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Contents
CAMBRIDGE 17..................................................................................................... 3
Test 1 ..................................................................................................................... 3
Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Section 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Test 2 ................................................................................................................... 13
Section 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Section 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Section 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Test 3 ................................................................................................................... 23
Section 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Section 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 26
Section 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Test 4 ................................................................................................................... 35
Section 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 35
Section 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 38
Section 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 43

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 CAMBRIDGE 17
Test 1
Section 2
So, hello everyone. My name’s Lou Miller and I’m going to be your tour guide today
as we take (1) …………………………… around the Tasmanian coast. Before we set
off, I just want to tell you a few things about our journey. Our boats aren’t huge as you
can see. We already have three staff members on board and on top of that, we can
transport a further fifteen people – that’s you – (2) …………………………….. But
please note if there are more than nine people on either side of the boat, we’ll move
some of you over, otherwise all eighteen of us will (3) ……………………………….!
We’ve recently upgraded all our boats. They used to be jet black, but our new ones now
have these comfortable dark red seats and a light-green exterior in order to stand out
from others and (4) …………………………………………. This gives our boats (5)
………………………………………., don’t you think? We offer you a free lunchbox
during the trip and we have three types. Lunchbox 1 contains ham and tomato
sandwiches. Lunchbox 2 contains a cheddar cheese roll and Lunchbox 3 is salad-based
and also contains eggs and tuna. All three lunchboxes also have a packet of crisps and
chocolate bar inside. Please let staff know which lunchbox you prefer. I’m sure I don’t
have to ask you not to (6) ………………………………………………….. We don’t
have any bins to put litter in, but Jess, myself or Ray, our other guide, will collect it
from you after lunch and put it all in (7) ……………………………...
The engine on the boat makes quite a lot of noise so before we head off, let me tell you
a few things about what you’re going to see.
This area is famous for (8) ……………………………………., which you’ll see from
the boat as we turn past the first little island. It was built in 1838 to protect sailors as a
number of shipwrecks had led to (9) ………………………………….. The construction
itself was complicated as some of the original drawings kept by the local council show.
It sits right on top of the cliffs in a very isolated spot. In the nineteenth century there
were many jobs there, such as polishing the brass lamps, chopping firewood and
cleaning windows, that kept lighthouse keepers busy. These workers were mainly prison
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convicts until the middle of that century when ordinary families willing to (10)
………………………………. took over. Some of you have asked me what creatures
we can expect to see. I know everyone loves the penguins, but they’re very shy and,
unfortunately, tend to (11) …………………………………………, but you might see
birds in the distance, such as sea eagles, flying around the cliff edges where they nest.
When we get to the rocky area inhabited by fur seals, we’ll stop and watch them
(12)…………………………………. …………….. They’re (13)
………………………….. so don’t be surprised if one pops up right in front of you.
Their predators, orca whales, hunt along the coastline too, but spotting one of these is
rare. Dolphins, on the other hand, can sometimes (14) ………………………………..
or in groups as they ride the waves beside us. Lastly, I want to mention the caves.
Tasmania is famous for its caves and the ones we’ll pass by are so amazing that people
are (15) ……………………………….. when they see them. They can only be
approached by sea, but if you feel that you want to see more than we’re able to show
you, then you can take a kayak into the area on another day and one of our staff will
give you more information on that. What we’ll do is to (16)
……………………………………….., past some (17) …………………………….
and from there we’ll be able to see (18) ……………………………….., and at that point
we’ll talk to you about what lies beyond.

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ANSWER KEY

(1) this fantastic boat trip (10) live in such circumstances

(2) around the coastline (11) hide from passing boats

(3) end up in the sea (12) swimming around the coast

(4) help promote our company (13) inquisitive creatures

(5) a rather unique appearance (14) approach on their own

(6) throw anything into the sea (15) lost for words

(7) a large plastic sack (16) go through a narrow channel

(8) its ancient lighthouse (17) incredible rock formations

(9) significant loss of life (18) the openings to the caves

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Section 3
DIANA: So, Tim, we have to (1) …………………………… of our work
experience on a farm
TIM: Right. My farm was great, but (2) ………………………….. was hard.
One problem was it was miles away and I don’t drive. And also, I’d
really wanted a placement for a month, but I could only get one for two
weeks.
DIANA: I was lucky, the farmer let me stay on the farm so I didn’t have to travel.
But finding (3) ………………………………… to apply to wasn’t easy
TIM: No, they don’t seem to have websites, do they. I found mine through a
friend of my mother’s, but it wasn’t easy
DIANA: No.
TIM: My farm was mostly livestock, especially sheep. I really enjoyed (4)
…………………………………... I was up most of one night helping a
sheep (5) ………………………….. …
DIANA: On your own?
TIM: No, the farmer was there, and he told me what to do. It wasn’t (6)
…………………………………….., but I managed. It was a great
feeling to (7) ……………………………………. to its feet and start
feeding almost straightaway, and to know that it was OK.
DIANA: Mm.
TIM: Then another time a lamb had broken its leg, and they got the vet in to
set it, and he talked me through what he was doing. That was really
useful.
DIANA: Yes, my farm had sheep too. The farm was in a valley and they had (8)
……………………………….. called Suffolks, although the farmer
said they’d had other breeds in the past
TIM: So were they bred for their meat?

