Foundation Design: Present by Mr. Sieng PEOU Master Science of Geotechnical Engineering

Foundation design
 Present by Mr. Sieng PEOU

 Master science of geotechnical
engineering
 Tel-011 874 974

 email: sieng_2000@yahoo.fr
Type of foundation
 Shallow foundation
1-Spread footing : support the load from
building by column
2-Strip footing : support the load from
building by walls
3-Mat foundation: combined all footing
Type of foundation
 Deep foundation
1- End bearing pile : pile stand on
rocks or very dense soils, so we
have only end bearing capacity
2- Combined bearing pile : pile stand
on normal soils, so we have end
bearing capacity and skin friction
3- Floating pile : pile stand on very
loose or very soft soil, so we have
only skin friction
Spread footing
Q
B
Strip footing
B
Mat foundation
B
End bearing pile
Soft soil layer

Pile
Rock layer
Combined bearing pile
Soft soil layer

Pile
Stiff soil layer

Floating pile
Soft soil layer

Pile
Bearing capacity for Shallow
foundation
 Type of failure
1-General shear failure for dense soil,we
can use C & f for design soils bearing
capacity
2-Local shear failure for loose soil, we can
use C’=2/3 C & f’=arctg(2/3tgf) for
design soils bearing capacity
3-Punching shear failure for very loose
soil,not recommended
General shear failure
Q
Shear line
Local shear failure
Q
Shear line
Punching shear failure
Q
D
Failure mechanisms and derivation of
equations
Ultimate bearing capacity
qu qu
s
S
S
Settlement
Failure mechanisms and derivation of
equations
 A relatively undeformed wedge of soil below the foundation
forms an active Rankine zone with angles (45º + f'/2).
 The wedge pushes soil outwards, causing passive Rankine
zones to form with angles (45º - f'/2).
 The transition zones take the form of log spiral fans.
 For purely cohesive soils (f = 0) the transition zones become
circular for which Prandtl had shown in 1920 that the solution
is qf = (2 + p) Cu = 5.14 Cu
 This equation is based on a weightless soil. Therefore if the
soil is non-cohesive (c=0) the bearing capacity depends on
the surcharge qo. For a footing founded at depth D below the
surface, the surcharge qo = gD. Normally for a shallow
foundation (D<B), the shear strength of the soil between the
surface and the founding depth D is neglected.
Semi-circular slip mechanism
 Moment causing rotation

= load x lever arm
= [(q - qo) x B] x [½B]
 Moment resisting rotation
= shear strength x length of arc x lever arm
= [Cu] x [p.B] x [B]
 At failure these are equal:
(q - qo ) x B x ½B = Cu x p.B x B
 Net pressure (q - qo ) at failure
= 2 p x Cu
 This is an upper-bound solution.
Circular arc slip mechanism
 Moment causing rotation
= load x lever arm
= [ (q - qo) x B ] x [B/2]
 Moment resisting rotation
= shear strength x length of arc x lever arm
= [Cu] x [2a R] x [R]
 At failure these are equal:
(q - qo) x B x B/2 = Cu x 2 a R x R
 Since R = B / sin a :
(q - qo ) = Cu x 4a /(sin a)²
 The worst case is when
 tana=2a at a = 1.1656 rad = 66.8 deg
 The net pressure (q - qo) at failure
 = 5.52 x Cu
Bearing capacity for strip footing
general equation
After Terzaghi (1943)
qd = CNc + gs DNq +0.5 gBNg
f
N q = tan (45  )ep tanf Re issner1924
2
2
Nc = (Nq – 1 ) . Cotgf Prandtl 1921
Ng = 2(Nq + 1)tgf Caquot and Kerisel 1953 Vessic 1973
Bearing capacity for footing
From TSA equation
After Vesic (1973)
qd = 5.14 Cu(1+0.2B/L) + gs D
Cu:Undrained cohesion
B: Width of footing
L: Length of footing
From TSA equation
After Skemton (1951)
qd = 5 Cu(1+0.2B/L)(1+0.2D/B) + gs D
D/B<2.5
B: Width of footing
D: Depth of footing
From TSA equation
After Meyerhof (1951 to 1963)
qd = 5.14 Cu(1+0.2B/L)(1+0.2D/B) + gs D
D/B<2.5
B: Width of footing
From ESA equation
After Vesic (1973)
qd = gs D Nq(1+B/L.tgf)+0.5gBNg(1-0.4B/L)
f: Internal friction angle

B: Width of footing
From ESA equation
After Meyerhof (1951 to 1963)
qd = gs D Nq.Sq.dq+0.5gBNgSgdg
Sq=Sg=10.1KPB/L ; Kp= tg2(45+f/2)

dq=dg=1+0.1 K p D/B
Nq the same Nq Terzaghi ; Ng=(Nq-1)tg(1.4f)

B: Width of footing
From general equation
After Meyerhof (1963)
qd = C.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+gs D Nq. Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5gBNg Fgs.Fgd.Fgi
qnet =C.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+gs D (Nq-1). Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5gBNg Fgs.Fgd.Fgi
Nq by Reissner1924 ; Nc by Prandtl1921 ; Ng by Caquot and

Kerisel 1953 and by Vessic 1973
B: Width of footing
Bearing factor
 Shape factor by De Beer 1970
Fcs=1+B/L.Nq/Nc
Fqs=1+B/L.tgf
Fgs=1-0.4.B/L
 Depth factor by Hansen 1970
Condition D/B<1
 Fcd=1+0.4D/B
 Fqd=1+2.tgf(1-sinf)2D/B
 Fgd=1
Bearing factor
 Depth factor by Hansen 1970
Condition D/B>1
Fcd=1+0.4.arctg(D/B)
Fqd=1+2.tgf(1-sinf)2.arctg(D/B)
Fgd=1
 Inclined factor by Meyerhof 1963 Meyerhof and
Hanna 1981
Fci=Fqi=(1-a/90)2
Fgi=(1-a/f)2
Bearing capacity of mat foundation
 The gross ultimate bearing capacity of a mat
foundation can be determined by the same
equation used for shallow foundation.
 A suitable factor of safety should be used to
calculate the net allowable bearing capacity.For
rafts on clay, the factor of safety should not be
less than 3 under dead load and maximum live
load.However, under the most extreme
conditions,the factor of safety should be at least
1.75 to 2. For rafts constructed over sand,a
factor of safety of 3 should normally be used.
Ultimate bearing capacity equation
for mat foundation on saturated clay
0.195B Df
qnet (u ) = 5.14Cu (1  )(1  0.4 )
L B
Structural
Design of
Mat
Foundation
eX and eY are the load eccentricities in the direction
of the X and Y
X '=
 Q X'
i i
Y'=
 QY' i i
Q Q
B L
e X = X ' e y = Y '
2 2
Conventional Rigid Method
Step1: Calculate the total column load Q =  Qi
Step2: Determine the pressure on the soil (q)

below the mat at point A, B, C…by using the
equation
Q M y X M xY
q=   M x = Qe y M y = Qe x
A Iy Ix
 Where
A=BL
Ix=(1/12)BL3 : moment of inertia about the X
axis
IY=(1/12)LB3 : moment of inertia about the Y
axis
Mx : moment of the column load about the X
axis = Q.eY
MY : moment of the column load about the Y
axis = Q.ex
Step 3: Compare the values of the soil pressures
determine in step 2 with the net allowable soil
pressure to check if q<qall(net)
Step 4: Divide the mat into several strips in X and

Y direction. Let the width of any strip be B1.
Step 5: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for

each individual strip in X and Y direction. For
example, take bottom strip in the X direction its
average soil pressure can be given as:
qav=1/2(ql+qF)
Where ql and qF soil pressures at point I and F

The total soil reaction is equal to qavBB1 because the
shear between the adjacent strips has not been taken
into account. for this reason, the soil reaction and the
column load need to be adjusted
qav BB1   Qi Qav

Qav = qav(mod ified ) = qav
2 qav BB1
b
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
X1 X2 X3
S3 S5 S7
S1 Y1 Y3 Y5
Y6
Y2 Y4
S8
S4
S2 S6
Shear diagram
determine shear on beam
 S1=q.b/2
 S2=S1-Q1
 S3=q(x1+b/2)-Q1
 S4=S3-Q2
 S5=q(x1+x2+b/2)-Q1-Q2
 S6=S5-Q3
 S7=q(x1+x2+x3+b/2)-Q1-Q2-Q3
 S8=S7-Q4
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
X1 X2 X3
M3
M5
M1
M7
M4
S3 S5 S7
M6
S1 Y1 Y3 Y5
M2
Y6
Y2 Y4
S8
S4
S2 S6
Moment diagram
Determine moment
 M1=q.b2/8
 M2=0.5q(Y1+b/2)2 - Q1Y1
 M3=0.5q(X1+b/2)2 - Q1X1
 M4=0.5q(b/2+X1+Y3)2 - Q1(X1+Y3)-Q2Y3
 M5=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2)2 - Q1(X1+X2)-Q2X2
 M6=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2+Y5)2 - Q1(X1+X2+Y5) -
Q2(X2+Y5)-Q3Y5
 M7=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2+X3)2 – Q1(X1+X2+X3)-
Q2(X2+X3)-Q3X3
Also, the column load modification factor is
Qav
F=
 Qi
So the modified column load are FQi
Now the shear and moment diagram for this strip can
be drawn. this procedure can be repeated for all
strips in the X and Y direction.
Step 6: determine depth of the mat d. This can be done
by checking for diagonal tension shear near various
column. According to ACI Code 318-95(section
11.122.1c). For critical section

