SFD Aisc 360 10

Steel Frame
Design Manual
AISC 360-10
For
ISO SAP010122M9 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America January 2022
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ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
ADDRESSED.
THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY

A QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST
INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Load Combinations and Notional Loads 1-2
1.2 Stress Check 1-2

1.3 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method 1-3
1.3.1 Effective Length Method 1-4
1.3.2 Direct Analysis Method 1-4
1.4 User Options 1-5
1.5 Non-Automated Items in Steel Frame Design 1-5
2 Design Algorithms
2.1 Check and Design Capability 2-1
2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-2
2.3 Demand/Capacity Ratios 2-3
2.4 Design Load Combinations 2-4
2.5 Second Order P-Delta Effects 2-5
2.6 Analysis Methods 2-6
2.7 Notional Load Patterns 2-10
i
Steel Frame Design AISC 360-10
2.8 Member Unsupported Lengths 2-11
2.9 Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements 2-12
2.10 Effective Length Factor (K) 2-14
2.11 Supported Framing Types 2-17
2.12 Continuity Plates 2-18
2.13 Doubler Plates 2-20
2.14 Choice of Units 2-21
3 Steel Frame Design Using ANSI/AISC 360-10

3.1 Notations 3-2
3.2 Design Loading Combinations 3-6

3.3 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 3-9
3.4 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments 3-18
3.5 Calculation of Nominal Strengths 3-22

3.5.1 Nominal Tensile Strength 3-23
3.5.2 Nominal Compressive Strength 3-23
3.5.3 Nominal Flexure Strength 3-34
3.5.4 Nominal Shear Strength 3-69
3.5.5 Nominal Torsional Strength 3-75
3.6 Design of Members for Combined Forces 3-77
3.6.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members
Subjected to Flexure and Axial Compression 3-77
3.6.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members
Subjected to Flexure and Axial Tension 3-81
3.6.3 Unsymmetric Members Subjected to Flexure
and Axial Force 3-83
3.6.4 Members Subject to Torsion, Flexure, Shear
and Axial Force 3-85
4 Special Seismic Provisions (ANSI/AISC 341-10)

4.1 Notations 4-2
ii
Contents
4.2 Design Preferences 4-2

4.3 Overwrites 4-3
4.4 Supported Framing Types 4-3
4.5 Applicability of the Seismic Requirements 4-4
4.6 Design Load Combinations 4-4
4.7 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 4-7
4.8 Special Check for Column Strength 4-11
4.9 Member Design 4-12
4.9.1 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF) 4-12
4.9.2 Intermediate Moment Frame (IMF) 4-13
4.9.3 Special Moment Frames (SMF) 4-13
4.9.4 Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF) 4-14
4.9.5 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF) 4-14
4.9.6 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames from
Isolated Structures (OCBFI) 4-15
4.9.7 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF) 4-16
4.9.8 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) 4-17
4.9.9 Buckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF) 4-21
4.9.10 Special Plate Shear Walls 4-23
4.10 Joint Design 4-23
4.10.1 Design of Continuity Plates 4-23
4.10.2 Design of Doubler Plates 4-30
4.10.3 Weak Beam Strong Column Measure 4-34
4.10.4 Evaluation of Beam Connection Shears 4-37
4.10.5 Evaluation of Brace Connection Forces 4-40
Appendix A P-Delta Effects
Appendix B Interactive Steel Frame Design
Appendix C Analysis Sections vs. Design Sections
Appendix D Error and Warning Messages
Bibliography
iii
Chapter 1
Introduction
The design/check of steel frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

Initiation of the design process, along with control of various design parame-
ters, is accomplished using the Design menu. Automated design at the object
level is available for any one of a number of user-selected design codes, as
long as the structures have first been modeled and analyzed by the program.
Model and analysis data, such as material properties and member forces, are
recovered directly from the model database, and are used in the design process
in accordance with the user defined or default design settings. As with all de-
sign applications, the user should carefully review all of the user options and
default settings to ensure that the design process is consistent with the user’s
expectations. The AISC 360-10 steel frame design options include the use of
the Direct Analysis Method. The software is well suited to make use of the Di-
rect Analysis Method because it can capture the second-order P-Delta and P-δ
effects, provided the user specifies that a nonlinear P-Delta analysis be per-
formed.
Chapter 2 addresses prerequisites related to modeling and analysis for a suc-

cessful design in accordance with “AISC 360-10.” Chapter 3 provides detailed
descriptions of the specific requirements as implemented in “AISC 360-10.”
Chapter 4 provides detailed descriptions of the specific requirements for seis-
mic loading as required by the specification in ANSI/AISC 341-10 code. The
appendices provide details on various topics referenced in this manual. The us-
er also should review the AISC Direct Analysis Method Practical Guide.
1-1
1.1 Load Combinations and Notional Loads

The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. However,
the program provides default load combinations for each supported design
code. If the default load combinations are acceptable, no definition of addition-
al load combinations is required. The Direct Analysis Method requires that a
notional load, N = 0.002Yi , where Yi is the gravity load acting at level i, be
applied to account for the destabilizing effects associated with the initial imper-
fections and other conditions that may induce sway not explicitly modeled in
the structure. The user must be aware that notional loads must be defined and
assigned by the user. Currently, the software creates design combinations that
include notional loads and gravity loads only. If the user needs notional loads
that include combinations containing lateral loads, the user must define such
combinations manually. The automation of combinations, including notional
loads, is currently limited to gravity loads only. Design load combinations of
notional loads acting together with lateral loads currently are NOT automated
by the software.
1.2 Stress Check

Steel frame design/check consists of calculating the ﬂexural, axial, and shear
forces or stresses at several locations along the length of a member, and then
comparing those calculated values with acceptable limits. That comparison
produces a demand/capacity ratio, which typically should not exceed a value of
one if code requirements are to be satisfied. The program follows the same
review procedures whether it is checking a user-specified shape or a shape
selected by the program from a predefined list. The program also checks the
requirements for the beam-column capacity ratio, checks the capacity of the
panel zone, and calculates the doubler plate and continuity plate thickness, if
needed. The program does not do the connection design. However, it calculates
the design basis forces for connection design.
Program output can be presented graphically on the model, in tables for both
input and output data, or in calculation sheets prepared for each member. For
each presentation method, the output is in a format that allows the engineer to
quickly study the stress conditions that exist in the structure, and in the event
the member is not adequate, aid the engineer in taking appropriate remedial
1-2 Load Combinations and Notional Loads

Chapter 1 Introduction
measures, including altering the design member without re-running the entire
analysis.
The program supports a wide range of steel frame design codes, including
many national building codes. This manual is dedicated to the use of the menu
option “AISC 360-10.” This option covers the “ANSI/AISC 360-10 Specifica-
tion for Structural Steel Buildings” (AISC 2010a, b), and the “ANSI/ AISC
341-10 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings” (AISC 2010c) codes.
The implementation covers loading and load combinations from “ASCE/SEI

7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures” (ASCE
2010), and also special requirements from “IBC 2012 International Building
Code” (IBC 2012). Both LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) and ASD
(Allowable Strength Design) codes are included in this implementation under
the same AISC 360-10 code name. The LRFD and ASD are available as two
options in the program’s preferences feature. In both cases, the strengths are
calculated in the nominal levels. The phi (LRFD) and Omega (ADS) factors are
applied during calculation of demand/capacity ratios only. The design codes
supported under “AISC 360-10” are written in kip-inch units. All the associat-
ed equations and requirements have been implemented in the program in kip-in
units. The program has been enabled with unit conversion capability. This al-
lows the users to enjoy the flexibility of choosing any set of consistent units
during creating and editing models, exporting and importing the model compo-
nents, and reviewing the design results.
1.3 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective

Length Method
The Direct Analysis Method described in AISC 360-10, Chapter C, is
substantially different from previous design methods supported by AISC. The
user should be knowledgeable about the Design for Stability (Chapter C)
requirements and the requirements pertaining to consideration of the geometric
imperfections, stiffness reductions, and the P-Δ and P-δ effects. Several
methods for consideration of the second-order effects are available to the users.
Each of these are described in detail in a subsequent section (see User Options
in this chapter). The Steel Frame Design Preferences are described in more
detail within the application. Alternatively, if the user desires to use a more
Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method 1 - 3

traditional design method, the Effective Length method can be specified using
the Design Preferences.
1.3.1 Effective Length Method

For structures exhibiting small second-order effects, the effective length
method may be suitable. The effective length approach relies on two main
assumptions, namely, that the structural response is elastic and that all columns
buckle simultaneously. The effective length method also relies on a calibrated
approach to account for the differences between the actual member response
and the 2nd-order elastic analysis results. The calibration is necessary because
the 2nd-order elastic analysis does not account for the effects of distributed
yielding and geometric imperfections. Since the interaction equations used in
the effective length approach rely on the calibration corresponding to a 2nd-
order elastic analysis of an idealized structure, the results are not likely
representative of the actual behavior of the structure. However, the results are
generally conservative. In the AISC 360-10 code, the effective length method
is allowed provided the member demands are determined using a second-order
analysis (either explicit or by amplified first-order analysis) and notional loads
are included in all gravity load combinations (AISC Appendix 7). K-factors
must be calculated to account for buckling (except for braced frames, or where
Δ2 /Δ1 ≤ 1.5, K = 1.0) (AISC App. 7.2).
1.3.2 Direct Analysis Method

The Direct Analysis Method is expected to more accurately determine the
internal forces of the structure, provided care is used in the selection of the
appropriate methods used to determine the second-order effects, notional load
effects and appropriate stiffness reduction factors as defined in AISC C2.
Additionally, the Direct Analysis Method does not use an effective length
factor other than K = 1.0. The rational behind the use of K = 1.0 is that proper
consideration of the second-order effects (P-∆ and P-δ), geometric
imperfections (using notional loads) and inelastic effects (applying stiffness
reductions) better accounts for the stability effects of a structure than the earlier
Effective Length methods.
1-4 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.4 User Options

In addition to offering ASD and LRFD design, the Design Options menu pro-
vides seven analysis methods for design, as follows:
 General Second Order Elastic Analysis (AISC C1.2)
 Second Order Analysis by Amplified First Order Analysis (AISC C1.2,

App. 7.2, App. 8.2)
 Limited First Order Elastic Analysis (AISC C1.2, App. 7.3)
 Direct Analysis Method with General Second Order Analysis and Variable
Factor Stiffness Reduction (AISC C1, C2)
 Direct Analysis Method with General Second Order Analysis and Fixed
 Direct Analysis Method with Amplified First Order Analysis and Variable
 Direct Analysis Method with Amplified First Order Analysis and Fixed
These options are explained in greater detail in Chapter 2. The first three op-
tions make use of the effective length approach to determine the effective
length factors, K. The four options available for the Direct Design Method dif-
fer in the use of a variable or fixed stiffness reduction factor and the method
used to capture the second-order effects. All four Direct Analysis Methods op-
tions use an effective length factor, K = 1.0.
1.5 Non-Automated Items in Steel Frame

Design
Currently, the software does not automate the following:
 Notional loads combinations that include lateral wind and quake loads
User Options 1 - 5
 The validity of the analysis method. The user must verify the suitability of
the specified analysis method used under the User Options described in the
preceding sections. The AISC code requires, for instance, that the Direct
Analysis Method be used when a ratio of the second order displacements to
the first order displacements exceeds 1.5 (AISC C1.2, App. 7.2.1(2), App.
7.3.1(2)). This check currently must be performed by the user.
 P-Δ analysis. Since many different codes are supported by the software and
not all require a P-Δ analysis, the user must specify that a P-Δ analysis be
performed during the analysis phase so that the proper member forces are
available for use in the design phase. See the AISC Direct Analysis Method
Practical Guide for additional information.
1-6 Non-Automated Items in Steel Frame Design

Chapter 2
Design Algorithms
This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design precondi-

tions, and some of the design parameters that affect the design of steel frames.
For referring to pertinent sections of the corresponding code, a unique prefix is

assigned for each code.
• Reference to the ANSI/AISC 360-10 code is identified with the prefix

“AISC.”
“AISC SEISMIC” or sometimes “SEISMIC” only.
• Reference to the ASCE/SEI 7-10 code is identified with the prefix
“ASCE.”
• Reference to the IBC 2012 code is identified with the prefix “IBC.”
2.1 Check and Design Capability

The program has the ability to check adequacy of a section (shape) in accord-
ance with the requirements of the selected design code. Also the program can
automatically choose (i.e., design) the optimal (i.e., least weight) sections from
a predefined list that satisfies the design requirements.
2-1
To check adequacy of a section, the program checks the demand/capacity (D/C) ra-
tios at a predefined number of stations for each design load combination. It calcu-
lates the envelope of the D/C ratios. It also checks the other requirements on a pass
or fail basis. If the capacity ratio remains less than or equal to the D/C ratio limit,
which is a number close to 1.0, and if the section passes all the special require-
ments, the section is considered to be adequate, else the section is considered to be
failed. The D/C ratio limit is taken as 0.95 by default. However, this value can be
overwritten in the Preferences (see Chapter 3).
To choose (design) the optional section from a predefined list, the program first
orders the list of sections in increasing order of weight per unit length. Then it
starts checking each section from the ordered list, starting with the one with
least weight. The procedure of checking each section in this list is exactly the
same as described in the preceding paragraph. The program will evaluate each
section in the list until it finds the least weight section that passes the code
checks. If no section in the list is acceptable, the program will use the heaviest
section but flag it as being overstressed.
To check adequacy of an individual section, the user must assign the section
using the Assign menu. In that case, both the analysis and design sections will
be changed.
To choose the optimal section, the user must first define a list of steel sections,
the Auto Select sections list. The user must next assign this list, in the same
manner as any other section assignment, to the frame members to be opti-
mized. The program will use the median section by weight when doing the ini-
tial analysis. Check the program Help for more information about defining and
assigning Auto Select Section lists.
2.2 Design and Check Stations

For each design combination, steel frame members (beams, columns, and
braces) are designed (optimized) or checked at a number of locations (stations)
along the length of the object. The stations are located at equally spaced
segments along the clear length of the object. By default, at least three stations
will be located in a column or brace member, and the stations in a beam will be
spaced at most 2 feet apart (0.5 m if the model has been created in metric
units). The user can overwrite the number of stations in an object before the
2-2 Design and Check Stations

Chapter 2 Design Algorithms
analysis is run and refine the design along the length of a member by request-
ing more stations. Refer to the program Help for more information about
specifying the number of stations in an object.
2.3 Demand/Capacity Ratios

Determination of the controlling demand/capacity (D/C) ratios for each steel
frame member indicates the acceptability of the member for the given loading
conditions. The steps for calculating the D/C ratios are as follows:
 The factored forces are calculated for axial, flexural, and shear at each de-
fined station for each design combination. The bending moments are calcu-
lated about the principal axes. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, T-Shape, Dou-
ble-Angle, Pipe, Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes co-
incide with the geometric axes. For Single-Angle sections, the design con-
siders the principal properties. For General sections, it is assumed that all
section properties are given in terms of the principal directions.
For Single-Angle sections, the shear forces are calculated for directions
along the geometric axes. For all other sections, the program calculates the
shear forces along the geometric and principal axes.
 The nominal strengths are calculated for compression, tension, bending

and shear based on the equations provided later in this manual. For flexure,
the nominal strengths are calculated based on the principal axes of bend-
ing. For the I-Shape, Box, Channel, Circular, Pipe, T-Shape, Double-Angle
and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with their geometric
axes. For the Angle sections, the principal axes are determined and all
computations related to flexural stresses are based on that.
The nominal strength for shear is calculated along the geometric axes for
all sections. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, T-Shape, Double-Angle, Pipe,
Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with their
geometric axes. For Single-Angle sections, principal axes do not coincide
with the geometric axes.
 Factored forces are compared to nominal strengths to determine D/C ratios.

In either case, design codes typically require that the ratios not exceed a
Demand/Capacity Ratios 2 - 3
value of one. A capacity ratio greater than one indicates a member that has
exceeded a limit state.
2.4 Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are the various combinations of the prescribed
load cases for which the structure needs to be checked. The program creates a
number of default design load combinations for steel frame design. Users can
add their own design combinations as well as modify or delete the program
default design load combinations. An unlimited number of design load combi-
nations can be specified.
To define a design load combination, simply specify one or more load cases,
each with its own scale factor. The scale factors are applied to the forces and
moments from the load cases to form the factored design forces and moments
for each design load combination.
For normal loading conditions involving static dead load (DL), live load (LL),
roof live load (RL), snow load (SL), wind load (WL), earthquake load (EL),
notional load (NL), and dynamic response spectrum load (EL), the program
has built-in default design combinations for the design code. These are based
on the code recommendations.
The default design combinations assume all load cases declared as dead or live to
be additive. However, each load case declared as wind, earthquake, or
response spectrum cases, is assumed to be non-additive with other loads and pro-
duces multiple lateral combinations. Also static wind, earthquake and
notional load responses produce separate design combinations with the sense (posi-
tive or negative) reversed. The notional load patterns are added to load combina-
tions involving gravity loads only. The user is free to modify the default design
preferences to include the notional loads for combinations involving lateral loads.
For other loading conditions involving moving load, time history, pattern live
load, separate consideration of roof live load, snow load, and the like, the user
must define the design load combinations in lieu of or in addition to the default
design load combinations. If notional loads are to be combined with other load
combinations involving wind or earthquake loads, the design load combina-
tions need to be defined in lieu of or in addition to the default design load com-
binations.
2-4 Design Load Combinations

For multi-valued design combinations, such as those involving response spec-

trum, time history, moving loads and envelopes, where any correspondence
between forces is lost, the program automatically produces sub-combinations
using the maxima/minima values of the interacting forces. Separate combina-
tions with negative factors for response spectrum load cases are not required
because the program automatically takes the minima to be the negative of the
maxima response when preparing the sub-combinations described previously.
The program allows live load reduction factors to be applied to the member
forces of the reducible live load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce
the contribution of the live load to the factored responses.
2.5 Second Order P-Delta Effects

The AISC 360-10 steel frame design options include the use of the Direct
Analysis Method. The software is well suited to make us of the Direct Analysis
Method because each program can capture the second-order P-∆ and P-δ
effects, provided the user specifies that a nonlinear P-Delta analysis be
performed.
∆
Original position of frame
element shown by vertical
line δ
Final deflected position of the
frame element that includes the
global lateral translation, ∆, and
the local deformation of the
Position of frame element
element, δ
as a result of global lateral
translation, ∆, shown by
dashed line
δ
P
Figure 2-1 System sway and element order effects
For more details about the program capabilities and limitations, see Appendix A.
Second Order P-Delta Effects 2 - 5

2.6 Analysis Methods

The code requires that stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole
and for each of the elements. Any method of analysis that considers the influ-
ence of second order effects of P-∆ and P-δ , geometric imperfections, out-of-
plumbness, and member stiffness reduction due to residual stresses are permit-
ted by the code. The effects of geometric imperfection and out-of-plumbness
generally are captured by the use of notional loads. The effect of axial, shear
and flexural deformations and the effects of residual stresses on the member
stiffness reduction has been considered in a specialized method called “Direct
Analysis Method.” This method can come in different incarnations (formats)
according to the choice of the engineer as allowed in the code.
The program offers the user seven analysis options for design:
Direct Analysis Method
• General Second Order Elastic Analysis with

τb variable (user option 1, Default)
τb fixed (user option 2)
• Amplified First Order Elastic Analysis with

τb variable (user option 3)
τb fixed (user option 4)
Equivalent Length Method
• General Second Order Elastic Analysis

(AISC C1.2, App. 7.2) (user option 5)
• Amplified First Order Elastic Analysis
(AISC C1.2, App. 8.2) (user option 6)
Limited First-Order Analysis (AISC C1.2, App. 7.3) (user option 7)
A summary of all of the user options and requirements is provided in

Table 2-1. The main difference between the various options concerns the use of
the Direct Analysis Method or the Equivalent Length Method. Within each of
the categories, the user can choose the method to calculate the second-order
2-6 Analysis Methods

B1 and B2 (AISC App. 8.2), are needed. The B1 factor is

calculated by the program; however, the B2 factor is not. The user will need to
provide this value using the overwrite options that are described in within the
application.
When the user selects one of the options available under the Direct Analysis
Method, the user must further choose how the stiffness reduction factors for
EI and AE are to be considered. For options 1 and 3, Table 2-1, the stiffness
reduction factors ( τ b ) are variable because they are functions of the axial force
in the members, while for methods 2 and 4, the stiffness reduction factors are
fixed (0.8), and not a function of axial force. If the user desires, the stiffness
reduction factors ( τ b ) can be overwritten. When options 2 and 4 are used, a
higher notional load coefficient (0.003) must be used compared to methods 1
and 3 for which the notional load coefficient is 0.002. Also, all the direct analy-
sis methods (methods 1 through 4) allow use of K -factors for sway condition
( K 2 ) to be equal to 1, which is a drastic simplification over the other effective
length method.
The AISC requirements to include notional loads are also summarized in Table
2-1. The notional load coefficients (AISC C2.2b) are summarized as well. The
program automates creation of notional load combinations for all gravity loads
but does not automate the creation of notional load combinations that include
lateral wind or seismic loads. Combinations for notional loads with lateral
loads are required for the Direct Analysis Method when the ∆2nd ∆1st exceeds
1.7 (AISC E2.2b(4)). Additionally, combinations for notional loads with lateral
loads are required if the Limited First Order Analysis, option 7, is used (AISC
App. 7.3.2).
The Limited First Order Analysis, option 7, does not include the secondary
P-∆ and P-δ effects. This method has very limited applicability and might be
appropriate only when the axial forces in the columns are very small compared
to their Euler buckling capacities.
When using the LRFD provision, the actual load combinations are used for
second order P-∆ effects. When using the ASD provision, the load combina-
Analysis Methods 2 - 7
(1 1.6 ) (AISC C2.1(4)).

Table 2-1 The Essentials and Limitations of the Design Analysis Methods
Limitation or
Option Variable Essentials of the Method
Applicability
2nd Order Analysis
Reduced stiffness
EI=* 0.8τb EI
EA* = 0.8 EA
 αPr
1.0 for P ≤ 0.5
 y
Variable τb =
Factor Stiffness No limitation 4  αPr  1 − αPr  for αPr ≥ 0.5
  
  P  Py  Py
Reduction   y 
B1 and B2 not used
K 2 = 1 (used for Pn )
General Second Notional load with all combos, except for ∆ 2 nd ∆1st ≤ 1.7 for
Order Analysis which notional load with gravity combos only
Notional load coefficient = 0.002 (typically)
2nd Order Analysis
Reduced stiffness
EI=* 0.8τb EI
EA* = 0.8 EA
Fixed Factor τ b = 1.0
Stiffness No limitation B1 and B2 not used
Reduction
K 2 = 1 (used for Pn )
Notional load with all combos, except for ∆ 2 nd ∆1st ≤ 1.7
for which notional load with gravity combos only
1st Order Analysis
Reduced Stiffness
* 0.8τb EI
EI=
EA* = 0.8 EA
 αPr
1.0 for Py
≤ 0.5

τb =
Amplified First Variable
4  αPr   αPr
 1 −

 for
αPr
≥ 0.5
Order Analysis Factor Stiffness No limitation   P  Py  Py
  y  
Reduction
K1 = 1 for B1
K 2 = 1 for Pn and B2
2-8 Analysis Methods

Table 2-1 The Essentials and Limitations of the Design Analysis Methods
Limitation or
Option Variable Essentials of the Method
Applicability
2nd Order Analysis
Reduced stiffness
EI=* 0.8τb EI
Fixed Factor EA* = 0.8 EA

Amplified First τb =1.0
Stiffness No limitation
Order Analysis
Reduction K 2 = 1 (used for Pn )
Effective Length Method
Limitation or
Option Essentials of the Method
Applicability
∆ 2 nd 2nd Order Analysis
≤ 1.5 Unreduced Stiffness
∆1st
K = K 2 (used for Pn )
General Second (for all stories)
Order Elastic Notional load with gravity combos only
α Pr Notional load coefficient = 0.002 (typically)
= any
Analysis Py B1 = 1
(for all columns) B2 = 1
∆ 2 nd 1st Order Analysis
≤ 1.5 Unreduced stiffness
∆1st
K1 for B1
(for all stories)
Amplified First α Pr K 2 for B2
= any
Order Analysis Py K = K 2 (used for Pn )
Notional load with gravity combos only
(for all columns)
Notional load with coefficient = 0.002 (typically)
Use of B1 and B2
Limited First Order Analysis
∆ 2 nd 1st Order Analysis
≤ 1.5 Unreduced stiffness
∆1st
Limited First K 2 for Pn (not B2 )
(for all stories)
Order Elastic Notional load with all combos
α Pr
Analysis ≤ 0.5 ∆
Py Notional load with coefficient = ( 2 ) α   ≥ 0.0042
L
(for all columns)
The program has several limitations that have been stated in Section 1.5 and
the preceding paragraphs. Additionally, the user must be aware that it is possi-
ble to choose a design option that violates certain provisions of the AISC code
that will not be identified by the program. The limitation for the use of the
Analysis Methods 2 - 9
∆ 2 nd α Pr
effective length method, namely, the requirement that ≤ 1.5 and must
∆1st Pe
be verified by the user. To assist users to in making validity checks, the ratio
α Pr
and τ are now reported in tabular form for each member.
Pe
2.7 Notional Load Patterns

Notional loads are lateral loads that are applied at each framing level and are
specified as a percentage of the gravity loads applied at that level. They are
intended to account for the destabilizing effects of out-of-plumbness, geometric
imperfections, inelasticity in structural members, and any other effects that
could induce sway and that are not explicitly considered in the analysis.
The program allows the user to create a Notional Load pattern as a percentage
of the previously defined gravity load pattern to be applied in one of the global
lateral directions: X or Y. The user can define more than one notional load
pattern associated with one gravity load by considering different factors and
different directions. In the ANSI/AISC 360-10 code, the notional loads are
typically suggested to be 0.2% (or 0.002) (AISC C2.2b(3)), a factor referred to
as the notional load coefficient in this document. The notional load coefficient
can be 0.003 (AISC C2.3(3)). In some cases, it can be a function of second
order effects measured by relative story sway (AISC App. 7.3(2)). The code
also gives some flexibility to allow the engineer-of-record to apply judgment.
The notional load patterns should be considered in combination with appropri-

ate factors, appropriate directions, and appropriate senses. Some of the design
analysis methods need the notional loads to be considered only in gravity load
combinations (AISC C2.2b(4)), and some of the methods need the notional
loads to be considered in all the design load combinations (AISC C2.2b(4)).
For a complete list, see Table 2-1 in the preceding “Second Order Effects and
Analysis Methods” section of this chapter.
Currently, the notional loads are not automatically included in the default
design load combinations that include lateral loads. However, the user is free to
modify the default design load combinations to include the notional loads with
appropriate factors and in appropriate load combinations.
2 - 10 Notional Load Patterns