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DIANA: Mostly, yes. They’re quite (9) ……………………………….
TIM: My farm was (10) ………………………. and they had (11)
………………………………. sheep, they were Cheviots.
DIANA: Oh, I heard their wool’s really sought after
TIM: Yes. It’s very hardwearing and they use it for carpets
DIANA: Right.
TIM: I was interested in the amount of supplements they add to (12)
………………….. nowadays. Like, even the chickens got extra
vitamins and electrolytes in their feed.
DIANA: Yes, I found that too. And they’re not cheap. But my farmer said some
are overpriced for what they are. And he didn’t give them as (13)
……………………………., just at times when the chickens seemed to
particularly require them.
TIM: Yes, mine said the same. He said certain breeds of chickens might (14)
………………………………. than the others, but the cheap and
expensive ones are all basically the same.
DIANA: Mm
TIM: So did your farm have any other livestock, Diana?
DIANA: Yes, dairy cows. I made (15) ……………………………………. when
I was working in (16) ………………………... Some cows had been
treated with antibiotics, so their milk wasn’t suitable for (17)
………………………………, and it had to be put in (18)
……………………………….. But I got mixed up, and I poured some
milk from the wrong cow in with the milk for humans, so the whole lot
had to be thrown away. The farmer wasn’t too happy with me.
TIM: I asked my farmer how much he depended on the vet to (19)
……………………………. I’d read reports that (20)
…………………………….. is being affected as farmers are (21)

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 ……………………………………... Well, he didn’t agree with that,
but he said that actually some of the stuff the vets do, like minor
operations, he’d be quite capable of doing himself.
DIANA: Yeah. My farmer said the same. But he reckons vets’ skills are still
needed.
DIANA: Now we’ve got to give a bit of feedback about last term’s modules –
(22) ……………………….., apparently. Shall we do that now?
TIM: OK. So (23) …………………………………...
DIANA: Well, my heart sank when I saw that, especially right at the beginning
of the course. And I did struggle with it.
TIM: I’d thought it’d be hard, but actually I found it all quite straightforward.
What did you think about (24) ………………………………….?
DIANA: OK, I suppose
TIM: Do you remember what they told us about pet food and the fact that
there’s such limited checking into whether or not it’s contaminated? I
mean in comparison with the checks on food for humans – I thought that
was terrible.
DIANA: Mm. I think the module that really impressed me was the animal disease
one, when we looked at (25) …………………………… in different
parts of the world, like camels and water buffalo and alpaca. The
economies of so many countries depend on these, but scientists don’t
know much about the diseases that affect them.
TIM: Yes, I thought they’d know a lot about ways of (26)
……………………………… those diseases, but that’s not the case at
all.
I loved (27) …………………………….. Things like helping birds that
have been caught in oil spills. That’s something I hadn’t thought about
before.

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DIANA: Yeah, I thought I might (28) ………………………… on something
connected with that.
TIM: Right. So …

ANSWER KEY

(1) do a short summary (15) a really embarrassing mistake

(2) arranging the work experience (16) the milk shed

(3) the right sort of farm (17) human consumption

(4) helping out with them (18) a separate container

(5) deliver a lamb (19) deal with health problems

(6) a straightforward birth (20) the livestock’s health

(7) see the lamb stagger (21) under pressure to increase

production

(8) a lowland breed (22) just short comments

(9) big and solid (23) medical terminology

(10) up in the hills (24) diet and nutrition

(11) a different breed of (25) domesticated animals

(12) animals’ feed (26) controlling and eradicating

(13) a matter of routine (27) the wildlife medication unit

(14) a matter of routine (28) write my dissertation

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Section 4
Labyrinths have existed for well over 4,000 years. Labyrinths and labyrinthine symbols
have been found in regions as diverse as modern-day Turkey, Ireland, Greece, and India.
There are (1) ………………………….. but what they all have in common is a (2)
………………………… which leads to a central area. There is one starting point at the
entrance and the goal is to (3) ………………………………. Finding your way through
a labyrinth involves many twists and turns, but it’s not possible to get lost as there is (4)
…………………………………………….
In modern times, the word labyrinth has (5) ……………………………………….. and
is often used as a synonym for a maze. A maze is quite different as it is a kind of puzzle
with (6) …………………………………... Mazes became fashionable in the 15th and
16th centuries in Europe, and can still be found in the gardens of (7)
…………………………………. The paths are usually surrounded by thick, high
hedges so that it’s not possible to see over them. Entering a maze usually involves (8)
……………………………….. before using logic to work out the pattern and find your
way to the centre and then out again. There are lots of dead ends and paths which lead
you back to where you started. The word ‘maze’ is believed to come from a
Scandinavian word for (9) ……………………………………………. This is where the
word ‘amazing’ comes from.
Labyrinths, on the other hand, have (10) ………………………………………...
Although people now often refer to things they find complicated as labyrinths, this is
not how they were seen in the past. The winding spiral of the labyrinth has been used
for centuries as (11) ……………………………………….. It served as a spiritual
reminder that there is purpose and meaning to our lives and helped to give people (12)
……………………………………….. Labyrinths are thought to encourage (13)
…………………………………………. and have been used as a meditation and prayer
tool in many cultures over many centuries.
The earliest examples of the labyrinth spiral pattern have been found carved into stone,
from Sardinia to Scandinavia, from Arizona to India to Africa. In Europe, these spiral

