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    01-Unit-01-Waves and Optics Lectures L1-L3

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    Evariste Migabo
    The document is about waves and optics. It begins by defining what a wave is, noting that a wave transports energy through a medium by repeated vibrations of particles rather than transporting the medium itself. It then discusses key characteristics of waves like crest, trough, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and velocity. The document goes on to classify waves based on their source and type, and defines progressive and stationary waves. It also defines important optical concepts like ray optics and wave optics.

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    01-Unit-01-Waves and Optics Lectures L1-L3

    Uploaded by

    Evariste Migabo
    132 views15 pages
    The document is about waves and optics. It begins by defining what a wave is, noting that a wave transports energy through a medium by repeated vibrations of particles rather than transporting the medium itself. It then discusses key characteristics of waves like crest, trough, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and velocity. The document goes on to classify waves based on their source and type, and defines progressive and stationary waves. It also defines important optical concepts like ray optics and wave optics.

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    The document is about waves and optics. It begins by defining what a wave is, noting that a wave transports energy through a medium by repeated vibrations of particles rather than transporting the medium itself. It then discusses key characteristics of waves like crest, trough, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and velocity. The document goes on to classify waves based on their source and type, and defines progressive and stationary waves. It also defines important optical concepts like ray optics and wave optics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    132 views15 pages

    01-Unit-01-Waves and Optics Lectures L1-L3

    Uploaded by

    Evariste Migabo
    The document is about waves and optics. It begins by defining what a wave is, noting that a wave transports energy through a medium by repeated vibrations of particles rather than transporting the medium itself. It then discusses key characteristics of waves like crest, trough, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and velocity. The document goes on to classify waves based on their source and type, and defines progressive and stationary waves. It also defines important optical concepts like ray optics and wave optics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    WAVES AND OPTICS

    L1-Introduction
    A University should be a place of light, of liberty, and of learning.

    By
    Dr. ANIL BABU TADIBOYINA

    www. gi t a m e d u . c o m
    What is a wave?
     A wave is any disturbance, which travels through a medium
    due to the repeated periodic motion of the particles about their
    mean position.
     When a disturbance is created in a medium, the particles vibrate about their mean positions.

    Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina


     When a wave advances, the particles in the medium do not move
    from one place to another, but vibrate about their mean positions.

     Waves transport energy only and there is no transportation of medium.

     This type of transmission of vibratory motion from one place to another


    place in the medium is called “wave motion”.
    Examples: water waves, light waves, sound waves.
    https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/waves-intro/waves-intro.html

    11/15/2021
    https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/waves/wavemotion.html 2
    • Crest and Trough
    • Time Period
    • Frequency
    • Wave length
    • Amplitude
    • Velocity
    • Intensity
    • Phase angle
    • Wave height

    11/15/2021 Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina 3


    (Electromagnetic Waves)

    11/15/2021 Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina 4


    Classification of Waves
    (Based on its Source)

    Mechanical(Elastic) Electromagnetic Gravitational


    Matter Waves
    Waves Waves Waves

     Consists of  The cosmic bodies


     Governed by
    oscillating E and B  Governed by like galaxies, and
    Newton’s Laws
    fields laws of Quantum stars produce these
     Requires a material
     Do not require a Mechanics waves and interact
    medium for
    material medium  Atomic particles with each other via
    propagation
     Ex: Visible light, exhibit wave these waves
     Ex: Sound waves,
    radio, micro waves, properties under  Believed to
    water waves, Seismic
    X- and γ-Rays some conditions propagate with the
    waves
     Travel with speed ‘C’ velocity of light

    11/15/2021 Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina 5


    11/15/2021 Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina 6
    Waves can be classified as two types (i) progressive waves (ii) stationary waves

    1. Progressive waves: A wave which travels from a point in to an infinite medium and never returns
    to the origin is called a progressive wave.

    2. Stationary waves: when two progressive waves of same amplitude and wavelength travelling through
    a medium in opposite directions and are superimposed then these waves are called stationary waves or
    standing waves.
    11/15/2021 Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina 7
     Progressive waves are of two types, (a) transverse waves (b) longitudinal waves.