U = b0 d f (0.34) f 'c 
Where:
-U : Factored column load (MN)=F
-f : Reduction factor =0.85
-f’c : Compressive strength of concrete 28 days
(MN/M2)
The unit of b0 and d in the preceding equation
are in meters. The expression of b0 in term of
d, which depends on the location of the
column with respect to the plan of the mat, can
be obtained from Figure 4.8c.
Step 7: from the moment diagrams of all strips in

a given direction (that is X or Y), obtain the
maximum positive and negative moments per
unit width M’=M/B1
Step8: Determine the areas of steel per unit width for
positive and negative reinforcement in X and Y
directions from the following equations.
a AS f y
M U = M ' (load . factor) = fAS f y (d  ) a=
2 0.85 f 'c b
Where:
-As: area of steel per unit width
-fY :Yield stress of reinforcement in tension
-Mu :Factored moment
Verify the stable of footing
D
gs Qs
Qf
Qtotal=Q+Qf+Qs
g B&L
Q- load apply by column
c Qf –load of footing
f Qs –load of soil above footing
Depth of footing
2
qtotal 1  sin f 
D=  
g 1  sin f 
Allowable bearing capacity
 Net ultimate bearing capacity
qnet=qd-gs.D
 Net allowable bearing capacity
qnetall=qnet/FS
FS-Safety factor =3
 Gross allowable bearing capacity
qall=qnetall+gs.D
Verify stable of footing
Q
q all
net = We find value of B
BL
And verify the stable of
footing from equation
Qtotal
qall 
BL
Structural Design of Foundation
1-Shear force
Critical section for one way shear capacity Ly/Lx>2
a
d
b Lx
d
d
d=effective depth
Ly
Vu Vu-factored vertical shear force

v = Lx-breadth of critical section
Lx d
Critical section for two way shear capacity Ly/Lx<2
a
d/2
b Lx
d
d/2
d=effective depth
Ly
Vu
v = bo-periphery of the critical section
b0 d
Limiting of effective depth
Ly a
=
Lx b
Lx  b
 (d a & d b )  Ly  a
4
Q b Q a Q
Lx Ly  : Lx  . orL y  .
qall a qall b qall
 If the reinforcement is not provided, the nominal
shear stress at the critical section should not
exceed K 
s c
k = 0.5  
s e
e =
Short dimension of column or pedestal
Long dimension of column or pedestal
 c = 0.25 s ck N / mm2
s ck = compression strength of concrete

Transfer of Load at Base of Column
 The permissible bearing stress on full area of concrete
is given by:
s br = 0.45s ck
Where s br is the bearing stress and
s ck is the compressive strength of concrete

Transfer of Load at Base of Column
 Since the footing area is much larger then the

column area, the permissible bearing stress for
concrete in such case be specified as
A1
s br = 0.45s ck  0.90s ck
A2
 A1=maximum area of the portion of the supporting

surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric
with the loaded area
 A2=loaded area at the column base
Bearing area in a stepped or sloped footing
Loaded area A2
Loaded area A1
Slope 2 horizontal : 1 vertical

Reinforcement of Dowel bars
 Minimum area of extended longitudinal bars or dowels
must be 0.5% of cross-section area of the supported
column or pedestal.
 A minimum of four bars must be provided.
 If dowels are used, their diameter should not exceed
the diameter of the column bars by more than 3mm
 Column bars of diameter larger than 36mm, in
compression only can be doweled into the footing with
bars of smaller diameters. The dowel must extend into
the column a distance equal to the development
length of the column bars. at the same time, the dowel
must extend vertically into the footing up to a distance
equal to the development length of the dowel
Reinforcement of Dowel bars
Column bars
Angles 45degree
Dowel bars
Bond length in
compression for
anchorage
Tensile Reinforcement
 In one way reinforced footings, the reinforcement
must be distributed uniformly across the full width of
the footing
 In two way reinforced square footing, the
reinforcement extending in each direction must be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the
footing.
 In two way reinforced rectangular footing, the
reinforcement in the longer direction should be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the
footing. The reinforcement in the short direction
should be provided by dividing the length in three
zones :
Zones for reinforcement in a
rectangular footing
Ly
End Central End

Lx Zone Zone Zone
0.5(Ly-Lx) Lx 0.5(Ly-Lx)
The reinforcement in the central zone should be provided in
accordance with the following equation
A to= area of reinforcement in center
band
2 At
Ato = At=total area of reinforcement in the
Ly shorter direction
1
Lx Lx=length of the shorter side
Ly=length of the longer side
Ate=area of reinforcement in one end
band
The reinforcement in each of the three
zone must be distributed uniformly
The reinforcement in each of the end zone should be provided in

accordance with the following equation
Ate = 0.5( At  Ato )

Structural Design
The bending moment at any section is equated to the resisting moment
 f y Ast   6 
M = 0.87 f y Ast  d   f
Ast = 0.5 ck 1  1  4. 6 M 10  Bd
 f ck B  fy  f Bd 2 
 ck 
M=bending moment
fck=Compressive strength of concrete
fy=Yield strength of steel
d=effective depth of the cross-section of the footing
B=width of footing
Ast=area of steel reinforcement
Limiting moment of resistance
values (N.mm)
Grade of Fe 250 steel Fe 415 steel Fe 500 steel
concrete
General 0.148.fck.b.d2 0.138.fck.b.d2 0.133.fck.b.d2
M15 2.22 bd2 2.07 bd2 2.0 bd2
M20 2.96 bd2 2.76 bd2 2.66 bd2
M25 3.70 bd2 3.45 bd2 3.33 bd2

Limiting tensile steel in rectangular
section
Grade of Percentage of tensile steel
concrete
N/mm2 250N/mm2 415N/mm2 500N/mm2
15 1.32 0.72 0.57
20 1.76 0.96 0.76
25 2.2 1.19 0.94
30 2.64 1.43 1.13

Structural design for square footing
Q
Soil pressure A=
qall
Approximate weight of footing including earth Qtotal = g s DA  Q

Qtotal
Actual area of footing required Aact =
qall
1.5Q
The net earth pressure acting upward due to q=
factored load Aact
Where 1.5 is the partial safety factor

Bending moment
 B b 1
2
M = q B  
 2  2
Bending moment at any section is given by: M = 0.138 f ck Bd 2
M
The effective depth required is d=
0.138  f ck  B
B b
Verify d with the condition  (d a & d b )  L  a
4
Reinforcement
The area tension steel can be obtained by solving the quadratic
equation
f ck  4. 6 M 10 6 
Ast = 0.5 1  1   Bd
fy  f Bd 2 
 ck 
Ast 100
Percent reinforcement Pr =
Bd
maximum spacing of bars from

center to center @ max = 0.75d
Critical section for moment and one
way shear
X Y
d
Critical section for moment and
Two way shear
X Y
d/2
Shear force
 B  b  
For shear – One - Way Action Vu = q  B    d
 2  
Nominal shear stress  v =

Vu
Bd
c =
0.85
6
0.8 f ck  1  5 1) =
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
For shear – Two - Way Action 

Vu = q B  b d )
2 2

Vu
Nominal shear stress v =   'c = K s  0.25 f ck
b0 d
b
b0 = 4  (b  d ) K s = 0.5 
a
1
Development length of reinforcement
Design bond stress bd for mild steel bars

Concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
bd N/mm2 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
0.87 f ckf  B b 
Ld =   50 
4 1.6  bd  2 
where 1.6 is a factor due to deformed bars
 B b 
Actual embedment provided from the face of the column   50 
 2 
Load transfer from Column to Footing
Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete
1.5Q
s cr =  0.45 f ck
Af
Allowable bearing stress 0.45 f ck

Determine deflection of footing
Young’s modulus of concrete E f = 4700 f ck
Bd 3
Moment of inertia of the beam concrete If =
12
1  Es B 4  Es
Modulus of subgrade reaction Ks = 0.65  12 
B(mm)  E f I f  1   2
Maximum deflection (mm) Where:
1.5qall Es=Young’s modulus of soil