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carvings date from the late Bronze Age. The Native American Pima tribe wove baskets
with (14) …………………………………………… that depicted their own
cosmology. In Ancient Greece, the labyrinth spiral was used on coins around four
thousand years ago. Labyrinths (15) …………………………………. were commonly
found in bathhouses, villas and tombs throughout the Roman Empire.
In Northern Europe, there were actual physical labyrinths designed for walking on.
These were cut into the turf or grass, usually in (16)
………………………………………………. The origin of these walking labyrinths
remains unclear, but they were probably used for fertility rites which may date back
thousands of years. Eleven examples of turf labyrinths survive today, including the
largest one at Saffron Walden, England, which used to have (17)
…………………………… in the middle of it.
More recently labyrinths have (18) …………………………………………………....
Some believe that walking a labyrinth (19) …………………………………………….,
and there are those who believe in its (20) ……………………………………………,
which include slower breathing and a restored sense of (21)
…………………………………………... This idea has become so popular that
labyrinths have been laid into the floors of spas, wellness centres and even prisons in
recent years.
A pamphlet at Colorado Children’s Hospital informs patients that ‘walking a labyrinth
can often calm people in the midst of a crisis’. And apparently, it’s not only patients
who benefit. Many visitors find walking a labyrinth less stressful than sitting in (22)
……………………………………………….. Some doctors even walk the labyrinth
during their breaks. In some hospitals, patients who can’t walk can have a paper ‘finger
labyrinth’ brought to their bed. The science behind the theory is (23)
……………………………………., but there are dozens of (24)
……………………………. which support claims about the benefits of labyrinths. For
example, one study found that walking a labyrinth provided ‘short-term calming,
relaxation, and relief from anxiety’ for Alzheimer’s patients.

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So, what is it about labyrinths that makes their appeal so universal? Well …

ANSWER KEY

(1) various designs of labyrinth (13) a feeling of calm

(2) winding spiral path (14) a circular labyrinth design

(3) reach the central area (15) made of mosaics

(4) only one single path (16) a circular pattern

(5) taken on a different meaning (17) a large tree

(6) an intricate network of paths (18) experienced something of a revival

(7) great houses and palaces (19) promotes healing and mindfulness

(8) getting lost a few times (20) emotional and physical benefits

(9) a state of confusion (21) balance and perspective

(10) a very different function (22) a corridor or waiting room

(11) a metaphor for life’s journey (23) a little sketchy

(12) a sense of direction (24) small-scale studies

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Test 2
Section 2
Good morning, and welcome to Oniton Hall, one of the largest estates in the area. My
name’s Nick, and I’m one of the guides. I’ll give you (1)
……………………………………… while you’re sitting down, and then we’ll walk
round.
The estate consists of the house, gardens, parkland and farm, and it dates back to the
fourteenth century. The original house was replaced in the late seventeenth century, and
of course it has had a large number of owners. Almost all of them have left their mark,
generally by adding new rooms, like (2) ………………………………….., or by
demolishing others. The farm looks much as it’s always done, although the current
owner (3) …………………………………………. to the flower beds.
In the seventeenth century, the estate was owned by a very wealthy man called Sir
Edward Downes. His intention was to (4) ………………………………………, after
years as an active politician, and to build a new house worthy of his big collection of
books, paintings and sculptures. He broke off contact with (5)
…………………………………., and hosted meetings of (6)
………………………………., like painters and poets. Unusually for his time, he didn’t
care whether his guests were rich or poor, as long as they had talent.
Big houses like Oniton had dozens of servants until the 1920s or 30s, and we’ve tried
to show what their working lives were like. Photographs of course don’t give much of
an idea, so instead, as you go round the house, you’ll see volunteers dressed up as (7)
……………………………., going about their work. They’ll explain what they’re
doing, and tell you their recipes, or what tools they’re using. We’ve just introduced this
feature to (8) ………………………………………. we used to have available.
I see there are a number of children here with you today. Well, we have (9)
……………………………………, like dressing up in the sorts of clothes that children
wore in the past, and as it’s a fine day, some of you will probably want to play in (10)
…………………………………... Our latest addition is (11)

13
………………………….., that you can drive around the grounds. We’ll also be going
into the farm that’s part of the estate, where there’s plenty to do. Most of the buildings
date from the eighteenth century, so you can really step back into (12)
………………………………………….
Until recently, the dairy was where milk from the cows was turned into cheese. It’s now
the place to go for lunch, or afternoon tea, or just a cup of coffee and (13)
……………………………...
The big stone building that dominates the farm is the large barn, and in here is (14)
………………………………………. These were used in the past to (15)
………………………., sow seeds, make gates, and much more.
There’s a small barn, also made of stone, where you can (16)
………………………………….., to (17) ……………………………….. They really
seem to enjoy having it done, and children love grooming them.
The horses no longer live in the stables, which instead is the place to go to buy gifts,
books, our own jams and pickles, and clothes and blankets (18)
…………………………………..
Outside the shed, which is (19) ………………………….., you can climb into a horse-
drawn carriage for a lovely, relaxing tour of the park and farm. The carriages are well
over a hundred years old.
And finally, the parkland, which was laid out in the eighteenth century, with a lake and
trees that are now well established. You’ll see types of cattle and sheep that are hardly
ever found on farms these days. We’re (20) ……………………………., to stop their
numbers falling further.
OK, well if you’d like to come with me …

