CNC TURNING MACHINE

Manufacturing and Processing Lab

Institute of Space Technology

Submitted by:
NAME REG NO.
Faiz Ahmed (190501002)
Fahad Riaz (190501003)
Uzair Azhar (190501013)
Abdullah Muzaffar (190501017)
Haris Irfan (190501030)
Affan Saadi (190501032)

ME-08-B
Abstract

CNC turning is a manufacturing process that involves holding bars of material in a

chuck and rotating them while feeding a tool to the piece to remove material until

the desired shape is achieved. As the desired shape is achieved through the

removal of material, it is also known as subtraction machining.

The project mainly constitutes of creating a bolt that follows the relation of M-

series along with a CAD model which was constructed using CREO 3.0. The work

piece that is created involves various processes of creating the shank of the bolt

and threaded length of the defined pitch relation. The head of the bolt is made

using a special cutter to give it a hexagonal shape just as the palette that defines the

geometry in Creo user interface.

All of the work can be completed from one side if the CNC turning center has only

one turret, but some turning centers have a main spindle and sub-spindle for even

faster operation. With this configuration, the main spindle partially machines the

workpiece, which is then moved to the sub-spindle to complete the job on the other

side of the part. The speed of CNC turning operations makes it an ideal process for

large production runs with short lead times.

Contents
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Abstract............................................................................................................................................1
Objective..........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Methodology....................................................................................................................................5
Material selection.........................................................................................................................5
CAD model..................................................................................................................................5
Procedure.....................................................................................................................................6
Results and discussions....................................................................................................................9
The operations used to make the bolt:.........................................................................................9
Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................11

List of Figures
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Figure 1: Chuck of CNC turning machine.......................................................................................6
Figure 2: CNC turning machine......................................................................................................6
Figure 3: CAD model of bolt...........................................................................................................7
Figure 4: Drawing of bolt................................................................................................................8
Figure 5: Final Fabricated Model..................................................................................................11
Figure 6: Facing operation.............................................................................................................12
Figure 7: Turning operation...........................................................................................................12
Figure 8:Threading operation........................................................................................................13

Objective

 To understand the working and different operations of CNC Turning Machine.

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 To understand and write the G and M codes.

 To manually operate the CNC Turing machine using G and M codes to create a part.

Introduction

CNC means Computer Numerical Control. A CNC turning machine uses a stream of digital

information which is code from a computer to automatically execute a series of machining

operations that machine offer to increase productivity and flexibility. CNC turning machine also

uses mathematics and coordinate systems to process information of what to move, to where and

how fast. A CNC machine also must be able to communicate with itself and the machinist to

operate. G-code most widely used numerical control programming language. It used mainly to

control CNC machines and called G programming language. G-code is a language in which

people tell computerized machine tools how to make something. M-code is a set of instructions

executed directly by a computer's central processing unit. Each of the instruction performs a very

specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operation on a unit of data

in a CPU register or memory. Every program directly executed by a CPU is made up of a series

of such instructions. Basically, CNC machines are subdivided into Lathe Machine and Milling

machine.

The main parts of a CNC Lathe Machines are:

 Headstock (where the motors that drive main spindle)

 Chuck (Where the work piece is gripped firmly)

 Tailstock Quill (grip the work piece at the other end to prevent vibration during machine

operation)

 Tool Turret (where tools are mounted)

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In a CNC turning Machine, the work piece mounted to the Chuck is rotated in rpm. The tools

then approach the material and cut it according to the coordinate and codes programmed. Lathes

create the surface cylindrical parts using outside and inside diameter cutting tools of different

sizes and shapes. However, during cutting, the tool itself is never flexible. Instead, the arms that

connects the tool turret moves to cut the material. The 2 axes involve in a CNC Lathe Machine

are only x (horizontal) axis and y (vertical) axis.