2.8 Member Unsupported Lengths

The column unsupported lengths are required to account for column
slenderness effects for flexural buckling and for lateral-torsional buckling. The
program automatically determines the unsupported length ratios, which are
specified as a fraction of the frame object length. These ratios times the frame
object lengths give the unbraced lengths for the member. These ratios can also
be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member basis, if desired, using the
overwrite option.
Two unsupported lengths, l33 and l22 , as shown in Figure 2-2 are to be
considered for flexural buckling. These are the lengths between support points
of the member in the corresponding directions. The length l33 corresponds to
instability about the 3-3 axis (major axis), and l22 corresponds to instability
about the 2-2 axis (minor axis). The length lLTB , not shown in the figure, is
also used for lateral-torsional buckling caused by major direction bending (i.e.,
about the 3-3 axis).
In determining the values for l22 and l33 of the members, the program recog-
nizes various aspects of the structure that have an effect on these lengths, such
as member connectivity, diaphragm constraints and support points. The pro-
gram automatically locates the member support points and evaluates the corre-
sponding unsupported length.
It is possible for the unsupported length of a frame object to be evaluated by

the program as greater than the corresponding member length. For example,
assume a column has a beam framing into it in one direction, but not the other,
at a floor level. In this case, the column is assumed to be supported in one
direction only at that story level, and its unsupported length in the other direc-
tion will exceed the story height.
By default, the unsupported length for lateral-torsional buckling, lLTB , is taken

to be equal to the l22 factor. Similar to l22 and l33 , lLTB can be overwritten.
Member Unsupported Lengths 2 - 11

Figure 2-2 Unsupported lengths l33 and l22
2.9 Effects of Breaking a Member into

Multiple Elements
The preferred method is to model a beam, column or brace member as one sin-
gle element. However, the user can request that the program break a member
internally at framing intersections and at specified intervals. In this way, accu-
racy in modeling can be maintained, at the same time design/check specifica-
tions can be applied accurately. There is special emphasis on the end forces
(moments in particular) for many different aspects of beam, column and brace
design. If the member is manually meshed (broken) into segments, maintaining
the integrity of the design algorithm becomes difficult.
Manually, breaking a column member into several elements can affect many
things during design in the program.
1. The unbraced length: The unbraced length is really the unsupported length
between braces. If there is no intermediate brace in the member, the un-
braced length is typically calculated automatically by the program from the
top of the flange of the beam framing the column at bottom to the bottom
of the flange of the beam framing the column at the top. The automatically
2 - 12 Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements

calculated length factor typically becomes less than 1. If there are interme-
diate bracing points, the user should overwrite the unbraced length factor in
the program. The user should choose the critical (larger) one. Even if the
user breaks the element, the program typically picks up the unbraced length
correctly, provided that there is no intermediate bracing point.
2. K-factor: Even if the user breaks the member into pieces, the program typi-
cally can pick up the K -factors correctly. However, sometimes it can not.
The user should note the K -factors . All segments of the member should
have the same K -factor and it should be calculated based on the entire
member. If the calculated K -factor is not reasonable, the user can over-
write the K -factors for all the segments.
3. Cm factor: The Cm factor should be based on the end moments of

unbraced lengths of each segment and should not be based on the end
moments of the member. The program already calculates the Cm factors
based on the end moments of unbraced lengths of each segment. If the
break-up points are the brace points, no action is required by the user. If
the broken segments do not represent the brace-to-brace unsupported
length, the program calculated Cm factor is conservative. If this
conservative value is acceptable, no action is required by the user. If it is
not acceptable, the user can calculate the Cm factor manually for the
critical combination and overwrite its value for that segment.
4. Cb factor: The logic is similar to that for the Cm factor.
5. B1 factor: This factor amplifies the factored moments for the P-δ effect. In
its expression, there are the Cm factor and the Euler Buckling capacity Pe .
If the user keeps the unbraced length ratios ( l33 and l22 ) and the
K -factors ( K 33 and K 22 ) correct, the B1 factor would be correct. If the
axial force is small, the B1 factor can be 1 and have no effect with respect
to modeling the single segment or multi-segment element.
6. B2 factor: The program does not calculate the B2 factor. The program
assumes that the user turns on the P-∆. In such cases, B2 can be taken as
equal to 1. That means the modeling with one or multiple segments has no
effect on this factor.
Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements 2 - 13

If the user models a column with a single element and makes sure that the L -
factors and K -factors are correct, the effect of B1 and B2 will be picked up
correctly. The factors Cm and Cb will be picked up correctly if there is no in-
termediate bracing point. The calculated Cm and Cb factors will be slightly
conservative if there are intermediate bracing points.
If the user models a column with multiple elements and makes sure that L -
factors and K -factors are correct, the effect of B1 and B2 will be picked up
correctly. The factors Cm and Cb will be picked up correctly if the member is
broken at the bracing points. The calculated Cm and Cb factors will be con-
servative if the member is not broken at the bracing points.
2.10 Effective Length Factor (K)

The effective length method for calculating member axial compressive strength
has been used in various forms in several stability based design codes. The
method originates from calculating effective buckling lengths, KL, and is based
on elastic/inelastic stability theory. The effective buckling length is used to
calculate an axial compressive strength, Pn, through an empirical column curve
that accounts for geometric imperfections, distributed yielding, and residual
stresses present in the cross-section.
There are two types of K -factors in the ANSI/AISC 360-10 code. The first
type of K -factor is used for calculating the Euler axial capacity assuming that
all of the beam-column joints are held in place, i.e., no lateral translation is al-
lowed. The resulting axial capacity is used in calculation of the B1 factor. This
K -factor is named as K1 in the code. This K1 factor is always less than 1 and
is not calculated. By default the program uses the value of 1 for K1 . The pro-
gram allows the user to overwrite K1 on a member-by-member basis.
The other K -factor
Pn . This K -factor is
named as K 2 in the code. This K 2 is always greater than 1 if the frame is a
sway frame. The program calculates the K 2
K 2 factors on a
2 - 14 Effective Length Factor (K)

member-by-member basis. The same K 2 factor is supposed to be used in cal-

culation of the B2 factor. However the program does not calculate B2 factors
and relies on the overwritten values. If the frame is not really a sway frame, the
user should overwrite the K 2 factors.
Both K1 and K 2 have two values: one for major direction and the other for
minor direction, K1minor , K1major , K 2minor , K 2major .
There is another K -factor . K ltb for lateral torsional buckling. By default, K ltb
is taken as equal to K 2minor . However the user can overwrite this on a member-
by-member basis.
The rest of this section is dedicated to the determination of K 2 factors.
The K -factor algorithm has been developed for building-type structures,

where the columns are vertical and the beams are horizontal, and the behavior
is basically that of a moment-resisting frame for which the K -factor calcula-
tion is relatively complex. For the purpose of calculating K -factors , the ob-
jects are identified as columns, beam and braces. All frame objects parallel to
the Z -axis are classified as columns. All objects parallel to the X - Y plane are
classified as beams. The remainders are considered to be braces.
The beams and braces are assigned K -factors of unity. In the calculation of the
K -factors for a column object, the program first makes the following four
stiffness summations for each joint in the structural model:
EI EI
Scx = ∑  c c  Sbx = ∑  b b 
 Lc  x  Lb  x
EI EI
Scy = ∑  c c  Sb y = ∑  b b 
 Lc  y  Lb  y
where the x and y subscripts correspond to the global X and Y directions and the
c and b subscripts refer to column and beam. The local 2-2 and 3-3 terms
EI 22 L22 and EI 33 L33 are rotated to give components along the global X and
Y directions to form the ( EI L ) x and ( EI L ) y values. Then for each column,
the joint summations at END-I and the END-J of the member are transformed
back to the column local 1-2-3 coordinate system, and the G -values for END-I
Effective Length Factor (K) 2 - 15

and the END-J of the member are calculated about the 2-2 and 3-3 directions as
follows:
S I c 22 S J c 22
G I 22 = G J 22 =
S I b 22 S J b 22
S I c 33 S J c 33
G I 33 = G J 33 =
S I b 33 S J b 33
If a rotational release exists at a particular end (and direction) of an object, the

corresponding value of G is set to 10.0. If all degrees of freedom for a particu-
lar joint are deleted, the G -values for all members connecting to that joint will
be set to 1.0 for the end of the member connecting to that joint. Finally, if G I
and G J are known for a particular direction, the column K -factors for the cor-
responding direction is calculated by solving the following relationship for α:
α 2 G I G J − 36 α
=
I
6(G + G ) J
tan α
from which K = π/α. This relationship is the mathematical formulation for the
evaluation of K -factors for moment-resisting frames assuming sidesway to be
uninhibited. For other structures, such as braced frame structures, the
K -factors for all members are usually unity and should be set so by the user.
The following are some important aspects associated with the column
K -factor algorithm:
 An object that has a pin at the joint under consideration will not enter the
stiffness summations calculated above. An object that has a pin at the far
end from the joint under consideration will contribute only 50% of the cal-
culated EI value. Also, beam members that have no column member at the
far end from the joint under consideration, such as cantilevers, will not en-
ter the stiffness summation.
 If there are no beams framing into a particular direction of a column mem-
ber, the associated G-value will be infinity. If the G-values at both ends of
a column for a particular direction are infinity, the K -factor corresponding
to that direction is set equal to unity.
 If rotational releases exist at both ends of an object for a particular direc-
tion, the corresponding K -factor is set to unity.
2 - 16 Effective Length Factor (K)

 The automated K -factor calculation procedure can occasionally generate

artificially high K -factors , specifically under circumstances involving
skewed beams, fixed support conditions, and under other conditions where
the program may have difficulty recognizing that the members are laterally
supported and K -factors of unity are to be used.
 All K -factors produced by the program can be overwritten by the user.
These values should be reviewed and any unacceptable values should be
replaced.
 The beams and braces are assigned K -factors of unity.
When a steel frame design is performed in accordance with ANSI/AISC 360-

10 provision and the analysis method is chosen to be any of the Direct Analysis
Methods, the K ltb and K 2 factors ( K 2minor and K 2major ) are automatically taken
as 1 (AISC C.3). However, their overwritten values are considered in design
even if any of the Direct Analysis Methods is chosen.
2.11 Supported Framing Types

The code (ANSI/AISC 341-10) recognizes the following types of framing
systems.
Framing Type References

OMF (Ordinary Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E1
IMF (Intermediate Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E2
SMF (Special Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E3
STMF (Special Truss Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E4
OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F1
SCBF (Special Concentrically Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F2
EBF (Eccentrically Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F3
BRBF (Buckling Restrained Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F4
SPSW (Special Plate Shear Wall) AISC SEISMIC F5
Supported Framing Types 2 - 17

With regard to these framing types, the program has implemented specifica-
tions for all types of framing systems, except STMF, BRBF, and SPSW. Im-
plementing those three types of framing require further information about
modeling.
The program recognizes the OCBF framing in its two separate incarnations:
OCBF for regular Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (AISC SEISMIC
F1.1) and OCBFI for (base) Isolated Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames
(AISC SEISMIC F1.7).
See Chapter 4 Special Seismic Provisions (ANSI/AISC 341-10) for additional

requirements.
2.12 Continuity Plates

In a plan view of a beam/column connection, a steel beam can frame into a
column in the following ways:
 The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column major direction,
i.e., the beam frames into the column flange.
 The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column minor direction,
i.e., the beam frames into the column web.
 The steel beam frames in a direction that is at an angle to both of the prin-
cipal axes.
To achieve a beam/column moment connection, continuity plates, such as

shown in Figure 2-3, are usually placed on the column, in line with the top and
bottom flanges of the beam, to transfer the compression and tension flange
forces of the beam into the column.
For connection conditions described in the last two bullet items, the thickness
of such plates is usually set equal to the flange thickness of the corresponding
beam.
2 - 18 Continuity Plates
Figure 2-3 Doubler Plates and Continuity Plates
Continuity Plates 2 - 19
However, for the connection condition described by the first bullet item, where
the beam frames into the flange of the column, such continuity plates are not
always needed. The requirement depends upon the magnitude of the beam
flange force and the properties of the column.
The program investigates whether the continuity plates are needed based on the
requirements of the selected code. Columns of I-sections supporting beams of
I-sections only are investigated. The program evaluates the continuity plate re-
quirements for each of the beams that frame into the column flange and reports
the maximum continuity plate area that is needed for each beam flange. The
continuity plate requirements are evaluated for moment frames only.
2.13 Doubler Plates

One aspect of the design of a steel framing system is an evaluation of the shear
forces that exist in the region of the beam column intersection known as the
panel zone. Shear stresses seldom control the design of a beam or column
member. However, in a moment resisting frame, the shear stress in the beam-
column joint can be critical, especially in framing systems when the column is
subjected to major direction bending and the web of the column resists the joint
shear forces. In minor direction bending, the joint shear is carried by the col-
umn flanges, in which case the shear stresses are seldom critical, and the pro-
gram does therefore not investigate this condition.
Shear stresses in the panel zone, due to major direction bending in the column,
may require additional plates to be welded onto the column web, depending
upon the loading and the geometry of the steel beams that frame into the col-
umn, either along the column major direction, or at an angle so that the beams
have components along the column major direction. See Figure 3-3. When
code appropriate, the program investigates such situations and reports the
thickness of any required doubler plates. Only columns with I-shapes and only
supporting beams with I-shapes are investigated for doubler plate requirements.
Also, doubler plate requirements are evaluated for moment frames only.
2 - 20 Doubler Plates
2.14 Choice of Units

English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The codes
are based on a specific system of units. All equations and descriptions present-
ed in the subsequent chapters correspond to that specific system of units unless
otherwise noted. However, any system of units can be used to define and de-
sign a structure in the program.
The Display Unit preferences allow the user to specify the units.
Choice of Units 2 - 21
Chapter 3
Design Using ANSI/AISC 360-10
This chapter provides a detailed description of the algorithms used by the pro-
grams in the design/check of structures in accordance with “ANSI/AISC 360-
10 — Specifications for Structural Steel Building” (AISC 2010a, b). The menu
option also covers the “ANSI/AISC 341-10 — Seismic Provisions for Struc-
tural Steel Building” (AISC 2010c), which is described in the next chapter. The
implementation covers load combinations from “ASCE/SEI 7-10,” which is
described in the section “Design Loading Combinations” in this chapter. The
loading based on “ASCE/SEI 7-10” has been described in a separate document
entitled “CSI Lateral Load Manual” (CSI 2012). References also are made to
IBC 2012 in this document.


“AISC.”
“AISC SEISMIC” or sometimes “SEISMIC” only.
• Reference to the ASCE/SEI 7-10 code is identified with the prefix
“ASCE.”
• Reference to the IBC 2012 code is identified with the prefix “IBC.”
3-1
3.1 Notations
The various notations used in this chapter are described herein.
A Cross-sectional area, in2
Ae Effective cross-sectional area for slender sections, in2
Ag Gross cross-sectional area, in2
Av2,Av3 Major and minor shear areas, in2
Aw Shear area, equal dtw per web, in2
B1 Moment magnification factor for moments not causing sidesway
B2 Moment magnification factor for moments causing sidesway
Cb Bending coefficient
Cm Moment coefficient
Cw Warping constant, in6
D Outside diameter of pipes, in
E Modulus of elasticity, ksi
Fcr Critical compressive stress, ksi
Fr Compressive residual stress in flange assumed 10.0 for rolled

sections and 16.5 for welded sections, ksi
Fy Yield stress of material, ksi
G Shear modulus, ksi
I22 Minor moment of inertia, in4
I33 Major moment of inertia, in4
J Torsional constant for the section, in4
3-2 Notations
Chapter 3 - Design using ANSI/AISC 360-10
K Effective length factor
K1 Effective length factor for braced condition
K2 Effective length factor for unbraced condition
K33,K22 Effective length K-factors in the major and minor directions for
appropriate braced (K1) and unbraced (K2) condition
Lb Laterally unbraced length of member, in
Lp Limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic capacity, in
Lr Limiting laterally unbraced length for inelastic lateral-torsional

buckling, in
Mcr Elastic buckling moment, kip-in
Mlt Factored moments causing sidesway, kip-in
Mnt Factored moments not causing sidesway, kip-in
Mn33,Mn22 Nominal bending strength in major and minor directions, kip-in
Mob Elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment for angle sections, kip-

in
Mr33, Mr22 Major and minor limiting buckling moments, kip-in
Mu Factored moment in member, kip-in
Mu33, Mu22 Factored major and minor moments in member, kip-in
Pe Euler buckling load, kips
Pn Nominal axial load strength, kip
Pu Factored axial force in member, kips
Py AgFy, kips
Q Reduction factor for slender section, = QaQs
Qa Reduction factor for stiffened slender elements
Notations 3-3
Qs Reduction factor for unstiffened slender elements
S Section modulus, in3
S33,S22 Major and minor section moduli, in3
Seff,33,Seff,22 Effective major and minor section moduli for slender sections,
in3
Sc Section modulus for compression in an angle section, in3
Vn2,Vn3 Nominal major and minor shear strengths, kips
Vu2,Vv3 Factored major and minor shear loads, kips
Z Plastic modulus, in3
Z33,Z22 Major and minor plastic moduli, in3
b Nominal dimension of plate in a section, in

longer leg of angle sections, bf− 2tw for welded and bf− 3tw for
rolled box sections, and the like
be Effective width of flange, in
bf Flange width, in
d Overall depth of member, in
de Effective depth of web, in
hc Clear distance between flanges less fillets, in

assumed d −2k for rolled sections, and d− 2tffor welded sections
k Distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, in
kc Parameter used for section classification

kc = 4 h t w , 0.35 ≤ kc ≤ 0.763
l33,l22 Major and minor directions unbraced member lengths, in
r Radius of gyration, in
3-4 Notations
r33,r22 Radii of gyration in the major and minor directions, in
t Thickness, in
tf Flange thickness, in
tw Thickness of web, in
βw Special section property for angles, in
λ Slenderness parameter
λc,λe Column slenderness parameters
λp Limiting slenderness parameter for compact element
λr Limiting slenderness parameter for non-compact element
λs Limiting slenderness parameter for seismic element
λslender Limiting slenderness parameter for slender element
ϕb Resistance factor for bending
ϕc Resistance factor for compression
ϕt Resistance factor for tension yielding
ϕT Resistance factor for torsion
ϕv Resistance factor for shear
Ωb Safety factor for bending
Ωc Safety factor for compression
Ωt Safety factor for tension
ΩT Safety factor for torsion
Ωv Safety factor for shear
Notations 3-5
3.2 Design Loading Combinations

The structure is to be designed so that its design strength equals or exceeds the
effects of factored loads stipulated by the applicable design code. The default
design combinations are the various combinations of the already defined load
cases, such as dead load (DL), live load (LL), roof live load (RL), snow load
(SL), wind load (WL), and horizontal earthquake load (EL).
AISC 360-10 refers to the applicable building code for the loads and load com-
binations to be considered in the design, and to ASCE 7-10 in the absence of
such a building code. Hence, the default design combinations used in the cur-
rent version are the ones stipulated in ASCE 7-10:
For design in accordance with LRFD provisions:
1.4 DL (ASCE 2.3.2-1)

1.2 DL + 1.6 LL + 0.5RL (ASCE 2.3.2-2)
1.2 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.6RL (ASCE 2.3.2-3)
1.2 DL + 1.6 LL + 0.5 SL (ASCE 2.3.2-2)

1.2 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.6 SL (ASCE 2.3.2-3)
0.9 DL ± 1.0WL (ASCE 2.3.2-6)

1.2 DL + 1.6 RL± 0.5WL (ASCE 2.3.2-3)
1.2 DL + 1.0LL+ 0.5RL± 1.0WL (ASCE 2.3.2-4)
1.2 DL + 1.6 SL± 0.5 WL (ASCE 2.3.2-3)

1.2 DL + 1.0LL+ 0.5SL± 1.0 WL (ASCE 2.3.2-4)
0.9 DL ± 1.0 EL (ASCE 2.3.2-7)

1.2 DL + 1.0 LL+ 0.2SL± 1.0EL (ASCE 2.3.2-5)
For design in accordance with ASD provisions:
1.0 DL (ASCE 2.4.1-1)

1.0 DL + 1.0 LL (ASCE 2.4.1-2)
1.0 DL + 1.0 RL (ASCE 2.4.1-3)

1.0 DL + 0.75 LL + 0.75 RL (ASCE 2.3.2-4)
1.0 DL + 1.0 SL (ASCE 2.4.1-3)
1.0 DL + 0.75 LL + 0.75 SL (ASCE 2.3.2-4)
3-6 Design Loading Combinations

1.0 DL ± 0.6 WL (ASCE 2.4.1-5)

1.0 DL + 0.75 LL+ 0.75 RL± 0.75 (0.6WL) (ASCE 2.4.1-6a)
1.0 DL + 0.75 LL+ 0.75 SL± 0.75 (0.6WL) (ASCE 2.4.1-6a)
0.6 DL ± 0.6 WL (ASCE 2.4.1-7)
1.0 DL ± 0.7 EL (ASCE 2.4.1-5)

1.0 DL + 0.75 LL+ 0.75 SL± 0.75(0.7 EL) (ASCE 2.4.1-6b)
0.6 DL ± 0.7 EL (ASCE 2.4.1-8)
Most of the analysis methods recognized by the code are required to consider
Notional Load in the design loading combinations for steel frame design. The
program allows the user to define and create notional loads as individual load
cases from a specified percentage of a given gravity load acting in a particular
lateral direction. These notional load patterns should be considered in the com-
binations with appropriate factors, appropriate directions, and appropriate
senses. Currently, the program automatically includes the notional loads in the
default design load combinations for gravity combinations only. The user is
free to modify the default design preferences to include the notional loads for
combinations involving lateral loads. For further information, refer to the “No-
tional Load Patterns” section in Chapter 2.
The program automatically considers seismic load effects, including over-

strength factors (ASCE 12.4.3), as special load combinations that are created
automatically from each load combination, involving seismic loads. In that
case, the horizontal component of the force is represented by Ehm and the verti-
cal component of the force is represented by Ev, where
Ehm = Ω0QE (ASCE 12.4.3.1)
Ev = 0.2SDSD (ASCE 12.4.2.2)
where, Ωo is the overstrength factor and it is taken from ASCE 7-10 Table
12.2-1. The factor SDS is described later in this section. Effectively, the special
seismic combinations that are considered for the LRFD provision are
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ±Ω0QE (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.3.2)
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ±Ω0QE+ 1.0LL (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.3.2)
(0.9 − 0.2SDS)DL ±Ω0QE (ASCE 2.3.2-7, 12.4.3.2)
and for the ASD provision the combinations are
Design Loading Combinations 3-7

(1.0 + 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7Ω0QE (ASCE 2.4.1-5, 12.4.3.2)
(1.0 + 0.105SDS)DL ± 0.75(0.7Ω0)QE+ 0.75LL (ASCE 2.4.1-6b,12.4.3.2)
(0.6 − 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7Ω0QE (ASCE 2.4.1-8,12.4.3.2)
The program assumes that the defined earthquake load is really the strength
level earthquake, which is equivalent to QE as defined in Section 12.4.2.1 of
the ASCE 7-10 code. For regular earthquake, load is considered to have two
components: horizontal, Eh and vertical Ev, which are taken as
Eh=ρQE (ASCE 12.4.2.1)
Ev= 0.2SDSD (ASCE 12.4.2.2)
where, ρ is the redundancy factor as defined in Section 12.3.4 of ASCE 7-10,

and the SDS is the design earthquake spectral response acceleration parameters
at short periods, as defined in Section 11.4.4 of ASCE 7-10 code.
Effectively, the seismic load combination for the LRFD provision becomes:
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ±ρQE (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.2.3)
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ±ρQE+ 1.0LL (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.2.3)
(0.9 − 0.2SDS)DL ±ρQE (ASCE 2.3.2-7, 12.4.2.3)
The seismic load combinations for the ASD provision become:
(1.0 + 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7ρQE (ASCE 2.4.1-5, 12.4.2.3)
(1.0 + 0.105SDS)DL ± 0.75(0.7ρ)QE + 0.75LL (ASCE 2.4.1-6b, 12.4.2.3)
(0.6 − 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7ρQE (ASCE 2.4.1-8, 12.4.2.3)
The program assumes that the seismic loads defined as the strength level load
is the program load case. Otherwise, the factors ρ, Ωo, and SDS will not be able
to scale the load to the desired level.
The combinations described herein are the default loading combinations only.
They can be deleted or edited as required by the design code or engineer-of-
record.
3-8 Design Loading Combinations

The program allows live load reduction factors to be applied to the member
forces of the reducible live load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce
the contribution of the live load to the factored responses.
3.3 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

The nominal strengths for flexure are dependent on the classification of the
section as Seismically Compact, Compact, Noncompact, Slender, or Too
Slender. Compact or Seismically Compact sections are capable of developing
the full plastic strength before local buckling occurs. Non-compact sections can
develop partial yielding in compression, and buckle inelastically before reach-
ing to a fully plastic stress distribution. Slender sections buckle elastically
before any of the elements yield under compression. Seismically Compact
sections are capable of developing the full plastic strength before local
buckling occurs when the section goes through low cycle fatigue and
withstands reversal of load under seismic conditions.
Sections are classified as Compact, Noncompact, or Slender sections in

accordance with Section B4 of the code (AISC B4). For a section to qualify as
Compact, its flanges must be continuously connected to the web or webs and
the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements must not exceed the
limiting width-thickness ratios λp from Table B4.1b of the code. If the width-
thickness ratio of one or more compression elements exceeds λp, but does not
exceed λr from Table B4.1, the section is Noncompact. If the width-thickness
ratio of any element exceeds λr but does not exceed λs, the section is Slender.
If the width-thickness ratio of any element exceedλs, the section is considered
Too Slender. The expressions of λp, λr, andλs, as implemented in the program,
are reported in Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, B4, F8, F13.2). In that table all
expressions of λp and λr are taken from AISC section B4 and AISC Table
B4.1. The limit demarcating Slender and Too Slender has been identified as λs
in this document. The expressions of λs for I-Shape, Double Channel, Channel
and T-Shape sections are taken from AISC section F13.2. The expression of λs
for Pipe Sections is taken from AISC section F8. The expression of λp for
Angle and Double Angle sections is taken from AISC Seismic code
ANSI/AISC 341-10 Table D1.1.
Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 3-9