14
ANSWER KEY

(1) a brief introduction to the estate (11) child-sized tractors

(2) the ballroom and conservatory (12) an agricultural past

(3) has done a great deal of work (13) a slice of homemade cake

(4) escape from the world of politics (14) our collection of agricultural tools

(5) his former political allies (15) plough the earth

(6) creative and literary people (16) groom the donkeys and horses

(7) nineteenth-century servants (17) keep their coats clean

(8) replace the audio guide (18) made of wool from our sheep

(9) several activities specially for (19) the only brick building
children

(10) the adventure playground (20) helping to preserve them

15
Section 3
Ed: Did you make notes while you were (1) …………………………… of Romeo
and Juliet, Gemma?
Gemma: Yes, I did. I found it quite hard though. I kept (2) ……………………………
the play.
Ed: Me too. I ended up not taking notes. I (3) …………………………… when I
got home. Do you mind if I check a few things with you? In case I’ve missed
anything. And I’ve also got some (4) …………………………….
Gemma: No, it’s good to talk things through. I may have missed things too.

Ed: OK great. So first of all, I’m not sure (5) …………………………….we should
include in our reviews.
Gemma: Right. Well, I don’t think we (6) …………………………….. Especially as
Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known plays.
Ed: Yeah, everyone knows the story. In an essay we’d (7) ……………………and
Shakespeare’s use of imagery etc., but that isn’t really relevant in a review.
We’re supposed to focus on (8) …………………………………is.
Gemma: Mmm. We should say what made it (9) ………………………………….

Ed: And part of that means talking about (10) ………………………………….had

on us. I think that’s important.
Gemma: Yes. And we should definitely mention how well the director handled
important bits of the play – like when Romeo climbs onto Juliet’s balcony.
Ed: And the fight between Mercutio and Tybalt.

Gemma: Yes. It would also be interesting (11) ………………………………….and

how the director used it but I don’t think we’ll have space in 800 words.
Ed: No. OK. That all sounds quite straightforward.

16
Ed: So what about The Emporium Theatre’s production of the play?

Gemma: I thought some things worked really well but there were some problems too.

Ed: Yeah. What about the set, for example?

Gemma: I think (12) ………………………………….. I’d say that was probably the
most memorable thing about this production.
Ed: You’re right. The set design was really amazing, but actually I have seen (13)
…………………………………..
Gemma: What about the lighting? Some of the scenes were so dimly lit it was quite hard
to see.
Ed: I didn’t dislike it. It helped to change (14) …………………………………...

Gemma: That’s a good point.

Ed: What did you think of the costumes?

Gemma: I was a bit surprised by (15) …………………………………..., I must say.

Ed: Yeah – I think it worked well, but I had assumed it would be more
conventional.
Gemma: Me too. I liked the music at the beginning and I thought (16)
…………………………………., but I thought they were wasted because the
music didn’t have much impact in Acts 2 and 3.
Ed: Yes – that was a shame.

Gemma: One problem with this production was that the actors didn’t (17)
…………………………………that well. They were speaking too fast.
Ed: It was a problem I agree, but I thought it was because they (18)
………………………………… – especially at key points in the play.

17
Gemma: I actually didn’t have a problem with that.

Ed: It’s been (19) ………………………………… watching different versions of

Romeo and Juliet, hasn’t it?
Gemma: Definitely. It’s made me realise how relevant the play still is.

Ed: Right. I mean a lot’s changed since Shakespeare’s time, but in many ways
nothing’s changed. There are always (20) …………………………………
between teenagers and their parents.
Gemma: Yes, that’s something (21) ………………………………… – more than the
violence and the extreme emotions in the play.
Ed: How did you find watching it in translation?

Gemma: Really interesting. I expected to (22) …………………………………, but I

could follow the story pretty well.
Ed: I stopped worrying about not being able to (23)
…………………………………, and focused on the actors’ expressions. The
ending was pretty powerful.
Gemma: Yes. That somehow (24) …………………………………for me.

Ed: Did you know Shakespeare’s been translated into more languages than any
other writer?
Gemma: What’s the reason for (25) …………………………………, do you think?

Ed: I was reading that it’s because his plays are about basic themes that people
everywhere are familiar with.
Gemma: Yeah, and they can also be understood on different levels. The characters have
such depth.
Ed: Right – which allows directors to (26) …………………………………,.