=
Ks  = Poisson’s ratio of soil
1.5= Load factor
Reinforcement in the footing base
both ways
(n bars)
b
b
B
Diagram of Moment Shear and Deflection
Q
d
B 
q
0 0
Mmax
Smax
0 0
Smax
Structural design for Rectangular
footing
Q
Soil pressure A=
qall
Approximate weight of footing including earth Qtotal = g s DA  Q
Qtotal
Actual area of footing required Aact = = B L
qall
1.5Q
The net earth pressure acting upward due to q=
factored load Aact
Bending moment
 B b 1
2
 La 1
2
M1 = q  B     M2 = q L  
 2  2  2  2
Take value maximum of bending moment for determine d
Bending moment at any section is given by: M 1 = 0.138 f ck Ld 2
M
The effective depth required is d=
0.138  f ck  L
B b
Verify d with the condition  (d a & d b )  L  a
4
Reinforcement
equation for moment M1
f ck  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast1 = 0.5 1  1  1  Bd
fy  f Bd 2 
 ck 
equation for moment M2
f ck  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast 2 = 0.5 1  1  2  Ld
fy  f Ld 2 
 ck 
Percent reinforcement
Ast1 100
Pr =
Bd
Reinforcement
2 Ast 2
Ast 2( B ) =
Area in central band of width B is given by L
1
B
Ast 2  Ast 2( B )
Remaining area in each end band strip Ast ( remain) =
2
LB
This remaining bars provided in each end band of width =
2
Shear force
 L  a  
For shear – One - Way Action Vu = q  B    d
 2  
Nominal shear stress  = Vu   = 0.85 0.8 f

v
Bd
c
6
ck  1  5 1) =
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
For shear – Two - Way Action F = qBL  a  d )b  d )
F
v =   'c = K s  0.25 f ck
2a  d )  b  d )d
Nominal shear stress
b
K s = 0.5   1
a
Development length of reinforcement
Design bond stress bd for mild steel bars

Concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
bd N/mm2 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
0.87 f ckf  B b 
Ld =   50 
4 1.6  bd  2 
where 1.6 is a factor due to deformed bars
 B b 
Actual embedment provided from the face of the column   50 
 2 
Load transfer from Column to
Footing
Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete
1.5Q A1
s cr =  0.45 f ck
Af A2
Allowable bearing stress

A1
0.45 f ck
A2
A1 = a  2  d ) A2 = a  b
2
Bd 3
12
1  Es B 4  Es
B(mm)  E f I f  1   2

=
1.5= Load factor
(L-B)/2 B (L-B)/2
L
a
L
When effect water table
D1 Water level case I

D D2
d B
Water level case II
When effect water table
1-In case I if the water table is located so that
0<D1<D, so we will change the factor
gs.D g.D1+D2(gsat-gw)
Also value g in the last term of the equation has
to be replaced by g’= (gsat-gw)
2-In case II for a water table located so 0<d<B
value g in the last term of the equation has to be
replaced by gcal= g’+d/B.(gg’)
Stable of footing when effect
inclined load
qall>V/(BL) Q
H
Tall>H a
V=Q.Cos a T Q V
B
H=Q.Sin a
T=V.tg(2/3f)+2/3.C.B.L.
Tall=T/1.5
When effect 0ne way bending
moment
We change B to B’ for calculate bearing capacity
Q
B’=B-2eB
MB
eB=MB/Q
B
Footing when effect one way bending moment
When eB<B/6 Q
Q Qe B B
Varying pressure MB q = 
BB ' 2I
MB QeB B
y=
I I 2
Q 6eB
= (1 
3
B' B qmax )
I= BB ' B
12
Q=axial load
= B
MB=moment
eB=eccentricity measure
from the center line of the
footing + B’
I=moment of inertial of the
footing
Y=B/2
Verify stable of footing when
effect one way bending moment
When eB<B/6 qall  qmax
Q
MB
Q 6eB Q 6eB
qmin = (1  ) qmax = (1  )
BB ' B BB ' B
effect one way bending moment
When eB>B/6 qall  qmax
Q
MB
4Q
qmax =
3B( B  2eB )
Not recommended
Foundation with two way
Eccentricity
For calculate bearing capacity we have to change:
Q
B to B’=B-2eB ML
L to L’=L-2eL MB
A’=B’*L’ L
eB=MB/Q
eL=ML/Q B
effect two way bending moment
Qult= qu’.A’
Case eL/L>1/6
eB/B>1/6
B1=B(1.5-3eB/B)
L1=L(1.5-3eL/L)
B’=A’/L
Verify stable of footing when effect
two way bending moment
Qult= qu’.A’
Case 1/6<eL/L<0.5
0<eB/B<1/6
A’=0.5(L1+L2)B
B’=A’/L1
Verify stable of
footing when effect
two way bending
moment
Qult= qu’.A’
Case eL/L< 1/6
1/6<eB/B< 0.5
A’=0.5(B1+B2)L
B’=A’/L
Verify stable of footing
when effect two way
bending moment
Qult= qu’.A’
Case eL/L< 1/6
eB/B< 1/6
A’= L2B+0.5(B+B2)(L-L2)
B’=A’/L
Footing on two layer
D gs
c1 g1 f1 d1
B
c2 g2 f2
Bearing capacity of footing
on two layer
1- Determine influenced thickness
H=0.5Btg(45+f1/2)
If H<d1 : our footing not effect on second layer,
so we calculate the soils bearing capacity by
using values C1,g1,f1
If H>d1 : our footing effect on second layer, so
we calculate the soils bearing capacity by using
condition as follows:
Bearing capacity of footing on
two layer
From TSA condition
1- Design CR=CU2/CU1
1,5d1
If CR<1 : Nc =  5,14CR < 5.14 for strip footing
B
3d1
Nc =  6,05CR < 6.05 for spread footing
B
so we calculate the soils bearing capacity by using

equation
qnet=C u1NC
If CR>0.7 the value of NC is decrease 10%
on two layer
If CR>1 :
0,5B 1,1B
for strip footing N1 =  4,14 N2 =  4,14
d1 d1
for spread footing N1 =

0,33B
 5,05 N2 =
0,66 B
 5,05
d1 d1
N1  N 2
Nc = 2
N1  N 2
so we calculate the soils bearing capacity by
using equation
qnet=C u1NC
on two layer
From general equation 1
1- Determine the average values of soils
parameter
d1f1  ( H  d1 )f 2 d1c1  ( H  d1 )c2
f'= c' =
H H
2- Determine the soils bearing capacity by

using values
C’ and f’
on two layer
1- Determine the bearing capacity for first layer
qnet1 = C1.Nc.(1+0.3B/L) +gs D (Nq-1)+0.5g1BNg (1-0.2B/L)
2- Determine the soils bearing capacity for

second layer
qnet2= C2.Nc.(1+0.3B/L) +(gs D+g1d1) (Nq-1) +0.5.g2.BNg (1-0.2B/L)

on two layer
1- Determine the bearing capacity for first layer
qnet1 = C1.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+gs D (Nq-1). Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5g1BNg Fgs.Fgd.Fgi
2- Determine the soils bearing capacity for

second layer
qnet2= C2.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+(gs D+g1d1) (Nq-1). Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5.g2.BNg Fgs.Fgd.Fgi

on two layer
3- Determine the bearing capacity
P  PV K s tan f1 Pd1C1 < q
qnet = qnet 2   net1
Af Af
P = 2(B+L)
Pv = 0.5 g1 d12+ gs D d1
Ks =1-sinf1
Af =BL
Bearing capacity from in situ
test
 From static cone penetration test
qc
1- for B<1.22m qallowable =
15
qc 3,28B  1
2- for B>1.22m qallowable =  )2
25 3,28B
 From dynamic cone penetration test

Rd
qallowable =
20
Bearing capacity from in situ test
 From standard penetration test SPT by Meyerhof(1965)
1- for B<1.22m
N 60  D   S e (mm) 
q net ( KN / m ) =
all 2
1  0.33  
0.05  B   25 
2- for B>1.22m
N 60  B  0.3 
2
 D   S e (mm) 
q net ( KN / m ) =
all 2
  1  0.33  
0.08  B   B   25 
Combined footing
Rectangular combined footing
Q1+Q2 Q2
b1 Q1 X1 b2
L3
L1 L2
Section
q
Plan B
L
Deflection under Combined footing in both direction
Q1+Q2 Q2
Q1
L1 X L3 L2
L
Design dimension of rectangular
combined footing
 Determine the area of the footing Q1  Q2

A=
qall( net )
 Determine the location of the resultant of the

column loads Q2 .L3
X =
Q1  Q2
 For uniform distribution of soil pressure under
the foundation, the resultant of the column
loads should pass through the centroid of the
foundation.Thus,
L = 2( L1  X )
Design dimension of rectangular
combined footing
 Once the length L is determined,obtain the

value of L1
L1 = L  L2  L3
 Note that the magnitude of L2 will be known and

depends on the location of the property line
 The width of the foundation then is A
B=
L
Structural design of Combined footing
Longitudinal bending moment and shear
S2
S3
L1 X2
X1 L2
S1
M max
S4
M1 M2
 Net upward soil pressure q=1.5qallB
 Where 1.5 is load factor
 Maximum shear force at the center line of
column 1: S1=-qL1 and S2=1.5Q1-S1
 Maximum shear force at the center line of
column 2: S3=qL3 and S4=S3-1.5Q2
 Point of zero shear force from the center line
of column 1:
S2/X1=(value absolute of S4)/(L3-X1)
 Maximum moment computed from left side:
 M max=0.5q(L1+X1)2-1.5Q1X1
 Maximum moment computed from right side:
 M max=0.5q(L3+X2)2-1.5Q2X2
 Take value maximum of 2 moment max in
calculation
 Bending moment at face of column 1:
 M1=0.5q(L1-0.5b1)2
 Bending moment at face of column 2:
 M2=0.5q(L2-0.5b2)2
The effective depth required is
M
d=
0.138  f ck  L
Main negative longitudinal reinforcement
f  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast = 0.5 ck 1  1  max  Bd
fy  f Bd 2 
 ck 
development length of reinforcement