For compression, sections are classified as nonslender element or slender

element sections as reported in Table 3-2 (AISC B4.1, Table B4.1a). For a
nonslender element section, the width-to-thickness ratios of its compression
elements shall not exceed λr from Table 3-2. If the width-to-thickness ratio of
any compression element exceeds λr, the section is a slender element section.
The table uses the variables kc, FL, h, hp, hc, bf, tf, tw, b, t, D, d, and so on. The
variables b, d, D and t are explained in the respective figures inside the table.
The variables bf, tf, h, hp, hc, and tw are explained in Figure 3-1. For Doubly
Symmetric I-Shapes, h, hp, and hc are all equal to each other.
For unstiffened elements supported along only one edge parallel to the direc-
tion of compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width b is one-half the full-
flange width, bf.
(b) For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, the width b is the full
nominal dimension.
(c) For plates, the width b is the distance from the free edge to the first row of
fasteners or line of welds.
(d) For stems of tees, d is taken as the full nominal depth of the section.
Refer to Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1) for the graphic representation of unstiff-
ened element dimensions.
For stiffness elements supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For webs of rolled or formed sections, h is the clear distance between
flanges less the fillet or corner radius at each flange; hc is twice the dis-
tance from the centroid to the inside face of the compression flange less the
fillet or corner radius.
3 - 10 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

Figure 3-1 AISC-360-10 Definition of Geometric Properties
Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 3 - 11

(b) For webs of built-up sections, h is the distance between adjacent lines of
fasteners or the clear distance between flanges when welds are used, and hc
is twice the distance from the centorid to the nearest line of fasteners at the
compression flange or the inside face of the compression flange when
welds are used; hp is twice the distance from the plastic neutral axis to the
nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face of the
compression flange when welds are used.
(c) For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the dis-
tance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
Table 3-1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios of Compression Elements for Classifica-

tion Sections – Members Subjected to Flexure With or Without Axial Force
Width- Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Ele-
Thickness ment
AISC Ratio, Compact NonCompact Slender
Section Description Case
Type of Element Example No. (λ) λp( ) ( λr ) (λs )
Flexural
compression
of flanges of 10 b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy No Limit
rolled
I-Shapes
Doubly Symmetric I-Shape
Flexural
compression
in flanges of 11 b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 0.95 kc E FL No Limit
built-up
I-Shapes
{
min 0.40 E Fy , 260}
Flexure in web 15 h tw 3.76 E Fy 5.70 E Fy (beams)
No limit for columns
and braces


Thickness ment
Type of Element Example No. (λ) λp ( ) ( λr ) (λs )
Flexural
Compression
of flanges of 10 b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy No Limit
rolled
I-Shapes
Flexural
Singly Symmetric I-Shapes
Compression
in flanges of 11 b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 0.95 kc E FL No Limit
built-up
I-Shapes
hc E
hp Fy
Flexure in ≤ λr
16 hc t w  Mp 
2 5.70 E Fy No Limit
Web
 0.54 − 0.09 

 M y 
{
min 0.40 E Fy , 260}
Flexure in h tw NA NA (beams)
Web
and braces
Flexural
compression 10 bf t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy No Limit
in flanges
Channel
{
min 0.40 E Fy , 260}
and braces
Flexural
compression 10 bf t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy No Limit
Double Channel
in flanges
{
min 0.40 E Fy , 260}
and braces


Thickness ment
Type of Element Example No. (λ) λp( ) ( λr ) (λs )
Flexural or
axial
compression 1.12 E Fy 1.40 E Fy
17 bt No Limit
of flanges
under major
Box
axis bending
Flexure in web 19 h t 2.42 E Fy 5.70 E Fy No Limit
Flexural or
axial b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy
10 No Limit
compression
T-Shape
in flanges
Compression d tw 0.84 E Fy 1.03 E Fy

14 No Limit
in stems
Any type of
compression 12 b t 0.54 E Fy 0.91 E Fy No Limit
Double Angle
in leg
Any type of
in leg
Flexural
Angle

in any leg
Flexural
Pipe
20 Dt 0.07 E Fy 0.31 E Fy 0.45 E Fy

compression
Round
――― ――― ―― ――― Assumed Noncompact
Bar
Rectan-
gular
General ――― ――― ―― ――― Assumed Noncompact
SD
Section

(d) For flanges of rectangular hollow structural sections (HSS), the width b is
the clear distance between webs less the inside corner radius on each side.
For webs of rectangular HSS, h is the clear distance between the flanges
less the inside corner radius on each side. If the corner radius is not known,
b and h shall be taken as the corresponding outside dimension minus three
times the thickness. The thickness, t, shall be taken as the design wall
thickness, in accordance with AISC Section B3.12.
Refer to Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1) for the graphic representation of stiff-
ened element dimensions.
Table 3-2 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios of Compression Elements for
Classification Sections Subjected to Axial Compression
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
Width-Thickness for Compression Element
Ratio, NonCompact
Section Description of AISC Case
Type Element Example No. (λ) (λ )
r
Axial only compres-

sion in flanges of b f 2t f 0.56 E Fy
1
rolled
I-Shapes
Doubly Symmetric I-Shape
Axial only compres-

sion in flanges of b f 2t f 0.64 kc E Fy
2
built-up
I-Shapes
Web in axial only h tw 1.49 E Fy

5
compression
Axial only compres-

Singly Symmetric I-Shapes
sion in flanges of b f 2t f 0.56 E Fy

1
rolled
I-Shapes
Axial only compres-

sion in flanges of b f 2t f 0.64 kc E FL
2
built-up
I-Shapes


Ratio, NonCompact
r
Axial only compres- bf t f 0.56 E Fy

1
sion in flanges
Channel

5
compression
Axial only compres- 0.56 E Fy

Double Channel
1 bf t f
sion in flanges

5
compression
Axial 1.40 E Fy
Box
6 bt
compression
Axial
compression in 2 b f 2t f 0.56 E Fy
flanges
T-Shape
Compression in d tw 0.75 E Fy
4
stems
Any type of compres- 0.45 E Fy

3 b t
sion in leg
Double Angle
Any type of compres- 0.45 E Fy

3 b t
sion in leg


Ratio, NonCompact
r
Axial only compres-

Angle
3 b t 0.45 E Fy
sion in any leg
Axial only compres-

Pipe
9 Dt 0.11 E Fy
sion
Round Bar ――― ――― ―― ――― Assumed Noncompact

Rectan-
gular
General ――― ――― ―― ――― Assumed Noncompact
SD
Section
The design wall thickness, t, for hollow structural sections, such as Box and
Pipe sections, is modified for the welding process (AISC B4.2). If the welding
process is ERW (Electric-Resistance Welding), the thickness is reduced by a
factor of 0.93. However, if the welding process is SAW (Submerged Arc
Welded), the thickness is not reduced. The Overwrites can be used to choose if
the thickness of HSS sections should be reduced for ERW on a member-by-
member basis. The Overwrites can also be used to change the reduction factor.
The variable kc can be expressed as follows:
4
kc = , (AISC Table B4.1b Note a)
h tw
0.35 ≤kc≤ 0.76. (AISC Table B4.1b Note a)

For Doubly Symmetric I-Shapes, Channels, and Double Channels, FL can be
expressed as follows:
FL= 0.7Fy, (AISC Table B4.1b Note b)

and for Singly Symmetric I-Shape sections, FL can be expressed as follows:

S xt
FL = Fy , where (AISC Table B4.1b Note b, F4-6)
S xc
0.5Fy≤FL≤ 0.7Fy. (AISC Table B4.1b Note b, F4-6)

Seismically Compact sections are compact sections that satisfy a more strin-
gent width-thickness ratio limit, λmd and λhd. These limits are presented in Ta-
ble 4-1 in Chapter 4, which is dedicated to the seismic code.
In classifying web slenderness of I-Shapes, Box, Channel, Double Channel,

and all other sections, it is assumed that there are no intermediate stiffeners.
Double angles and channels are conservatively assumed to be separated.
Stress check of Too Slender sections is beyond the scope of this program.
3.4 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

The factored member loads that are calculated for each load combination are
Pr, Mr33, Mr22, Vr2, Vr3 and Tr corresponding to factored values of the axial load,
the major and minor moments and shears, and torsion, respectively. These fac-
tored loads are calculated at each of the previously defined stations.
The factored forces can be amplified to consider second order effects, depend-
ing on the choice of analysis method chosen in the Preferences. If the analysis
method is chosen to be General Second Order Elastic Analysis or any of the
Direct Analysis methods with General Second Order Analysis, it is assumed
that the analysis considers the influence of second-order effects (P-∆ and P-δ
effects); hence the analysis results are used without amplification (AISC C1).
Second-order effects due to overall sway of the structure can usually be ac-
counted for, conservatively, by considering the second-order effects on the
structure under one set of loads (usually the most severe gravity load case), and
performing all other analyses as linear using the stiffness matrix developed for
this one set of P-delta loads (see also White and Hajjar 1991). For a more accu-
rate analysis, it is always possible to define each loading combination as a non-
linear load case that considers only geometric nonlinearities. For both ap-
proaches, when P-δ effects are expected to be important, use more than one el-
ement per line object (accomplished using the automatic frame subdivide op-
tion; refer to the program Help for more information about automatic frame
subdivide).
3 - 18 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

If the analysis method is chosen to be Second Order Analysis by Amplified

First Order Analysis or any of the Direct Analysis Methods with Amplified
First Order Analysis (AISC C2.1(2), App.8.2), it is assumed that the analysis
does not consider the influence of second order effects (P-∆ and P-δ). Hence
the analysis results are amplified using B1 and B2 factors using the following
approximate second-order analysis for calculating the required flexural and ax-
ial strengths in members of lateral load resisting systems. The required second-
order flexural strength, Mr, and axial strength, Pr are determined as follows:
Mr=B1Mnt+B2Mlt (AISC A-8-1)
Pr=Pnt+ B2Plt (AISC A-8-1)
where,
Cm
=B1 ≥ 1, and (AISC A-8-3)
Pr
1− α
Pe1
1
=B2 ≥ 1, (AISC A-8-6)
αPstory
1−
Pe,story
where,
1.0 for LRFD,

α = 
1.6 for ASD,
Mr = required second-order flexural strength using LFRD and ASD

load combinations, kip-in (N-mm)
Mnt = first-order moment using LFRD and ASD load combinations,

assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame, kip-in. (N-
mm)
Mlt = first-order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations

caused by lateral translation of the frame only, kip-in (N-mm)
Pr = required second-order axial strength using LRFD or ASD load

combinations, kip (N)
Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments 3 - 19

Pnt = first-order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations,

assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame, kips (N)
Pstory = total vertical load supported by the story using LRFD or ASD
load combinations, including gravity column loads, kips (N)
Plt = first-order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations

caused by lateral translation of the frame only, kips (N)
Cm = a coefficient assuming no lateral translation of the frame,

whose value is taken as follows:
(i) For beam-columns not subject to transverse loading be-

tween supports in the plane of bending,
C=
m 0.6 − 0.4 ( M a M b ) , (AISC A-8-4)
where, Ma and Mb, calculated from a first-order analysis,

are the smaller and larger moments, respectively, at the
ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane
of bending under consideration. M a M b is positive when
the member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when
bent in single curvature.
(ii) For beam-columns subjected to transverse loading between

supports, the value of Cm is conservatively taken as 1.0 for
all cases.
When Mb is zero, Cm is taken as 1.0, the program defaults

Cm to 1.0, if the unbraced length is more than actual mem-
ber length. The user can overwrite the value of Cm for any
member. Cm can be expressed as follows:

1.00, if length is more than actual length,

1.00, if tension member,

Cm = 1.00, if both ends unrestrained,
 M
0.6 − 0.4 a , if no transverse loading, and
 Mb
1.00, if transverse loading is present.

3 - 20 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

(AISC A-8-4, App 8.2.1)
Pel = elastic critical buckling resistance of the member in the plane

of bending, calculated based on the assumption of zero side-
sway, kips (N)
π2 EI
Pe1 = (AISC A-8-5)
( K1 L )
2
If any of the direct analysis methods are used, the reduced val-
ue of EI is used (AISC C3.3).
Pe,story = elastic critical buckling resistance for the story determined by

sidesway buckling analysis, kips (N)
For moment frames, where sidesway buckling effective length

factors K2 are determined for the columns, it is the elastic story
sidesway buckling resistance and calculated as
HL
Pe, story = RM , (AISC A-8-7)
∆H
where,
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29,000 ksi

(200,000 MPa)
If any of the direct analysis methods are used,

the reduced value of EI is used (AISC App.
8.2.1).
I = moment of inertia in the plane of bending, in.4

(mm4)
L = story height, in. (mm)
K1 = effective length factor in the plane of bending,

calculated based on the assumption of no lateral
translation. It is taken to be equal to 1.0, conser-
vatively. The Overwrites can be used to change
Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments 3 - 21

the value of K1 for the major and minor direc-

tions.
K2 = effective length factor in the plane of bending,

calculated based on a sidesway buckling analy-
sis. The Overwrites can be used to change the
value of K2 for the major and minor directions.
In the expression of B1, the required axial force Pr is used based on its first or-
der value. The magnification factor B1 must be a positive number. Therefore,
αPr must be less than Pe1. If αPr is found to be greater than or equal to Pe1 a
failure condition is declared.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular structural model
or member, the user has the choice to explicitly specify the values of B1 for any
member.
Currently, the program does not calculate the B2 factor. The user is required to
overwrite the values of B2 for the members.
3.5 Calculation of Nominal Strengths

The nominal strengths in compression, tension, bending, and shear are comput-
ed for Compact, Noncompact, and Slender members in accordance with the
following sections. The nominal flexural strengths for all shapes of sections
are calculated based on their principal axes of bending. For the Rectangular, I-
Shape, Box, Channel, Double Channel, Circular, Pipe, T-Shape, and Double
Angle sections, the principal axes coincide with their geometric axes. For the
Single Angle sections, the principal axes are determined and all computations
except shear are based on that.
For all sections, the nominal shear strengths are calculated for directions
aligned with the geometric axes, which typically coincide with the principal
axes. Again, the exception is the Single Angle section.
If the user specifies nonzero nominal capacities for one or more of the
members on the Steel Frame Overwrites form, those values will override
the calculated values for those members. The specified capacities should
be based on the principal axes of bending for flexure, and the geometric
axes for shear.
3 - 22 Calculation of Nominal Strengths

3.5.1 Nominal Tensile Strength

This section applies to the members subject to axial tension.
Although there is no maximum slenderness limit for members designed to re-

sist tension forces, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 300
(AISC D1). A warning message to that effect is printed for such slender ele-
ments under tension.
The design tensile strength, φtPn, and the allowable tensile strength, Pn Ωt , of
tension members is taken as the lower value obtained according to the limit
states of yielding of gross section under tension and tensile rupture in the net
section.
3.5.1.1 Tensile Yielding in the Gross Section

Pn=FyAg (AISC D2-1)
φ1= 0.90 (LRFD) (AISC D2)
Ωt= 1.67 (ASD) (AISC D2)
3.5.1.2 Tensile Rupture in the Net Section

Pn=Fu Ae (AISC D2-2)
φ1= 0.75 (LRFD) (AISC D2)
Ωt= 2.00 (ASD) (AISC D2)
The effective net area, Ae, is assumed to be equal to the gross cross-sectional
area, Ag, by default. For members that are connected with welds or members
with holes, the Ae A g ratio must be modified using the steel frame design
Overwrites to account for the effective area.
3.5.2 Nominal Compressive Strength

The design compressive strength, φcPn, and the allowable compressive
strength, Pn Ωc , of members subject to axial compression are addressed in
this section. The resistance and safety factors used in calculation of design and
allowable compressive strengths are:
Calculation of Nominal Strengths 3 - 23

φc= 0.90 (LRFD) (AISC E1)
Ωc= 1.67 (ASD) (AISC E1)
In the determination, the effective length factor K2 is used as the K-factor. If

the chosen analysis method in the Preferences is the General Second Order
Elastic Analysis, the First Order Analysis using Amplified First Order Analy-
sis, or the Limited First Order Analysis, the calculated K2 factors are used. If
the user overwrites the K2 factors, the overwritten values are used. If the cho-
sen analysis method is one of any Direct Analysis Methods, the effective
length factor, K, for calculation of Pn is taken as one (AISC C3). The overwrit-
ten value of K2 will have no effect for the latter case.
The nominal axial compressive strength, Pn, depends on the slenderness ratio,
Kl r , where
Kl K l K l 
= max  33 33 , 22 22  .
r  r33 r22 
For all sections except Single Angles, the principal radii of gyration r22 and r33
are used. For Single Angles, the minimum (principal) radius of gyration, rz, is
used instead of r22 and r33, conservatively, in computing Kl r . K33 and K22 are
two values of K2 for the major and minor axes of bending.
Although there is no maximum slenderness limit for members designed to re-

sist compression forces, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 200
(AISC E2). A warning message to that effect is given for such slender elements
under compression.
The members with any slender element and without any slender elements are
handled separately.
The limit states of torsional and flexural-torsional buckling are ignored for
closed sections (Box and Pipe sections), solid sections, general sections, and
sections created using Section Designer.
3.5.2.1 Members without Slender Elements

The nominal compressive strength of members with compact and noncompact
sections, Pn, is the minimum value obtained according to the limit states of
flexural buckling, torsional and flexural-torsional buckling.

3.5.2.1.1 Flexural Buckling

For compression members with compact and noncompact sections, the nominal
compressive strength, Pn, based on the limit state of flexural buckling, is given
by
Pn=Fcr Ag. (AISC E3-1)
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows:

Fy
  KL E
 0.658 Fe
 Fy , if ≤ 4.71 ,
 r Fy
Fcr =    (AISC E3-2, E3-3)
 KL E
 0.877 Fe , if
r
> 4.71
Fy
,

where Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress given by
π2 E
Fe = 2
. (AISC E3-4)
 KL 
 r 
 
3.5.2.1.2 Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

For compression members with compact and noncompact sections, the nominal
compressive strength, Pn, based on the limit state of torsional and flexural-
torsional buckling is given by
Pn = Fcr Ag (AISC E4-1)
where Ag is the gross area of the member. The flexural buckling stress, Fcτ, is
determined as follows.
3.5.2.1.2.1 Box, Pipe, Circular, Rectangular, General and Section Design-

er Sections
members with closed sections, such as Box and Pipe sections, solid sections
(Circular and Rectangular), General sections and sections created using the
Section Designer.

3.5.2.1.2.2 Double Angle and T-Shapes
  4 Fcr 22 Fcrz H 
 F + Fcrz ,
=Fcr  cr 22  1 − 1 − (AISC E4-2)
( Fcr 22 + Fcrz )
2
 2H  

where,
 Fy
KL22 E
(0.658 Fe )Fy , if ≤ 4.71 ,
 r22 Fy
Fcr 22 = (AISC E3-2, E3-3)
 KL22 E
 0.877 Fe , if
r22
> 4.71
Fy
,

π2 E
Fe = 2
, and (AISC E3-4)
 KL22 
 
 r22 
GJ
Fcrz = . (AISC E4-3)
Ag r0 2
3.5.2.1.2.3 I-Shape, Double Channel, Channel, Single Angle Sections

For I-Shape, Double Channel, Channel, and Single Angle sections, Fcτ is calcu-
lated using the torsional or flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress, Fe, as fol-
lows:
Fy
  KL E
 0.658 Fe
 Fy , if ≤ 4.71 ,
 r Fy
Fcr =    (AISC E3-2, E3-3, E4b)
 KL E
 0.877 Fe , if
r
> 4.71
Fy
.

where Fe is calculated from the following equations:
3.5.2.1.2.3.1 I-Shapes and Double Channel Sections

 π2 EC  1 
=Fe  w
+ GJ   (AISC E4-4)
 ( K z Lz )
2
  I 22 +I 33 
 

3.5.2.1.2.3.2 Channel Sections
  4 Fe33 Fez H 
 F + Fez 
=Fe  e33  1 − 1 − (AISC E4-5)
( Fe33 + Fez )
2
 2H  

3.5.2.1.2.3.3 Single Angle Sections with Equal Legs
 F + Fez   4 Fe33 Fez H 


=Fe  e33  1 − 1 − (AISC E4-5)
( Fe33 + Fez )
2
 2H  

3.5.2.1.2.3.4 Single Angle Sections with Unequal Legs

Fe is the lowest root of the cubic equation.
2
x  y 
( Fe − Fe33 )( Fe − Fe22 ) ( Fe − Fez ) − F ( Fe − Fe22 )  o  − Fe2 ( Fe − Fe33 )  o  =
e
2
0
 r0   r0 
(AISC E4-6)
In the preceding equations,
Cw is the warping constant, in6 (mm6)
x0, y0 are the coordinates of the shear center with respect to the cen-
troid, x0 = 0 for Double Angle and T-Shaped members (y-axis
symmetry)
I 22 + I 33
r0 = xo2 + yo2 + =polar radius of gyration about the shear
Ag
center (AISC E4-11)
 x 2 + y2 
H = 1−  o 2 o  (AISC E4-10)
 r 
π2 E
Fe33 = (AISC E4-7)
( K33 L33 r33 )
2
π2 E
Fe 22 = (AISC E4-8)
( K 22 L22 r22 )
2

 π2 EC  1
Fez =  w
+ GJ  (AISC E 4-9)
 ( K z Lz )
2 2
 Ar0
K22, K33 are effective length factors K2 in minor and major directions
Kz is the effective length factor for torsional buckling, and it is

taken equal to KLTB in this program; it can be overwritten
L22, L33 are effective lengths in the minor and major directions
r22, r33 are the radii of gyration about the principal axes
Lz is the effective length for torsional buckling and it is taken

equal to L22 by default, but it can be overwritten.
For angle sections, the principal moment of inertia and radii of gyration
are used for computing Fe. Also, the maximum value of KL, i.e.,
max(K22L22, K33L33), is used in place of K22L22 or K33L33 in calculating
Fe22 and Fe33 in this case. The principal maximum value rmax is used for
calculating Fe33, and the principal minimum value rmin is used in calculat-
ing Fe22.
3.5.2.2 Members with Slender Elements

The nominal compressive strength of members with slender sections, Pn, is the
minimum value obtained according to the limit states of flexural, torsional and
flexural-torsional buckling.
3.5.2.2.1 Flexural Buckling

For compression members with slender sections, the nominal compressive
strength, Pn, based on the limit state of flexural buckling, is given by
Pn= FcrAg. (AISC E7-1)
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows:

  QFy
 KL E
Q  0.658 Fe  Fy , if ≤ 4.71 , and
   r QFy
  
Fcr =  (AISC E7-2, E7-3)
 KL E
0.877 Fe , if > 4.71 ,
 r QFy
where Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress for flexural buckling limit state.
π2 E
Fe = 2
. (AISC E3-4)
 KL 
 r 
 
3.5.2.2.2 Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

For compression members with slender sections, the nominal compressive
strength, Pn, based on Torsional and Flexural-Torsional limit state is given by:
Pn= FcrAg, where (AISC E7-1)
Fcr is determined as follows:
  QFy
 KL E
Q  0.658 Fe  Fy if ≤ 4.71 , and
   r QFy
Fcr =    (AISC E7-2, E7-3)
 KL E
0.877 Fe if > 4.71 ,
 r QFy
where, Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress for torsional and flexural-
torsional limit states, which are given for different shapes as follows.
3.5.2.2.2.1 Box, Pipe, Circular, Rectangular, General and Section Design-

er Sections
members with closed (Box and Pipe), solid (Circular and Rectangular), General
sections and sections created using the Section Designer.