18
Gemma: That’s really important because …

ANSWER KEY

(1) watching the performances (14) the mood of the quieter scenes

(2) getting too involved in (15) the contemporary dress

(3) wrote down my impressions (16) the musicians were brilliant

(4) questions about our assignment (17) deliver the lines

(5) how much information (18) weren’t speaking loudly enough

(6) need to describe what happens (19) an interesting experience

(7) focus on the poetry (20) disagreements and tension

(8) how effective this particular

(21) all young people can relate to
production

(9) a success or a failure (22) find it more challenging

(10) the emotional impact the

(23) understand all the words
performance

(11) to mention the theatre space (24) intensified the emotion

(12) it was visually really stunning (25) his international appeal

(13) similar ideas used in other

(26) experiment and find new angles.
productions

19
Section 4
Right, everyone, let’s make a start. Over the past few sessions, we’ve been considering
the reasons why some (1) ……………………………, and today I’m going to introduce
another factor that affects languages, and the speakers of those languages, and that’s
technology and, in particular, (2) ………………. In order to illustrate its effect, I’m
going to focus on the Icelandic language, which is spoken by around 321,000 people,
most of whom live in Iceland – an island in the North Atlantic Ocean.
The problem for this language is not (3) …………………… – even though this number
is small. Nor is it about losing words to other languages, such as English. In fact, the
vocabulary of Icelandic is continually increasing because when speakers need a new
word for something, they tend to create one, rather than (4) ……………………. All
this makes Icelandic quite a special language – it’s changed very little (5)
……………………., yet it can handle twenty-first-century concepts related to the use
of (6) …………………….. Take, for example, the word for web browser … this is vafri
in Icelandic, which comes from the verb ‘to wander’. I can’t think of (7)
…………………………because that’s exactly what you do mentally when you browse
the internet. Then there’s an Icelandic word for podcast – which is too hard to
pronounce! And so on.
Icelandic, then, is alive and growing, but – and it’s a big but – young Icelanders spend
a (8) …………………………in the digital world and this world is predominantly
English. Think about smartphones. They didn’t even exist until (9)
………………………, but today young people use them all the time to (10)
…………………………, play games, listen to music, and so on. Obviously, this is a
good thing in many respects because it promotes their bilingual skills, but the extent of
(11) ………………………… in the virtual world is staggering and it’s all happening
really fast.
For their parents and grandparents, (12) ………………………… because they already
have their native-speaker skills in Icelandic. But for young speakers – well, the outcome
is a little troubling. For example, teachers have found that (13) ………………… in

20
Icelandic secondary schools can be conducted entirely in English, while teachers of
much younger children have reported situations where their classes (14)
………………… what is in a picture using English, rather than Icelandic. The very real
and (15) ………………… of all this is that the young generation in Iceland is at risk of
losing its mother tongue.
Of course, this is happening to (16) …………………….too, but while internet
companies might be willing to offer, say, French options in their systems, it’s much
harder for them to justify (17) …………………………….for a language that has a
population the size of a French town, such as Nice. The other drawback of Icelandic is
the grammar, which is (18) …………………………….than in most languages. At the
moment, the tech giants are simply not interested in tackling this.
So, what is the Icelandic government doing about this? Well, large sums of money are
being allocated to (19) …………………………….that it is hoped will lead to the
development of Icelandic sourced apps and other (20) ……………………………., but
clearly this is going to be an uphill struggle.
On the positive side, they know that Icelandic is still (21)
…………………………….and government. It has survived for well over a thousand
years and the experts predict that its future in this nation state is sound and will continue
to be so. However, there’s no doubt that it’s becoming (22)
…………………………….in young people’s lives.
This raises important questions. When you consider how much of the past is tied up in
a language, will young Icelanders lose their (23) …………………………….? Another
issue that concerns the government of Iceland is this. If children are (24)
…………………………….through different routes, neither of which they are (25)
…………….…, will they be able to (26) …………………………….?

21
ANSWER KEY

(1) world languages are in decline (14) find it easier to say

(2) digital technology (15) worrying consequence

(3) the number of speakers (16) other European languages

(4) borrowing from another language (17) the expense of doing the same

(5) in the past millennium (18) significantly more complex

(6) computers and digital technology (19) a language technology fund

(7) a more appropriate term (20) social media and digital systems

(8) great deal of time (21) the official language of education

(9) comparatively recently (22) an inevitable second choice

(10) read books, watch TV or films (23) sense of their own identity

(11) the influence of English (24) learning two languages

(12) the change is less concerning (25) fully fluent in

(13) playground conversations (26) express themselves properly

22
Test 3
Section 2
Good afternoon. My name’s Mrs Carter and I run the before and after school (1)
……………………. I hope you’ve had a chance to have a good look around the school
and talk to staff and pupils. I know that many of you are interested in using our (2)
…………………… when your child joins the school, and perhaps you already know
something about it, but for those that don’t, I’ll go through the main details now.
We offer childcare for children from the ages of (3) ……………………both before and
after school. I know that many parents who work find this service invaluable. You can
leave your child with us safe in the knowledge that (4) …………………………….
We are insured to provide care for (5) ……………………, although we rarely have this
many attending at any one session. I think we generally expect around (6)
……………for the afternoon sessions and about half that number for (7)
……………………… Although we currently do have 70 children registered with us,
not all of these attend every day. It’s ten years since we began offering an extended
hours service and we’ve come a long way during that time. When we first opened, we
only had about (8) ………………………….
We try to keep our costs as low as we can and we think we (9) ……………………for
money. For the afternoon sessions, which run (10) ………………………., it’s £7.20.
But if you prefer, you can pay for one hour only, which costs (11) ………, or two hours
which costs (12) …….
The cost of the childcare includes (13) …………… They’ll be given breakfast in the
morning and in the afternoon, a healthy snack as soon as they finish school. At 5 p.m.
children are given (14) ……………………., such as pasta or a casserole. Please inform
us of any allergies that your child might have and we’ll make sure they’re offered (15)
…………………
As you may know, the childcare service runs through the school holidays (16)
……………………. We offer a really (17) …………………….to keep the children
entertained – we don’t want them to feel as if they are still at school! It will also feel