Figure 1: Chuck of CNC turning machine

Figure 2: CNC turning machine

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Methodology

Material selection

The material selecting for this beam is aluminum because:

 It us easier to machine

 Easily available

 It is being widely used in manufacturing industries

CAD model

Figure 3: CAD model of bolt

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 Figure 4: Drawing of bolt

Procedure

a) Start Up Procedures:

i) Commands or functions that is necessary at the beginning of the program.

ii) A standard starts up procedure usually involves cancellation of tool compensation,

absolute or incremental programming, standard or metric, and the setting of the work

plane axis.

iii) Example:

 N0001 G90 - Absolute programming

 N0002 G20 G40 - Inch unit, tool nose radius compensation cancels.

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b) Tool Change and Tool Call Block

i) The T-code or tool code is sufficient to tell the control which tool turret position the tool

is in.

ii) These offsets are used for offsetting the tool path to accommodate for tool wear. Such an

example for N0001 T0101 - the first two numbers call for tool

iii) #1, the second two number calls for offset number 1.

iv) We correspond the tool offsets number and the tool number to reduce mistakes in

machining and damage to equipment.

v) Geometry offset to define as the actual distance measured from the tool reference point to

the program zero.

vi) Wear offset is an offset measured to fine turning dimension.

c) Work piece Coordinate Setting

i) The spindle or work-piece center is the location of the X0 position, and the Z0 position is

typically the right end of the workpiece or the chuck face.

ii) This would be the distance from the tool tip at the machine home position to the right end

and center of the work piece.

iii) Because each tool differs in length and shape, every new tool used in the program must

be accompanied by its own work piece coordinate setting.

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 Figure 5: Zero axis adjustment

d) Spindle Start Block

i) Turning centers have the capability to speed up and slow down as the part diameter

changes, called constant surface speed control.

ii) Is important for efficient use of cutting tools, tool life, and proper surface finish.

iii) Constant surface speed is controlled with a G96 code should be the proper surface footage

per minute (SFPM), set with an S.

iv) Example: N0010 G96 S450 M03 - Would set constant surface speed control to 450 SFPM

and start the spindle in a clockwise direction.

e) Tool Motion Blocks

i) The tool motion blocks are the body of the program. The tool is positioned and the

cutting takes place in these blocks.

f) Program End Block

i) There are several difference ways to end the program: Turn off the coolant and spindle

with individual M codes.

ii) End the program, reset the program, and turn off miscellaneous functions, all with an

M30 code.

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Results and discussions

CAD model for the Bolt is made on CREO 3.0 and the above-mentioned procedure is followed

to operate the CNC turning machine using manual G and M codes. The desired geometry is

obtained using various working conditions and operations. The scale that was used in the

fabrication of bolt was metric system.

Figure 6: Final Fabricated Model

The operations used to make the bolt:

Facing

It is an operation at the end face of a work piece that is perpendicular to the rotating axis. During

the facing, the tool moves along the radius of the workpiece to produce the desired part length

and a smooth face surface by removing a thin layer of material.

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 Figure 7: Facing operation

Turning

During the turning process, a cutting tool removes material from the outer diameter of a rotating

workpiece. The main objective of turning is to reduce the workpiece diameter to the desired

dimension.

Figure 8: Turning operation

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End Milling

End Mills are used for making shapes and holes in a work piece during milling, profiling,

contouring, slotting, counter boring, drilling and reaming applications. They are designed with

cutting teeth on the face and edge of the body and can be used to cut a variety of materials in

several directions. In our workpiece we created a hexagon using the end mill cutter and defined

th opertaion using the axis reffered in the CAD Diagram.

Threading

Threading is a manufacturing and metal processing method used to create the helical detailed

edges of a screw to enable it to be fastened to another piece of wood, metal or material. The

threading is done on the workpiece by setting a pitch of 2.5mm and for threaded length of 28mm.

Figure 9:Threading operation

Conclusion:

To conclude, the machining of the workpiece provided an in-depth knowledge regarding various

machining processes and basic working procdures to achieve the final geometry. The multiple

steps and oeprations performed on the CNC Turning machine illuminated various aspects of

different working conditon ad varying machining parameters.

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