í

22 Unit4

Switch on
Look at the picture of a mountain bike and its rider. B i k e c o m p o n e n t s M a t e r i a ls Re ason
Match the items of the rider's clothing and the bike
compon e n ts to t h e m a t e ri a ls in t h e t a bl e . rubber goodgrip

bra k e c a bl es nms s }€{ ts b r a i d e ds t e e l v erystrong

h e lm e t sa ddl e tyresa nd p e d a ls
frame sho esol es w h e e lb e arings hard

a l u m i n i u ma l l o y l i g h t s, t r o n g
Ri d e r'sc l o t h i n g Ma t erial Re ason

shorts titanium l i g h t e ra n d
K e v l a ra n d n y l o n a e r o d y n a m i c
s t r o n g e rt h a n s t e e l ,
w e a r - r e s is t na t
h i g h l yc o r r os i o n -
rubber g o o dg ri p r e s is t an t

p o l ys t y r e n e a n ds t ro n g , nylon l i g h t ,f l e x i b l e
polycarbonate lightw eight-
2 5 0g r a m m e s
 T e c h n o l o giyn s p o r t 2 3

l n t h i su n i t
o k e yt e r m sf o r e n g i n e e r i n m
g a t e r i a l su s e di n s p o r t s
e q u i p m e nat n dt h e i rp r o p e r t i e s
a use dto , use dfor, m a d eof , m a d e from
o s p e a k i n ga n d w r i t i n ga b o u t m a t e r i a l s
o h o w t o u s ec o r r e c it n t o n a t i o nf o r o u e s t i o n s

I t'sm y j ob C o m p l e t et h e t a b l e w i t h t h e a d v a n t a g e sa n d
d is a d v a n t a g e so f t h e m a t e r i a ls m e n t i o n e d b y P e d r o
I W h a t do you t hin k a r e t h e most import a n t f a c tors in
choosingm a t e r Í a ]sfor a blk e? Re a d a bcru tPe dro Material Advantages Disa dv a nt a g es
F e r n a n d e za, B i k e M a k e r , a n d c h e c ky o u Í a n S W e rS .
steel

Pe droF e rn a n d e z Bi
: k e Ma k e r aluminium

W h e n I choose a m a t e ri a l for a bik e fra m e , I h a v e to

t hin k a bou t t h e prop e rti es of t h e m a t e ri a l . Ho w e l astic titanium
Í sit? I f you b e nd or str e tch it , w i I I it go b a c k to its
origin a l sh a p e? I f it do es,it h as high e l asticity .Ho w
strongis it? T h e r e a r e t w o kinds of str e ng t h .T h e first is c a r b o nf i b r e
ho w m uch forc e you n e e d to b e nd it to a poin t w h e r e it
c a n't go b a c k to its origin a l sh a p e .T h e se cond is t h e
a mou n t of forc e you n e e d to br e a k it .
St e e lis t h e l e ast e xp e nsiv e choic e .T h e r e'sa w id e ra ng e o L a n g u a g e sp o t
of st a nd a rd g a ug e t ub es a v a il a bl e . I t'sstrong a nd it h as
used to, used Í or,made of, made from
good e l asticity bu t it's h e a vy .
Alu miniu m is l Í gh ta nd strong bu t it ,s fl e xibl e . T h e S t u d y t h e w a y s o f d e s c r i b i n gh o w m a t e r i a ls a r e u s e d :
mor e it b e nds,t h e quic k e r Í tbr e a ks.So a lu miniu m bik e S t e e lis u s e d t o m a k e t h e b e a r Í n g s .
fra m esuse l a rg e di a m e t e r t ub es. T h a t limits t h e T i t a n i' u mí su s e d f o r m a k i n g t h e f r a m e .
a mou n t of b e nding . T h e w h e e lsa r e m a d e o f a l u m i . n i . u m alloy.
A bik e is m a d e from m a n y d { f e r e n t m a t e r Í a ls.
T it a niu m h as a gr e a t str e ng t h . to . w e igh t ra t Í o I. t ,sgot
good e l asticity so w h e n it b e nds it t e nds to r e t urn to its W e c a n a d d a r e a s o nt o e x p l a i n t h e c h o i c e o f
origin a l sh a p e .I t's corros Í on .r esist a nso t you don , t m a t erial :
n e e d to p a in t it . Bu t it's e xp e nsiv e
S t e e lis u s e d t o m a k e t h e b e a r i n g sb e c a u s ei t is h a r d .
- frf t e e n tim es t h e pric e of st e e l!
D Go to Gra m m a r r e f e r e nc e p . 117
T h e prof ess Í on a lsuse c a rbon
fibr e . I t'sv e ry ligh t a nd it's v e ry I C o r r e c tt h e e r r o rsi n t h e s e s e n t e n c e s .
strong .You c a n sh a p e it a n y w a y 1 R u b b e ris u s e d f o r m a k e t h e t y r e s .
vou lik e . Bu t c a rbon-fibr e 2 T h e fra m e is m a d e tit a niu m .
fra m es a r e h a nd-m a d e 3 K e v l a r is u s e d t o m a k i n g t h e r i d e r'sc l o t h i n g .
so th e y'rev ery 4 B e c a u s el t ls v e r y s t r o n g ,b r a i d e d s t e e i is u s e d t o
e xp e nsiv e . b r a k ec a b l e s .
5 C a r b o n f i b r e Í su s e d m a k e r a c i n g b i k e f r a m e s .
6 S t e e lis m a d e i r o n a n d c a r b o n .

