
2) Sraṁsana
That which carries the digested Mala or the indigested Mala, which is adhered in the
Koṣṭha, downwards is known as Sraṁsana. For example, Kṛtamālaka/Āragvadha.
3) Bhedana
That which directs the Abaddha (unformed) Mala and Baddha (formed) or Piṇḍita
(thick/accumulated/united) Mala, after breaking them, downwards is known as Bhedana.
For example, Kaṭukī.
4) Rechana
That which makes the digested or indigested Mala fluid and expels them forcefully is
known as Rechana. For example, Trivṛt.
The strong ingested medicines for inducing purgation get digested and cause
irritation and low-grade inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. This changes the
permeability of the membranes. Due to inflammation, there will be hyperemia due to
capillary dilatation and arteriolar dilatation mechanisms. This promotes quick absorption of
the active principles of the purgative drugs.
Due to increased permeability, fluid exudation into the instestines is stimulated which leads
to accumulation of water and electroyltes. This causes liquification of the stool.

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पञ्चकर्म

According to Charaka Saṁhitā According to Sushruta Saṁhitā

 General Precautions / Parihāra Viṣaya & Kāla:

अत्यासनस्थानवचासां स यानां स्वप्नां सिवा र्ैथुनवेगरोधान् ॥ ५४ ॥

 Shodhana according to Ṛtu

 Ṛtu Kālina Shodhana

Prāvṛta Ṛtu = Basti Karma

 Doṣagati & Rogamārga

Importance of Koṣṭha in Pañchakarma:

1) Evaluation of Jaraṇa Shakti (Digestive Capacity):

Avara = Presence of 0-1 out of 5 symptoms

2) Evaluation of Abhyavaharaṇa Shakti (Food Intake Capacity)

Importance of Agnibala in Pañchakarma:

Sneha means: Oiliness, unctuousness, greasiness, lubricity, viscidity, affection, love,

2) Jāṅgama: Kṣīra, Dadhi, Navanīta, Ghṛta, Vasā, Majjā, Māṁsa, Madhūcchiṣṭa

 Sneha Dravya Guṇa:

ससपमर्मज्जा वसा तैलां स्नेिषे ु प्रवरां र्तर्् ।

Karma: Pitta-Vāta hara, Svarya, Varṇya, Balya, Chakṣuṣya, Medhya,

Karma: Same as Nava Ghṛta; Tridoṣa hara, Grahāpaha, Virechaka

a) Guṇa & Karma:

Karma: Vāta-Kapha hara, Pittakara, Balya, Varṇya, Mārdavakara,

b) Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Yūṣa

b) Anupāna: Uṣṇodaka, Maṇḍa

 Yamaka, Trivṛta, Mahā Sneha

 Metabolism of Fat / Lipid Metabolism

 Sneha Mūrcchana Vidhi:

-> Sneha Siddhi Lakṣaṇa: -

General Ratio of Dravya in Snehapāka -> Kalka : Sneha : Drava = 1 : 4 : 16

6) When Kalka is either not indicated or restricted, then Snehakalpanā may be

7) In case of Puspakalka, it should be taken in 1/8 of Sneha, but not as per

स्नेह्याः न त्वसतर्न्िासग्नतीक्ष्र्ासग्नस्थल ू िबु मलाः ॥ ६ ॥

 Accha & Pravichāraṇa Sneha

 Accha Sneha / Acchapeyā / Kevala Sneha

Examples of Vichāraṇa Sneha:

C) Based on time required for achieving Snehana:

 Bheda: (According Vātsyāyana Kāmasūtra)

 Benefits of Sarvāṅga Abhyaṅga:

2) According to Charaka Saṁhitā

3) According to Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya

2) According to Charaka Saṁhitā

2) According to Charaka Saṁhitā

 Indications of Abhyaṅga: Sāmānya Snehana Yogya

- Depending on the duration of Abhyaṅga, the oil reaches different levels:

Dhatu level Kala

उद्वतमनां कफिरां र्ेिोध्नां शुक्रिां परर्् ।

उद् घर्षणमस्नेहौर्धचू णषदददिघर्षणम् ॥ (डल्हण टीका)

सस्नेहं कल्केनोद् घर्षणमु त्सादनम् ॥ (डल्हण टीका)

Udgharṣaṇa & Utsādana Lābha:

 Chūrṇa Dravya: Yava, Kulattha, Methikā, Sarṣapa, Haridrā, Triphalā, etc.

 Sneha Dravya: Taila, Ghṛta, Kṣīra, etc.

 Yogya: Tvak, Asṛk, Māṁsa, Sirā, Snāyu, Sandhi, Asthigata Vāta

 Aṅga Mardana Bheda: (According to Āchārya Tiruka)

Repeat the same procedure on the left side.

 Benefits of Karṇa Pūraṇa:

 Yogya: :Nayana (fatigue of eyes), Tāmyati / Timira, Stabdha, Shuṣka, Rūkṣa,

 Ayogya: Atishīta Kāla, Atyuṣṇa Kāla, Varṣa, Bhaya, Shrama, Bhrama

Tarpaṇa should be done for either 1 day, 3 days or 5 days maximum.

Bheda Kāla Parimāṇa Prayoga

 Bheda & Mātrā:

B) On the basis of Kalpanā

पञ्चकर्म Part A

पञ्चकर्म Part A

पञ्चकर्म Part A