Las #1 Attachment

Eastern Quezon College, Inc.
R. Marco St., Brgy. Penafrancia Gumaca, Quezon

SY 2021-2022
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
LAS # 1 ATTACHMENT: DO NOT COPY! FOR FURTHER READINGS ONLY!
MICROSCOPY
Invention of the Light Microscope
In the 1600s, people knew only about organisms they could see with the unaided eye.
They had no idea of the existence of cells. This changed when the microscope was invented.
Microscopes are optical instruments that produce larger images or pictures of specimens. The
first microscope was invented by a trio of Dutch eyeglass makers in the late 1500s. it
consisted of a tube with lenses ground from rock crystal, and it magnified objects up to nine
times their actual size.
In 1665, English physicist Robert Hooke used one of his microscopes to look at thin slices
of plant cells, wood, and pieces of cork. What he saw were cork chambers, which he called
“cells” because these reminded him of the small rooms in a monastery called cells. Scientists
later learned that the cells Hooke observed had once contained living matter. Hooke’s
discovery was significant because it opened up the study of cells.
In the early 1670s, Dutch biologist Anton van Leeuwenhoek used his handheld
microscopes to examine materials from pond water. He was able to see tiny livings in pond
water and drew the microorganisms he saw. To his surprise, he discovered a whole new world of
microscopic organisms.
Gradually, many biologists used the microscope as their investigative tool. Over the next
200 years, other scientists discovered cells found in plants and in animals.
Until the 1950s, all readily available microscopes that used either sunlight or
artificial light to view objects. However, if the object to be viewed is too large, it has to be
sliced thinly to allow light to pass through it.
The Microscope as a Biological Tool
In certain experiments, observations and descriptions could be made on specific

biological and physical properties. The world of living things is far more complicated than what
can be seen only with the unaided eye. In order to observe the very small structures of living
things, biologists use an important observational tool called the microscope.
The microscope is an instrument used to magnify the image of an object, most

specifically, microorganisms like bacteria and many others. The microscope has been used for
more than 300 years. It is frequently used in the field of biology and its allied sciences. The
study of the cell would have been impossible without the use of the microscope.
THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!

SY 2021-2022
The Compound Microscope
Parts and Functions of the Compound Microscope:
1. Magnifying Parts- are used to enlarge the specimens.

 The Ocular or Eyepiece is a lens attached to the upper end of the microscope. It
is where you look through to view the object placed on the stage. It magnifies the
image formed by the objectives. It is marked 5X or 10X. This means that the lens
enables you to see the object ten times larger than it actually is.
 Objective Lenses are the most important optical part of the microscope.
Objectives have three to four lenses: the scanner (4x or 5x), oil immersion
objective (OIO) (~100x), Low-power objective (LPO) (10x), and high-power
objective (HPO) (40x).
a. Low Power Objective (LPO) is shorter than the other objective lenses and is marked
10X. It locates the specimen and shows the general form and structure of the specimen.
b. High Power Objective (HPO) is a long tube that is usually marked 45X or 60X. It shows
the detailed structure of the specimen.
c. Oil Immersion Objective is a special type of objective lens, which may be long or short
to increase the resolution of the microscope. The small lens at the end is usually marked
99X or 100X. Cedar oil is used and a drop of it is placed on the specimen.
2. Illuminating parts are used to focus or direct light to the slide.
 A mirror collects and reflects light from an external light source up into the microscope.
It may be a convex or concave mirror.
 The condenser consists of a condensing lens that directs the maximum amount of light
upon an object.
 The iris diaphragm is a flat disc located beneath the condenser. It has an adjustment
aperture or opening, which may be reduced or enlarged to any size by adjusting its lever.
 The lever is the rod-like part that regulates the iris diaphragm beneath the condenser.
3. Mechanical parts are used to support and move parts of the microscope.
 The stage is the platform where the slide is placed. It has the stage clips, which hold the
slide with the specimen in place.
 The adjustment knobs are the parts that bring the object into focus so that the view of
the specimens appears sharp and clear.
a. The coarse adjustment knob is a big round knob used to focus the specimen at 10X
(LPO).
b. The fine adjustment knob is a small round knob used to focus the specimen at 40X or
60X (HPO). The specimen is initially focused at lower magnification.

SY 2021-2022

 The draw tube is a tube fitted inside the upper end of the body tube that houses the
ocular lens. It is attached to the body tube.
 The body tube is the part that holds the draw tube. This tube connects the eyepiece to
the objectives.
 The revolving nosepiece is the part where the objectives are attached and enables them
to be positioned at the desired place.
 The dust shield is the top part of the revolving nosepiece that protects the objectives
from dust.
 The base is a horse shoe-like stand that anchors the microscope firmly on the table.
 The pillar is the part that supports the upper parts of the microscope.
 The inclination joint is the part that allows the upper part of the microscope to be bent.
How to Use a Microscope
1. Place the microscope about an inch from the edge of the table.
2. Position the low power objective (LPO) above the center of the stage. Adjust the iris
diaphragm by getting the biggest opening.
3. If there is an Abbe condenser just below the center of the stage, move it until it is in its
uppermost position. Adjust the mirror to get the right illumination.
4. When you start to focus, use your left eye to view the specimen on the eyepiece.
5. Adjust the mirror until the right illumination is seen.
6. Place the slide with specimen below the low power objective (LPO), then shift it to high
power objective (HPO).
7. Hold the arm of the microscope with one hand and the other hand under the base.
8. Wipe the lenses using a clean tissue paper or thin cloth before and after using the
microscope. Lens paper may also use for cleaning the lenses.
How to Prepare the Specimen on the Slide
1. Place the slide on a flat surface.

2. Place the specimen on the slide, then put a drop of a water at the edge of the specimen.
Be sure that the edge of the dropper does not touch the specimen.
3. Hold the coverslip by its sides and lay its bottom edge on the slide close to the specimen.
Position cover slip at 45o.
4. Lower the cover slip slowly to let the water spread out of the glass slide. If there are
bubbles slowly press the center part of the cover slip using the tip of your pen or the tip
of your finger.

SY 2021-2022

Las #1 Attachment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Las #1 Attachment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Las #1 Attachment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Eastern Quezon College, Inc.

R. Marco St., Brgy. Penafrancia Gumaca, Quezon

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LAS # 1 ATTACHMENT: DO NOT COPY! FOR FURTHER READINGS ONLY!

Invention of the Light Microscope

The Microscope as a Biological Tool

In certain experiments, observations and descriptions could be made on specific

The microscope is an instrument used to magnify the image of an object, most

THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

The Compound Microscope

Parts and Functions of the Compound Microscope:

1. Magnifying Parts- are used to enlarge the specimens.

THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

How to Use a Microscope

How to Prepare the Specimen on the Slide

1. Place the slide on a flat surface.

THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!

You might also like