2 E xpl a in t h e choic e of m a t e ri a ls for e a ch of t h e it e ms in

the table ono.22.
F

24 Unit4

3 Identify the maln material in items of sports

e quipm e n t 1-10 .T ic k ( / ) t h e m a t e ri a l use d .Mor e t h a n
on e a nsw e r is possibl e ln som e c ases.

1 b a s e b a lbl a t

nylon f i b r e - g l a ss
\- aluminium aluminium
-L-
p l a s t i cl a m i n a t e s
\

2 footb a ll 7 ic e sk a t es

leather nylon
p o l y ur e t h a n e h i g h c a r b o ns t e e l
f i b r e - g l a ss w ood

3 v a u l t i n gp o l e 8 c r a s hh e l m e t

n y ro n Kevlar
Kevlar titanium
f i b r e - g l a ss plastic

4skpoles\ bobsl e igh

aluminium ste el
graphite pvc

carbon-fibre aluminium

h a n gg l i d e r

g r a p h i t ec o m p os i t e s a l u m i n i u ma n d
poly est e r
nylon
wood and nylon
w ood
wood and acrylic
 T c c h n o l o giyn s p o r t 2 5

T h a n k st o t h e l a r g em u l t i - c o m p o n e nc ot r ea n d a c o v e r
m a d e o f a s o f t ,t h i n ,h i g h -p e r f o r m an c e u r e t h a n eg, o l f e r s
a r e d r i v ir r go v e r2 0 y a r d sf u r t h e ro n a v e r a g e .
Gol f b a ll a d v e rt is e m e n t

Pron u n ci a tion Voc a bulary

I n t o n a t i o fno r q u e s t i o n s D e s c r i b i n gm a t e r i a ls
I n f o r m a t i o no r u , h - q u e s t i o n bs e g i n w i t h a q u e s t i o n 1 S t u d y t h e w o r d s u s e d t o d e s c r i b em a t c r " i a lsF. i l l t h e
w ord w ho ,w h a t , w h e r e ,w h en , ho w .Your rroic ego es g a ps.Most of t h e w ords h a v e b e e n use d ln t his u nit .
do w n on t h e l ast import a n t w ord in a n in form a tion
qu estion . Ad j e c tiv e