0.87 f ckf  B  b 
Ld =   50 
4  bd  2 
Percentage of reinforcement
Ast1 100
Pr =
Bd
Shear force
b 
For shear – One - Way Action column 2 Vu = S 4  q   2  d 
2 
V
Nominal shear stress  v = u   c =
Bd
0.85
6
0.8 f ck  1  5 1) =
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
For shear – Two - Way Action: the critical section is taken at a distance 0.5d
away from face of column. the net shear force at the periphery given by :
2
 b2 d 
F = 1.5Q1  qall   
 2 2
F
Nominal shear stress v =   'c = K s  0.25 f ck
 d
4b2   d
 2
b
K s = 0.5   1
a
Point of inflection
 Let us assume that zero bending moment
occurs at a distance x from the center of
column 1. then taken moment about the point
of inflection : 0.5q(L1+x)2-1.5Q1x=0
 Similarly the point of inflection near column 2
can be obtained, that is : 0.5q(L2+x)2-1.5Q2X=0
Positive longitudinal reinforcement at bottom of footing
beyond column face
The area of tension steel is given by:
f  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast1 = 0.5 ck 1  1  1  Bd
fy  f Bd 2 
 ck 
f  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast 2 = 0.5 ck 1  1  2  Bd
fy  f Bd 2 
 ck 
Transverse reinforcement
 Effective depth :
 d=adopt overall depth-cover-f (bar)
 Width of bending strip at column 1:
 b1+2d so width available to the left of outer face of
column 1is L1-b1/2 then (B1)=L1+b1/2+d
 Factored upward pressure under column1:q=1.5Q1/B
 Bending moment at the face of column 1:
 M=0.5q((B-b1)/2)2
f ck  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast1 = 0.5 1  1  B d
fy  f B d 2  1
 ck 1 
Factored upward pressure under column2:
q=1.5Q2/B
Bending moment at the face of column 2:
M=0.5q((B-b2)/2)2
Width of bending strip at column B(2)=b2+2d
f  4. 6 M 10 6 
Ast1 = 0.5 ck 1  1  B d
fy  f B d 2  2
 ck 2 
Bd 3
12
1  Es B 4  Es
B(mm)  E f I f  1   2

=
1.5= Load factor
B1 B2
L
Combined footing
Trapezoidal combined footing
Q1 Q1+Q2 Q2
X
L2 L3 L1
Section
Plan
B1 B2
L
Design dimension of trapezoidal
combined footing
Q1  Q2
 Determine the area of the footing A=
qall( net )
B1  B2
 And we have relation A= L
2
 Determine the location of the resultant of the

column loads Q2 .L3
X =
Q1  Q2
Design dimension of trapezoidal
combined footing
 From the property of a trapezoid, we have

 B1  2 B2  L
X  L2 =  
 B1  B2  3
 With Known values of A,L,X and L2 we can find
values of B1 and B2, Note that for a trapezoid,
L L
 X  L2 
3 2
Combined footing
Cantilever footing
Q1 Q2
b1 b2
S
Section
R2
e R
1
L1 B2
Plan
Design dimension of
Cantilever footing
 Design arm moment for soils reaction
strength R1
S’=S-e (value of e is proposed by designer)
 Design soils reaction strength
R1 = Q1
S
S'
R2 = Q2 
Q1.e
S'
R2 = Q1  Q2  R1
Design dimension of
Cantilever footing
 Design the dimension of first footing
R1  b1  A1
A1 = L1 = 2 e   B1 =
 2
all
q net L1
 C is length of column
 Design the dimension of second footing
R2 A2
A2 = all B2 =
q net L2
Structural design for strap footing
1.5Q1  Q2 )
p =
Net stress soil pressure intensity is given by
A1  A2
0
Where A1 is the area of footing 1

A2 is the area of footing 2
Design of footing slap for column 1 a1 = b1  b1 )

1
2
a12
Maximum bending moment of footing slap for column 1 M 1 = p0 B1
2
The effective depth required is d =
M1
0.138  f ck  B1
1
f ck  4. 6 M 10 6 
Reinforcement Ast1 = 0.5 1  1  1 B d
fy  f B d 2  1 1
 ck 1 
0.12
Reinforcement in another direction Ast = B1d1
100
Design of footing slap for column 2 a2 =
1
B2  b2 )
2
a22
Maximum bending moment of footing slap for column 2 M 2 = p0 B2
2
M2
The effective depth required is d2 =
0.138  f ck  B2
f ck  4. 6 M 10 6 
Reinforcement Ast 2 = 0.5 1  1  2 B d
fy  f B d 2  2 2
 ck 2 
0.12
Reinforcement in another direction Ast = B2 d 2
100
Bending moment and shear force
diagrams strap beam
 Upward load q per meter run on strap beam is
given by:
 q1=p0B1 and q2=p0B2
 Downward load of column 1:W1=1.5Q1/b1
 Downward load of column 2:W2=1.5Q2/b2
 Shear force at the inner face of column 1:
 S1=q1(b1/2-b1/2)
 Shear force at the outer face of column 1:
 S2=1.5Q1-q1b1/2
 Shear force at the edge D:
 S3=S4=1.5Q1-q1B1
 Shear force at the inner face of column 2:
 S5=q2(B2/2)-1.5Q2
 Shear force at the outer face of column 2:
 S6=q2(B2-b2)/2
 In the range EF shear force is zero at distance
x from F and its value is given by:
 value absolute of S5-q2[x-(a2+b2)]
 The hogging bending moment is maximum at
this section, its value given by
 M1=q2.x2/2-W2.b2.(x-a2-b2/2)
 Bending moment at the edge D is given by:
 M2=q1.B12/2-W1.b1(B1-b1/2)
 Bending moment at the outer face of column 2
is given by:
 M3=q2(a22/2)
 Take the value maximum of moment into the
calculation:
 Effective depth of beam d = M2
0.138  f ck  bs
 Where bs is the width of beam

Reinforcement
f  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast1 = 0.5 ck s 1  1  1 b d
For bending moment M1
fy  f b d 2  s
 ck s 
f  4.6 M 10 6 
For bending moment M2 Ast 2 = 0.5 ck 1  1  2 b d
fy  f b d 2  s
 ck s 
Take value maximum of Ast
These bars should be checked for development length to safety the

criteria :
M2
 L0  Ld =
0.87 f y
f L0 = max{12f : d}
F4 4 bd
Shear diagram
L1 B2
C A D E F
W1 W2
q1 q2
S2 S6
S3 S4
S1
S5
Shear and Moment diagram
M2
M1 M3
C A D E F
W1 W2
q1 q2
S2 S6
S3 S4
S1 S5
x
 Near support 2:
 L0=b2/2-cover+anchorage(13f)
M2 0.87 f y
 L0  Ld = f
F5 4 bd
 The required total depth: D=d+10+0.5f+cover

 Similarly at the outer face of column 2 :
f  4.6 M 10 6 
Ast = 0.5 ck s 1  1  3 b D
fy  f b D 2  s
 ck s 
These bars should be checked for development length to safety the
criteria :
0.87 f y
L0 = max{12f : D}
M3
1.3  L0  Ld = f
F6 4 bd
reinforcement for diagonal tension
Percentage of reinforcement
Ast 100
Pr =
bs  d
Nominal shear stress

Vc
bs d
=c =
0.85
6
0.8 f ck  1  5  1) =
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
Shear reinforcement is necessary wherever shear force exceeds Vc, so
Vus = S  Vc Sv =
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus
p
For 4- legged stirrups Asv = 4 f
4
 Determine Vus and Sv at point S1 , S5 and S6
 Maximum spacing of nominal stirrups is given
by:
2.5 f y Asv
Sv min =
b
Sv max = 0.75d  450mm

Steel arrangement
Q1 Q2
Section
L1 B2
Plan
Rock quality
 Rock quality designation(RQD) is an index or
measure of the quality of a rock mass(Stagg and
Zienkiewicz 1968) used by many engineers.RQD
is computed from recovered core samples as
 length of intact pieces of core  100mm
RQD =
Length of core advance
 A core advance of 1500mm produced a sample

length of 1310mm consisting of dust,gravel,and
intact pieces of rock.The sum of length of pieces
100mm or larger in length is 890mm.The recovery
ratio Lr=1310/1500=0.87 and RQD=890/1500=0.59
Allowable Bearing capacity of
rock
 The allowable bearing capacity is
depending on geology,rock type,and
quality(as RQD).
 If RQD>0.8 would not require as high an
FS as for RQD=0.4.
 We take FS from 6 to 10 for RQD less
than about 0.75
Bearing capacity for sound rock
 f F=45 degree for most rock except
quc = 2c' tan  45  
 2 limestone or shale where values
between 38 to 45 degree.
f
N q = tan 6 (45  ) Similarly we could in most cases
2
estimate Cu=5MPa as a
f
N c = 5 tan 4 (45  ) conservative value.
2
Ng = N q  1 And finally we may reduce the
ultimate bearing capacity base on
For calculate bearing capacity RQD as:
we use equation Terzaghi qult(cal)=qult(RQD)2
Table 4.2 Range of the Unconfined Compression Strength
of Various Types of Rocks
quc Phi
Rock type MN/m2 kip/m2 (deg)