23
different because they’ll get the chance (18) ……………………. with children from
other schools – spaces are available for them because a lot of our term-time children
don’t always (19) ………………….…In the past, parents have asked if children over
the age of 11 are allowed to come with their younger brothers and sisters – but I’m
afraid we’re unable to do this because of the (20) ……………………we have.
So now let me tell you about some of the activities that your child can do during the
after-school sessions. As well as being able to use (21) ………………………and the
library, there is usually at least one ‘special’ activity that children can do each day. For
example, Spanish. We have (22) …………………………coming in every Thursday to
give a basic introduction to the language through (23) …………………. She does two
sessions: one for the over 8s and one for the younger children. This is the only activity
which we have to make an extra charge for – but (24) ………………………….
Once a week the children have the opportunity to do some music. We’re very lucky that
one of our staff is a (25) …………………………. On Mondays, she teaches (26)
……………………… to groups of children. We do rely on (27) ………………for this,
so if any of you sing or (28) …………………and would be prepared to help out at these
sessions, we’d be delighted.
Painting continues to be one of (29) ……………………. To begin with we weren’t
keen on offering this because of the extra mess involved, but children kept asking if
they could (30) ………………… and so we finally gave in. Art is great for helping the
children to relax after working hard at school all day.
Yoga is something that we’ve been meaning to introduce for some time but haven’t
been able to find anyone available to teach it – until now that is. So we’ll see how this
goes. Hopefully, (31) ………………… in all sorts of ways from this.
Cooking is another popular activity. They make a different sort of (32)
………………… each week. Although the younger children love doing it, we found
that the mess was just too much, so we’ve decided to (33) …………………, as they are
better able to (34) ………………….

24
ANSWER KEY

(1) extended hours childcare service (18) to make new friends

(2) childcare service (19) attend during the holiday

(3) four to eleven (20) type of insurance

(21) the playground equipment,

(4) they will be extremely well cared for
computers

(5) up to 70 children (22) a specialist teacher

(6) 50–60 children (23) games and songs

(7) the breakfast sessions (24) it’s well worth it

(8) 20 children attending regularly (25) member of a folk band

(9) provide very good value (26) singing and percussion

(10) from 3.30 until 6 p.m (27) parental support

(11) £3.50 (28) play an instrument

(12) £5.70 (29) the most popular activities

(13) food and snacks (30) do some art

(14) something more substantial (31) children will benefit

(15) a suitable alternative (32) cake, or pizza or bread

(16) from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m (33) restrict this to the over 8s

(17) varied and exciting programme (34) clean up after themselves

25
Section 3
HOLLY: Hello Dr Green – I’m here to talk to you about (1) ………………….

TUTOR: Oh yes, it’s Holly, isn’t it?

HOLLY: Yes.

TUTOR: So, which work placement have you chosen?

HOLLY: I decided to go for the Orion Stadium placement. The event I’ll be managing
is one where I’m helping to (2) ……………………. for primary school
children.
TUTOR: Yup. That’s always (3) ……………………. – even though it can be tougher
than you think working with children.
HOLLY: I know, but it’s the fresh air that attracts me – (4) ……………………….
doesn’t have the same appeal, even though it might be fun.
TUTOR: OK, so obviously safety’s going to be (5) ………………………. for this
event.
HOLLY: Yes, I’ve already thought about that. I’ll need to make sure (6)
……………………….
TUTOR: Ah well, you’ll be working with schools, so the equipment will be their
responsibility. However, the grounds and what goes on there will be yours.
HOLLY: Oh I see – that’ll include (7) ……………………….…. once they’re in their
kit and on the field?
TUTOR: Exactly – you’ll need (8) ………………… like changing rooms as well for
anything someone can trip over, but your (9) ……………… will be not to
lose anyone!
HOLLY: Right. I’ll need staff to help with that.

TUTOR: And don’t forget about the spectators.

26
HOLLY: Mmm. I was thinking that many of them will be parents, who could help (10)
……………….
TUTOR: I wouldn’t rely on that. They’ll be more (11) …………………. their children
than volunteering.
HOLLY: I’ll need to make sure they don’t (12) …………………. doing that!

TUTOR: And that’s not always easy, especially when a proud parent’s trying to (13)
…………………. their child and you want them to move elsewhere.
HOLLY: OK. What about the scheduling?

TUTOR: With sporting events there are all sorts of things that can (14)
…………………. – like rain, for instance – though so far, we’ve always been
lucky with that.
HOLLY: Yeah, and I was thinking about what to do if someone got hurt as well. I know
that last year that (15) ………………….
TUTOR: You have to be prepared for such things.