I f ) t . is t e nt o t h e e x a m p l e s . 7 e l astic e l asticity
(,
plasticity
W h e r ea r e you fron t?
o 3 strong
W h a td o y o u s t u d y ?
c o r r os i o n- r e si s t an c e
Y c s/ N o q u c s t i o n se x 1 ; r : ci hL c a n s n r e rY e so r l / o f h e y
don't con t a in qu estions. " rrords. Your rroic ego es up on 5 w e a r - r e s is t na t
t h e l a s t i r n p o r t a n tw o r d i n Y e s / N o q u e s t i o n s .
6 brittle
2 f ) I i s t c n t o t l r ce x a r n p l c s
o 7 h ar dn e s s
Ar e you I lt tlk . u t?
ö tough
o
D o y o u s l t ct k L' t ' t g l is h ? flexibility

3 Q L i s t r : n t o t h es h o r ti l i a k - . ' g rarne d m a r k t h c
Ch e c k t h e m e a ning of a n y u trf a m Í ii a rw ords irsing t h e
in tcn a tioir.
Glossa ry on p . i31 .T h e n fili t h e g a ps in se n t e nc es 1-8
w it h t h e corr e c tr, vordfrom t h e t a bl e .
A \ l / h ; rrtn ' r t r ' r i ' rdl so r v c r r s cf o r s k i p o l e s T
1 F i b r e - g l a ssis u s e d f o r v a u l t i n g p o l c s b e c a u s ei t 's
I igh t a nd - . I t b e nds v e ry e asily .
B A | i r l r i n i u n -or r c a L t 'o uf i b r e ,I t h i n k ,W h a t a r e
2 You don't n e e d to u a in t tit a niu m b e c a use it's
f o o t b a l lsm a d e o f ?

3 B i k e b e a r i n p sa r e n t a d t -f .r o m s t e c ]b e r : a r t s Íe t 's
A I ' n -rir o ts i i r c 1 si t l c a t h c r ?

A m a t e r i a l w h i c h r c t u r n st o i t s o r i g i n a l s h a p ew h e n
B Y c s , I 'i t r - l .tra í n 'V y ' h a t ,tst s c l lt o m a k e b o b s l c Í g h s? you b e nd it h as high --.
í irpitirs'A sk q t tcstiotrsto ch e c k your a nsrv e rst t . l
\ Arc .rk Rubb e r is v e ry --- . You c a n str e tch it
L a n g u a q es p o t 3 . Us e t h e c o r r e c ti n t o n a t i o n w it hou t br e a king it .
D i a m o n c lis a n i n c r e d l b i y s u b s t a n c e As
.
w e ll as j e r,rrcll e ryit, | s som e tirn es use clfor drilling .
G l a ss is v e r y - . l t b r e a k se a s i l y .
8 K e v l a r d o e s n ' tw e a r o u t e a s i i v .I t 's- .
2 6 U n i t4

Gadge t box
Adid as1tra in e rscon t a ina microcompu t ear,b a t t e rya,nda tin y
m o t o ri n t h es o l e . T hter a i n esr e n s e tsh es ur f a c ey o u 'r er u nn i n g
o n a n da d j u s t s t haem o u n ot f s u p p o rpt r o v i d e dl t.a ls o t a k e s
i n t oa c c o u ntth e w e a t h e tl h e w e i g h ot f t h ea t h l e t ea,n dt h e
in t e nsityof t h e sportinga c tivity . T hbea t t e ryl astsfor 100hours.
W h a te ls ec o u l dy o ud o t o i m p r o vteh et r a i n e rs?

Sp e a k in g
Sk a t eboardv snowboard
Sk a t e board
Work in pairs,A and B.Each of you has a diagramof a The body of a skateboardis called a deck.Plywoodis the
pi e c eof sportse quipm e ntWith
. th e h e lp of your most common deck material usedbecauseit's light but
partnerwho has information aboutyour equipment, strong.The front ofthe boardis calledthe nose and the
la b e lyour dia gra m ,a nd compl e t eth e t a bl eb e low .Giv e back is calledthe tail. The nose and tail are tilted up at a
re asonsfor th e choic eof m a t eria lw h erepossibl e . twenty degreeangle.Thesehelp the skateboarder
Stud e ntA Go to p .110. performtricks.
Fixed to the deck are two metal alloy trucks which
Student B
connectto the wheels.Sometruck alloys contain
titanium for strength.The top part of the truck is called
the baseplate.It'sscrewedto the deck.The bottom part
is calledthe hanger.It'sfixed to the wheels,which are
made of po$urethane.The hardnessof the wheels
varies.Very hard wheels are goodfor performancebut
not for rough surfaces.Betweenthe baseplateand the
hangerare bushingswhich providethe spring
mechanismfor turning the board.