Granite 65–250 9.5–36 45–55
Limestone 30–150 4.0–22 35–45
Sandstone 25–130 3.5–19 30–45
Shale 5–40 0.75–6 15–30
Rang of properties for selected rock
groups;data from several sources
Type of Unit wt.(KN/m3) E(MPa.103)  qu((Mpa)
rock
Basalt 28 17-103 0.27-0.32 170-415
Granite 26.4 14-83 0.26-0.30 70-276
Schist 26 7-83 0.18-0.22 35-105
Limestone 26 21-103 0.24-0.45 35-170
Porous - 3-83 0.35-0.45 7-35
limestone
Sandstone 22.8-23.6 3-42 0.20-0.45 28-138
Shale 15.7-2.2 3-21 0.25-0.45 7-40
concrete 15.7-23.6 variable 0.15 15-40
Settlement of shallow
foundation
 There are two types of settlement
1-Immediate settlement or elastic settlement Se
for sandy soils
2-Consolidation settlement Sc for fine grained
soils
2-1-Primary consolidation settlement for
inorganic soils
2-2-Secondary consolidation settlement for
organics soils
Immediate settlement on sandy soils
 Foundation could be considered fully flexible or
fully rigid
1-A uniformly loaded, perfectly flexible
foundation resting on an elastic material such
as saturated clay will have a sagging profile as
shown in figure 1,because of elastic
settlement.
2-If the foundation is rigid and is resting on an
elastic material such as clay,it will undergo
uniform settlement and the contact pressure will
be redistributed as shown in figure 2.
Type of foundation settlement
Settlement profile
Figure 1
Settlement profile
Figure 2
Calculate immediate
settlement
Q
D
q0
Poisson’s ratio
H
E-Modulus of elasticity
Soil
Rock
Calculate immediate
settlement
 At corner of the flexible foundation Se = Bq 0 (1   2 ) a
E 2
Bq 0
 At center of the flexible foundation Se =
E
(1   2 )a
1   1  m 2  m   1  m 2  1  L
a = ln  m ln   m=
p   1  m 2  m   1  m 2  1 
  B

 Average settlement for flexible foundation
Bq 0
Se = (1   2 )a av
E
 Settlement for rigid foundation
Bq 0
Se = (1   2 )a r
E
Value of a
Shape of Flexible foundation Rigid
foundation Center Corner Average foundation
Circular 1 0.64 0.85 0.79

Square 1.12 0.56 0.95 0.82
Rectangular
L/B=1.5 1.36 0.68 1.15 1.06
L/B=5.0 2.1 1.05 1.83 1.7
L/B=10 2.54 1.27 2.25 2.1
Immediate settlement of
foundation on saturated clay
 Janbu et al.(1956)proposed an equation
for evaluating the average settlement of
flexible foundations on saturated clay soils
(Poisson’s ratio =0.5)
q0 B
Se = A1. A2
E
Variation of A1 With H/B by Christian and
Carrier(1978)
H/B A1
Circle L/B
1 2 3 4 5
1 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36
2 0.47 0.53 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.64
4 0.58 0.63 0.82 0.94 0.94 0.94
6 0.61 0.67 0.88 1.08 1.14 1.16
8 0.62 0.68 0.90 1.13 1.22 1.26
10 0.63 0.70 0.92 1.18 1.30 1.42
20 0.64 0.71 0.93 1.26 1.47 1.74
30 0.66 0.73 0.95 1.29 1.54 1.84
Variation of A2With D/B by Christian
and Carrier(1978)
D/B A2
0 1
2 0.9
4 0.88
6 0.875
8 0.87
10 0.865
12 0.863
14 0.86
16 0.856
18 0.854
20 0.85
Consolidation settlement
 For normally consolidated clay s’0 ≥ s’p
Cc .H s 'o  s WL (%) 
S= log Cc = 0.2343 .s
1  eo s 'o  100 
1
s = (s t  4s m  s b )
6
0.48
s 'P = 22I P Cu By Mayne & Mitchell
s 'P = 7.04Cu 0.83

By Mitchell(1988)
0.689
N
s 'P = 0.193s 0 '.  By Mayne & Kemper(1988)
s 0 ' 
Consolidation settlement
 For over consolidated clay s’0<s’p
1/ s'O + s  s'P
Cs.H s 'o  s W (%) 
S= log Cs = 0,0463 L .s
1  eo s 'o  100 
2/ s'O + s > s'P

Cs.H s 'P Cc.H  s 'o s 
S= . log  . log  
1  eo s 'o 1  eo  s 'P 
Tolerable Settlement of
building
 Settlement analysis is an important part of
the design and construction of foundation
 Large settlement of various component of
structure may lead to considerable
damage or may interfere with the proper
functioning of the structure.
Settlement of foundation
di-total displacement at
point i
dij-different settlement
between point i and j
 relative deflection
d ij
hij=   angular
lij
distortion
/L=deflection ratio
Limiting angular distortion as recommended
by Bjerrum(Compiled from Wahls,1981)
damage Category of potential h
Danger to machinery sensitive to settlement 1/750
Danger to frames with diagonals 1/600
Safe limit for no cracking of building 1/500
First cracking of panel walls 1/300
Difficulties with overhead cranes 1/300
Tilting of high rigid building becomes visible 1/250
Considerable cracking of panel and brick walls 1/150
Danger of structure damage to general building 1/150
Safe limit for flexible brick walls L/H>4 1/150
Safe limit include a factor of safety
Allowable settlement criteria:1955 U.S.S.R
Building code(compiled from walhls,1981)
Type of structure Sand and hard clay Plastic clay
h
Civil and industrial building column foundation
For steel and reinforced concrete structure 0.002 0.002
For end rows of columns with brick cladding 0.007 0.001
For structure where auxiliary strain does not arise during
Nonuniform settlement of foundation 0.005 0.005
Tilt of smokestacks,tower,silos,and so on 0.004 0.004
Crane ways 0.003 0.003
/L
Plain brick walls
For multistory dwelling and civil building
At L/H<3 0.0003 0.0004
At L/H>5 0.0005 0.0007
For one-story mills 0.0010 0.0010
Allowable average settlement for different building
type(compiled from Wahls,1981)
Type of building Allowable average
settlement(mm)
Building with plain brick walls
L/H>2.5 80
L/H<1.5 100
Building with brick walls,reinforced with 150

reinforced concrete or reinforced brick
Framed building 100
Solid reinforced concrete foundation of 300

smokestacks,silos,towers,and so on
Deep foundation
 Need for pile foundation
1-When the upper soils layers are highly compressible
and too weak to support the load transmitted by the
superstructure, piles are used to transmit the load to
underlying bedrock or stronger soil layer.
2-When subjected to horizontal force, pile foundations
resist by bending while still supporting the vertical load
transmitted by superstructure.This situation is
generally encountered in the design and construction
of earth-retaining structures and foundations of tall
structures that are subjected to strong wind and/or
earthquake forces.
Deep foundation
3-The expansive and collapsible soils may extend to a
great depth below the ground surface.These soils
swell and shrink as the water content increase and
decrease.If shallow foundations are used, the
structure may suffer considerable damage.The pile
have to extend into stable soil layer beyond the zone
of possible moisture change.
4-The foundation of some structures, such as
transmission towers,offshore platforms, and basement
mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting
forces.Pile are sometime used for these foundations to
resist the uplifting force.
Deep foundation
5-Bridge abutments and piers are usually constructed
over pile foundations to avoid the possible loss of
bearing capacity that a shallow foundations might
suffer because of soil erosion at the ground surface.
Although numerous investigations, both theoretical
and experimental, have been conducted to predict the
behavior and the load-bearing capacity of piles in
granular and cohesive soils,the mechanisms are not
yet entirely understood and never be clear.The design
of pile foundations may be considered somewhat of
an”art”as a result of the uncertainties involved in
working with some subsoil condition.
Types of piles
 Different types of piles are used in construction
work,depending on the type of load to be
carried, the subsoil conditions,and the water
table.Pile can be divided into these categories:
-Steel piles
-Concrete piles
-Wooden(timber)piles
-Composite piles
Comparisons of piles made of different materials
Pile type Usual Maximum Usual load Approximate
length of length of (KN) maximum
pile(m) pile(m) load(KN)
Steel 15-60 Practically 300-1200 -
unlimited
Advantages: a-Easy to handle with respect to cutoff and extension to the
desired length
b-Can stand high driving stresses
c-Can penetrate hard layer such as dense gravel,soft rock
d-High load-carrying capacity
disadvantages: a-Relatively costly material
b-High level of noise during pile driving
c-Subject to corrosion
d-H-piles may be damaged or deflected from the vertical
during driving through hard layers or past major obstructions
Pile type Usual length Maximum Usual Approximate
of pile(m) length of load maximum
pile(m) (KN) load(KN)
Precast precast::10-15 precast::30 300- precast::800-
concrete Prestressed: Prestressed: 3000 900
10-35 60 Prestressed:
7500-8500
Advantages: a-Can be subjected to hard driving
b-Corrosion resistant
c-Can be easy combined with concrete superstructure
disadvantages: a-Difficult to achieve proper cutoff
b-Difficult to transport
Cased cast- 5-15 15-40 200-500 800
in place
concrete
Advantages: a-Relatively cheap