3.5.2.2.2.2 I-Shape and Double Channel Sections

 π2 EC  1 
=Fe  w
+ GJ   (AISC E7, E4-4)
 ( K 2 L2 )
2
I +I
  22 33 
3.5.2.2.2.3 Channel Sections

 F + Fez   4 Fe33 Fez H 

=Fe  e33  1 − 1 − (AISC E7, E4-5)
( Fe33 + Fez )
2
 2H  

3.5.2.2.2.4 Double Angle Sections and T-Shapes

 F + Fez   4 Fe 22 Fez H 

=Fe  e 22  1 − 1 − (AISC E7, E4-5)
( Fe33 + Fez )
2
 2H  

3.5.2.2.2.5 Single Angle Sections with Equal Legs

 F + Fez  4 Fe33 Fez H 
=Fe  e33  1 − 1 −  (AISC E7, E4-5)
 2H   ( Fe33 + Fez )2 
3.5.2.2.2.6 Single Angle Sections with Unequal Legs

Fe is the lowest root of the cubic equation.
2 2
x  y 
( Fe − Fe33 )( Fe − Fe22 ) ( Fe − Fez ) − F ( Fe − Fe22 )  o  − Fe2 ( Fe − Fe33 )  o  =
e
2
0
 ro   ro 
(AISC E7, E4-6)
The variables used in the preceding expressions for Fe, such as Cw, x0, y0, ro , H,
Fe33, Fe22, Fez, K22, K33, Kz, L22, L33, Lz, KL r , and so on, were explained in the
previous section.
3.5.2.2.3 Reduction Factor for Slenderness

The reduction factor for slender compression elements, Q, is computed as fol-
lows:
Q = QsQa, (AISC E7)
where Qs and Qa are reduction factors for slender unstiffened compression el-
ements (flanges of I-Shapes, T-Shapes, Double Angles, Channels, and Double

Channels; legs of angles; and stems of T-Shapes) and slender stiffened com-
pression elements (webs of I-Shapes, Channels, and Boxes; and Pipe sections),
respectively. For cross-sections composed of only unstiffened slender ele-
ments, Q = Qs(Qa = 1) and for cross-sections composed of only stiffened slen-
der elements, Q = Qa(Qs = 1).
The reduction factor, Qs, for slender unstiffened elements is defined as follows:
3.5.2.2.3.1 Flange of I-Shape, T-Shape, Channel and Double Channel Sec-

tions
Rolled:


1.0, b E
if ≤ 0.56 ,
 t Fy

  b  Fy E b E
Qs 1.415 − 0.74  
= , if 0.56 < ≤ 1.03 , and
 t E Fy t Fy

 0.69 E , if
b
> 1.03
E
.
  b 2 t Fy
 Fy  
  t 
(AISC E7-4, E7-5, E7-6)
Built-Up:


1.0, b Ekc
if ≤ 0.64 ,
 t Fy

  b  Fy Ekc b Ekc
Qs 1.415 − 0.65  
= , if 0.64 < ≤ 1.17 ,
  t  Ekc Fy t Fy

 0.90 Ekc , if
b
> 1.17
Ekc
,
  b 2 t Fy
 Fy  
  t 
(AISC E7-7, E7-8, E7-9)
4
where kc = and 0.35 ≤kc≤ 0.76, (AISC E7.1b)
h tw

and b t is defined as

(
 bt 2t f) for I Shapes,
=
(
b  b f 2t ) f for T Shapes,
(AISC B4.1a, E7.1)
t b tf for Channels,
f

b f tf for Double Channels.
3.5.2.2.3.1.1 Legs of Single and Double Angle Sections



1.0, b E
if ≤ 0.45 ,
 t Fy

  b  Fy E b E
Q=
s 1.34 − 0.76   , if 0.45 < ≤ 0.91 , and
 t E Fy t Fy

 0.53E , if
b
> 0.91
E
,
  b 2 t Fy
 Fy  
  t 
(AISC E7-10, E7-11, E7-12)
where b is the full width of the longest leg, and t is the corresponding thickness
(AISC B4.1a, E7.1c).
3.5.2.2.3.1.2 Stem of T-Sections



1.0, d E
if ≤ 0.75 ,
 t Fy

 Fy E d E
Qs 1.908 − 1.22
= , if 0.75 < ≤ 1.03 , and
 E Fy t Fy

 0.69 E , if
d
> 1.03
E
,
  d 2 t Fy
 Fy  
  t 
(AISC E7-13, E7-14, E7-15)

where d is the full nominal depth of the tee and t is the thickness of the element
(AISC B4.1b).
For T-Shapes, the Qs is calculated for the flange and web separately, and the
minimum of the two values is used as Qs. For Angle and Double Angle sec-
tions, Qs is calculated based on the leg that gives the largest b t and so the
smallest Qs.
The reduction factor, Qa, for slender stiffened elements is defined as follows:
Aeff
Qa = , (AISC E7-16)
A
where A is the total cross sectional area of the member, and Aeff is the summa-
tion of the effective areas of the cross-section,
Aeff=A−Σ(b−be)t,
based on the reduced effective width, be, which is determined as follows.
3.5.2.2.3.1.3 Webs of I -Shapes, Channels, and Double Channels

 E  0.34 E  b E
1.92t 1 −  ≤ b, if ≥ 1.49 , and
 f  ( b t ) F  t f
be =  (AISC E7-17)
 b E
b, if < 1.49
t f
,

where f is taken as Fcr with Q = 1.0 (AISC 7.2a), and b is taken for rolled
shapes as the clear distance between flanges less the corner radius, and is taken
for welded shapes as the clear distance between flanges.
3.5.2.2.3.2 Webs and Flanges of Box Sections

 E  0.38 E  b E
1.92t 1 −  ≤ b, if ≥ 1.40 , and
 f  ( b t ) F  t f
be =  (AISC E7-18)
 b E
b, if < 1.40
t Fy
,


where f is conservatively taken as Fy (AISC 7.2b). The flange, b, is taken as

bf−3tw, and for webs, b is taken as h−3tf (AISC B4.1b). The design wall thick-
ness is modified for the welding process (AISC B4.2)
3.5.2.2.3.3 Pipe Sections

The reduction factor for slender stiffened elements is given directly by:
 E
1.0, if D t < 0.11 ,
 Fy
 0.038E 2 E D E
Qa =Q = + , if 0.11 < < 0.45 , and (AISC E7-19)
 Fy ( D t ) 3 Fy t Fy
 E
1.0, if D t > 0.45 ,
 Fy
where D is the outside diameter and t is the wall thickness. The design wall
thickness is modified for the welding process (AISC B4.2). If D / t exceeds
0.45 E / Fy , the section is considered to be too slender and it is not designed.
3.5.3 Nominal Flexure Strength

This section applies to members subject to simple bending about one principal
axis. The members are assumed to be loaded in a plane parallel to a principal
axis that passes through the shear center, or restrained against twisting.
The design flexural strength, φbMn, and the allowable flexural strength,
M n Ω b , are determined using the following resistance and safety factors:
φb = 0.90 (LRFD) (AISC F1(1))
Ωb = 1.67 (ASD) (AISC F1(1))
When determining the nominal flexural strength about the major principal axis
for any sections for the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, it is common to
use the term Cb, the lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for non-
uniform moment diagram. Cb is calculated as follows:
12.5M max
=Cb ≤ 3.0, (AISC F1-1, H1.2)
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M c
where,

Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in unbraced segment, kip-in.

(N-mm)
MA = absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced seg-

ment, kip-in. (N-mm)
MB = absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced segment,

kip-in. (N-mm)
MC = absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced

segment, kip-in. (N-mm)
Cb should be taken as 1.0 for cantilevers. However, the program is unable to

detect whether the member is a cantilever. The user should overwrite Cb for
cantilevers. The program also defaults Cb to 1.0 if the minor unbraced length,
l22, is redefined to be more than the length of the member by the user or the
program, i.e., if the unbraced length is longer than the member length. The
Overwrites can be used to change the value of Cb for any member.
The nominal bending strength depends on the following criteria: the geometric
shape of the cross-section; the axis of bending; the compactness of the section;
and a slenderness parameter for lateral-torsional buckling. The nominal bend-
ing strength is the minimum value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buckling, web local buckling,
tension flange yielding as appropriate to different structural shapes. The fol-
lowing sections describe how different members are designed against flexure
in accordance with AISC Chapter F. AISC, in certain cases, gives options in
the applicability of its code section, ranging from F2 to F12. In most cases, the
program follows the path of the sections that gives more accurate results at the
expense of more detailed calculation. In some cases, the program follows a
simpler path. For an easy reference, Table 3-3 shows the AISC sections for the
various scenarios.
Table 3.3 Selection Table for the Application of Chapter F Sections
Section in Flange Web
Chapter F Cross Section Slenderness Slenderness Limit States
F2 C C Y, LTB

Table 3.3 Selection Table for the Application of Chapter F Sections

Section in Flange Web
Chapter F Cross Section Slenderness Slenderness Limit States
F3 NC, S C LTB, FLB
F4 C, NC, S NC Y, LTB, FLB
F5 C, NC, S S Y, LTB, FLB
F4 C, NC, S C, NC Y, LTB, FLB, TFY
F5 C, NC, S S Y, LTB, FLB, TFY
F6 C, NC, S Any Y, FLB
F7 C, NC, S C, NC Y, FLB, WLB
F8 N/A N/A Y, LB
F9 C, NC, S Any Y, LTB, FLB
F10 N/A N/A Y, LTB, LLB
F11 N/A Any Y, LTB
F12 Unsymmetrical shapes N/A N/A All limit states

Y = yielding LLB = leg local buckling
LTB = lateral-torsional buckling LB = local buckling
FLB = flange local buckling C = compact or seismically compact
WLB = web local buckling NC = noncompact
TFY = tension flange yielding S = slender

3.5.3.1 Doubly Symmetric I-Sections

3.5.3.1.1 Major Axis Bending
The nominal flexural strength for major axis bending depends on compactness
of the web and flanges.
3.5.3.1.1.1 Compact Webs with Compact Flanges

The nominal flexural strength is the lowest value obtained according to the
limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and lateral-torsional buckling.
3.5.3.1.1.1.1 Yielding
Mn=Mp=FyZ33 , (AISC F2-1)
where, Z33 is the plastic section modulus about the major axis.
3.5.3.1.1.1.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

M p , if Lb ≤ L p ,

   Lb − L p  

= (
M n Cb  M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S33 )  L   ≤ M p , if L p < Lb < Lr , and

   r − L p  

 Fcr S33 ≤ M p , if L p > Lr ,

(AISC F2-1, F2-2, F2-3)
where, S33 is the elastic section modulus taken about the major axis, Lb is the
unbraced length, Lp and Lr are limiting lengths, and Fcr is the critical buckling
stress.Fcr, Lp, and Lr are given by:
2
Cb π2 E Jc  Lb 
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078   , (AISC F2-4)
 Lb  S33 h0  rts 
 
 rts 
E
L p = 1.76ry , (AISC F2-5)
Fy
2
E Jc  0.7 Fy S33 h0 
=Lr 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76   , (AISC F2-6)
0.7 Fy S33 h0  E Jc 

where,
I y Cw
rts 2 = , (AISC F2-7)
S33
c = 1, and (AISC F2-8a)
h0 is the distance between flange centroids.
3.5.3.1.1.2 Compact Webs with Noncompact or Slender Flanges

The nominal flexural strength is the lowest value obtained from the limit states
of lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local buckling.

The provisions of lateral-torsional buckling for “Compact Web and Flanges” as
described in the provision pages also apply to the nominal flexural strength of
I-Shapes with compact webs and noncompact or slender flanges bent about
their major axis.

   Lb − L p  

= (
M n Cb  M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S33 )  L   ≤ M p , if L p < Lb < Lr , and

   r − L p  

 Fcr S33 ≤ M p , if L p > Lr .

(AISC F3.1, F2-1, F2-2, F2-3)
3.5.3.1.1.2.2 Compression Flange Local Buckling

  λ − λ pf 
(
 M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S33 )  λ  , for noncompact flanges,


Mn =   rf − λ pf 
 0.9 Ekc S33
 , for slender flanges,
 λ2
(AISC F3-1, F3-2)
where λ, λpf, and λrf are the slenderness and limiting slenderness for compact
and noncompact flanges from Table 3.1, respectively,

bf
λ= ,
2t f
E
0.38
λ pf = , (AISC Table B4.1b, F3.2)
Fy
 E
1.0 (Rolled),
 Fy
λ rf = (AISC Table B4.1b, F3.2)
 kc E
0.95 F (Welded),
 L
and kcis given by
4
kc = , 0.35 ≤kc≤0.76. (AISC F.3.2)
h tw
3.5.3.1.1.3 Noncompact Webs with Compact, Noncompact and Slender

Flanges
The nominal flexural strength is the lowest values obtained from the limit
states of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, and compres-
sion flange local buckling.
3.5.3.1.1.3.1 Compression Flange Yielding

Mn = RpcMy, (AISC F4-1)
where, Rpc is the web plasticity factor, which is determined as follows:


1 if I yc I y ≤ 0.23,

M p
=R pc  , if λ ≤ λ pw ,and I yc I y > 0.23,
My

  M p −  M p − 1 λ − λ pw  M p
  ≤ , if λ pw < λ w ≤ λ rw ,and I yc I y > 0.23,
  M y  M y 
 λ rw − λ pw
     M y
(AISC F4-9a, F4-9b, F4-10)
where,

Mp = Z33Fy≤ 1.6S33Fy (AISC F4-2)
S33 = elastic section modulus for major axis bending
hc
λw = (AISC F4.2, Table B4.1)
tw
λ pw = λ p , the limiting slenderness for a compact web, as given in

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1, F4.2)
λrw = λr, the limiting slenderness for a noncompact web, as given in

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1, F4.2)
and My is the yield moment, which is determined as follows:
My = S33Fy (AISC F4-1)

 R pc M y , if Lb ≤ L p ,


   Lb − L p  
= (
M n Cb  R pc M y − R pc M y − FL S33 )  L   ≤ R pc M y ,

if L p < Lb ≤ Lr ,
   r − L p  

 Fcr S33 ≤ R pc M y , if Lb > Lr ,

(AISC F4-1, F4-2, F4-3)
where,
2
Cb π2 E JC  Lb 
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078   (AISC F4-5)
 Lb  S33 ho  rt 
 
 rt 
bf
rt = (AISC F4-11)
h 1 h2 
12  0 + aw 
 d 6 h0 d 
hc t w
aw
= ≤ 10 (AISC F4-12)
bf t f

1, if I yc I y > 0.23

C= (AISC F4.2)
0, if I yc I y ≤ 0.23
E
L p = 1.1rt (AISC F4-7)
Fy
2
E J F S h 
=Lr 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76  L 33 o  (AISC F4-8)
FL S33 ho  E J 
FL = 0.7Fy (AISC F4-6a)
Rpc = web plastification factor, which is determined using a formula de-

scribe previously (AISC F4-9)
Iyc = moment of inertia of the compression flange about the minor axis
Iy = moment of inertia of the entire section about the minor axis.


 R pc M y , if flanges are compact,

   λ − λ pt 
M n =   R pc M y − ( R pc M y − FL S33 )    , if flanges are noncompact, and
 λ rf − λ pt
    

 0.9 Ekc S33 , if flanges are slender,
 λ2
(AISC F4-1, F4-13, F4-14)
where,
FL = 0.5Fy (AISC F4-6a, F4.3)
Rpc = is the web plastification factor, which is determined using a formu-

la described previously (AISC F4-9, F4.3)
4
kc = , 35 ≤ kc ≤ 0.76 (AISC F4.3, Table B4.1)
h tw

bf
λ =
2t f
λpf = λp, the limiting slenderness for compact flange, as given in Table
3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, B4.3)
λrf = λr, the limiting slenderness for noncompact flange, as given in

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, B4.3).
3.5.3.1.1.4 Slender Webs with Compact, Noncompact, and Slender

Flanges
of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, and compression
flange local buckling.

Mn = RpgFyS33 , (AISC F5-1)
where Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor given by
aw h E 
1−
R pg =  c − 5.7  ≤ 1.0, (AISC F5-6)
1200 + 300 aw  tw Fy 

ht w
aw
= ≤ 10, (AISC F5.2, F4-12)
bf t f
where h0 is the distance between flange centroids (AISC F4.2).

Mn = RpgFcrS33 , (AISC F5-2)
where Fcr is the critical lateral-torsional buckling stress given by




F , if Lb ≤ Lp ,
 y

   Lb − Lp 
Fcr Cb  Fy − ( 0.3Fy ) 
=   ≤ Fy , if Lp < Lb ≤ Lr , and

   Lr − Lp  

 Cb π2 E
 2
≤ Fy , if Lp > Lr ,
  Lb 
 r 
 t 
(AISC F5-1, F5-3, F5-4)
where,
E
L p = 1.1rt (AISC F5.2, 4-7)
Fy
E
Lr = πrt (AISC F5-5)
0.7 Fy
bf
rt = (AISC F5.2, F4-11)
h 1 h2 
12  0 + aw 
 d 6 h0 d 
Rpgis the bending strength reduction factor, which has been described in the
previous section.

Mn = RpgFcrS33 , (AISC F5-7)
where Fcr is the critical buckling stress given by




F , if flanges are compact,
 y


  λ − λ pf 
Fcr   Fy − ( 0.3Fy ) 
=   , if flanges are noncompact, and
 λ rf − λ pf
    

 0.9 Ekc
 2
≤ Fy , if flanges are slender,
  bf 
  2t 
 f 

(AISC F5-1, F5-8, F5-9)
and λ, λpf, and λrf are the slenderness and the limiting slenderness ratios for
compact and noncompact flanges from Table 3-1, respectively, and kc is given
by
4
kc = where 0.35 ≤kc≤ 0.76. (AISC 5.3)
h tw
3.5.3.1.2 Minor Axis Bending

The nominal flexural strength is the lower value obtained according to the limit
states of yielding (plastic moment) and flange local buckling.
3.5.3.1.2.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp = FyZ22≤ 1.6FyS22, (AISC F6-1)
where S22 and Z22 are the section and plastic moduli about the minor axis, re-
spectively.
3.5.3.1.2.2 Flange Local Buckling

M p , for compact flange,

  λ − λ pf 
(
M n =  M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S22 )  λ ,

for noncompact flanges, and
  rf − λ pf 
F S , for slender flanges,
 cr 22
(AISC F6-1, F6-2, F6-3)
where,

0.69 E
Fcr = (AISC F6-4)
λ2
bf
λ= (AISC F6.2)
2t f
and λpf and λrf are the limiting slendernesses for compact and noncompact
flanges, respectively, as described in Table 3-1 (AISC B4.1b).
3.5.3.2 Singly Symmetric I-Sections

The nominal of flexural strength for major axes bending depends on compact-
ness of the web and flanges.
3.5.3.2.1.1 Compact and Noncompact Webs with Compact, Noncompact

and Slender Flanges
The nominal flexural strength is the lowest values obtained from the limit sates
of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, compression flange
local buckling, and tension flange yielding.
3.5.3.2.1.2 Compression Flange Yielding

Mn = RpcMyc, (AISC F4-1)
where, Rpc is the web plasticity factor, which is determined as follows:


1 if I yc I y ≤ 0.23,

M p
R pc  , if λ ≤ λ pw ,and I yc I y > 0.23,
My

  M p −  M p − 1 λ − λ pw  M p
  M y  M y 
     M y
(AISC F4-9a, F4-9b)
where,
Mp = Z33Fy≤ 1.6S33cFy (AISC F4-2)

S33c = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to

compression flange
S33t = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to ten-
sion flange
hc
λ = (AISC F4.2, Table B4.1b)
tw
λpw = λp, the limiting slenderness for a compact web, as given in

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b)

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b)
and Myc is the yield moment for compression flange yielding, which is
determined as follows:
Myc = S33cFy. (AISC F4-1)
3.5.3.2.1.3 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

 R pc M yc , if Lb ≤ L p


   Lb − L p  
= (
M n Cb  R pc M yc − R pc M yc − FL S33c )  L   ≤ R pc M yc , if L p < Lb ≤ Lr ,

   r − L p  


 Fcr S33c ≤ R pc M yc , if Lb > Lr ,
(AISC F4-1, F4-2, F4-3)
where,
2
Cb π2 E JC  Lb 
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078   (AISC F4-5)
 Lb  S33 ho  rt 
 
 rt 
b fc
rt = (AISC F4-11)
h 1 h2 
12  0 + aw 
 d 6 h0 d 

hc tw
aw
= ≤ 10 (AISC F4-12)
b fe t fc
1, if I yc I y > 0.23

C= (AISC F4.2)
0, if I yc I y ≤ 0.23
E
L p = 1.1rt (AISC F4-7)
Fy
2
E J F S h 
=Lr 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76  L 33c o  (AISC F4-8)
FL S33 ho  E J 
 S33t
0.7 Fy , if
S33c
≥ 0.7

FL =  (AISC F4-6a, F4-6b)
 S33t F ≥ 0.5F , S
if 33t ≤ 0.7
 S33c y y
S33c
Rpc = web plastification factor, which is determined using a formula

describe previously (AISC F4-9)
Iyc = moment of inertia of the compression flange about the minor axis
Iy = moment of inertia of the section about the minor axis.
3.5.3.2.1.4 Compression Flange Local Buckling


 R pc M yc , if flanges are compact,

   λ − λ pt 
M n =   R pc M yc − ( R pc M yc − FL S33c )  , if flanges are noncompact, and
 λ rf − λ pt  
    

 0.9Ekc S33c , if flanges are slender,
 λ2
(AISC F4-1, F4-12, F4-13)
where,
FL = is a calculated stress, which has been defined previously

(AISC F4-6a, F4-6b, F4.3)

Rpc = is the web plastification factor, which is determined using a

formula described previously (AISC F4-9, F4.3)
4
kc = , 35 ≤kc≤ 0.76 (AISC F4.3, Table B4.1)
h tw
b fc
λ =
2t fc
λpf = λp, the limiting slenderness for compact flange, as given in

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, B4.3)

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, B4.3).
3.5.3.2.1.5 Tension Flange Yielding

 M p , if S33t ≥ S33c
Mn =  (AISC F4-15)
 R pt M yt , if S33t < S33c
where, Rpt is the web plastification factor corresponding to the tension flange
yielding limit state. It is determined as follows:
 Mp
 , if λ ≤ λ pw
 M yt
R pt 
 M p −  M p − 1  λ − λ pw 
 M yt  M yt 
 λ rw − λ pw  , if λ pw < λ ≤ λ rw
   
(AISC F4-16a, F4-16b)
where,
Mp = Z33Fy (AISC F2-1)
S33c = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to

compression flange
S33t = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to ten-
sion flange

hc
λw = (AISC F4.4, Table B4.1b)
tw
λwp = λp, the limiting slenderness for a compact web, as given in

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, F4.4)

Table 3-1. (AISC Table B4.1b, F4.4)
3.5.3.2.1.6 Slender Webs with Compact, Noncompact and Slender Flang-

es
of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, compression flange
local buckling, and tension flange yielding.

Mn = RpgFyS33c, (AISC F5-1)
where, Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor given by
aw h E 
1−
R pg =  c − 5.7  ≤ 1.0 (AISC F5-6)
1200 + 300aw  tw Fy 
htw
aw
= ≤ 10 (AISC F5.2, F4-12)
bf t f
where, h0 is the distance between flange centroids (AISC F2.2).

Mn = RpgFcrS33c , (AISC F5-2)
where, Fcr is the critical lateral-torsional buckling stress given by




F , if Lb ≤ L p ,
 y

   Lb − L p  
= (
Fcr Cb  Fy − 0.3Fy )  L   ≤ Fy , if L p < Lb ≤ Lr , and

   r − L p  

 C π2 E
 b 2 ≤ Fy , if L p > Lr ,
 Lb 
 
  rt 
(AISC F5-1, F5-3, F5-4)
where,
E
L p = 1.1rt (AISC F5.2, 4-7)
Fy
E
Lr = πrt (AISC F5-5)
0.7 Fy
bfc
rt = (AISC F5.2, F4-11)
h 1 h2 
12  0 + aw 
 d 6 h0d 
Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor, which has been described
in a previous section.

Mn = RpgFcrS33c , (AISC F5-7)
where, Fcr is the critical buckling stress given by




F , if flanges are compact,
 y


  λ − λ pf 
Fcr   Fy − ( 0.3Fy ) 
=   , if flanges are noncompact, and
 λ rf − λ pf
    

 0.9 Ekc
 2
≤ Fy , if flanges are slender,
  b fc 
  2t 
  fc 

(AISC F5-1, F5-8, F -9)
and λ, λpf, and λrf are the slenderness and the limiting slenderness ratios for
compact and noncompact flanges from Table 3-1, respectively, and kc is given
by
4
kc = , where 0.35 ≤kc≤ 0.76. (AISC 5.3)
h tw
3.5.3.2.1.6.4 Tension Flange Yielding

 M p if S33t ≥ S33c ,
Mn =  (AISC F5-10)
 Fy S33t if S33t < S33c .

Mn = Mp=FyZ22≤ 1.6Fy S22, (AISC F6-1)
where, S22 and Z22 are the section and plastic moduli about the minor axis, re-
spectively.



  λ − λ pf 
(
M n =  M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S22 )  λ− λ
,

  rf pf 
 cr 22
(AISC F6-1, F6-2, F6-3)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = (AISC F6-4)
λ2
 b fb b ft 
λ =max  ,  (AISC F6.2)
 ttb t ft 
3.5.3.3 Channel and Double Channel Sections

limit states of yielding (plastic moment), lateral-torsional buckling, and com-
pression flange local buckling.
Mn = Mp =FyZ33 , (AISC F2-1)
where Z33 is the plastic section modulus about the major axis.



   Lb − L p  

= (
M n Cb  M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S33 )  L   ≤ M p if L p < Lb < Lr , and

   r − L p  

 Fcr S33 ≤ M p , if L p > Lr ,

(AISC F2-1, F2-2, F2-3)
where S33 is the elastic section modulus taken about the major axis, Lb is the
unbraced length, Lp and Lr are limiting lengths, and Fcr is the critical buckling
stress. Fcr, Lp and Lr are given by
2
Cb π2 E Jc  Lb 
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078   (AISC F2-4)
 Lb  S33 h0  rts 
 
 rts 
E
L p = 1.76ry (AISC F2-5)
Fy
2
E Jc  0.7 Fy S33 h0 
=Lr 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76   (AISC F2-6)
0.7 Fy S33 h0  E Jc 
where
I y Cw
rts 2 = (AISC F2-7)
S33
1 for Double Channel sections


C =  ho Iy (AISC F2-8a, F2-8b)
2 for Channel sections
 Cw
and h0 is the distance between flange centroids.

3.5.3.3.1.3 Compression Flange Local Buckling

The nominal strength for compression flange local buckling is determined
based on whether the web is compact, noncompact, or slender.
If the web is compact,

M p , for compact flanges,

  λ − λ pf 
(
M n =  M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S33 )  λ ,

  rf − λ pf 
 0.9 Ek S
 c 33
, for slender flanges,
 λ2
(AISC F2-1, F3-1, F3-2)
if the web is noncompact,

 R pc M y , for compact flange,

  λ − λ pf 
(
M n =  R pc M y − R pc M y − FL S33 )  λ ,

  rf − λ pf 

 0.9 Ekc S33 , for slender flanges,
 λ2
(AISC F4-1, F4-12, F4-13)
and if the web is slender,
Mn = RpgFcrS33 (AISC F5-7)
where, Fcris the critical buckling stress give by

 Fy , if flanges are compact,

  λ − λ pf 
F
=cr  Fy − ( 0.3Fy )   , if the flanges are noncompact,
  λ rf − λ pf 
 0.9 Ek
 c
≤ Fy , if the flanges are slender,
 λ2
(AISC F5-1, F5-8, F5-9)

where,
bf
λ =
2t f
λpf = λp, the limiting slenderness for compact flange, as given in Table
3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, B4.3)

Table 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1b, B4.3)
4
kc = , 35 ≤kc≤ 0.76 (AISC F4.3, Table B4.1b)
h tw
FL = 0.7Fy (AISC F4-6a, F4.3)


1 if I yc I y ≤ 0.23,

M p
R pc  , if λ ≤ λ pw ,and I yc I y > 0.23,
My

  M p −  M p − 1 λ − λ pw  M p
  M y  M y 
     M y
(AISC F4-9a, F4-9b)
aw  hc E 
Rpg = 1 −  − 5.7  ≤ 1.0 (AISC F5-6)
1200 + 300 aw  tw F 
 y 
S33 = elastic section modulus for major axis bending,
hc
λw =
tw
λpw = λp, the limiting slenderness for compact web, as given in Table 3-1
(AISC Table B4.1)
λrw = λr, the limiting slenderness for a noncompact web, as given in Ta-
ble 3-1 (AISC Table B4.1)

Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor, which has been described in a
previous section.

Mn = Mp = FyZ22≤ 1.6Fy S22 (AISC F6-1)
spectively.