List e ning
E x c h an gin g in f orm a t io n
O Listen to this extract from a conversation between
t w o st ud e n ts.T h e n ch a ng e rol es a nd r e p e a t t h e a c tivity
inSp e a k Í ng .

f ) tist e n a g a in to t h e se cond p a rt of t h e con v e rsa tion

a nd compl e t e t h e qu estions.
1 I s i t - f i b r e - g l a ss?
Sno w bo a rd 2 ReallyT - ?
P a r tI M a t e r i a ls 3 O K. Is it t h e sa m e - ?
Component use d 4 What's - ?
5 Righ t . I mport a n t on sno w W h a t -t h e
edge? - made of.p-tex as well?
6 - it t urns a nd do es tr Í c ks?
O K. O h , a nd t h ese stra ps - - m a d e of
nylon?
 T e c h n o l o g yi n s p o r t 2 7

Ch e cklist
Assessyour progr essin t his u nit .
T ic k ( / ) t h e st a t e m e n tsw hich a r e tru e .

I k n o wt h e w o r d sf o r t h e m a i n
m a t e r i a l su s e di n s p o r t st e c h n o l o g y

I c a n d e s c r i b ew h a t s o m e t h i n gi s
m a d eo f
C ust o m e C
Í a]e I c a n s p e a ka n d w r i t ea b o u tt h e
Ma k in g Í e co mm e n d a t io ns p r o p e r t i e so f m a t e r i als

M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r e g o o d
e n o u g ht o u n d e rs t a n dm os t o f e a c h t e x t
i n t h i su n i t

Key words
Adjectives
a erodyn a mic
flexible

Nouns
A student of materials science is advising his friend
alloy
ho w to choose t h e righ t sk a t e bo a rd d e c k .His fri e nd is a
be arings
n e w sk a t e bo a rd e r,a nd quit e short a nd ligh t . St udy t h e
c o m p os i t e s
e xpr essionsh e uses to m a k e r e com m e nd a tions.
c o r r os i o n
u I'dgofor a w ood e n d e c k - w ood is mor e r esponsiv e laminate
t h a n pl astic or a composit e . t t performance
. í I f you ,r e going to use it m a inly on t h e str e e t , / , d ply w ood
prop e rty
r e com m e nd a short bo a rd a nd not too w id e so
pvc
you'll h a v e mor e con trol . Your b est b e t í s
ratio
som e t hing a lit tl e l ess t h a n t w e n ty c e n tim e tr es. t t
wear
í í T h esh a p e is import a n t . F or a n e w sk a t e r, I , da dvise
V e rbs
som e t h Í ngsh a llo w - not too d e e p .''
str e tch
Work ln p a irs. Ma k e r e com m e nd a tions a bou t t h e v a ry
sk a t e bo a rdw h e e ls using t his in form a tion .
N o t e h e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u t h o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
Siz e Use d for
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
52-55m m Str e e t ,sk a t e p a rks. Short e r a ndligh t e r
r Í d e rs.
56-60mm Ma ny uses.Stre e tsk , a t ep arks,ra mps.
T a ll era ndh e a vi errid ers. .
60 + mm Sp e ci a lity rid es. Long bo a rds,dirt bo a rds,
hills.

H a rdn ess Use dfor

87A Veryroughsurf a c es,long bo ards,hills.
H a rd a nd dura bl e .Str e e t ,rough surf a c es.
974 Str e e t ,sk a t e p a rks. Smoot h surf a c es.
1004 Very hard.Topprofess Í onals
only.