b-Possibility of inspection before pouring concrete
c-Easy to extend
disadvantages: a-Difficult to splice after concreting
b-Think casings may be damages during driving
uncased 5-15 30-40 300-500 700
cast-in place
concrete
Advantages: a-Initially economical
b-Can be finished at any elevation
disadvantages: a-Voids may be created if concrete is placed rapidly
b-In soft soils,the sides of the hole may cave in thus
Squeezing the concrete
Wood 10-15 30 100-200 270
Advantages: a-Economical
b-Permanently submerged piles are fairly resistant to decay
c-Easy to handle
disadvantages: a- Decay above water table
b-Can be damaged in hard driving
c-Low load-bearing capacity
d-Low resistance to tensile load when splices
Typical concrete pile
Practical list of typical air and steam hammers
Maker of Model Type of Rated energy Blows per Ram weight
hammer* no. hammer (kN-m) minute (kN)
V 3100 Single acting 407 58 449
MKT OS-60 Single acting 244 55 267
V 400C Differential 154 100 178
R 8/0 Single acting 110 35 111
MKT S-20 Single acting 82 60 89
R 5/0 Single acting 77 44 78
V 200-C Differential 68 98 89
R 150-C Differential 66 95-105 67
V 140C Differential 49 103 62
MKT 11B3 Double acting 26 95 22
MKT C-5 Double acting 22 110 22
V 30-C Double acting 10 133 13
Practical list of typical diesel hammers
Maker of Model Rated energy Blows per minute Piston weight

hammer* no. (kN-m) (kN)
K K150 379.7 45-60 147
M MB70 191.2-86 38-60 71
K K-60 143.2 42-60 59
K K-45 123.5 39-60 44
M M-43 113.9-51.3 40-60 42
K K-35 96 39-60 34
MKT DE70B 85.4-57 40-50 31
K K-25 68.8 39-60 25
V N-46 44.1 50-60 18
L 520 35.7 80-84 23
M M-14S 35.3-16.1 42-60 13
V N-33 33.4 50-60 13
L 440 24.7 86-90 18
MKT DE20 24.4-16.3 40-50 9
MKT DE-10 11.9 40-50 5
L 180 11.0 90-95 8
Pile driven formulas
 To develop the desired load-carrying capacity,a point bearing
pile must penetrate the dense soil layer sufficiently or have
sufficient contact with a layer of rock.This requirement cannot
always be satisfied by driving a pile to a predetermined depth
because soil profile vary.For that reason, several equations
have been developed to calculate the ultimate capacity of a pile
during driving.These dynamic equations are widely used in the
field to determine whether the pile has reached a satisfactory
bearing value at the predetermined depth.One of the earliest of
these dynamic equations-commonly referred to as the
Engineering News Record (ENR) formula-is derived from the
work-energy theory;that is : Energy imparted by the hammer
per blow =(pile resistance)(penetration per hammer blow)
ENR equations
WR h
Qu =
S C
 Where WR-Weight of the ram
h-height of fall of ram(Cm)
S-penetration of the pile per
hammer blow(Cm)
C-a constant
C=2.54 Cm for drop hammer
C=0.254Cm for steam hammer
Factor of safety FS=6
ENR equations for single and double acting
hammer
E.H E
Qu =
S C
 Where E-hammer efficiency

HE-rated energy of the hammer
S-penetration of the pile per hammer
blow(Cm)
C-a constant
C=0.254 Cm
Factor of safety FS=4 to 6
Modified ENR equations
EWR h WR  n 2WP
Qu = ( )( )
S  C WR  WP
h-height of fall of the ram(Cm)
blow(Cm)
WP-weight of the pile
n-coefficient of restitution between
the ram and the pile cap
C=0.254 Cm
Factor of safety FS=4 to 6
Michigan state highway commission equations
 After testing on 88 pile(1965) Qu =

1,25EH E WR  n 2WP
S  C WR  WP
 Where WR-weight of the ram
WP-weight of the pile
blow(M)
C-a constant
C=2.54.10–3M
Factor of safety FS= 6
Danish equations
EH E
Qu =
EH E L
S
2 AP EP
EP-modulus of elasticity of the pile
blow(M)
L-length of the pile
AP-area of the pile cross section
Factor of safety FS= 6
Pacific Coast Uniform Building Code equations
After International Conference of building
officials,1982  W  nW 
( EH ) R
 P
E W W 
Qu =  R P 
Qu L
S
AP E P
blow(M)
L-length of the pile
EP-modulus of elasticity of pile
n=0.25 for steel piles and n=0.1 for another
piles
Factor of safety FS= 4 to 5
Value of E & n
Hammer type Efficiency,E
Single and double acting hammers 0.7-0.85
Diesel hammers 0.8-0.9
Drop hammers 0.7-0.9
Pile material Coefficient of restitution

n
Cast iron hammer and concrete pile 0.4-0.5
without cap
Wood cushion on steel pile 0.3-0.4
Wooden pile 0.25-0.3

Equation for estimation of pile
capacity
 QU=QP+Qs
Where QU is ultimate load carrying capacity
of pile
QP is load carrying capacity of the pile
point
QS is frictional resistance
Pile foundation
Qu= Qp Qu= Qp+Qs Qu= Qs
Qs
Qs
Weak L Weak
L Weak L soil soil
soil
Lb
Qp
Qp Qp
Strong soil layer Strong soil layer

Rock
Minimum pile embedment depth
into founding soil strata
 From civil engineering association forum

the minimum pile embedment depth into
bearing stratum is 3 times diameter of pile.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point,QP
from Terzaghi’s equation
 QP=AP.qP=AP(CN *c+q’N *q)
Where AP-area of pile tip
C-cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
qP-unit point resistance
q’-effective vertical stress at the level of the pile
tip
N*C,N*q-bearing capacity factor after Caquot &
Kerisel
7 tgf
Nq = e
*
N = ( N 1) cot f
*
C
*
q
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point,QP
from Eric Gervreau in Euro code 2000
 QP=AP.qP=AP(1.3CN *c+50N *q)
C-cohesion of the soil supporting the pile
tip
N*C,N*q-bearing capacity factor after
Caquot & Kerisel
7 tgf
Nq = e
*
N = ( N 1) cot f
*
C
*
q
Critical depth
 In the case of calculation of q’, the normal
practice is to assume that q’ increases
linearly with depth from zero at ground
level to a maximum value q’(max) at the tip
of pile.
 However, extensive research carried out
by Vessic(1967) has indicated that q’
varies linearly from the ground surface up
to a limited depth only beyond which q’,
remains constant irrespective of the depth
of embedment of pile.
Critical depth
 This phenomenon was attributed to arching of
SAND.
 This depth within which q’ varies linearly with
depth may be called as the critical depth Dc.
 From the curves given by Poulos (1980), we
may write
 For 28<f<36.5 we have Dc/B=5+0.24(f-28)
 For 36.5<f<42 we have Dc/B=7+2.35(f-36.5)
Critical depth
 From Caquot & Kerisel Dc=B/4.N*q(2/3)
 In Bearing Capacity Technical Guidance by Career
Development and Resources for Geotechnical
Engineers
-Dc = 10B, for loose silts and sands
-Dc = 15B, for medium dense silts and sands
-Dc = 20B, for dense silts and sands
-loose when N<10 or f<30
-medium dense when 10<N<30 or 30<f<36
-dense when 30<N or 36<f
Critical depth
 This critical concept implies that fs for cohesionless
soil for a driven pile varies linearly with depth up to
depth Dc only and beyond this depth fs remains
constant.
 Note that the application concept Dc in case the soil is
homogeneous for the whole depth of embedment D.
 Since no information is available on the layered
system of soil, this approach has to be used with
caution. Tomlinson(1986) Bowles(1988) has not use of
this concept .This indicates that this method has
not yet found favor with the designer.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point in sand
from ESA condition after Meyerhof (1976)
QP=AP.qP=APq’N *q
q’-effective vertical stress at the level of
the pile tip
N*q-bearing capacity factor
QP=Apq’N*q<Apqi
qi=50N*qtgf(KN/M2)
As per Tomlinson, the maximum base resistance
qp is normally limited 11000KPa.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point in
sand from ESA condition after Meyerhof
(1976)
 The angle f to be use for determination

Nq* are
 For driven pile f = f1
 For bored pile f = f1-3
Where f1 is angle of internal friction prior to
installation of pile.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point in
saturated clay from TSA condition
 QP=AP.qP=ApCU N *c= 9CUAP

N*c-bearing capacity factor for f=0 N*C=9
Carrying capacity of piles in layered soil
from meyerhof equation
Carrying capacity of piles in layered soil
 If the pile toe terminates in a layer of dense sand or
stiff clay overlying a layer of soft clay or loose sand
there is a danger of it punching through to the weaker
layer.
 To account for this, Meyerhof's equation is used.
 The base resistance at the pile toe is
qp = q2 + (q1 - q2)H / (10B) but < q1
 where
-B is the diameter of the pile
-H is the thickness between the base of the pile and
the top of the weaker layer
-q2 is the ultimate base resistance in the weak layer
-q1 is the ultimate base resistance in the strong layer.
Relation between ultimate point resistance of pile and
depth in sand stratum beneath weak soil layer from
Terzaghi lectures, 1974-1982
Relation between ultimate point resistance of pile and
depth in sand stratum beneath weak soil layer from
Terzaghi lectures, 1974-1982
Skin friction from  Method
From Meyehof 1976
f<28 we have =0.44
28<f<35 we have0.44< <0.75
35<f<37 we have 0.75<<1.20
f=s’0
s’0-effective vertical stress at center of layer