HOLLY: Oh. What if a match ends in a draw – do you let the teams (16)
…………………….?
TUTOR: Oh. What if a match (17) …………………. – do you let the teams keep going
until someone wins?
HOLLY: Right.

TUTOR: Now, the aim of your work placement is to give you the opportunity to (18)
…………………. that an events manager needs. So, let’s talk about those a
bit.
HOLLY: Well, I think my (19) …………………. are pretty good. I can talk on the
phone to people and book venues and that kind of thing.

27
TUTOR: Good – just remember it isn’t only about what you say. If you (20)
……………… and want to (21) ……………………, for example …
HOLLY: Oh, I’ll dress up for that! Sure.

TUTOR: Good. Let’s go on to think about your (22) …………………. You’re working
in a very people-based industry and that means things won’t always go to
plan.
HOLLY: I guess it’s being prepared to (23) …………………….

TUTOR: That’s right. You may have to (24) ……………………….to a timetable

because of a problem you hadn’t anticipated …
HOLLY: … just do it! OK.

TUTOR: How’s your (25) ………………………. these days?

HOLLY: I’m working on it – I’m certainly better when I have a deadline, which is why
this work suits me.
TUTOR: Yes, but it’s how you respond as that deadline approaches!

HOLLY: I know I’ve got to look calm even if (26) ……………………….

TUTOR: Just think to yourself – no one must know (27) ……………………….

HOLLY: Yeah – even though I’m multi-tasking like crazy!

TUTOR: Another skill that events managers need is (28) …………. Often your client
has what we call the ‘big picture’ idea, but (29) ………………. to think of all
the fine points that go to making it work.
HOLLY: Right, so I need to listen carefully to that idea and then (30) ……………….

28
TUTOR: That’s right. And you’ll have a team working under you, so another key skill
is (31) …………. Your team may have lots of ideas too, but you’ve got to
(32) ……………. Do we have refreshments inside or out, for example?
HOLLY: Isn’t it better to be (33) …………….?

TUTOR: It’s a nice idea, but you have (34) ………………. So, believe in what you
think best. Be prepared to say ‘yes’, that’s a good idea but it won’t work here.
HOLLY: I see what you mean. What about the networking side of things? I know it’s
an area that a lot of students worry about because we don’t have much (35)
…………………….
TUTOR: But even without it – you can still be (36) ………………. …with useful ideas.
And the more people you impress, the better.
HOLLY: I guess that will help me when I (37) ……………….

TUTOR: Exactly – think ahead – remember what your (38) …………are and keep
them in mind.
HOLLY: Definitely.

29
ANSWER KEY

(1) my work placement (20) meet someone face-to-face

(2) set up a sports competition (21) persuade them to be a sponsor

(3) a popular placement (22) organisational skills

(4) organising something indoors (23) make changes that matters

(5) one of your key concerns (24) make an on-the-spot change

(6) one of the equipment’s damaged (25) time management

(7) keeping everyone within the boundary (26) I’m in a panic

(8) to inspect areas (27) I’m under pressure

(9) main priority (28) creativity

(10) run the event (29) it’s up to the events manager

(11) more interested in filming (30) fill in all the gaps

(12) interfere with events (31) leadership

(13) get a snap of (32) make the ultimate choices

(14) alter the timetable (33) democratic

(15) caused a terrible delay (34) the ultimate responsibility

(16) keep going until someone wins (35) experience to offer others

(17) ends in a draw (36) an interesting person

(18) develop the skills (37) apply for a real job

30
(19) communication skills (38) ambitions

31
Section 4
Scientists believe that a majority of the earth’s bird population migrate in some fashion
or
other. Some travel seasonally for (1)………………………….., such as birds that move
from their winter habitats in lowlands to mountain tops for the summers. Others, like
the Arctic Tern, travel (2)………………………………….between the northern and
southern poles.Bird migration has been studied over many centuries
(3)……………………………..
But until relatively recently, where birds went to in the winter was considered
something of a mystery. The lack of (4)…………………..……...….led to many
theories that we now recognize as error-filled and even somewhat amusing. Take
(5)……………………….for example – two thousand years ago, it was commonly
believed that when birds left an area, they (6)………………………………..in the seas
and oceans. Another theory for the regular appearance and disappearance of birds was
that they spent winter (7)……………………......till the weather changed and food
became abundant again. The theory that some birds hibernate persisted until
experiments were done on caged birds in the 1940s which demonstrated that birds
(8)……………………………….
One of the earliest naturalists and philosophers from ancient Greece was Aristotle who
was the first writer to discuss (9)……………………………………of some bird
species at certain times of year. He developed (10) ………………………., the seasonal
change of one species into another, by observing redstarts and robins. He observed that
in the autumn, small birds called ‘redstarts’ began to (11)…………………, which
convinced Aristotle that they changed into robins for the winter, and back into redstarts
in the summer. These assumptions are understandable given that this pair of species are
(12)……………………….., but are a classic example of an incorrect interpretation
based on correct observations.
(13)……………………………...was put forward by an English amateur scientist,
Charles Morton, in the seventeenth century. He wrote