    (a) If the direction of vibration of particles


    is perpendicular to the direction of
    propagation of the wave, then the wave is
    called transverse wave.
    Examples: light waves and water
    waves
    (b) If the direction of vibration of particles
    is parallel to the direction of propagation
    of the wave, then the wave is called
    longitudinal wave.
    Examples: Sound waves

    When a wave travels through a medium, the particles of the medium vibrate about their mean
    positions. The extreme positions of vibration cause crests and troughs in the wave.
    11/15/2021 Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina 8
    Basic definitions to understand wave characteristics
    1. The distance between two consecutive crests or
    troughs of any particle in the wave and a similar
    particle n a next wave in phase with it called as
    wave length (λ).
    2. The time during which a particle of the medium
    completes one full vibration is called Time Period.

    3. The number of vibrations or cycles made in one second is called the frequency of the waves.
    4. The maximum displacement of the vibrating particles
    of the medium is called “Amplitude” of the wave
    motion. Which is denoted by the energy of the wave.
    5. The distance through which a wave travels in a
    medium in one second is called the velocity of the wave
    (v = n λ).
    6. In-phase: The particles which have the same
    displacement and moving in the same direction are said
    9
    to be in-phase. 11/15/2021
    11/15/2021
    Phase of a wave

    Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina


     In Physics, the phase is defined as the position
    of a point in time on a cycle of a waveform.
     A complete cycle that is 360 degrees is defined
    as the phase.
     The phase is expressed in terms of radians. One
    radian of phase is 57.3 degrees approximately.
     Phase specifies the location or timing of a point
    within a wave cycle of a repetitive waveform.
     The phase and frequency are inversely
    proportional to each other.
     The time interval of a one-degree phase is
    10
    inversely proportional to the frequency.
    What is Optics?
     Optics is a branch of Physics which deals with the light and its properties.
     Optics includes its interaction
    with matter and construction
    of instruments that use or
    detect it  Optics is the study of
    light and how it moves
     Optics usually describes the through different media.
    behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and
    infrared light.

    What is the purpose of Optics?


     To Understand the behavior of light for the invention of optical instruments such as
    microscopes, telescopes, and cameras, in addition to optical fibers. These instruments all
    use mirrors and lenses to reflect and refract light in order to form images.
    11/15/2021 11
    Wave Optics or
    Ray Optics or Optics
    Physical Optics
    Geometrical optics
     Wave optics is the branch of optics that
    studies the interference, diffraction,
     It describes light propagation in terms of “rays” polarization, and other phenomena for
     The refraction phenomenon is applied in the case which the ray approximation of
    of lenses (Convex and concave) for the purpose geometric optics is not valid.
    of forming an image of the object.  It is used when the wave characteristics of
     What is an image? light are taken in account.
    An image is a copy of an object created by
    the reflection or refraction of visible light.
     Geometrical optics is used in studies of
    how the images form in an optical
    systems.

    11/15/2021 12
     What is wave optics
    in physics?

    In physics, physical
    optics, or wave optics,
    is the branch of optics
    that studies
    interference,
    diffraction,
    polarization, and
    other phenomena for
    which the ray
    approximation of
    geometric optics is not
    valid.

    11/15/2021 13
    Why am I Teaching & What I am Teaching
     It happens due to the interference of light waves which can be described by the
    concept of wave optics. Evidence for the wave character of light.

    Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina


    Other Examples: soap bubbles and a thin film of oil which is floating on surface of water
     Why the sky is blue  As blue light is shorter and smaller wave, it is  Why the compact
    scattered more than any other colors in to the disc is showing
    earth’s atmosphere. This is the reason for the colors?
    blue color of sky.
     In optical testing, interference is used in testing
    surface quality like: flat surface, spherical
    surface, roughness of surface etc.

     In space applications include Radio astronomy, measuring light intensity,


    in retrieving images from the telescopes.

    11/15/2021
    14
    “Why am I Learning What I am Learning”

    • Why to study waves and oscillations?


    • In every day life, we come across numerous things that move

    Waves and Optics/PHYS1151/Dr. Anil Babu Tadiboyina


    – A large fraction of all physical situations involve periodic or oscillatory
    behavior
    • Motion of the planets
    • Stable mechanical systems
    • Electrical systems
    • Fundamental forces
    – Periodic motion in continuous media
    • Wave propagation
    • Electromagnetic radiation (light/optics)
    • Quantum mechanics
    – Most fundamental description of nature

    11/15/2021
    • Quantum Mechanics + Special Relativity Quantum Field Theory
    • Matter particles are quantized “waves” in an underlying “field”.
    15

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