  λ − λ pf 
(
M n =  M p − M p − 0.7 Fy S22 )  λ ,

  rf − λ pf 
 cr 22
(AISC F6-1, F6-2, F6-3)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = (AISC F6-4)
λ2
bf
λ= (AISC F6.2)
2t f
3.5.3.4 Box Sections

This section applies to Box sections with compact or noncompact webs and
compact, noncompact or slender flanges, bent about either axis. The program
uses the same set of formulas for both major and minor direction bending, but
with appropriate parameters.

limit states of yielding (plastic moment), flange local buckling and web local
buckling.
3.5.3.4.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp = FyZ, (AISC F7-1)
where, Z is the plastic section modulus about the axis of bending.
3.5.3.4.2 Flange Local Buckling

 M p, for compact flanges,

  b Fy 
M n  M p − ( M p − Fy S )  3.57
= − 4.0  ≤ M p , for noncompact flanges, and
 t E 
  

 Fy Seff , for slender flanges,
(AISC F7-1, F7-2, F7-3)
where, Seff is the effective section modulus determined using the effective com-
pressive flange width, be ,
E  0.38 E 
be = 1.92t 1 −  ≤ b. (AISC F7-4)
Fy  b t Fy 
See the “Reduction Factor for Slenderness” section for details (AISC F7, E7.2).
3.5.3.4.3 Web Local Buckling



M p , for compact webs, and

  h Fy 
M
= n  M p − ( M p − Fy S33 )  0.305 − 0.738  ≤ M p , for noncompact webs,

  tw E 

  h Fy 
 M p − ( M p − Fy S33 )  0.305 t E
− 0.738  ≤ M p , for slender webs.

  w 
(AISC F7-1, F7-5)
Note that the code does not cover the Box section flexure strength if the web is
slender. The program uses the same flexure strength formula for Box sections

with noncompact and slender webs, even though the formula applies only to
noncompact section.
3.5.3.5 Pipe Sections

0.45E
This section applies to pipe sections with D t ratio less than . If a Pipe
Fy
section violates this limit, the program reports an error.
limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and local buckling. The same set of
formulas is used for both major and minor axes of bending.
3.5.3.5.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp= FyZ (AISC F8-1)
3.5.3.5.2 Local Buckling

M p , for compact sections,

 
 0.021E 
M n =  + Fy  S , for noncompact sections, and (AISC F8-1, F8-2, F8-3)
 D 
 t 
 F S, for slender sections,
 cr
where, S is the elastic section modulus and Fcr is the critical buckling stress,
where,
0.33E
Fcr = . (AISC F8-4)
D
t
3.5.3.6 T-Shapes
3.5.3.6.1 Major Axes Bending
The nominal flexural strength for T-Shapes bent about their major (3-3) axis,
i.e., the axis perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, is taken as the lowest value
obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment), lateral-
torsional buckling, flange local buckling, and web local buckling.

=M p Fy Z 33 ≤ M y , for stems in compression, and
Mn = 
M p Fy Z 33 ≤ 1.6 M y ,
= for stems in tension.
(AISC F9-1, F9-2, F9-3)

π EI y GJ
M n = M cr =  B + 1 + B2  , (AISC F9-4)
Lb  
where, B is taken conservatively as:
 d  Iy
B = ±2.3   . (AISC5 F9-5)
 Lb  J
The plus sign for B applies when the stem is in tension (M > 0) and the minus
sign applies when the stem is in compression (M < 0).

When the flange is under compression (i.e., when the factored moment Mr is
positive), the nominal moment capacity is taken as follows:


  λ − λ pf 
M n =  M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S33c )   ≤ 1.6 M y , for noncompact flanges, and
 λ rf − λ pf
  
 cr 33c
(AISC F9-1, F9-6, F9-7)
where,
0.7 E
Fcr = 2 (AISC F9-7)
 bf 
 
 2t f 
flanges, respectively, as described in Table 3-1 (AISC F9.3, B4.1b).

When the flanges are in tension, i.e., when the factored moment Mr is
negative, this limit state is not considered in the program.
3.5.3.6.1.4 Web Local Buckling

When the web of a T-shape is under compression (i.e., when the factored mo-
ment Mr is negative), the nominal moment capacity is taken as follows:
Mn = Fcr S33, (AISC F9-8)
where, S33 is the elastic section modulus, and Fcr is determined as follows:


 d E
 Fy , for
tw
≤ 0.84
Fy
,


   d  Fy  E d E
Fcr =  Fy  2.55 − 1.84    , 0.84 < ≤ 1.03 , and
 
   tw  E  Fy tw Fy

 0.69 E d E
 2
, >1.03 ,
 d  tw Fy
 
  tw 
(AISC F9-9, F9-10, F9-11)
where, d and tw are described in Figure 3-1 (AISC F9.3, B4.1b).
When the stem is in tension, i.e., when the factored moment Mr is positive, this
limit state is not considered in the program.
3.5.3.6.2 Minor Axes Bending

The nominal flexural strength for T-Shapes bent about their minor (2-2) axes,
i.e., the axis of symmetry, is taken as the lowest value obtained according to
the limit states of yielding (plastic moment), lateral-torsional buckling, and
flange local buckling (AISC F9, C-F9).
Mn = Mp = FyZ22 ≤ 1.6FyS22 (AISC F6-1, C-F9)
spectively.


The nominal flexure strength for bent about their minor (2-2) axes, i.e., the axis
of symmetry for the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is given as follows:
 0.17 M e 
 0.92 −  Me , if M e ≤ M y , and
 M y 
Mn = 
 My 
 0.92 − 1.17 M  M y ≤ 1.5 M y , if M e > M y ,
 e 
(AISC F10-2, F10-3, C-F9)
where Me is the elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment defined as follows:
π
Me = EI 33GJ (AISC C-F9-3)
LLTB


  λ − λ pf 
M n =  M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S 22 )   , for noncompact flanges, and
 λ rf − λ pf
  
 cr 22
(AISC F6-2, F6-3, C-F9)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = 2 (AISC F6-4, C-F9)
 bf 
 
 2t f 
3.5.3.7 Double Angle Sections

3.5.3.7.1 Major Axes Bending
The nominal flexural strength for Double Angles bent about their major (3-3)
axis, i.e., the axis perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, is taken as the lowest

value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment), lat-
eral-torsional buckling, flange local buckling, and web local buckling.
=M p Fy Z 33 ≤ Fy S33 , for stems in compression, and
Mn = 
M p Fy Z 33 ≤ 1.5 Fy S33 ,
= for stems in tension.
(AISC F9-1, F9-2, F9-3, F9.3, F9.4, F10-1)

π EI y GJ
M n = M cr =  B + 1 + B2  , (AISC F9-4)
Lb  
where, B is taken conservatively as:
 d  Iy
B = ±2.3   . (AISC5 F9-5)
 Lb  J
The plus sign for B applies when the stem is in tension (M > 0) and the minus
sign applies when the stem is in compression (M < 0).

When the flange is under compression (i.e., when the factored moment Mr is
positive), the nominal moment capacity is taken as follows:
 b E
M p = Fy Z 33 ≤ 1.5 Fy S33 , for ≤ 0.54 ,
 t Fy

   b  Fy  E b E
M n =  Fy S33c  2.43 − 1.72    , for 0.54 < ≤ 0.91 , and
   t  E  Fy t Fy


F S , b E
for >0.91 ,
 cr 33c t Fy

(AISC F10-7, F10-8, F10-9, F9.3 Note)
where,

0.71E
Fcr = 2
(AISC F10-9)
b
 
t
where, b and t are described in Figure 3-1 (AISC F9.3, B4.1b).

When the flanges are in tension, i.e., when the factored moment Mr is
negative, this limit state is not considered in the program.
3.5.3.7.1.4 Web Local Buckling

When the web of a Double-Angle is under compression (i.e., when the factored
moment Mr is negative), the nominal moment capacity is taken as follows:


M = d E
Fy Z 33 ≤ 1.5 Fy S33 , for ≤ 0.54 ,
 p tw Fy

   d  Fy 
 E d E
M n =  Fy S33c  2.43 − 1.72    , for 0.54 < ≤ 0.91 , and
   tw  E  F t F
  y w y

 0.71E S , for
d
>0.91
E
,
   2 33c tw Fy
 d 
  tw 
(AISC F10-7, F10-8, F10-9, F9.4 Note)
where, d and tw are described in Figure 3-1 (AISC F9.3, B4.1b).
When the stem is in tension, i.e., when the factored moment Mr is positive, this
limit state is not considered in the program.
3.5.3.7.2 Minor Axes Bending

The nominal flexural strength for Double Angles bent about their minor (2-2)
axes, i.e., the axis of symmetry, is taken as the lowest value obtained according
to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment), lateral-torsional buckling, and
flange local buckling (AISC F9, C-F9).
Mn = Mp = FyZ22 ≤ 1.5FyS22 (AISC F6-1, F10-1, C-F9)

spectively.

The nominal flexure strength for bent about their minor (2-2) axes, i.e., the axis
of symmetry for the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is given as follows:
 0.17 M e 
 0.92 −  Me , if M e ≤ M y , and
 M y 
Mn = 
 My 
 0.92 − 1.17  M y ≤ 1.5 M y , if M e > M y ,
 Me 

(AISC F10-2, F10-3, C-F9)
π
Me = EI 33GJ (AISC C-F9-3)
LLTB


  λ − λ pf 
M n =  M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S 22 )   , for noncompact flanges, and

  λ rf − λ pf 
 cr 22
(AISC F6-2, F6-3, C-F9)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = 2 (AISC F6-4, C-F9)
 bf 
 
 tf 

3.5.3.8 Single Angle Sections

The nominal flexural strength of angle sections is conservatively calculated
based on the principal axes of bending. The nominal flexural strength about the
major principal axis is the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding (plastic moment), lateral-torsional buckling, and leg local buckling.
3.5.3.8.1 Yielding
Mn= 1.5My, (AISC F10-1)
where, My is the yield moment about the axis of bending.
3.5.3.8.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

The nominal flexure strength for bending about the major principal axis for the
limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is given as follows:
 0.17 M e 
 0.92 −  Me , if M e ≤ M y , and
 M y 
Mn = 
 My 
 0.92 − 1.17 M  M y ≤ 1.5 M y , if M e > M y ,
 e 
(AISC F10-2, F10-3)
 0.46 Eb 2 t 2Cb
 for equal-leg angles,
 L
Me =   2 
 4.9 EI z C  2
 Lt   for unequal-leg angles.
b
β + 0.052   + β
 L2  w r
w

  z 
 
(AISC F10-4, F10-5)
where,
Cb = lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform

moment diagram. It is computed using equation AISC F1-1. A limit
on Cb is imposed (Cb≤ 1.5) in the program (AISC F10).

L = laterally unbraced length of the member. It is taken as the max(L22,

L33) in the program because L22 and L33 are not defined in the princi-
pal direction, in. (mm).
I2 = minor principal axis moment of inertia, in.4 (mm4),
rt = radius of gyration for the minor principal axis, in. (mm),
t = angle leg thickness, in. (mm). It is taken as min(tb, tf)
βw = a section property for unequal-legged angles. It is given as follows:
1
=βw ∫ z ( w2 + z 2 ) dA − 2 z0 (AISC Table C-F10.2)
Iw A
βw is positive for short leg in compression, negative for long leg in

compression, and zero for equal-leg angles. If the long leg is in com-
pression anywhere along the unbraced length of the member, the
negative value of βw should be used (AISC F10.2). It is conservative-
ly taken as negative for unequal-leg angles.
z = coordinate along the minor principal axis
w = coordinate along the major principal axis
z0 = coordinate of the shear center along the z-axis with respect to

the centroid
Iw = major principal axis moment of inertia
Iz = minor principal axis moment of inertia.
In the preceding equation, My is taken as the yield moment about the major
principal axis of bending, considering the possibility of yielding at the heel and
both of the leg tips.
The nominal flexural strength for bending about the minor principal axis for
the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is not needed because the limit state
of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply for minor axis bending.

3.5.3.8.3 Leg Local Buckling

The nominal flexural strength for bending about the major and minor principal
axes of single angle sections for the limit state of hg local buckling are given as
follows:


1.5Fy Sc if compact,

   b   Fy
M n  Fy Sc  2.43 − 1.72    if noncompact, and
   t  E
 0.71E
 S
2 c
if slender,
 ( b t )
(AISC F10-7, F10-8, F10-9)
where,
Sc = elastic section modulus to the toe in compression relative to the axis

of bending
t = thickness of the leg under consideration
b = outside width of the leg under consideration.
In calculating the bending strengths for single-angles for the limit state of leg
local buckling, the capacities are calculated for both the principal axes consid-
ering the assumption that either of the two tips (toes) can be under compres-
sion. The minimum capacities are considered.
3.5.3.9 Rectangular Sections

This section applies to rectangular sections bent about either axis.
limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and lateral-torsional buckling.
3.5.3.9.1 Yielding
Mn= Mp = FyZ≤ 1.6My (AISC F11-1)

3.5.3.9.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply to rectangular sections
bent about their moving axis. For rectangular sections, Mn about major axis, is
given by the following:
 Lb d 0.08 E
M p , if
t2
≤
Fy
,

   L d  Fy  0.08 E Lb d 1.9 E
M = Cb 1.52 − 0.274  b2   My ≤ M p , if < 2 ≤ ,
 t E Fy t Fy
e
 
 Lb d 1.9 E
 Fcr S33 ≤ M p , if > ,
 t2 Fy
(AISC F11-1, F11-2, F11-3)
where, Fcr is the critical buckling stress, which is given by
1.9 ECb
Fcr = , (AISC F11-4)
Lb d
t2
where, t is the width of the rectangular bar parallel to axis of bending; d is the
depth of the rectangular bar; and Lb is the length unbraced against lateral dis-
placement of the compression region or twist of the cross-section.
3.5.3.10 Circular Sections

The nominal flexural strength is the value obtained according to the limit states
of yielding (plastic moment).
Mn = Mp = FyZ≤ 1.6My (AISC F11-1)
For this section, the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling need not be consid-
ered (AISC F11.2(c)).
3.5.3.11 General Sections and Section Designer Sections

For General sections and Section Designer sections, the nominal major and
minor direction bending strengths are assumed as:
Mn= My= SFy.

The program does not check any lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buck-
ling, web local buckling, or tension flange yielding. The program assumptions
may not be conservative. The user is expected to calculate the capacity and
overwrite it.
3.5.4 Nominal Shear Strength

The nominal shear strengths are calculated for shears along the geometric axes
for all sections. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, Double Channel, T-Shape, Double
Angle, Pipe, Circular and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide
with their geometric axes. For Angle sections, principal axes do not coincide
with their geometric axes.
In calculating nominal strength for shear, Vn, it is assumed that there is no in-
termedial stiffeners used to enhance shear strength of a section (AISC G2-2).
The code allows the use of one of following methods: (a) the limit state of
shear yielding and shear buckling without using tension-field-action (AISC
G2); and (b) post buckling strength of the member or tension-field-action
(AISC G3). The program uses the first method to calculate shear strengths.
The design shear strength, φvVn, and the allowable shear strength, Vn Ω v , are
determined using the following factors.
For all sections in both the major and minor directions, except for the web of
rolled I-Shaped members with h t w ≤ 2.24 E Fy
φv = 0.9 (LRFD) (AISC G1)
Ω v = 1.67 (LRFD) (AISC G1)
For the web of rolled I-Shaped members with h t w ≤ 2.24 E Fy and for ma-
jor direction shear only
φv = 1.0 (LRFD) (AISC G2.1a)
Ω v = 1.50 (ASD) (AISC G2.1a)
3.5.4.1 Shear in the Major Direction

The nominal shear strength for major direction, Vn2, is evaluated according to
the limit states of shear yielding and shear buckling

Vn = 0.6Fy Aw Cv, (AISC G2-1)
where Aw is the area of the web (overall depth times the web thickness, dtw),
and Cv is the web shear coefficient. The expressions of Aw and Cvdiffer from
section to section, as follows.
3.5.4.1.1 I-Shapes
For all I-shaped members, Aw is taken as the overall depth of the member times
the web thickness
Aw = dtw. (AISC G2.1(b))
For the webs of rolled I-shaped members with h t w ≤ 2.24 E Fy , Cvis taken as
1.
Cv= 1. (AISC G2-2)
For webs of all other I-shaped members, including both singly and doubly
symmetric and both rolled and welded sections, Cv is taken as follows:
 h
1.0, if
tw
≤ 1.10 kv E Fy ,

1.10 kv E Fy h

Cv =  , if 1.10 kv E Fy < ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy , and
 h tw tw
 1.51Ek h
 v
, if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
 ( h t w ) Fy
2
tw
(AISC G2-3, G2-4, G2-5)
where kv is the web plate bucking coefficient and it is taken as
kv = 5. (AISC G2.1(b)(i))
In the preceding expression, for rolled shapes, h is taken as the clear distance
between flanges less the fillet or corner radii, and for built-up welded sections,
h, is taken as the clear distance between flanges (AISC G2.1(b), B4.2).
It should be observed that the φv factor, also the Ωv factor, differs for the web
of rolled I-shaped members with h t w ≤ 2.24 E Fy from the web of other I-
shaped members.

3.5.4.1.2 Channel, Double Channel, and T-Shape Sections

Aw is taken as the overall depth of the member times the web thickness
Aw = dtw for Channel sections, (AISC G2.1(b))
Aw = 2dtw for Double Channel sections, (AISC G2.1(b))
Aw = dtw for T-Shape sections. (AISC G2.1(b))
Cv is taken as follows:
 h
1.0, if
tw
≤ 1.10 kv E Fy ,

1.10 kv E Fy h

Cv =  if 1.10 kv E Fy < ≤ 1.37 kv E Fy , and
 h tw tw
 1.51Ek h
 v
if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
 ( h t w ) Fy
2
tw
(AISC G2-3, G2-4, G2-5)
where,
kv = 5 for Channel and Double Channel sections (AISC G2.1(b)(i))
kv = 1.2 for T-Shape sections (AISC G2.1(b)(i))
and for Channel and Double Channel sections, h is taken as the clear distance
between flanges less the fillet or corner radii (AISC G2.1(b), B4.2); and for T-
Shape sections, h is taken as the overall depth (AISC G2.1(b)).
3.5.4.1.3 Box Sections

Aw is taken as follows:
Aw = 2htw. (AISC G5)

 h
1.0, if
tw
≤ 1.10 kv E Fy ,

1.10 kv E Fy h

 h tw tw
 1.51Ek h
 v
, if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
 ( h t w ) Fy
2
tw
(AISC G5, G2-3, G2-4, G2-5)
where,
kv = 5 (AISC G5)
h = d− 3tf. (AISC G5)
Note that the design thickness of the Box section can differ by a reduction fac-
tor from its nominal thickness if the welding process is ERW (AISC B3.12).
The choice of reduction and the reduction factor C can be overwritten on a
member-by-member basis.
3.5.4.1.4 Angle Sections

Aw andCv are taken as follows:
Aw = bt (AISC G4)
Kv = 1.2 (AISC G4)
where b is the width of the leg resisting the shear force.
3.5.4.1.5 Double Angle Sections

Aw andCv are taken as follows:
Aw = 2bt (AISC G4)
Kv = 1.2 (AISC G4)
where b is the width of the leg resisting the shear force.
3.5.4.1.6 Rectangular, Circular (Round), General and SD Sections

For these sections, Aw is calculated as the effective shear area from the basic
principle of elastic shear distribution, and Cv is taken as 1 for simplicity.

3.5.4.1.7 Pipe Section

The nominal shear strength, Vn, of round HSS (i.e, Pipe sections) according to
the limit state of shear yielding and shear buckling is taken as
Vn = Fcr Ag 2 (AISC G6-1)
where,
0.78 E
=Fcr ≤ 0.6 Fy . (AISC G6-2b)
( D t )3 2
The code allows Fcr to be taken as the maximum of two alternate values. The
program conservatively uses one of the two expressions only. In the preceding
equations,
Ag = gross area of section based on design wall thickness
D = outside diameter
t = design wall thickness.
The design wall thickness is equal to 0.93 times the nominal wall thickness for
ERW HSS, and equal to the nominal wall thickness for SAW HSS. However,
the choice of thickness reduction and the reduction factor can be overwritten in
the program on a member-by-member basis.
3.5.4.2 Shear in Minor Direction

The nominal shear strength for minor directions, Vn3 , is evaluated according to
the limit states of shear yielding and shear buckling as follows:
Vn = 0.6Fy Aw Cv, (AISC G2-1)
where,Aw is the shear area for minor direction shear, andCv is the web shear co-
efficient. The expression of Aw andCv differs from section to section as follows.
3.5.4.2.1 I-Shapes, Channel, Double Channel, and T- Shapes

Aw is taken as the sum of flange areas.

2 b f t f Doubly Symmetric I-Shapes


b fb t fb + b ft t ft Singly Symmetric I-Shapes

Aw = 2b f t f Channels (AISC G7)

4b f t f Double Channels
b t T Shapes
 f f
 h
1.0, if
tw
≤ 1.10 kv E Fy ,

1.10 kv E Fy h

 h tw tw
 1.51Ek h
 v
, if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
 ( h t w ) Fy
2
tw
(AISC G7, G2-3, G2-4, G2-5)
where h t w is really meant for flange and is taken as follows,
b f 2t f I Shapes

h b f tf Channels
= (AISC G7)
t w b f tf Double Channels
 2t f
b f T Shapes
and kv is taken as 1.2,
kv = 1.2. (AISC G7)
All dimensions used in the preceding equation are explained in Figure 3-1. For
Singly Symmetric I-Shapes where each flange has its own properties, the shear
capacity contribution is calculated for each flange separately based on its own
dimensions, and then the combinations are added together.
3.5.4.2.2 Box Sections, Angles, and Double Angles

The shear capacity in the minor direction, Vn3, is calculated in exactly the same
way as for calculation of the major shear capacity, Vn2, except that the appro-
priate dimensions are used (AISC G4, G5, G1).

3.5.4.2.3 Pipe Sections

The shear capacity in the minor direction, Vn3, is exactly the same as that for
major direction (AISC G6).
3.5.4.2.4 Rectangular, Circular (Round), General and SD Sections

For these sections, Aw is calculated as the effective shear area from the basic
principle of elastic stress distribution. Cv is taken as 1 for simplicity. Then,
equation G2-1 is used to calculate the shear capacity.
3.5.5 Nominal Torsional Strength

The nominal torsion strengths are calculated for closed sections such as Boxes
and Pipes only. Torsion is ignored in design for all other section types.
The design torsional strength, φTTn, and the allowable torsional strength,
Tn ΩT , are determined using the following resistance and safety factors:
φT = 0.90 (LRFD) (AISC H3.1)
ΩT = 1.67 (ASD) (AISC H3.1)
The nominal torsional strength,Tn, according to the limit states of torsional

yielding and torsional buckling, is as follows:
Tn = FcrC, (AISC H3-1)
where C is the torsional shear constant, and Fcr is the critical buckling stress.
For round HSS (i.e., Pipe sections), C is taken conservatively as

2
π( D − t ) t
C= (AISC H3.1 Note)
2
Fcr is taken as,
Fcr = max(Fcr1, Fcr2)≤ 0.6Fy , (AISC H3.1)
where,
1.23E
Fcr1 = 5
, and (AISC H3-2a)
LD 4
D  t 

0.60 E
Fcr 2 = 3
. (AISC H3-2b)
D 2
 t 
 
L = torsional unbraced length of the member, LLTB. This length is taken

as the minor direction unbraced length for flexural buckling, L22, by
default. However, this length can be overwritten in the program.
D = outside diameter of the Pipe section
t = design wall thickness
For regular HSS (i.e., Box sections),
C 2 ( b f − t w )( d − t f ){ min ( tw , t f ) } − 4.5 ( 4 − π ){ ( min ( t f , tw ) ) }

3
=
(AISC H3.1)

0.6 Fy , if h t ≤ 2.45 E Fy ,

 2.45 E Fy

Fcr = 0.6 Fy , if 2.45 E Fy < h t ≤ 3.07 E Fy , and
 (h t )
 E
0.458π2 , if 3.07 E Fy < h t ≤ 26.0.
(h t )
2

(AISC H3-3, H3-4, H3-5)
The variables bf, tw, d, tf, h and t used in the preceding expression have been
explained in Figure 3-1. In calculating h t , the maximum of the ratio of depth
to thickness and width to thickness are considered.
Here t is the design thickness. The design wall thickness is equal to 0.93 times
the nominal wall thickness for ERW HSS and equal to the nominal wall thick-
ness for SAW HSS. However, the choice of thickness reduction and the reduc-
tion factor can be overwritten in the program on a member-by-member basis.

