Nesco 2020 05

NESCO-2020
Venue: RUET
1. The annual load duration curve of a certain power station has to be considered a 20MW
to 4MW. To meet this load three turbine generators units two rated at 10MW each and
one rated 5MW each are installed. Determine a) Installed capacity b) Plant capacity factor
c) unit generated per annum d) load factor e) utilization factor
Installed capacity= 10*2+5= 25MW

20+4
Average load= 2 =12MW
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 12
Plant capacity factor= 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦= 25= 0.48
Unit generated per annum= 120000*8760= 1*108 KW-Hr.

12
Load factor= 20= 0.60
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 20
Utilization factor= = = 0.80
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 25
2. What causes 3rd harmonic? How to solve? Draw Y-∆ connection of 3-∅ transformer
In an electric power system, a harmonic is a voltage or current at a multiple of the

fundamental frequency of the system, produced by the action of non-linear loads such
as rectifiers, discharge lighting, or saturated magnetic devices.
The basic options for controlling harmonics are:
a) Reduce the harmonic currents produced by the load

b) Add filters to either siphon the harmonic currents off the system, block the
currents from entering the system, or supply the harmonic currents locally.
c) Modify the frequency response of the system by filters, inductors, or capacitors.
3. Why both directional and non-directional relays are used for parallel feeders
The protection of parallel feeder requires to use directional relays and to grade the time
setting of relay for selective tripping. There are two feeders connected in parallel from
source to load. Both of the feeders have non-directional over current relay at source
end. These relays should be inverse time relay
Fig: Protection of parallel feeder a) With non-directional relay b) with directional relay
4. Why induction motor starting current is so high? How to reduce starting current of
induction motor
Motor Current is directly proportional to slip (Synchronous speed - Actual speed of

Rotor). At the time of start up, rotor is at rest and slip is maximum which results in
greater current. when the motor gains speed, the slip decreases and hence the current
also decreases.
Most of industrial motors are induction type, which is similar to transformer. The stator
winding is primary and rotor winding is the secondary winding. When rotor is at rest,
the magnetic field produced by stator winding rotates at synchronous speed and
maximum magnetic lines are cut by the stationary rotor winding which results in
greater secondary current(load) and hence requires greater current in primary (stator
winding). As the rotor speeds up, the no. of magnetic lines cut by rotor (secondary)
winding decreases and hence decreases current in stator (primary) winding.
Some method to reduce the starting current of IM: - a) Start –delta b) Auto-transformer
starting c) Rotor resistance starting d) Stator impedance and/ or resistance starting
5. What is utility poles? Draw the torque and speed characteristics curve of synchronous
motor
A utility pole is a column or post used to support overhead power lines and various
other public utilities, such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related equipment
such as transformers and street lights. It can be referred to as a transmission
pole, telephone pole, telecommunication pole, power pole, hydro pole,[1] telegraph pole,
or telegraph post, depending on its application.
6. Discuss about voltage regulation of a transformer? Compare voltage regulation with
vector diagram
Voltage regulation is the measure of how well a power transformer can maintain
constant secondary voltage given a constant primary voltage and wide variance in load
current. The lower the percentage (closer to zero), the more stable the
secondary voltage and the better the regulation it will provide.
Voltage regulation at unity and lagging power factor will be positive but
for leading power factor voltage regulation is negative.
7. Why all day efficiency determination of a transformer is important?
Find the all-day efficiency of 500KVA distribution transformer whose copper loss and
iron loss at full load are 4.5kW and 3.5kW respectively. During a day of 24 hours, it is
loaded as under: -
No. of hours Loading in kW Power Factor

6 400 0.8
10 300 0.75
4 100 0.8
4 0 -
Distribution transformer used for supplying lighting load have their primary energized
for the whole day, 24 hours but the secondary supply little or no load during major
portion of the day. It means that iron losses occur for the whole day but copper losses
occur only when the transformer delivers load current. Hence the performance of such
transformer cannot be judged by the ordinary or commercial efficiency. Under such
condition, the efficiency of the transformer is computed on 24 hours’ basis. This is
known as all-day efficiency also known as operational efficiency or energy efficiency
Output in kW-Hr= 400*6+300*10+100*4= 5800kW-Hr

Iron loss= 3.5*24=84kW-Hr
400÷0.8=500KVA; 300÷0.75=400KVA; 100÷0.8= 125KVA
Cu Loss= (500/500)2* 4.5*6 + (400/500)2 * 4.5 * 10 + (125/500)2 *4.5 *4
= 56.924 kW-Hr
Total loss= 84+56.924= 140.924 kW-Hr
5800
𝛈all-day= 5800+140.924 = 97.6%
8. A 20-KVA 8000/480-V distribution transformer has the following resistances and

reactance
Rp=32Ω Rs=0.05Ω
Xp=45Ω Xs=0.06Ω
Rc=250kΩ XM=30kΩ
The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-voltage side of the
transformer
Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 480V and 0.8 PF lagging. What is
the transformer input voltage? What is its voltage regulation?
I2= 20000/480 < -36.87°= 41.67 < -36.87°

k = 480/8000= 0.06
I1=kI2= 41.67 < -36.87° * 0.06= 2.50 < -36.87°
R01= 32+ 0.05/0.062= 45.9Ω
X01=45+0.06/0.062= 61.7Ω
V1= 8000+( 45.9+j61.7) (2.50 < -36.87°)= 8185<0.38°V
Voltage regulation= (8185 – 8000)/8000 *100%= 2.31%
9. Draw the single line diagram of power system
10. Determine IC and VCE
𝛽RE> 10R2 150KΩ> 39KΩ Condition Satisfied

Rth= 39║3.9= 3.55KΩ
3.9∗22
Eth= = 2V
3.9+39
Eth= IB *RTh +0.7 + 101*1.5IB

2−0.7
⇒ IB= 151.5+3.55= 8.38𝜇A
IC= 𝛽IB= 100*8.38= 838𝜇A= 0.838mA
VCE= 22 – 0.838(10+1.5) = 12.363V

11. Calculate vo & io
10 10
vo= - [ *2+ *1] = - [4+ 4] = -8V
5 2.5
𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑜 −8 8
i0= + = - = -4.8mA
2 10 2 10
12. Using an ideal OP-AMP, design a circuit that will take V1, V2 & V3 inputs & will produce the
following output
𝑑𝑉2
Vout= -10V1+ 5 + 2 ∫V3dt
𝑑𝑡

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NESCO-2020

Installed capacity= 10*2+5= 25MW

Unit generated per annum= 1200008760= 1108 KW-Hr.

In an electric power system, a harmonic is a voltage or current at a multiple of the

The basic options for controlling harmonics are:

a) Reduce the harmonic currents produced by the load

Motor Current is directly proportional to slip (Synchronous speed - Actual speed of

No. of hours Loading in kW Power Factor

Output in kW-Hr= 4006+30010+100*4= 5800kW-Hr

8. A 20-KVA 8000/480-V distribution transformer has the following resistances and

I2= 20000/480 < -36.87°= 41.67 < -36.87°

9. Draw the single line diagram of power system

10. Determine IC and VCE

𝛽RE> 10R2 150KΩ> 39KΩ Condition Satisfied

Eth= IB RTh +0.7 + 1011.5IB

IC= 𝛽IB= 100*8.38= 838𝜇A= 0.838mA

VCE= 22 – 0.838(10+1.5) = 12.363V

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