As Tomlinson, the maximum frictional resistance is
limited 110KPa
Skin friction
 The angle f to be use for determination  are
 For driven pile f = 0.75f1+10
 For bored pile f = f1-3
Where f1 is angle of internal friction prior to
installation of pile.
Skin friction from a Method
Skin friction for clayey soil for driven pile
f=axCu a=1 for Cu=<25KPa
a=0.5 for Cu=>70KPa
a=1-(Cu-25)/90 for 25KPa<Cu<70KPa API(1984)
a=1 for Cu<=35KPa

a=0.5 for Cu=>80KPa
a=1-(Cu-35)/90 for 35KPa<Cu<80KPa Semple and Rigden(1984)
Skin friction for clayey soil for Bored pile or drilled shafts
f=axCu a=0.45 for London clay Skempton(1959)
a=0.7 time value for driven diplacement pile Flaming et al(1985)
a=0 for Z<1.5 Reese and Oneill(1985)
for driven Pile
Tomlinson a method
 Case 1:pile driven through sands or sandy
gravels into stiff clay strata.
 Case 2:pile driven through soft clay into
stiff clay strata.
 Case 3:pile driven into a firm to stiff clay
without any overlying strata.
 The value of a vary with Cu and L/B ratio
Tomlinson a method
Negative skin friction
 Negative skin friction is a downward drag force exerted
on the pile by the soil surrounding it.This action can
occur under conditions such as the following:
1-if a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer
into witch a pile is driven, the fill will gradually
consolidate. This consolidation process will exert a
downward drag force on the pile during the period of
consolidation.
2-if a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft
clay,it will induce the process of consolidation in the clay
layer and thus exert a downward drag on the pile
3-lowering of the water table will increase the vertical
effective stress on the soil at any depth,which will induce
consolidation settlement in clay.If a pile is located in the
clay layer,it will be subjected to a downward drag force.
Clay fill over granular soil Granular soil fill over clay
Clay Sand
Hf Hf
fill fill
L L
L1
Neutral
Sand
plane Clay
Clay fill over granular soil
 Where: f n = K 's 0 ' tan d

K’=earth pressure coefficient =Ko=1-sinf
s’o=vertical effective stress at any depth Z
= g’f.Z.
g’f =effective unit weight of fill Clay
d=soil-pile friction angle = 0.5f to 0.7f
H
PK ' g ' f H 2 tan d
Qn =  ( PK ' g ' f tan d ) Zd z =
0
2
Granular soil fill over clay
 In this case, the evidence indicates that the
negative skin stress on the pile may exist from
Z=0 to Z=L1,which is referred to as the neutral
depth.The neutral depth may be given as
(Bowles 1982)
L  H f  L  H f g 'f H f  2g ' f H f
L1 =    
L1  2 g'  g'
 Hence,the total drag force is

L1 PK ' g ' tan d
L1 2
Qn =  PK ' (g ' f H f  g ' Z ) tan dd Z = PK ' L1g ' f H f tan d 
0
2
Determine End bearing capacity of
pile foundation from SPT test
Driven Method
C
Sand qp=CN(Mpa) 0.45 N=average SPT value in By Martin et al(1987)
qp=CN(Mpa) 0.4 local failure zone By Decourt(1982)
qp=CN(Mpa) 0.04 Ls/D Ls=Length of pile in sand Mayerhof(1976)
D=width of pile C<=0.4
Silt, sandy silts qp=CN(Mpa) 0.35 N=average SPT value in Matin et al.(1987)
Glacial Coarse to fine siltqp=CN(Mpa) 0.25 local failure zone Thorburn and Mac Vicar(1987)
Residual sandy silt qp=CN(Mpa) 0.25 Decourt(1982)
Residual Clayey silt qp=CN(Mpa) 0.2 Decourt(1982)
Clay qp=CN(Mpa) 0.2 Matin et al.(1987)
Clay qp=CN(Mpa) 0.12 Decourt(1982)
All soil qp=CN(Mpa) 0.3 ForL/D>=5 Shioi and Fukui(1982)
If L/D<5,C=0.1+0.04L/D
for closed end pile
and C=0.06L/D
for open end pile
Determine End bearing capacity of
pile foundation from SPT test
Cast in place method
Coarse grained soil qp=CN(Mpa) 0.15 qp<3.0MPa Shioi and Fukui(1982)

qp=CN(Mpa) 0.15 qp<7.5MPa Yamashita et al(1987)
Fine grained soil qp=CN(Mpa) 0.15 qp=0.09(1+0.16Lt) Yamashita et al(1987)

Lt=pile length
Bored pile
Sand qp=CN(Mpa) 0.1 Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Clay qp=CN(Mpa) 0.15 Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Determine skin friction from SPT
test
Driven Methode A B
Coarse grained soil qf=A+BN(Kpa) 0 2 N=average SPT Mayerhof(1956)
along Shaft Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Coarse grained &fine soilqf=A+BN(Kpa) 10 3.3 3<N<50 Decourt(1982)
Fine grained soil qf=A+BN(Kpa) 0 10 Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Cast in place methode
Coarse grained soil qf=A+BN(Kpa) 30 2 qf<200Kpa Yamashita et al(1987)
qf=A+BN(Kpa) 0 5 Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Fine grained soil qf=A+BN(Kpa) 0 5 qf<150Kpa Yamashita et al(1987)
qf=A+BN(Kpa) 0 10 Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Bored pile
Coarse grained soil qf=A+BN(Kpa) 0 1 Findlay(1984)&Shioi & Fukui(1982)
qf=A+BN(Kpa) 0 3.3 Wright &Reese(1979)
Fine graned soil qf=A+BN(Kpa) 10 3.3 qf<170Kpa Decourt(1982)
Determine bearing capacity of pile
foundation from SPT test
qb = aKNb  Nm
q f =  10
 3 q = 1

 1
f
Nb - N72 at the end of the pile

Nm-N72 around of the pile
60
N 72 = N 60
72
Base coefficient K (Decourt and Quaresma,1978)
Soil K(Kpa)
Clay 120
Silty clay 200
Silty sand 250
Sand 400
Base coefficient a (Decourt and Quaresma,1978;Decourt et al..,1996)
Driven Bored pile Continuous hollow Injested piles (high
Soil/pile pile Bored pile (bentonite) auger Root piles pressure)
Clay 1 0.85 0.85 0.3 0.85 1
Intermediate soils 1 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.6 1
Sands 1 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 1
Base coefficient  (Decourt and Quaresma,1978;Decourt et al..,1996)

Driven Bored pile Continuous hollow Injested piles (high
Soil/pile pile Bored pile (bentonite) auger Root piles pressure)
Clay 1 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 3
Intermediate soils 1 0.65 0.75 1 1.5 3
Sands 1 0.5 0.6 1 1.5 3
Load-Carrying capacity of pile point resting on
rock
 The ultimate unit point resistance in
rock(Goodman,1980) is approximately
qp=qu-R(Nf+1)
Where Nf=tg2(45+f/2)
qu-R=unconfined compression strength of rock
f=drained angle of friction of rock
The allowable load-carrying capacity of the pile
point.thus
Q p ( all) =
q
uR 
( Nf  1) AP
FS=3
FS
Typical unconfined compressive strength of rock
Rock type qu-R(Mpa)
Sandstone 70-140
Limestone 105-210
Shale 35-70
Granite 140-210
Marble 60-70
qu  R (lab)
qu  R ( design) =
5
Drilled Shafts Extending into
Rock
 Based on the procedure developed by Reese and
O’Neill(1988-1989),we can estimate the bearing load
capacity of drilled shafts extending into Rock as
follows:
1-Calculate the ultimate unit side resistance as:
f=6.564qu0.5≤0.15qu
Where qu=unconfined compression strength or Rock
core
2-Calculate the ultimate capacity based on side
resistance only:
Qu=πDsLf
 Calculate the settlement Se of the shaft at the top of the Rock
socked:
Se=Se(s)+Se(b)
Where Se(s)=elastic compression of the drilled shaft within the
socket, assuming on side resistance
Se(b)=settlement of the base
QU L
However Se(s)=
AC EC
QU I f
And Se(b)=
DS Emass
Where Qu=Ultimate friction load
Ac=Cross-section area of the drilled shaft
in the socket
Ds=Diameter of the drilled shaft
Ec=Young’s modulus of the concrete
Emass=Young’s modulus of the rock mass
If=Elastic influence coefficient (read on
chart)
L=Depth of embedment in rock
If Se is less than 10mm, then the ultimate load-
carrying capacity from this way is correct.
If Se≥ 10mm, there may be rapid, progressive side
shear failure in the rock socket ,resulting in a
complete loss of side resistance. In that case the
ultimate capacity is equal to the point resistance :
 CS 
 3 
 DS 
Qu = 3qU Ac  0.5 