3.6 Design of Members for Combined Forces

Previous sections of this design manual address members subject to only one
type of force, namely axial tension, axial compression, flexure or shear. This
section addresses the design of members subject to a combination of two or
more of the individual forces.
In the calculation of the demand/capacity (D/C) ratios, first, for each station
along the length of the member, the actual member force/moment components
are calculated for each design combination. Then, the corresponding capacities
are calculated. Then, the D/C ratios are calculated at each station for each
member under the influence of each of the design combinations. The control-
ling D/C ratio is then obtained, along with the associated station and design
combination. A D/C ratio greater than the D/C ratio limit (whose default value
is 1.0) indicates exceeding a limit state.
During the design, the effect of the presence of bolts or welds is not consid-
ered.
3.6.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subjected to

Flexure and Axial Compression
The interaction of flexure and axial compression in all members with Doubly
Symmetric sections (I-Shapes, Double Channel, Box, Pipe, Solid Circular, Sol-
id Rectangular) and Singly Symmetric sections (Channel, T-Shape, Double
Angle), with some exceptional cases, is given as follows:
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
Pr 8  Mr 33 Mr 22 
+  +  ≤ 1.0. (AISC H1-1a)
Pc 9  M c 33 M c 22 
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr  Mr 33 Mr 22 
+ +  ≤ 1.0, (AISC H1-1b)
2 Pc  M c 33 M c 22 
Design of Members for Combined Forces 3 - 77

where, Pr and Pc are the required and available axial strengths; Mr and Mc are
the required and available flexural strengths; and 3 and 2 represent the strong
and weak axes, respectively.
Depending on the selected design provisions (LRFD or ASD), the aforemen-

tioned terms are defined as follows:
For design according to LRFD provisions:
Pt = required axial compressive strength using LRFD load combinations

Pc = design axial compressive strength = φcPn
Mr = required flexural strength using LRFD load combinations
Mc = design flexural strength = φbMn
φc = resistance factor for compression = 0.90
φb = resistance factor for flexure = 0.90
For design according to ASD provisions:
Pt = required axial compressive strength using ASD load combinations

Pc = allowable axial compressive strength = Pn/Ωc
Mr = required flexural strength using ASD load combinations
Mc = allowable flexural strength = Mn/Ωb
Ωc = safety factor for compression = 1.67
Ωb = safety factor for flexure = 1.67
As an exception, for Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS (Square Root of Sum
of Squares) combination is made first of the two bending components before
adding the axial load component, instead of the single algebraic addition as
implied by the interaction equations given by AISC H1-1a and AISC H1-1b.
The resulting interaction equation is given by the following:
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
 2 2 
Pr 8   Mr 33   Mr 22  
+   +  ≤ 1.0.
Pc 9   M c 33   M c 22  
 
3 - 78 Design of Members for Combined Forces

Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
 2 2 
Pr   Mr 33   Mr 22  
+   +  ≤ 1.0.
2 Pc   M c 33   M c 22  
 
The philosophy behind the preceding modification is that the engineer has the
freedom to choose the principal axis. The engineer can easily choose the prin-
cipal axis to match with the resultant moment so that the design is always
based on the uniaxial bending with axial force. In that case, the moment will be
the resultant (SRSS) moment from the two components. The resultant D/C ra-
tio calculated using the preceding equations will match the calculated D/C ratio
from the pure resultant moment for the Pipe section. The reason is that Mn for
the Pipe section is independent of the K and L factors. However, for solic cir-
cular (round) sections, the resultant stress ratio calculated using the preceding
equations will not match exactly with the calculated D/C ratio from the pure
resultant moment because Mn for this section depends on the K and L factors,
which are known for only two given principal directions.
As an exception, for members with double symmetric sections in flexure and

compression with negligible minor axis bending moment, two independent
limit states, namely in-plane instability and out-of-plane buckling, also are
considered separately considering the combined approach provided in AISC
equations H1-1a and H1-1b. The minimum ratio provided by the original ap-
proach (AISC H1-1a, H1-1b) and the alternative approach described herein are
taken as the resulting D/C ratio.
a) For the limit state of in-plane instability, equations H1-1a and H1-1b are
used with Mc having a different meaning.
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
Pr 8  M r 33 M 
+ 

+ r 22  ≤ 1.0. (AISC H1-1a, H1.3a)
Pc 9  M c 33,NoLTB M c 22 
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc

Pr  M r 33 M 
+

+ r 22  ≤ 1.0, (AISC H1-1b, H1.3a)
2 Pc  M c 33,NoLTB M c 22 
where, all the terms in the preceding equations are the same as explained
earlier in this section, except Mc33,NoLTBis explained as follows:
For LRFD:
Mc33,NoLTB= φbMn33 = design flexural strength determined in accordance

with Chapter F, except that in determining Mn33 , in this case, the lateral
torsional buckling is not considered.
For ASD:
Mn33,NoLTB = M n 33 Ωb = allowable flexural strength determined in ac-

cordance with Chapter F, except that in determining Mn33 , in this case,
the lateral torsional buckling is not considered.
In general, Mn33,NoLTB is either larger than the regular Mn33or equal to (for
Pipe sections) the regular Mn33. The negligibility of the minor axis moment
is tested in the program by using a tolerance (0.001) multiplied by the mi-
nor direction capacity (Mn22).
b) For the limit state of out-of-plane buckling, the following interaction equa-
tion is used
2
Pr  P   M r 33 
1.5 − 0.5 r  +   ≤ 1.0 (AISC H1-2)
Pcy  Pcy   Cb M c 33 
where
Pcy = available compressive strength considering out-of-plane

bending; it is taken equal to φcPn (or Pn Ωc ),
Mc33 = available lateral-torsional strength for strong axis flexure de-

termined in accordance with Chapter F using Cb = 1.0. The
limit of Mp33 is imposed on Mc33. Cb M c 33 may be larger
than φb M p 33 in LRFD or M p 33 Ωb in ASD.

As an exception, any singly-symmetric I-Shape section with I yc I y beyond the

range of 0.1 ≤ I yc I y ≤ 0.9 is considered beyond the scope of the code (AISC
H.1, F13.2). Those sections are not checked by the program.
As an exception, all General sections and section created using Section

Designer are treated as Doubly or Singly Symmetric sections. The equations
H1-1a and H1-1b are use for calculation of the D/C ratios.
The program considers the left-hand side to calculate the D/C ratio. The D/C
ratio is really compared with the D/C ratio limit rather than 1. By default, the
D/C ratio limit is 0.95. This limit can be changed in the Preferences.
3.6.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subjected to

Flexure and Axial Tension
The interaction of flexure and axial tension in all members with Doubly Sym-
metric sections (I, Double Channel, Box, Pipe, Solid Circular, Solid Rectangu-
lar) and Singly Symmetric sections (Channel, T-Shapes, Double Angle), with
some exceptional cases, are given as follows:
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
Pr 8  Mr 33 Mr 22 
+  +  ≤ 1.0 (AISC H1.2, H1-1a)
Pc 9  M c 33 M c 22 
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr  Mr 33 Mr 22 
+ +  ≤ 1.0, (AISCH1.2, H1-1b)
2 Pc  M c 33 M c 22 
where, Pr and Pc are the required and available axial strengths; Mr and Mc are
the required and available flexural strengths; and 3 and 2 represent the strong
and weak axes, respectively.
Depending on the selected design provisions (LRFD or ASD), the aforemen-

tioned terms are defined as follows:

Pt = required axial tensile strength using LRFD load combinations

Pc = design axial tensile strength = φcPn
φt = resistance factor for tension (0.90 yielding, 0.75 rupture) (AISC D2)
Pt = required axial compressive strength using ASD load combinations

Pc = allowable axial compressive strength =Pn/Ωc
Mc = allowable flexural strength =Mn/Ωb
Ωt = safety factor for tension (1.67 yielding, 2.00 rupture) (AISC D2)
As an exception, for Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS (Square Root of Sum
of Squares) combination is made first of the two bending components before
adding the axial load component, instead of the single algebraic addition as
implied by the interaction equations given by AISC H1-1a and AISC H1-1b.
The resulting interaction equation is given by the following:
Pr
For ≥ 0.2
Pc
 2 2 
Pr 8   Mr 33   Mr 22  
+   +  ≤ 1.0
Pc 9   M c 33   M c 22  
 
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
 2 2 
Pr   Mr 33   Mr 22  
+   +  ≤ 1.0.
2 Pc   M c 33   M c 22  
 

As an exception, for members with double symmetric sections in flexure and

compression with negligible minor axis bending moment, the limit state of out-
of-plane buckling, the following interaction equation is used. This is done to
provide a smooth transition when the member axial force is close to zero which
can be either tensile or compressive.
2
 M r 33 
  ≤ 1.0 (AISC H1-2)
 Cb M c 33 
where
Mc33 = available lateral-torsional strength for strong axis flexure de-

termined in accordance with Chapter F using Cb = 1.0. The
limit of Mp33 is imposed on Mc33. Cb M c 33 may be larger
than φb M p 33 in LRFD or M p 33 Ωb in ASD.
As an exception, any single-symmetric I-Shape section with I yc I y beyond the

range of 0.1 ≤ I yc I y ≤ 0.9 is considered beyond the scope of the code (AISC
H.1, F13.2). These sections are not checked by the program.
As an exception, all General sections and section created using Section De-
signer are treated as Doubly or Singly Symmetric sections. The equations H1-
1a and H1-1b are use for calculation of the D/C ratios.
The program considers the left-hand side to calculate the D/C ratio. The D/C
ratio is really compared with the D/C ratio limit rather than 1. By default, the
D/C ratio limit is 0.95. This limit can be changed in the Preferences.
3.6.3 Unsymmetric Members Subjected to Flexure and Axial

Force
Unlike I-Shapes, Box, Channel, Double Channel, T-Shapes, Double Angle,
Pipe, Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes of unsymmetric
(unequal leg) Single Angle sections do not coincide with their geometric axes.
For Single Angle sections, the principal properties of the section are deter-
mined. The forces are resolved in the principal directions (w and z). The itera-
tion of flexure and axial stress is calculated as follows:

f ra f f
+ rbw + rbz ≤ 1.0 (AISC H2-1)
Fca Fcbw Fcbz
where fra and Fca are the required and available axial stresses at the point of
consideration; fra and Fca are required and available bending stresses; w is the
subscript related to the major principal axis bending; and z is the subscript re-
lated to the minor principal axis bending.
fra = required axial stress using LRFD load combinations

Fca = design axial stress = φcFcr or φt Fy
frbw, frbz = required flexural stress using LRFD load combinations
φb M n
Fcbw, Fcbz = design flexural stress =
S
φf = resistance factor for tension (0.9 for yielding, 0.75 for rupture)
(Section AISC D2)
fra = required axial stress using ASD load combinations

Fa = allowable axial stress = Fcr / Ωc or Fy/ Ωt
frbw, frbz = required flexural stress using ASD load combinations
Mn
Fcbw, Fcbz = allowable flexural stress =
Ωb S
Ωf = safety factor for tension (1.67 for yielding, 2.00 for rupture)
(Section AISC D2)
For General sections and Section Designer sections, it is assumed that the sec-
tion properties are given in terms of principal directions. These two types of
sections are treated as symmetric sections for interaction purposes.

3.6.4 Members Subject to Torsion, Flexure, Shear and Axial

Force
The interaction of torsion, flexure, shear, and axial force is considered only for
Box and Pipe sections and only if the torsion is significant. Torsion is consid-
ered significant when the required torsional strength, Tr, is more than 20% of
the available torsional strength, Tc (AISC H3.2). The interaction of torsion with
other forces is ignored when
Tr≤ 0.2Tc , (AICS H3.2)
and for members with Box sections, the interaction of torsion, shear, flexure
and axial force is given by
2
Pr  M r 33 M r 22   Vr 3 Vr 2 Tr 
+ + + + +  ≤ 1.0, (AISC H3-6)
Pc  M c 33 M c 22   Vc 3 Vc 2 Tc 
and for members with Pipe sections, the interaction of torsion, shear, flexure,
and axial forces is given by
2
 2 2   2 2 
Pr   M r 33   M r 22     Vr 2   Vr 3  Tr 
+   +  +   +  +  ≤ 1.0, (AISC H3-6)
Pc   M c 33   M c 22     Vc 2   Vc 3  Tc
   
where, Pr and Pc are the required and available axial strength; Mr and Mc are
required and available flexural strength; Vr and Vc are required and available
shear strength; and Tr and Tc are required and available torsional strength, re-
spectively.
Pr = required axial strength using LRFD load combinations

Pc = design compressive/tensile strength = φcPn or φt Pn
Vr = required shear strength using LRFD load combinations
Vc = desire shear strength = φvVn
Tr = required torsional strength using LRFD load combinations

Tc = design torsional strength = φTTn

φt = resistance factor for tension (0.9 for yielding, 0.75 for rupture) (from AISC D2)
φv = resistance factor for shear = 0.90
φT = resistance factor for torsion = 0.9
Pr = required axial strength using ASD load combinations

Pc = allowable compressive/tensile strength = Pn / Ωc or Pn / Ωt
Mc = allowable flexural strength = Mn / Ωb
Vr = required shear strength using ASD load combinations
Vc = allowable shear strength = Vn /Ωv
Tr = required torsional strength using ASD load combinations
Tc = allowable torsional strength = Tn / Ωr
Ωt = safety factor for tension (1.67 for yielding, 2.0 for rupture) (from AISC D2)
Ωv = safety factor for shear = 0.90
Ωr = safety factor for torsion = 0.90

Chapter 4
Special Seismic Provisions
(ANSI/AISC 341-10)
This chapter provides a detailed description of the algorithms related to special

seismic provisions in the design/check of structures in accordance with the
“ANSI/AISC 341-10―Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings”
(AISC 2010c). The code option “AISC 360-10” covers these provisions. The
same code option covers “ANSI/AISC 360-10―Specifications for Structural
Steel Building” (AISC 2010a, b) as the basic code. The implementation covers
load combinations from “ASCE/SEI 7-10,” which is described in the section
“Design Loading Combination” of Chapter 3. The loading based on
“ASCE/SEI 7-10” has been described in a separate document entitled “CSI
Lateral Load Manual” (CSI 2012). References are also made to IBC 2012 in
this chapter.

 Reference to the ANSI/AISC 360-10 code carries the AISC prefix.
 Reference to the ANSI/AISC 341-10, Part I code carries the AISC SEIS-
MIC prefix or sometimes SEISMIC only.
 Reference to the ASCE/SEI 7-10 code carries the ASCE prefix.
4-1
Steel Frame Design AISC-360-10
 Reference to the IBC 2012 code carries the IBC prefix.
4.1 Notations
Most of the notations used in this chapter have been described previously in
Chapter 3. Any additional notations used in this chapter are described herein.
S DS Design earthquake spectral response acceleration parameter at short

period (ASCE 11.4.4)
ρ Redundancy factor (ASCE 12.3.4)
ΩO Overstrength factor (ASCE Table 12.2-1)
Eh Effect of horizontal component of design seismic force, including the

effect of ρ (ASCE 12.4.2.1)
Ev Effect of vertical component of design seismic force (ASCE 12.4.2.2)
Emh Horizontal seismic load effects with overstrength factor (ASCE

12.4.3.1)
QE Effects of horizontal seismic forces (ASCE 12.4.2.1, 12.4.3.1)
4.2 Design Preferences

The steel frame design Preference are basic assignments that apply to all of the
steel frame members. The steel frame design Preferences are described in more
detail within the application. The following steel frame design Preferences are
relevant to the special seismic provisions.
 Framing Type
 Notional Load Coefficient
 Seismic Design Category
 Ignore Seismic Code?
 Ignore Special Seismic Load?
 Is Doubler Plate Plug Welded?
4-2 Notations
Chapter 4 Special Seismic Provisions
4.3 Overwrites
The steel frame design Overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to
those elements to which they are assigned. The steel frame design Overwrites
are described in more detail within the application. The following steel frame
design overwrites are relevant to the special seismic provisions.
 Frame Type
 Omega0
 Overstrength factor, Ry
4.4 Supported Framing Types

The code (ANSI/AISC 341-10) now recognizes the following types of framing
systems (AISC SEISMIC E, F).
Framing Type References

OMF (Ordinary Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E1
IMF (Intermediate Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E2
SMF (Special Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E3
STMF (Special Truss Moment Frame) AISC SEISMIC E4
OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F1
SCBF (Special Concentrically Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F2
EBF (Eccentrically Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F3
BRBF (Buckling Restrained Braced Frame) AISC SEISMIC F4
SPSW (Special Plate Shear Wall) AISC SEISMIC F5
With regard to these framing types, the program has implemented specifica-
tions for all types of framing systems, except STMF, BRBF, and SPSW.
Implementing those three types of framing requires further information about
modeling.
The program recognizes the OCBF framing in its two separate incarnations:
OCBF for regular Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (AISC SEISMIC
Overwrites 4-3
F1) and OCBFI for (base) Isolated Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames
(AISC SEISMIC F1.7).
By default, the frame type is taken as Special Moment Frame (SMF) in the
program. However, the default frame type can be changed in the Preference
form for all frames or in the Overwrites form on a member-by-member basis
(Chapter 3). If a frame type Preference is revised in an existing model, the
revised frame type does not apply to frames that have already been assigned a
frame type through the Overwrites; the revised Preference applies only to new
frame members added to the model after the Preference change and to the old
frame members that were not assigned a frame type though the Overwrites.
4.5 Applicability of the Seismic Require-

ments
Ideally, the special seismic provisions shall apply when the seismic response
modification factor, R, is taken as greater than 3, regardless of the seismic
design category (AISC SEISMIC A1). R is specified by the applicable
building code (local code or ASCE/SEI 7). IBC actually refers to ASCE 7-10
for the value of R (IBC 2205.2.1, ASCE Table 12.2-1). Again, when R is
taken as 3 or less, the structure is not required to satisfy these provisions,
unless specifically required by the applicable building code.
The applicable building code generally restricts buildings designed with an R

factor of 3 or less to Seismic Design Category (SDC) A, B, or C; however,
some systems that have R factors less than 3 are permitted in SDC D, E, or F
(IBC 2205.2, ASCE 12.2.1, ASCE Table 12.2-1).
The program assumes that the special seismic provisions are applicable to any
structural steel structure that is assigned to SDC D, E, or F, irrespective of the
value of R, and to any structural steel structure designed with an R greater than
3 and that is assigned to SDC A, B, or C. In addition, the program allows the
user to change the default applicability of special seismic provisions using the
“Ignore Seismic Code?” Preference item.
4-4 Applicability of the Seismic Requirements

4.6 Design Load Combinations

The program creates the default design load combinations based on the specifi-
cation of ASCE 7-10 code. The default load combinations are generated differ-
ently when the LRFD (ASCE 2.3.2) and ASD (ASCE 2.4.1) provisions are
chosen. The default combinations have been described in “Design Loading
Combinations” in Chapter 3. Additional information may be found in “Design
Load Combinations” in Chapter 2. The user may change the default load com-
binations if the governing code is different (AISC SEISMIC B2).
The program assumes that the defined earthquake load is really the strength
level earthquake, which is equivalent to QE as defined in Section 12.4.2.1 in
ASCE 7-10 code. For a regular earthquake, load is considered to have two
components: horizontal, Eh and vertical Ev , which are taken as
Eh = ρQE , (ASCE 12.4.2.1)
Ev = 0.2 S DS D, (ASCE 12.4.2.2)
where, ρ is the redundancy factor as defined in Section 12.3.4 of ASCE 7-10,

and the S DS is the design earthquake spectral response acceleration parameters
at short periods, as defined in Section 11.4.4 of ASCE 7-10 code.
Effectively, the seismic load combinations for the LRFD provision become
(1.2 + 0.2S DS ) DL ± ρQE (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.2.3)
(1.2 + 0.2S DS ) DL ± ρQE + 1.0 LL (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.2.3)
( 0.9 − 0.2S DS ) DL ± ρQE . (ASCE 2.3.2-7, 12.4.2.3)
The seismic load combinations for the ASD provision become
(1.0 + 0.14S DS ) DL ± 0.7ρQE (ASCE 2.4.1-5, 12.4.2.3)
(1.0 + 0.105S DS ) DL ± 0.75 ( 0.7ρ ) QE + 0.75 LL

(ASCE 2.4.1-6b, 12.4.2.3)
( 0.6 − 0.14S DS ) DL ± 0.7ρQE . (ASCE 2.4.1-8, 12.4.2.3)
Design Load Combinations 4-5

The program automatically considers seismic load effects, including over-

strength factors (ASCE 12.4.3), as special load combinations that are created
automatically from each load combination involving seismic loads. In that
case, the horizontal component of the force is represented by Emh , and vertical
component of the force is represented by Ev , where,
Emh = Ω o QE and (ASCE 12.4.3.1)
Ev = 0.2 S DS D. (ASCE 12.4.2.2)
Effectively, the special seismic combinations for the LRFD provision are
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ± Ω0QE (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.3.2)
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ± Ω0QE + 1.0LL (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.3.2)
(0.9 − 0.2SDS)DL ± Ω0QE (ASCE 2.3.2-7, 12.4.3.2)
and for the ASD provision, the combinations are
(1.0 + 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7Ω0QE (ASCE 2.4.1-5, 12.4.3.2)
(1.0 + 0.105SDS)DL ± 0.75(0.7Ω0)QE + 0.75LL (ASCE 2.4.1-6b,12.4.3.2)
(0.6 − 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7Ω0QE (ASCE 2.4.1-8,12.4.3.2)
The factor S DS is described earlier in this section. Ω 0 is the seismic force

amplification factor that is required to account for structural overstrength. The
factor Ω 0 is the overstrength factor, and it should be picked up from ASCE 7-
10, Table 12.2-1 by the user and input in the Preferences and auto-seismic load
definition. The default value of Ω 0 is taken as 3.0 in the program. If the user
defines one or more auto-seismic loads, the values of Ω 0 are taken as the
maximum of all the Ω 0 defined for each auto-seismic load case. Also if the
user defines special seismic data that includes an Ω 0 value and requests that
the program include the special seismic design data, then this Ω 0 takes
precedence over the default values and those defined for the auto-seismic load
cases. Moreover, Ω 0 can be overwritten for each individual member. The
overwritten Ω 0 gets the highest precedence. The guideline for selecting a
reasonable value for Ω 0 can be found in ASCE 7-10, Table 12.2-1.
4-6 Design Load Combinations

Those combinations involving Ω 0 are internal to the program. The user does
NOT need to create additional load combinations for those load combinations.
The special circumstances for which those load combinations are additionally
checked are described later in this chapter, as appropriate. The special load
combination factors are applied directly to the load cases. It is assumed that
any required scaling (such as may be required to scale response spectra results)
has already been applied to the load cases.
The program assumes that the seismic loads defined as the strength level load
is the program load case. Otherwise, the factors ρ , Ω0 , and S DS will be unable
to scale the load to the desired level.
4.7 Classification of Sections for Local

Buckling
The sections are classified in the program as Seismically Compact, Compact,
Noncompact, Slender, and Too Slender. The sections are classified as Com-
pact, Noncompact, or Slender sections in accordance with Section B4 of the
regular code (AISC B4, AISC Table B4.1). The limiting width/thickness ratios,
λ p , λr , and λs , that demarcate the slenderness limits for Compact, Noncom-
pact, Slender and Too Slender sections were given in Table 3-1 in “Classifica-
tion of Sections for Local Buckling” in Chapter 3.
Seismically compact sections are capable of developing the full plastic strength
before local buckling occurs when the section goes through low cycle fatigue
and withstands reversal of load under seismic conditions. The width/thickness
ratio ( λ ) should be less than the limit, λmd or λhd , as appropriate, for the sec-
tion to be Seismically Compact. The limiting width/thickness ratios, λmd and
λhd , for compression elements are given in Table 4-1 and are based on the
Seismic code (AISC SEISMIC D1.1b, Table D1.1). The Seismically Compact
sections are reported as “Seismically Compact,” or sometimes as “Seismic” on-
ly for brevity in the design output.
For members designated as moderately ductile members, the width-to-

thickness ratios of compression elements shall not exceed the limiting width-
to-thickness ratio, λmd .

the width-to-thickness ratio of the compression elements shall not exceed the
limiting width-to-thickness ratio, λhd .
The table uses the dimension-related variables, such as b f , t f , t w , b, t, h,

D, and so forth. Some of those variable have been explained in the table itself.
4-8 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

Table 4-1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios of Compression Elements for Classification Sections
Width- Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for
Thick- Compression Elements
ness Highly Ductile Moderately Ductile
Given Ratio, Members Members
Section Description Graphical Case
Type of Element Example No. (λ ) ( λhd ) ( λmd )
Flexural or
uniform
compression
in flanges of b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy
1 0.30 E Fy
rolled and
welded
Singly or Doubly Symmetric I Shapes
I-Shaped
sections
Flexural
compression
in webs of 5 h tw 1.49 E Fy 1.49 E Fy
diagonal
braces
If Ca ≤ 0.125 If Ca ≤ 0.125
Webs in E E
2.45 ( 1 − 0.93Ca ) 3.76 ( 1 − 2.75Ca )
flexural Fy Fy
compression If Ca > 0.125 If Ca > 0.125
or combined 6 h tw
flexural and E E
0.77 ( 2.93 − Ca ) ≥ 1.12 ( 2.33 − Ca ) ≥
axial Fy Fy
compression
E E
1.49 1.49
Fy Fy
Flexural or
Uniform bf t f
1 0.30 E Fy 0.38 E Fy
compression
in flanges
Flexural
compression
in webs of 5 h tw 1.49 E Fy 1.49 E Fy
diagonal
Channel
braces
If Ca ≤ 0.125 If Ca ≤ 0.125
Webs in E E
2.45 ( 1 − 0.93Ca ) 3.76 ( 1 − 2.75Ca )
flexural Fy Fy
or combined 6 h tw
flexural and E E
0.77 ( 2.93 − Ca ) ≥ 1.12 ( 2.33 − Ca ) ≥
axial Fy Fy
compression
E E
1.49 1.49
Fy Fy

Flexural or
Uniform bf t f
1 0.30 E Fy 0.38 E Fy
compression
in flanges
Flexure
compression 5 h tw 1.49 E Fy 1.49 E Fy
Double Channel
in beam web
If Ca ≤ 0.125 If Ca ≤ 0.125
Webs in E E
2.45 ( 1 − 0.93Ca ) 3.76 ( 1 − 2.75Ca )
flexural Fy Fy
or combined 6 h tw
flexural and E E
0.77 ( 2.93 − Ca ) ≥ 1.12 ( 2.33 − Ca ) ≥
axial Fy Fy
compression
E E
1.49 1.49
Fy Fy
Flexural or 0.64 E Fy (braces)

axial 0.55 E Fy
compression
bt 1.12 E Fy (beams)
4 0.60 E Fy (columns in
of flanges
under major 1.12 E Fy (columns)
SMF)
axis bending
Flexural 0.64 E Fy (braces)
compression 0.55 E Fy
of webs under 4 ht 0.60 E Fy (columns in 1.12 E Fy (beams)
minor axis
bending SMF) 1.12 E Fy (columns)
Box
If Ca ≤ 0.125 If Ca ≤ 0.125
Webs E E
2.45 ( 1 − 0.93Ca ) 3.76 ( 1 − 2.75Ca )
in flexural Fy Fy
or combined 6 ht
flexural or E E
0.77 ( 2.93 − Ca ) ≥ 1.12 ( 2.33 − Ca ) ≥
axial Fy Fy
compression
E E
1.49 1.49
Fy Fy

Flexural or
axial b f 2t f
1 0.30 E Fy 0.38 E Fy
compression
in flanges
T Shape
Compression
in stems with 3 d tw 0.30 E Fy 0.38 E Fy
M33 < 0
Any type of
compression 1 bt 0.30 E Fy 0.38 E Fy
Double Angle
in leg
Any type of
in leg
Any type of
in any leg
Angle
Any type of
in any leg
E
0.044 (braces)
Fy
Flexural or E E
Pipe
axial 8 Dt 0.038 0.070 (beams)

Fy Fy
compression
E
0.070 (columns)
Fy
Round
――― ――― ―― ――― Assumed non-compact
Bar
Rectangular
Any
bt 2.5 2.5
compression
General ――― ――― ―― ――― Assumed non-compact

SD
――― ――― ―― ――― Assumed non-compact
Section

Some of those variable are explained in Figure 3-1 and also explained in the
code (AISC B4.1, B4.2, Table B4.1). The variable Ca can be expressed as fol-
lows:
 Pu ( φc Py ) for LRFD
Ca =  (AISC SEISMIC Table D1.1 Note [d])
 Ωc Pa Py for ASD
Ca ≥ 0 (AISC SEISMIC Table D1.1 Note [d])
where,
Pa = Required compressive strength, used zero for tensile force (ASD)
Pu = Required compressive strength, used zero for tensile force (LRFD)
Py = Axial yield strength
φb = 0.90
Ωb = 1.67
When satisfying the Special Seismic criteria, it is in general not necessary for
the design sections to be Seismically Compact (AISC SEISMIC D1.1b). How-
ever, for certain special cases, the design sections must be Seismically Com-
pact (AISC SEISMIC D1.1a, D1.1b) or Compact (AISC SEISMIC D1, AISC
Table B4.1) as described in the “Seismic Requirements” section of this chapter.
For a situation when the code requires the design section to be Seismically
Compact, but the section fails to satisfy the criteria, the user must modify the
section. In that case, the program issues an error message in the output.
4.8 Special Check for Column Strength

The axial compressive and tensile strengths are checked in the absence of any
applied moment and shear for the amplified seismic load combinations (AISC
SEISMIC B2, D1.4a(2), ASCE 12.4.3.2).
For LRFD provisions,
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ± Ω0QE (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.3.2)
4 - 12 Special Check for Column Strength

(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL ± Ω0QE + 1.0LL (ASCE 2.3.2-5, 12.4.3.2)
(0.9 − 0.2SDS)DL ± Ω0QE (ASCE 2.3.2-7, 12.4.3.2)
For ASD provisions,
(1.0 + 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7Ω0QE (ASCE 2.4.1-5, 12.4.3.2)
(1.0 + 0.105SDS)DL ± 0.75(0.7Ω0)QE + 0.75LL (ASCE 2.4.1-6b,12.4.3.2)
(0.6 − 0.14SDS)DL ± 0.7Ω0QE (ASCE 2.4.1-8,12.4.3.2)
where Ω0 and S DS are as described in the “Design Load Combinations” sec-

tion in Chapter 3.
The preceding load combinations are used to calculate axial force only because
other forces and moments are ignored. This axial capacity check is in addition
to regular strength checks for the regularly specified load combinations (AISC
SEISMIC D1.4a).
Those combinations involving Ω 0 are internal to the program. The user does
NOT need to create additional load combinations for such load combinations.
The special circumstances for which these load combinations are additionally
checked are described later in this chapter, as appropriate. The special load
combination factors are applied directly to the load cases. It is assumed that
any required scaling (such as may be required to scale response spectra results)
has already been applied to the load cases.
If the overwrite item “Ignore Special Seismic Load?” is set to yes, the preced-
ing check will not be performed.
4.9 Member Design

This section describes the special requirements for designing a member. The
section has been divided into subsections for each framing type.
4.9.1 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)

10B
For this framing system, the following additional requirement is checked and
reported (AISC SEISMIC E1).
Member Design 4 - 13
 In columns, the axial compressive and tensile strengths are checked in ab-
sence of any applied moment and shear for the special seismic load combina-
tions as described previously in the “Special Check for Column” section of
this manual (AISC SEISMIC B2, D1.4a(2)).
4.9.2 Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)

For this framing system, the following additional requirements are checked and
 All beams and columns are checked to be Seismically Compact for

moderately ductile members (AISC SEISMIC E2.5a, D1.1 Table D1.1, AISC
Table B4.1). The limits of the width-thickness ratio, λmd , have been
presented in this manual in Table 4-1. If this criterion is not satisfied, the
program issues an error message.
 The program checks the laterally unbraced length of beams between lateral
braces not to exceed the limiting value 0.17 ( E Fy ) ry consistent with mod-
erately ductile steel beams (AISC SEISMIC E2.4a, D1.2a(a)(3)). If this crite-
rion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
4.9.3 Special Moment Frames (SMF)

12B
For this framing system, the following additional requirements are checked or
 All beams and columns are required to be Seismically Compact for highly
ductile members (AISC SEISMIC E3.5a, D1.1, Table D1.1). The limits of
the width-thickness ratio, λhd , has been presented in this manual in Table 4-
1. If these criteria are satisfied, the section is reported as SEISMIC as
4 - 14 Member Design
described earlier under the “Classification of Sections for Local Buckling”

section. If these criteria are not satisfied, the program issues an error
message.
 The program checks the slenderness ratio, L r , for columns to be less than
60 (AISC SEISMC E3.4c(2)(2)). If this criterion is not satisfied, the program
issues an error message.
 The program checks the laterally unsupported length of beams not to exceed
0.086 ( E Fy ) ry consistent with highly ductile steel beams (AISC SEISMIC
E3.4b, D1.2b). If this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error
message.
4.9.4 Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)

13B
No special consideration for this type of framing system is given by the pro-
gram. The user is required to check the seismic design requirements for STMF
independently.
4.9.5 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames

14B5
(OCBF)
reported (AISC SEISMIC F1.1).
 In columns, the axial compressive and tensile strengths are checked in the
absence of any applied moment and shear for the special seismic load
combinations as described previously in the “Special Check for Column”
section of this manual (AISC SEISMIC F1.2, B2, D1.4a(2)).
 All brace members are checked to be Seismically Compact consistent with

moderately ductile members in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEIS-
MIC F1.5a, D1.1, Table D1.1). If the criteria are satisfied, the section is re-
ported as SEISMIC as described earlier in “Classification of Sections for
Local Buckling” in this chapter. If this criterion is not satisfied, the pro-
gram issues an error message.
 The maximum Kl /r ratio of the braces for V or inverted-V configurations

is checked not to exceed 4.0 E Fy (AISC SEISMIC F1.5b). If this criteri-
on is not met, an error message is reported in the output.
Note: Beams intersected by chevron (V or inverted-V) braces are NOT cur-

rently checked to have a strength to support loads for the following two con-
ditions (AISC SEISMIC 1):
(a) A beam that is intersected by braces shall be designed to support the

effects of all tributary dead and live loads from load combinations
stipulated by the code, assuming the bracings are not present (AISC
SEISMIC F1.4a(1)).
(b) A beam that is intersected by braces and supporting earthquake load shall
be designed to resist the effects of the load combinations stipulated by
the code, except the brace forces have to be replaced by their capacities.
The forces in all braces in tension shall be assumed to be equal to
Ry Fy Ag (AISC SEISMIC F1.4a(1)(i)). The forces in all braces in com-
pression shall be assumed to be equal to 0.3 Pn (AISC SEISMIC
F1.4a(1)(ii)).
4.9.6 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames from

16B
Isolated Structures (OCBFI)

reported (AISC SEIAMIC F1, F1.7).
sence of any applied moment and shear for the special seismic load combi-
nations as described previously in the “Special Check for Column” section
of this manual (AISC SEISMIC F1.2, B2, D1.4a(2)).
 All braces are required to be Seismically Compact consistent with moder-

ately ductile members (AISC SEISMIC F1.1, F1.5a, D1.1, Table D1.1). If
the criteria are satisfied, the section is reported as SEISMIC as described
earlier in “Classification of Sections for Local Buckling” in this chapter. If
this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
 The maximum Kl /r ratio for the braces is checked not to exceed 4 E Fy

(AISC SEISMIC F1.1, F1.7b). If this criterion is not met, an error message
is reported in the output.
4.9.7 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)

17B
absence of any applied moment and shear for the special seismic load com-
binations as described previously in the “Special Check for Column” section
of this manual (AISC SEISMIC B2, D1.4a(2)).
 All column and brace members are checked to be Seismically Compact for
highly ductile members in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEISMIC
F2.5a, D1.1, Table D1.1). If these criteria are satisfied, the section is reported
as SEISMIC as described earlier under “Classification of Sections for Local
Buckling” in this chapter. If these criteria are not satisfied, the program is-
sues an error message.
 All beam members are checked to be Seismically Compact for moderately

ductile members in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEISMIC F2.5a, D1.1,
Table D1.1). If these criteria are satisfied, the section is reported as SEISMIC
as described earlier under “Classification of Sections for Local Buckling” in
this chapter. If these criteria are not satisfied, the program issues an error
message.
 The maximum Kl r ratio of the braces is checked not to exceed 200 (AISC
SEISMC F2.5b(1)). If this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an er-
ror message.
The program checks the following requirements for V-type and inverted V-type
SCBF frames.
( )
the limiting value 0.17 E Fy ry (AISC SEISMIC F2.4b(2), D1.2a). If this
criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
 The columns and beams are designed for load combinations, including the
automatically generated special seismic combinations involving amplified
seismic load. These combinations are the same as described in Section 4.8
“Special Check for Column Strength.” However, for this case, all compo-
nents of forces, including moments and shears in addition to axial forces, are
included.
4.9.8 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)

For this framing system, the program looks for and recognizes the eccentrically
braced frame configurations shown in Figure 4-1. The following additional re-
quirements are checked or reported for the beams, columns and braces associ-
ated with these configurations (AISC SEISMIC F3).
sence of any applied moment and shear for the special seismic load combi-
nations as described previously in the “Special Check for Column” section
of this manual (AISC SEISMIC B2, D1.4a(2)).
e e
e e
2 2
L L L
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4-1 Eccentrically Braced Frame Configurations
 The beams are checked to be Seismically Compact for highly ductile

members in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEISMIC F3.5b(1), D1.1,
Table D1.1). If this criterion is satisfied, the section is reported as SEIS-
MIC as described earlier under “Classification of Sections for Local Buck-
ling Section” in this chapter. If this criterion is not satisfied, the program
issues an error message.
 The shear strength for link beams is taken as follows (AISC SEISMIC
15.2b):
Vu ≤ φvVn (LRFD) or (AISC SEISMIC F3.5b(2))
Va ≤ Vn Ωv (ASD), (AISC SEISMIC F3.5b(2))
where,
Vn = min(VP , 2 M P / e) (AISC SEISMIC F3.5b(2))
0.6 Fy Alw for Pr Pc ≤ 0.15


Vp =   Pr 
2
(AISC SESIMIC F3-2, F3-3)
0.6 Fy Alw 1 −   for Pr Pc > 0.15
  Pc 
 FyZ for Pr Pc ≤ 0.15


Mp =   1 − Pr Pc  (AISC SEISMIC F3-8, F3-9)
 FyZ  0.85  for Pr Pc > 0.15
  
( d − 2t f ) t w for I-Shapes

Alw =  (AISC SEISMIC F3-4, F3-5)
2 ( d − 2t f ) t w for Boxes
φ = φv (default is 0.9) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(2))
Ω = Ωv (default is 1.67) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(2))
Pr = Pu (LRFD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(2))
Pr = Pa (ASD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(2))
Pc = Py (LRFD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(2))
Pc = Py 1.5 (ASD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(2))
Py Ag Fy .
= (AISC SEISMIC F3-6)
 If Pr Pc > 0.15, the link beam length, e, is checked not to exceed the fol-
lowing:
– if ρ′ ≤ 0.5
 Mp 
e ≤ 1.6  (AISC SEISMIC F3-10)
 V p 
– if ρ′ > 0.5
 Mp 
e ≤ [1.15 − 0.3ρ′] 1.6  (AISC SEISMIC F3-11)
 V p 
where,
P P
ρ′ = r c (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(3))
Vr Vc
Vr = Vu (LRFD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(3))
Vr = Va (ASD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(3))
Vc = Vy (LRFD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(3))
Vc = Vy 1.5 (ASD) (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(3))
Vy = 0.6 Fy Adw (AISC SEISMIC F3-5b(3))
If the check is not satisfied, the program reports an error message.
 The link beam rotation, θ , of the individual bay relative to the rest of the
beam is calculated as the story drift ∆ times bay length ( L ) divided by the
total lengths of link beams (e) in the bay.
The link rotation, θ , is checked as follows (AISC SEISMIC F3.4a):
∆L
θ=
e
– θ ≤ 0.08 radian, where link beam clear length, e ≤ 1.6 M p Vp
– θ ≤ 0.02 radian, where link beam clear length, e ≥ 2.6 M p Vp
– θ ≤ value interpolated between 0.08 and 0.02 as the link beam clear
length varies from 1.6 M p Vp to 2.6 M p Vp .
The story drift is calculated as
∆ s Cd
∆= , (ASCE 12.8-15)
I
where Cd is a System Deflection Amplification Factor and I is the system

Importance Factor.
 The beam strength outside the link is checked to be at least the beam force
corresponding to the amplified controlling link beam shear strength, 1.25
RyVn for I-Shapes, and 1.4 RyVn for Box shapes (AISC SEISMIC F3.3).
The controlling link beam nominal shear strength is taken as follows:
Vn= min(V p , 2 M p / e). (AISC SEISMIC F3.5b(2))
The values of V p and M p are calculated following the procedure de-

scribed previously (AISC SEISMIC F3.5b(2)). The correspondence be-
tween brace force and link beam force is obtained from the associated load
cases, whichever has the highest link beam force of interest.
For load combinations including seismic effects, a load Q1 is substituted

for the term E, where Q1 is defined as the axial forces and moments gen-
erated by at least 1.25 RyVn for I-Shapes and 1.4 RyVn for Box shapes,
where Vn is the nominal shear strength of the link beam (ASIC SEISMIC
F3.3).
 All braces are checked to be Seismically Compact for moderately ductile

frames in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEISMIC F3.5a, D1.1, Table
D1.1). If these criteria are satisfied, the section is reported as SEISMIC as
described earlier under the “Classification of Sections for Local Buckling”
in this chapter. If these criteria are not satisfied, the program issues an error
message.
 The brace strength is checked the brace forces corresponding to the ampli-
fied controlling link beam nominal shear strength 1.25RyVn for I-Shapes
and 1.4RyVn for Box shapes (AISC SEISMIC F3.3). The controlling link
beam nominal shear strengths are obtained by the process described earlier
(AISC SEISMIC F3.5b(1)).
For load combinations including seismic effects, a load Q1 is substituted

for the term E, where Q1 is defined as axial forces and moments generat-
ed by at least 1.25 RyVn for I-Shapes and 1.4 RyVn for Box shapes, where
Vn is the nominal shear strength of the link beam (ASIC SEISMIC 15.6a).
 All column members are checked to be Seismically Compact for highly

ductile frames in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEISMICF3.5a, D1.1,
Table D1.1). If these criteria are satisfied, the section is reported as SEIS-
MIC as described earlier under the “Classification of Sections for Local
Buckling” in this chapter. If these criteria are not satisfied, the program is-
sues an error message.
 The column strength is checked for the column forces corresponding to the
controlling link beam nominal shear strength, 1.25 RyVn for I-Shapes and
1.4 RyVn for Box shapes, where Vn is the nominal shear strength of the link
beam (AISC SEISMIC F3.3). The controlling link beam nominal shear
strength and the corresponding forces are obtained by the process de-
scribed previously.
Note: Axial forces in the beams are included in checking the beams. The user
is reminded that using a rigid diaphragm model will result in zero axial forces
in the beams. The user must disconnect some of the column lines from the dia-
phragm to allow beams to carry axial loads. It is recommended that only one
column line per eccentrically braced frame be connected to the rigid diaphragm
or that a flexible diaphragm model be used.
4.9.9 Buckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF)

18B
reported (AISC SEISMIC F4).
absence of any applied moment and shear for the special seismic load com-
binations (F4.3) as described previously in the “Special Check for Column”
section of this manual (AISC SEISMIC B2, D1.4a(2)).
 All column members are checked to be Seismically Compact for highly duc-
tile members in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEISMIC F2.5a, D1.1,
message.
 All beam members are checked to be Seismically Compact for moderately

ductile members in accordance with Table 4-1 (AISC SEISMIC F2.5a, D1.1,
message.
( )
the limiting value 0.17 E Fy ry (AISC SEISMIC F4.4a(2), D1.2a). If this
criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
The columns and beams are designed for load combinations, including the au-
tomatically generated special seismic combinations involving amplified seis-
mic load. These combinations are the same as described in Section 4.8 “Special
Check for Column Strength.”
 The beam to column connection is designed to resist the moment equal to the
lesser of the following:
(i) A moment corresponding to the expected beam flexural strengths

multiplied by 1.1 (LRFD) or by 1.1/1.5 (ASD), as appropriate.
1.1Ry M p
M b = 1.1Ry M p ( LRFD) or M b = ( ASD)
1.5
(ii) A moment corresponding to the sum of expected flexural strengths

multiplied by 1.1 (LRFD) or by 1.1/1.5 (ASD), as appropriate.
1.1Fy Z
M c = 1.1Ry Fy Z ( LRFD) or M c = ( ASD)
1.5
4.9.10 Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)

19B
No special consideration for this type of framing system is given by the pro-
gram. The user is required to check the seismic design requirements for SPSW
independently.
4.10 Joint Design

When using the SEISMIC design code, the structural joints are checked and
designed for the following.
 Check the requirement of continuity plate and determination of its area
 Check the requirement of doubler plate and determination of its thickness
 Check the ratio of beam flexural strength to column flexural strength
 Report the beam connection shear
 Report the brace connection force
4.10.1 Design of Continuity Plates

20B
In a plan view of a beam-column connection, a steel beam can frame into a

column in the following ways.
 The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column major direction,
i.e., the beam frames into the column flange.
 The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column minor direction,
i.e., the beam frames into the column web.
 The steel beam frames in a direction that is at an angle to both of the prin-
cipal axes of the column, i.e., the beam frames partially into the column
web and partially into the column flange.
To achieve a proper beam-column moment connection strength, continuity

plates such as shown in Figure 2-3 of Chapter 2 are usually placed on the
4 - 24 Joint Design
column, in line with the top and bottom flanges of the beam, to transfer the
compression and tension flange forces of the beam into the column. For
connection conditions described by the first bullet, where the beam frames into
the flange of the column, such continuity plates are not always needed. The
requirement depends on the magnitude of the beam-flange force and the
properties of the column. This is the condition that the program investigates.
Columns of I Sections only are investigated. The program evaluates the
continuity plate requirements for each of the beams that frame into the column
flange (i.e., parallel to the column major direction) and reports the maximum
continuity plate area that is needed for each beam flange. The continuity plate
requirements are evaluated for moment frames (OMF, IMF, SMF, BRBF)
only. No check is made for braced frames (OCBE, SCBF, EBF).
The program first evaluates the need for continuity plates. When the required
strength Pbf exceeds the available strength φRn (LRFD) or Rn Ω (ASD), as
appropriate, a continuity plate will be required. The program checks the
following limit states.
 The column flange design strength, φRn , and the allowable strength, Rn Ω ,
for the limit state of flange local bending is given as follows:
Rn = 6.25t 2fc Fyc if not at top story (AISC J10-1)
Rn =(0.5)6.25t 2fc Fyc if at top story (AISC J10-1, J10.1)
where
φ =0.9 (LRFD)
Ω =1.67 (ASD)
 The available strength of the column web against local yielding at the toe of
the fillet is given as follows:
Rn =(5.0kc + t fb ) Fyc twc if not at top story (AISC J10-2)
Rn =(2.5kc + t fb ) Fyc twc if at top story (AISC J10-3)
where
Joint Design 4 - 25
φ =1.0 (LRFD)
Ω =1.5 (ASD)
 The available strength of the column web against crippling is given as fol-
lows:
  t fb   ttw 
1.5
 EF t
0.80 t 1 + 3  
2 yc fc
Rn = wc    , if not at top story

  dc   t fc  

t wc
(AISC J10-4)
  t fb   ttw 
1.5
 EF t
0.40 t 1 + 3   , if at top story and t fb d c ≤ 0.2
2 yc fc
Rn = wc   

  dc   t fc  

t wc
(AISC J10-5a)
  t  t 
1.5
 EF t
0.40 t 1 +  4 − 0.2   tw
Rn = 2 fb
  yw fc
, if at the top story and
wc
  d 
   t fc  

t wc t fb d c > 0.2,
(AISC J10-5b)
where
φ =0.75 (LRFD)
Ω =2.0 (ASD)
 The available compressive strength of the column web against local buckling
is given as follows:
3
24 t wc EFyc
Rn = , if not at the top story (AISC J10-8)
dc
3
12 t wc EFyc
Rn = , if at the top story. (AISC J10-8, J10.5)
dc
If any of the preceding conditions are not met, the program calculates the re-
quired continuity plate area as follows.
4 - 26 Joint Design
For LRFD:
=Acp
(Pbf − φRn )
, (AISC J10, J10.8, E3)
φc Fcr
For ASD:
=Acp
(Pbf − Rn Ω )
, (AISC J10, J10.8, E3)
Fcr Ωc
In the preceding expressions, φc, Ωc, and Fcr are taken as follows:
φc = 0.90 (LFRD) (AISC E1)
Ωc, = 1.67 (ASD) (AISC E1)
Fcr = Flexural buckling stress of equivalent column

related to the beam-column joint
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr , is determined as follows:

Fy
  KL E
  0.658 e  Fy , if ≤ 4.71 ,
F
 r Fy
Fcr =    (AISC J10.8, E3)
 KL E
 0.877 Fe , if
r
> 4.71
Fy
,

where Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress given by
π2 E
Fe = 2
. (AISC E3-4)
 KL 
 r 
 
The member properties of the equivalent column are taken as follows:
 The cross-section is comprised of two stiffeners and a strip of the web having
a width of 25twc at the interior stiffener and 12twc at the ends of the columns
(AISC J10.8).
Joint Design 4 - 27
 The effective length is taken as 0.75h, i.e., K = 0.75 and L = h = dc − 2tfc

(AISC J10.8).
KL
 is calculated based on the equivalent cross-section and equivalent length
r
stated here.
In addition to satisfying the preceding limit states, it is made sure that the
equivalent section, consisting of the stiffeners and part of the web plate, is able
to resist the compressive concentrated force (AISC J8). This is similar to a col-
umn capacity check. For this condition, the program calculates the required
continuity plate area as follows:
For LRFD:
Pbf 2
Acp
= − 25t wc , if not at top story (AISC J10.8, E8)
φc Fcr
Pbf 2
Acp
= − 12t wc , if at top story (AISC J10.8, E3)
φc Fcr
For ASD:
Pbf 2
Acp
= − 25t wc , if not at top story (AISC J10.8, E3)
Fcr Ωc
Pbf 2
Acp
= − 12t wc , if at top story (AISC J10.8, E3)
Fcr Ωc
An iterative process is involved as Acp, r, and Fcr are interdependent. If Acp is

needed, iteration starts with the minimum thickness and minimum width of the
continuity plate. A maximum of three iterations is performed.
If Acp ≤ 0 , no continuity plates are required. If continuity plates are required,

they must satisfy a minimum area specification defined as follows:
4 - 28 Joint Design
 The minimum thickness of the stiffeners is taken as follows:
tcpmin =0.5t fb ≥ b fb 16 (AISC J10.8)
If the maximum thickness is more than the upper limit, the program reports
an error. Here it is assumed that the continuity plate can extend for the full
width of the column flange.
 The minimum width of the continuity plate on each side plus 1/2 the thick-
ness of the column web shall not be less than 1/3 of the beam flange width,
or
 b fb twc 
bcpmin 2 
= −  (AISC J10.8)
 3 2 
 So that the minimum area is given by
Acpmin = tcp
min min
bcp . (AISC J10.8)
Therefore, the continuity plate area provided by the program is zero or the
greater of Acp and Acpmin .
Acp = Required continuity plate area
Fyc = Yield stress of the column and continuity plate material
db = Beam depth
dc = Column depth
h = Clear distance between flanges of column less fillets for rolled

shapes
kc = Distance between outer face of the column flange and web toe of its
fillet
Mu = Factored beam moment
Joint Design 4 - 29
Pbf = Beam flange force, assumed as Mu / ( db − ttb )
Rn = Nominal strength
t fb = Beam flange thickness
t fc = Column flange thickness
t wc = Column web thickness
φ = Resistance factor (LRFD)
Ω = Safety factor (ASD)
The special seismic requirements additionally checked by the program are de-
pendent on the type of framing used. Continuity plate requirements for seismic
design are evaluated for moment frames (OMF, IMF, SMF, BRBF) only. No
checks are performed for braced frames (OCBF, SCBF, and EBF).
 For OMF, the continuity plates are checked and designed for a beam flange
force, Pbf ,
Pbf = 1.1Ry Fy b fb t fb (LRFD) (AISC SEISMIC E1.6b)
Pbf = (1.1 1.5 ) Ry Fy b fb t fb (ASD) (AISC SEISMIC E1.6b)
 For SMF, IMF and BRBF, the continuity plates are checked and designed for
a beam flange force, given below,
Pbf = 1.1Ry Fy b fb t fb (LRFD) (AISC SEISMIC E2.6f, E3.6f)
Pbf = (1.1 1.5 ) Ry Fy b fb t fb (ASD) (AISC SEISMIC E2.6f, E3.6f)
Note that the code insists on designing the continuity plate to match with tested
connection (AISC SEISMIC E2.6f, E3.6f, ANSI/AISC 358).
4 - 30 Joint Design
4.10.2 Design of Doubler Plates

21B
One aspect of the design of a steel framing system is an evaluation of the shear
forces that exist in the region of the beam-column intersection known as the
panel zone.
Shear stresses seldom control the design of a beam or column member. How-
ever, in a Moment-Resisting frame, the shear stress in the beam-column joint
can be critical, especially in framing systems when the column is subjected to
major direction bending and the joint shear forces are resisted by the web of
the column. In minor direction bending, the joint shear is carried by the column
flanges, in which case the shear stresses are seldom critical, and this condition
is therefore not investigated by the program.
Shear stresses in the panel zone, due to major direction bending in the column,
may require additional plates to be welded onto the column web, depending on
the loading and the geometry of the steel beams that frame into the column,
either along the column major direction or at an angle so that the beams have
components along the column major direction. See Figure 2-3 of Chapter 2.
The program investigates such situations and reports the thickness of any
required doubler plates. Only columns with I Shapes are investigated for
doubler plate requirements. Also doubler plate requirements are evaluated for
moment frames (OMF, IMF, SMF, BRBF) only. No check is made for braced
frames (OCBF, SCBF, EBF).
The program calculates the required thickness of doubler plates using the fol-
lowing algorithms. The shear force in the panel zone, is given by
nb
M bn cos θn
=Vp ∑
n =1 d n − t fn
− Vc .
The available strength of the web panel zone for the limit state of shear yield-
ing is determined as φRn (LFRD) or Rn Ω (ASD), as appropriate. Assuming
that the effect of panel zone deformation on frame stability has not been con-
sidered in analysis, the nominal strength, Rn , is determined as follows:
0.6 Fy d c t p ,
Rn = for Pr ≤ 0.4 Pc , and (LRFD J10-9)
Joint Design 4 - 31
 P
0.6 Fy d c t p 1.4 − r  , for Pr > 0.4 Pc .
Rn = (LRFD J10-10)
 Pc 
By using V p = φRn (LRFD) or V=

p Rn Ω (ASD), as appropriate, the required
column panel zone thickness t p is found as follows.
For LRFD:
Vp φ
tp = , for Pr ≤ 0.4 Pc
0.6 Fy d c
Vp φ
tp = , for Pr > 0.4 Pc .
 P
0.6 Fy d c 1.4 − r 
 Pc 
For ASD:
ΩV p
tp = , for Pr ≤ 0.4 Pc
0.6 Fy d c
ΩV p
tp = , for Pr > 0.4 Pc
 P
0.6 Fy d c 1.4 − r 
 Pc 
The extra thickness, or the required thickness of the doubler plate is given as
follows:
t dp= t p − t w ,
where
Fy = Column and doubler plate yield stress
tp = Required column panel zone thickness
t fn = Flange thickness of n -th beam
4 - 32 Joint Design
tdp = Required doubler plate thickness
t fc = Column flange thickness
tw = Column web thickness
V p = Required panel zone shear capacity kc
Vc = Column shear in column above
nb = Number of beams connecting to column
dn = Overall depth of n -th beam connecting to column
θn = Angle between n -th beam and column major direction
dc = Overall depth of column
M bn = Factored beam moment from corresponding loading combination
Rn = Nominal shear strength of panel
Pr = Required axial strength, Pu (LRFD) or Pa (ASD)
Py = Column axial yield strength, Fy A
Pc = Py (LRFD) or 0.6 Fy (ASD)
φ = 0.9 (LRFD)
Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
The largest calculated value of tdp , calculated for any of the load combinations
based on the factored beam moments and factored column axial loads, is re-
ported.
Doubler plate requirements for seismic design are evaluated for SMF and
BRBF only. No further check/design is performed for other types of frames
(AISC SEISMIC E2.6e).
Joint Design 4 - 33
 For SMF and BRBF, the panel zone doubler plate requirements that are re-
ported will develop at least the beam moments equal to the expected plastic
moment capacity of the beam ( Ry M p ) , or beam moments due to specified
load combinations involving seismic load (AISC SEISMIC 9.3a). For seis-
mic design, V p is calculated using the equation given previously, except that
M pb is taken as Ry Fy Z 33 .
The capacity of the panel zone in resisting this shear is taken as:
 3bcf tcf2 
0.60 Fy dc t p  1 +
Vn = , for Pu ≤ 0.75Py (AISC J10-11)
 db dc t p 
 