101  300 d  

  CS   
Where Cs=Spacing of discontinuities
δ=Thickness of individual discontinuity
qu=unconfined compression strength of
the rock beneath the base of the socket or
drilled shaft concrete, whichever is smaller.
Note that applies for horizontally stratified
discontinuities with Cs>305 mm and δ<5mm
Typical values of angle of friction of rocks
Rock type Angle of friction

f(deg)
Sandstone 27-45
Limestone 30-40
Shale 10-20
Granite 40-50
Marble 25-30
Group pile
Pile cap
d d
d
L Bg
d
Lg
d d
Group pile efficiency
 Determination of the load bearing capacity of group
piles is extremely complicated and has not yet been
fully resolved.When the piles are placed close to each
other,a reasonable assumption is that the stress
transmitted by the piles to the soil will overlap,thus
reducing the load bearing capacity of the
pile.Ideally,the piles in a group should be spaced so
that the load bearing capacity of the group should be
no less than the sum of the bearing capacity of the
individual piles.In practice,the minimum center to
center pile spacing d is 2.5D and in ordinary situations
is actually about 3D to 3.5D.
Efficiency factor
 Many structural engineers used a simplified
analysis to obtained the group efficiency for
friction piles (ratio between Qs & Qu is over
80%),particularly in sand.The piles may act in one
of two way:
1-as a block with dimension Lg*Bg*L
2-as individual piles
If the piles act as the block, the frictional capacity is
Qg(u)=favPgL note Pg=2(n1+ n2-2)d+4D
For each pile acting individually
Q(u)=favLP
Efficiency factor
Qg ( u )
h=
 Q( u )
 Where h=group efficiency
Qg(u)=ultimate load bearing capacity of
group pile
Q(u)=ultimate load bearing capacity of
each pile
2(n1  n2  2)d  4 D
h=
Pn1n2
Converse Labarre equation
 (n1  1)n2  (n2  1)n1 

h = 1  
 90n1n2 
 (deg) = arctg ( D / d )
Pile in sand
 Model test results on group piles in sand have shown
that group efficiency can be greater than 1 because
soil compaction zones are created around the piles
during driving.Based on the experimental observations
of the behavior of group piles in sand to date,two
general conclusions may be drawn:
1-for driven group piles in sand with d>3D, Qg(u)=SQ(u)
2-for bored group piles in sand at conventional
spacing
d=3D,Qg(u) may be taken 2/3 to 3/4 time SQ(u)
Pile in clay
 The ultimate load bearing capacity of group piles in clay
may be estimated with the following procedure:
1-Determine SQu=n1n2(QP+Qs) ;
SQu=n1n2[9CuAp+SaPCuL]
2-determine the ultimate capacity by assuming that the
piles in the group act as a block with dimension
Lg*Bg*L.The skin resistance of the block is:
Qs(g)=S2aCuLg+Bg)L
Calculate the point bearing capacity from
QP(g)=N*cCuLgBg , N*C=5.14(1+0.2Bg/Lg)(1+0.2L/Bg)<9
SQ(u)=Qs(g)+QP(g)
3-Compare the 2 results,The lower of the two value is
Qg(u)
Piles in rock
 For point bearing piles resting on
rock,most building codes specify that
Qg(u)=SQ(u),provided that the minimum
center to center spacing of pile is
D+300mm.For H-piles and piles with
square cross sections,the magnitude of D
is equal to the diagonal dimension of the
pile cross section
Settlement of piles and groups in
sands and Gravels
 The present Knowledge is not sufficient to
evaluate of pile and pile groups. For most
engineering structures, the loads to be applied
to a pile group will be governed by consideration
of consolidation settlement rather than by
bearing capacity of the groups divided by an
arbitrary factor of safety of 2 or 3. It has been
found from field observation that the settlement
of a pile groups is many times the settlement of
a single pile at the corresponding working load.
Settlement of piles and groups in
sands and Gravels
 The settlement of a group is affected by the
shape and size of group, length of pile, method
of installation of pile and possibly many other
factors.
 There are no equations that would
satisfactorily predict the settlement of pile in
SAND. It is better to rely on load tests for
piles in SAND.
 In this chapter we try to show some equations
for estimation the settlement of pile in SAND.
Settlement of pile shaft
(Q pall  Q all
f )L
Se1 =
Ap E p
 Where : L-pile length

EP-elastic modulus of pile
material,for concrete pile EP=21000MPa
z=0.5
AP-area of pile tip
Settlement of pile cause by load at
the pile point
q all
p B
Se2 = 0.85 (1   )
2
E
 Where : B-Width of pile
E-elastic modulus of soil at the
end of the pile
-Poisson ratio
Settlement of pile cause by the load
transmitted along the pile shaft
Q all B L
Se3 = f
(1   2 ) I f I f = 2  0.35
PL E B
 Where : B-Width of pile

E-elastic modulus of soil
around the pile shaft
-Poisson ratio
L-pile length
P-perimeter of the pile section
For group piles in sand and gravel, for elastic
settlement, Meyerhof (1976) suggested the empirical
relation
0.96q Bg I
S g ( e ) (mm) =
N 60
q = Qg/ (Lg.Bg) (in kN/m2)
I = influence factor = 1 – L/8.Bg > 0.5

Consolidation settlement of group piles
 The settlement of pile group in clay can be estimated
by assuming that the total load is carried by an
equivalent raft located at depth of 2L/3 where L is the
length of the piles.It may be assumed,that the load is
spread from the perimeter of the group at a slope of 1
horizontal to 4 vertical to allow for that part of the
load transferred to the soil by skin friction.The vertical
stress increment at any depth below the equivalent
raft may be estimated by assuming in turn that the
total load is spread to the underlying soil at slope of 1
horizontal to 2 vertical.The consolidation settlement
is than calculated as the shallow foundation.
Equivalent raft concept for floating pile group
Q Soft CLAY
Q
q=
B ' L'
1:4 2L/3 d d
L
d Bg
q
Lg
1:2
d d B’=B+d+L/3
B’&L’ L’=B+2d+L/3
Equivalent raft concept of pile driven through soft CLAY
combine skin friction and end bearing in stratum of
dense granular soil
Q
Soft CLAY Q
q=
B ' L'
d d
L
d Bg
2D/3 q D 1:4 Lg
d d B’=B+d+D/3
Dense SAND
B’&L’ L’=B+2d+D/3
Equivalent raft concept beneath pile group in layered soil
Q Soft CLAY
Q
q=
B ' L'
1:4 2L/3 d d
L
d Bg
q
B’&L’ Lg
30o
d d
Hard CLAY
B’=B+d+L/3
Soft CLAY L’=B+2d+L/3

Equivalent raft concept of group pile supported in end
bearing on hard rock stratum
Q
Q
q=
B ' L'
d d
Soft CLAY
L
d Bg
Lg
q
d d B’=B+d
1:2
Hard stratum
B’&L’ L’=B+2d
Thank you for your attention
 Mr. Sieng
PEOU
 Master
science of
geotechnical
engineering

Foundation Design: Present by Mr. Sieng PEOU Master Science of Geotechnical Engineering

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What are the different types of shallow foundations discussed?

What are the different types of shallow foundations discussed?

What are the different types of deep foundations discussed?

What are the different types of deep foundations discussed?

Foundation design

 Present by Mr. Sieng PEOU

 Tel-011 874 974

Soft soil layer

Soft soil layer

Stiff soil layer

Soft soil layer

 Moment causing rotation

f: Internal friction angle

Sq=Sg=10.1KPB/L ; Kp= tg2(45+f/2)

f: Internal friction angle

qnet =C.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+gs D (Nq-1). Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5gBNg Fgs.Fgd.Fgi

Nq by Reissner1924 ; Nc by Prandtl1921 ; Ng by Caquot and

Step2: Determine the pressure on the soil (q)

Step 4: Divide the mat into several strips in X and

Step 5: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for

Where ql and qF soil pressures at point I and F

qav BB1   Qi Qav

Step 7: from the moment diagrams of all strips in

Vu Vu-factored vertical shear force

Long dimension of column or pedestal

s ck = compression strength of concrete

s ck is the compressive strength of concrete

 Since the footing area is much larger then the

 A1=maximum area of the portion of the supporting

Slope 2 horizontal : 1 vertical

End Central End

The reinforcement in each of the end zone should be provided in

Ate = 0.5( At  Ato )

M15 2.22 bd2 2.07 bd2 2.0 bd2

M20 2.96 bd2 2.76 bd2 2.66 bd2

M25 3.70 bd2 3.45 bd2 3.33 bd2

15 1.32 0.72 0.57

20 1.76 0.96 0.76

25 2.2 1.19 0.94

30 2.64 1.43 1.13

Approximate weight of footing including earth Qtotal = g s DA  Q

Where 1.5 is the partial safety factor

Bending moment at any section is given by: M = 0.138 f ck Bd 2

maximum spacing of bars from

Nominal shear stress  v =

For shear – Two - Way Action 

Design bond stress bd for mild steel bars

bd N/mm2 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9

Where 1.5 is the partial safety factor

Allowable bearing stress 0.45 f ck

Maximum deflection (mm) Where:

1.5qall Es=Young’s modulus of soil

Approximate weight of footing including earth Qtotal = g s DA  Q

Bending moment at any section is given by: M 1 = 0.138 f ck Ld 2

Nominal shear stress  = Vu   = 0.85 0.8 f

For shear – Two - Way Action F = qBL  a  d )b  d )

Design bond stress bd for mild steel bars

bd N/mm2 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9