 3bcf tcf2  P 
0.60 Fy dc t p  1 +
Vn =   1.9 − 1.2 r  , for Pr > 0.75Pc (AISC J10-12)
 db dc t p Pc
  
giving the required panel zone thickness as
V p φv 3bcf tcf2
t p= − , if Pr ≤ 0.75Pc
0.6 Fy d c db dc
(AISC SEISMIC E3.6e(1), AISC J10-11)
V p φv 3bcf tcf2
=tp − , if Pr > 0.75Pc .
 P db d c
0.6 Fy d c 1.9 − 1.2 r 
 Pc 
(AISC SEISMIC E3.6e(1), AISC J10-12)
In the preceding expression, the term V p φv is replaced by ΩvV p if the ASD

provision is followed. The required doubler plate thickness is calculated as
tdp = t p − twc
where,
φ = 1.0 (LRFD) (AISC J10.6, SEISMIC E3.6e(1))
4 - 34 Joint Design
Ω = 1.50 (ASD) (AISC J10.6, SEISMIC E3.6e(1))
bcf = width of column flange
tcf = thickness of column flange
t p = required column web thickness
db = depth of deepest beam framing into the major direction of the

column
All other terms were explained previously.
 For SMF and BRBF, the program checks the following panel zone column
web thickness requirement:
t≥
(d c − 2t fc ) + ( db − 2t fb )
. (AISC SEISMIC E3-7)
90
Here, t is taken as twc + tdp when the doubler plate is plug welded to prevent
local buckling. In such cases, tdp is increased if necessary to meet this criteri-
on. If the doubler plate is not plug welded to the web, t is taken as t wc and
also as tdp for checking both the plates. If t wc cannot satisfy the criteria, then
a failure condition is declared. If tdp does not satisfy this criterion, then its
value is increased to meet the criteria. If the check is not satisfied, it is noted
in the output.
4.10.3 Weak Beam Strong Column Measure

2B
Only for Special Moment Frames (SMF) the code requires that the sum of col-
umn flexure strengths at a joint should be more than the sum of beam flexure
strengths (AISC SEISMIC E2.4a). The column flexure strength should reflect
the presence of axial force present in the column. The beam flexural strength
should reflect potential increase in capacity for strain hardening. To facilitate
the review of the strong column weak beam criterion, the program will report a
beam-column plastic moment capacity ratio for every joint in the structure.
Joint Design 4 - 35
For the major direction of any column (top end), the beam-to-column-strength
ratio is obtained as
nb
∑M ∗
pbn cos θn
Rmaj = n =1
. (AISC SEISMIC E2.4a, E3-1)
M ∗pcax + M ∗pcbx
For the minor direction of any column, the beam-to-column-strength ratio is

obtained as
nb
∑M ∗
pbn sin θn
=Rmin n =1
, (AISC SEISMIC E2.4a, E3-1)
M ∗pcay + M ∗pcby
where,
Rmaj = Plastic moment capacity ratios, in the major directions of the

column
Rmin = Plastic moment capacity ratios, in the minor directions of the

column
M ∗pbn = Plastic moment capacity of n-th beam connecting to column
θn = Angle between the n-th beam and the column major direc-
tion
M ∗pcax , y = Major and minor plastic moment capacities, reduced for axial
force effects, of column above story level
M ∗pcbx , y = Major and minor plastic moment capacities, reduced for axial
force effects, of column below story level
nb = Number of beams connecting to the column
The plastic moment capacities of the columns are reduced for axial force ef-
fects and are taken as
4 - 36 Joint Design
 P 
M ∗pc Z c  Fyc − uc  (LRFD)
= (AISC SEISMIC E3-2a)
 Ag 

 P 
M ∗pc Z c  Fyc − 1.5 ac  (ASD)
= (AISC SEISMIC E3-2b)
 Ag 
The plastic moment capacities of the beams are amplified for potential increase
in capacity for strain hardening as
M ∗pb = 1.1Ry Fyb Z b f mv (LFRD) (AISC SEISMIC E3-3a)
=M ∗pb 1.1Ry Fyb Z b f mv , (ASD) (AISC SEISMIC E3-3b)
where,
Z b = Plastic modulus of beam
Z c = Plastic modulus of column
Fyb = Yield stress of beam material
Fyc = Yield stress of column material
Puc = Axial compression force in column for given load combination
Ag = Gross area of column
f mv = The moment amplification factor. It is taken as the ratio of beam

moment at the centerline of column to the moment of the column
face. This factor takes care of the M uv (LRFD) or 1.5M av (ASD)
of the code (AISC SEISMIC E2.4a). f mv is taken as follows:
dc
f mv = 1 + where,
Lb
dc = Depth of column section, and
Joint Design 4 - 37
Lb = clear span length of the beam.
For the preceding calculations, the section of the column above is taken to be
the same as the section of the column below, assuming that the column splice
will be located some distance above the story level.
The preceding ratios are not checked for single story buildings or the top story
of a multistory building (AISC SEISMIC E2.4a(a)(ii)).
4.10.4 Evaluation of Beam Connection Shears

23B
For each steel beam in the structure, the program will report the maximum
major shears at each end of the beam for the design of the beam shear
connections. The beam connection shears reported are the maxima of the
factored shears obtained from the loading combinations.
For special seismic design, the beam connection shears are not taken less than
the following special values for different types of framing. The special seismic
requirements additionally checked by the program are dependent on the type of
framing used and the Seismic Design Category.
 For SMF, the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of those from
regular load combinations and those required for the development of full
plastic moment capacity of the beam. The connection shear for the develop-
ment of the full plastic moment capacity of beam is as follows:
CM pb
Vu= + VDL + VLL (LRFD), (AISC SEISMIC E3.6d, ASCE 2.3.2-5)
Lh
CM pb
=Va ( 0.7 ) + VDL + VLL (ASD), (AISC SEISMIC E3.6d, ASCE 2.4.1-5)
Ln
where,
V = Shear force corresponding to END I or END J or beam
C = 0 if beam ends are pinned, or for cantilever beam

= 1 if one end of the beam is pinned
= 2 if no ends of the beam are pinned
4 - 38 Joint Design
M pb = Plastic moment capacity of beam = 1.1 Ry M p
Lh = Clear length of the beam
VDL = Absolute maximum of the calculated beam shears at the cor-

responding beam ends from the factored dead load only
VLL = Absolute maximum of the calculated beam shears at the cor-

responding beam ends from the factored live load only
 For IMF, the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of the two val-
ues: (a) maximum shear from the load combinations and (b) maximum shear
based on beam moment capacity of the beam (AISC SEISMIC E2.6d).
The maximum shear from the load combinations is determined from all of
the regular load combinations and also from the amplified seismic load com-
binations (AISC SEISMIC E2.6d). For LRFD or ASD provisions, appropri-
ate load combinations are considered. The load combination for amplified
seismic load combinations are also described previously in the “Design
Loading Combinations” section.
The maximum shear based on beam moment capacity is calculated for any
load combination involving seismic load by replacing the seismic effect on
shear force with the capacity shear as follows:
CM pb
Vu= + VDL + VLL (LFRD), (AISC SEISMIC E2.6d, ASCE 2.3.2-5)
Lh
CM pb
=Va ( 0.7 ) + VDL + VLL (ASD). (AISC SEISMIC E2.6d, ASCE 2.4.1-5)
Lh
All parameters in the preceding equation have been described previously in

this section.
 For OMF, the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of the two
values: (a) maximum shear from the load combinations and (b) maximum
shear based on beam moment capacity of the beam (AISC SEISMIC
E1.6b(a)).
Joint Design 4 - 39
binations (AISC SEISMIC E1.6b(a), ASCE 12.4.2.3). For LRFD or ASD
provisions, appropriate load combinations are considered. The load combina-
tion for amplified seismic load combinations also are described previously in
the “Design Loading Combinations” section.
The maximum shear based on beam moment capacity is calculated for any
load combination involving seismic load by replacing the seismic effect on
shear force with the capacity shear as follows:
CM pb
Vu= + VDL + VLL (LFRD), (AISC SEISMIC E1.6b(a), ASCE 2.3.2-J)
Lh
CM pb
=Va ( 0.7 ) + VDL + VLL (ASD). (AISC SEISMIC E1.6b(a), ASCE 2.4.1-5)
Lh
All parameters in the preceding equation have been described previously in

this section. The moment connection is assumed to be FR.
 For SCBF the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of those
from regular load combination and those from amplified seismic load com-
binations.
 For OCBF and OBFI, the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum
of those from regular load combinations and those from amplified seismic
load combinations.
 For EBF, the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of the two
values: (a) maximum shear from the load combinations and (b) maximum
shear based on link beam shear capacity (AISC SEISMIC 15.7, 11.2a(4)).
binations (AISC SEISMIC 15.7, 11.2a(4), ASCE 14.2.3). For LRFD or ASD,
appropriate load combinations are considered. The load combinations for
amplified seismic load combinations also were described previously in the
“Design Loading Combination” section of this chapter.
4 - 40 Joint Design
The maximum beam connection shear based on link beam shear capacity is
taken as the beam connection shear that can be developed when the link
beam yields in shear. The load factor for the seismic component of the load
in the combination is calculated to achieve forces related to yielding of the
link beam. For connection shear determination, the forces are further ampli-
fied by 1.1 Ry (AISC SEISMIC 15.7, 11.2a(4)).
If the beam-to-column connection is modeled with a pin in the program by

releasing the beam end, it automatically affects the beam connection shear.
4.10.5 Evaluation of Brace Connection Forces

24B
For each steel brace in the structure, the program reports the maximum axial
force at each end of the brace for the design of the brace-to-beam connections.
The brace connection forces reported are the maxima of the factored brace axi-
al forces obtained from the loading combinations.
For special seismic design, the brace connection forces are not taken less than
the following special values for different types of framing. The special seismic
requirements additionally checked by the program are dependent on the type of
framing used.
Bracer axial forces for seismic designs are evaluated for braced frames (SCBF,
OCBF, EBF, BRBF) only. No special checks are performed for moment
frames (OMF, IMF, SMF).
 For SCBF, the bracing connection force is taken as the minimum of the two
values (AISC SEISMIC F2.6c):
(a) The expected yield strength in tension of the bracing member, deter-
mined as Ry Fy Ag (LFRD) or Ry Fy Ag 1.5 (ASD), as appropriate (AISC
SEISMIC F2.6c(1)(a)).
(b) The maximum load effect of the amplified seismic load combination
(AISC SEISMIC F2.6c(1)(b)).
Note that the required bracing connection force for the required compressive
strength of the brace based on limit state of buckling that is equal to 1.1 Ry Pn
Joint Design 4 - 41
(LFRD) or (1.1 1.5 ) Ry Pn (ASD), as appropriate (AISC SEISMIC F2.6c(2)),

is always less than the corresponding value considered in case (a). So this
limit state is not considered.
 For OCBF or OCBFI, the bracing connection force is taken as the minimum
of the two values (AISC SEISMIC F1.6a):
(a) The expected yield strength in tension of the bracing member, deter-
mined as Ry Fy Ag (LFRD) or Ry Fy Ag 1.5 (ASD), as appropriate (AISC
SEISMIC F3.6b(a)).
(b) The maximum load effect of the amplified seismic load combination
(AISC SEISMIC F3.6b(b)(i)).
 For EBF, the required strength of the diagonal brace connection at both ends
of the brace is taken as the maximum of the following two values: (a) the
maximum connection force from the design load combinations, and (b) the
maximum brace connection force based on the link beam shear capacity
(AISC SEISMIC F3.6c).
The maximum connection force from the load combinations is determined

for all the regular load combinations. The amplified seismic load combina-
tions are not considered.
The maximum brace connection force based on link beam shear capacity is
taken as the brace connection force that can be developed when the link
beam yields in shear. The load factor for seismic component of the load in
the combination is calculate to achieve forces related to yielding of the link
beam. For connection force determination, the forces are further amplified by
1.25Ry for I-Shapes and 1.4Ry for Box links (AISC SEISMIC F3.3).
 For BRBF, the diagonal brace connections in tension and compression are
computed as 1.1 times the adjusted brace strength in compression in accord-
ance with Section F4.2a. The adjusted brace strength in compression is
Pnc = βω Ry Pysc (AISC SEISMIC F4.2a) and the adjusted brace strength in
tension is Pnt = ω Ry Pysc (AISC SEISMIC F4.2a).
4 - 42 Joint Design
Appendix A
P-Delta Effects
Modern design provisions are based on the principle that the member forces are
calculated by a second-order elastic analysis, where the equilibrium is satisfied
on the deformed geometry of the structure. The effects of the loads acting on the
deformed geometry of the structure are known as the second-order or the P-Delta
effects.
The P-Delta effects come from two sources: global lateral translation of the
frame and the local deformation of members within the frame.
Consider the frame object shown in Figure A-1, which is extracted from a story
level of a larger structure. The overall global translation of this frame object is
indicated by ∆. The local deformation of the member is shown as δ. The total
second order P-Delta effects on this frame object are those caused by both ∆ and
δ.
The program has an option to consider P-Delta effects in the analysis. When you
consider P-Delta effects in the analysis, the program does a good job of cap-
turing the effect due to the ∆ deformation (P-∆ effect) shown in Figure
B-1, but it does not typically capture the effect of the δ deformation (P-δ
effect), unless, in the model, the frame object is broken into multiple elements
over its length.
Appendix A - 1
∆
Original position of frame
element shown by vertical
line δ
Final deflected position of the
frame element that includes the
global lateral translation, ∆, and
the local deformation of the
Position of frame element
element, δ
as a result of global lateral
translation, ∆, shown by
dashed line
δ
Figure A-1 P-∆ and P-δ effects
In design codes, required strengths are usually required to be determined using a

second-order analysis that considers both P-∆ and P-δ effects. Approximate
second-order analysis procedures based on amplification of responses from
first-order analysis for calculating the required flexural and axial strengths are
common in current design codes and have the following general form:
=
M CAP B1M nt + B2 M lt (AISC A-8-1)
= Pnt + B2 Plt
PCAP (AISC A-8-2)
where,
M CAP , PCAP = Required axial and flexural design capacities
M nt , Pnt = Required axial and flexural capacities from first-order analy-

sis of the member assuming there is no translation of the
frame (i.e., associated with the δ deformation in Figure A-1)
M lt , Plt = Required axial and flexural capacities from first-order analy-

sis of the member as a result of lateral translation of the frame
Appendix A - 2
Appendix A – P-Delta Effects
only (i.e., associated with the ∆ deformation in

Figure A-1)
B1 = Unitless amplification factor multiplying M nt
B2 = Unitless amplification factor multiplying M lt , Plt
Depending on the choice of analysis methods, which is provided by the

ANSI/AISC 360-10 code, a rigorous second order analysis or the amplification
of first order analysis results to estimate the effect of second order effects is
required. The program has the capability of performing both. In the first case, the
required strengths are determined directly from the analysis results without any
amplification factors (i.e., B1 and B2 are equal to 1). However, these amplifi-
cation factors can always be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member
basis, if desired, using the overwrite option.
To properly capture the P-δ effect in a finite element analysis, each element,
especially column elements, must be broken into multiple finite elements. Alt-
hough a single element per member can capture the P-δ effect to some extent, the
program considers that inadequate. For practical reasons, the software internally
divides the column elements into two members. The user must provide addi-
tional subdivisions where a column is expected to have multiple inflection
points.
In general, steel frame design requires consideration of P-Delta effects in the

analysis before the check/design is performed. Although two elements per line
object are generally adequate to capture the P-∆ effect, it is recommended to use
more than two elements per line object for the cases where both P-∆ and P-δ
effects are to be considered for a member having multiple points of inflection.
However, explicit manual breaking of the member into elements has other
consequences related to member end moments and unbraced segment end mo-
ment. It is recommended that the members be broken internally by the program.
In this way, the member is recognized as one unit, end of the members are
identified properly, and P-∆ and P-δ effects are captured better.
Appendix A - 3
Appendix B
Interactive Steel Frame Design
The Interactive Steel Frame Design command is a powerful mode that allows
the user to review the design results for any steel frame design and interactively
revise the design assumptions and immediately review the revised results.
Note that a design must have been run for the interactive design mode to be
available. With the design results displayed, right click on a frame object to
display the Steel Stress Check Information form for the member. Click on the
Overwrites button to display the Design Overwrites form, where the member
section or other design parameters may be changed. Clicking OK on this form
results in an immediate updating of the results displayed on the Steel Stress
Check Information form.
Appendix B - 1
Appendix C
Analysis Sections vs. Design Sections
Analysis sections are those section properties used to analyze the model when
an analysis is run (refer to the program Help for information about running an
analysis). The design section is whatever section is used in the steel frame
design. It is possible for the last used analysis section and the current design
section to be different. For example, an analysis may be run using a W18X35
beam, and then in the design, it may be found that a W16X31 beam worked. In
that case, the last used analysis section is the W18X35 and the current design
section is the W16X31. Before the design process is complete, verify that the
last used analysis section and the current design section are the same. Refer to
the program Help for information about completing this task.
The program keeps track of the analysis section and the design section
separately. Note the following about analysis and design sections:
 Assigning a frame section property assigns the section as both the analysis
section and the design section.
 Running an analysis always sets the analysis section to be the same as the
current design section.
 Assigning an Auto Select section list to a frame object initially sets the
analysis and design section to be the section in the list with the median
weight.
Appendix C - 1
 Unlocking a model deletes the design results, but it does not delete or
change the design section.
 Altering the Design Combinations in any way deletes the design results but
does not delete or change the design section.
 Altering any of the steel frame design preferences deletes the design results
but does not delete or change the design section.
Appendix C - 2
Appendix D
Error and Warning Messages
This appendix provides all the possible error message that can be offered by the
Steel Frame Design model of the program. Some of these messages are relevant
to the "AISC 360-10" design code. Others are relevant to the other design codes
supported by the program. However, the entire list is presented here for com-
pleteness.
Error
Description
Number
1 kl/r > 200
2 l/r > 300
3 P > Pe
4 P > 0.85Py
5 P . 075Py
6 1/r > 720/sqrt(Fy)
7 1 > 96ry
Appendix D - 1
Error
Description
Number
8 h/tw > 380/sqrt(Fy)
9 Section is slender
10 Section is Class 4
11 Section is not plastic
12 Pu > Pe(B1 is undefined)
13 Cf > Ce (U1 is undefined)
14 bf/2tf > 52/sqrt(Fy)
15 1u > 76bf/sqrt(Fy)
16 fe > Fe
17 l/r > 180
18 l/r > 250
19 1/r > 120
20 l/r > 140
21 Pu > Phi * Pe (Delta b is undefined)
22 N/C (Not Calculated)
23 Internal Program Error
24 Section is too slender
25 1/r > 1000/sqrt (Fy)
26 Story drift too high
27 bf/2tf > 52/sqrt (Fy)
Appendix D - 2
Error
Description
Number
28 b/t > 100/Sqrt (Fy)
29 d/t > 1300/Fy
30 b/t > 52/sqrt (Fy)
31 Section is not compact
32 tz < (dz+wz)/90
33 b/t > 100/Sqrt (Fy)
34 1/r > 2500/Fy
35 Fy > 50 ksi
36 Link is too long
37 Section is not seismically compact
38 Phi factor less than or equal to zero
39 1o/f > 150*Sqrt (235/fy)
40 1o/f > 300*Sqrt (235/fy)
41 1o/f > 200*Sqrt (235/fy)
42 1o/f > 150*Sqrt (235/fy)
43 1o/f > 120*Sqrt (235/fy)
44 1o/f > 100*Sqrt (235/fy)
45 1o/f > 90*Sqrt (235/fy)
46 1o/f > 80*Sqrt (235/fy)
47 1o/f > 60*Sqrt (235/fy)
Appendix D - 3
Error
Description
Number
48 tz < (dz+wz)/70
49 1/r >60
50 1/r > 0.086*ry*E/Fy
51 kl/r > 4.23*Sqr(e/Ey
52 Link Rotaion is too high
53 Phib factor less than or equal to zero
54 Lambda_y > 120*sqrt(235/fy): Phib is no longer correct
55 0.8 N/Ney > .0 : Column is unstable
56 Beam/Column capacity ratio exceeds limit
57 Capacity ratio exceeds limit
58 Section is seismically slender &
59 tz < (dz+wz)/90
60 Beam/column capacity ratio exceed limit
61 Section is slender
62 Section is unknown
63 Section is not supported for design
64 Section is too slender – Effective area negative
65 Section is too slender – Effective Moment of inertia negative
66 Section is too slender – D/t high
67 kl/r > 150
Appendix D - 4
Error
Description
Number
68 kl/r > 250
69 l/r > 500
70 Unequal legs
71 Nue * N > Ncr
72 1/r > 5.87*ry*E/Fy
73 kl/r > 180 (IS 3.7, Table 3.1)
74 kl/r > 250 (IS 3.7, Table 3.1)
75 l/r > 400 (IS 3.7, Table 3.1)
76 Signa_ac, cal > 0.6*fcc (Excessive amplification) (IS 7.1.1)
Appendix D - 5
Bibliography
AISC, 2010a. ANSI/AISC 360-10: An American National Standard – Speci-

fication for Structural Steel Building, American Institute of Steel Con-
struction. One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700, Chicago, Illinois, 60601.
June 22.
AISC, 2010b. Commentary on the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,

American Institute of Steel Construction. One East Wacker Drive, Suite
700, Chicago, Illinois, 60601. June 22.
AISC, 2010c. ANSI/AISC 341-10: Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel

Buildings. American Institute of Steel Construction. One East Wacker
Drive, Suite 700, Chicago, Illinois, 60601. June 22.
ASCE, 2010. SEI/ASCE 7-10. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures. ASCE Standard. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Boresi, A. P., 1985. Advanced Mechanics of Materials, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
ISBN 0-471-88392-1.
CSI, 2012. CSI Lateral Load Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc., 1995
University Avenue, Berkeley, California, 94704.
IBC, 2012. International Building Code, International Code Council, 4051 West
Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, Illinois, 60478. January.
Bibliography - 1
Popov, E. P., 1990. Engineering Mechanics of Solids, Prentice-Hall Inc. ISBN

0-13279258-3.
White, D.L. and J. F. Hajjar, 1991. “Application of Second-Order Elastic

Analysis in LRFD: Research to Practice,” Engineering Journal, ACI, Vol.
28, No. 4, pp. 133–148.
Wilson, E. L., 1965, "Structural Analysis of Axisymmetric Solids," AIAA

Journal 3, 2269–2274.
Bibliography - 2

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Steel Frame

ISO SAP010122M9 Rev. 0

Copyright  Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2022

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.

info@csiamerica.com (for general information)

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY

1.2 Stress Check 1-2

2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-2

2.3 Demand/Capacity Ratios 2-3

2.4 Design Load Combinations 2-4

2.5 Second Order P-Delta Effects 2-5

2.6 Analysis Methods 2-6

2.7 Notional Load Patterns 2-10

2.8 Member Unsupported Lengths 2-11

2.9 Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements 2-12

2.10 Effective Length Factor (K) 2-14

2.11 Supported Framing Types 2-17

2.12 Continuity Plates 2-18

2.13 Doubler Plates 2-20

2.14 Choice of Units 2-21

3 Steel Frame Design Using ANSI/AISC 360-10

3.2 Design Loading Combinations 3-6

3.5 Calculation of Nominal Strengths 3-22

4 Special Seismic Provisions (ANSI/AISC 341-10)

4.2 Design Preferences 4-2

Appendix A P-Delta Effects

Appendix B Interactive Steel Frame Design

Appendix C Analysis Sections vs. Design Sections

Appendix D Error and Warning Messages

The design/check of steel frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

Chapter 2 addresses prerequisites related to modeling and analysis for a suc-

1.1 Load Combinations and Notional Loads

1.2 Stress Check

1-2 Load Combinations and Notional Loads

The implementation covers loading and load combinations from “ASCE/SEI

1.3 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective

Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method 1 - 3

1.3.1 Effective Length Method

1.3.2 Direct Analysis Method

1-4 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method

1.4 User Options

 General Second Order Elastic Analysis (AISC C1.2)

 Second Order Analysis by Amplified First Order Analysis (AISC C1.2,

 Limited First Order Elastic Analysis (AISC C1.2, App. 7.3)

1.5 Non-Automated Items in Steel Frame

1-6 Non-Automated Items in Steel Frame Design

This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design precondi-

For referring to pertinent sections of the corresponding code, a unique prefix is

• Reference to the ANSI/AISC 360-10 code is identified with the prefix

2.1 Check and Design Capability

2.2 Design and Check Stations

2-2 Design and Check Stations

2.3 Demand/Capacity Ratios

 The nominal strengths are calculated for compression, tension, bending

 Factored forces are compared to nominal strengths to determine D/C ratios.