32
(14)…………………………...……claiming that birds migrate to the moon and back
every year. He came to this conclusion as the only logical explanation for
(15)……………………... of some species.
One of the key moments in the development of migration theory came in 1822 when a
white stork was shot in Germany. This particular stork made history because of
(16)……………………………………which incredibly had not killed it – everyone
immediately realised this spear was definitely not European. It turned out to be a spear
from (17)……………………………. This was a truly defining moment in the history
of ornithology because (18)……………………………that storks spend their winters
in sub-Saharan Africa. You can still see the ‘arrow stork’ in the Zoological Collection
of the University of Rostock in Germany.
People gradually became aware that European birds (19)………………………….and
north in summer but didn’t know much about it until the practice of catching birds and
(20)………………………………became established. Before this, very little
information was available about (21)…………………… of particular species and how
they travelled there. People speculated that larger birds provided
(22)…………………………for smaller birds by carrying them on their backs. This
idea came about because it seemed impossible that small birds (23)
…………………………..could fly over vast oceans. This idea was supported by
observations of bird behaviour such as (24)…………………………….by smaller
birds.
The development of bird ringing, by a Danish schoolteacher, Hans Christian Cornelius
Mortensen, (25) …………………………….. This is still common practice today and
relies upon what is known as ‘recovery’ – this is when ringed birds are found dead in
(26)………………………………., and identified. Huge amounts of data were gathered
in the early part of (27)………………………..and for the first time in history people
understood where birds actually went to in winter. In 1931, an atlas was published
showing where (28)…………………………………….migrated to. More recent
theories about bird migration …

33
ANSWER KEY

(1) relatively short distances (15) the total disappearance

(2) more than 25,000 miles seasonally (16) the long spear in its neck

(3) through a variety of observations (17) a tribe in Central Africa

(4) modern science and technology (18) it was the first evidence

(5) hibernation theory (19) moved south in autumn

(6) went underwater to hibernate (20) putting rings on their legs

(7) hidden in mud (21) the actual destinations

(8) have no hibernation instinct (22) a kind of taxi service

(9) the disappearance and reappearance (23) weighing only a few grams

(10) the theory of transmutation (24) the harassment of larger birds

(11) lose their feathers (25) made many discoveries possible

(12) similar in shape (26) the place they have migrated to

(13) The most bizarre theory (27) the twentieth century

(28) the most common species of

(14) a surprisingly well-regarded paper
European birds

34
Test 4
Section 2
As many of you here today have worked in the hotel industry for some time, I’m sure
you
have experienced (1) ……………………………… in your hotels. Every hotel relies
on having (2) ……………………………… who make sure that everything runs
smoothly. If staff are constantly changing, it can make life difficult for everyone. But
why do staff (3)……………………………..? Of course, many hotel jobs, such as
cleaning, are low-skilled and are not well-paid. A lot of managers think it’s this and (4)
………………… that are the main causes of high staff turnover – but what they don’t
realise is that it’s (5)………………………. in many hotel jobs which is a huge factor.
So, what kind of problems does a high turnover of staff cause? Well, having to
(6)………………………… can be very time-consuming, and managers may have to
cover some duties while (7) ……………………….. This means they don’t have time
to think about less immediate problems such as (8) ………………………….. When
staff leave, it can also severely affect (9) ………………………….. It has a negative
effect on remaining staff, who may start to feel that they too should be thinking about
leaving.
So, what can be done to change this situation? Firstly, managers should stop making
basic
errors which leave their staff (10) ……………………... When organising shifts, for
example, make sure you never give certain staff (11) ……………...….. All staff should
be given some choice about when they work, and everyone should have to work
(12)………………………..….. If you treat staff fairly, they’ll be more likely to step in
and help when extra staff are needed.
Keeping staff happy has (13) ……………………… for the business. Take the Dunwich
Hotel as an example. It had been experiencing a problem with staff complaints and in
order to deal with this, (14) ………………………. and improved staff conditions. Not
only did the level of complaints fall, but they also noticed a significant increase in the

35
amount each customer spent during their stay. They have now introduced
(15)……………………… which is going really well.
Now I’d like to look at some ways you can reduce staff turnover in your hotels, and I’ll
do this by giving some examples of hotels where I’ve done some training recently.
The Sun Club received feedback which showed that staff thought managers
(16)………………………. They weren’t made to feel they were partners who were
contributing to (17) ……………………………. This situation has changed. Junior staff
at all levels are regularly invited to meetings where their ideas are welcomed.
A year ago, The Portland recognised the need to (18) ………………………. Their first
step was to introduce a scheme for recognising talent amongst their employees. The
hope is that organising training for (19) ……………………………… will encourage
them to stay with the business.
At Bluewater, managers decided to recognise 50 high achievers from across the
company’s
huge hotel chain. As a reward, they’re sent on (20) …………………………….. every
year. Fun is an important element in the trips, but there’s also the opportunity to learn
something useful. This year’s trip included (21) …………………….., where staff
learned about the new beer that would be served in the hotel.
Pentlow Hotels identified that retention of junior reception staff was an issue. In order
to
encourage them to see that working in a hotel could be (22) ……………………, with
good prospects, they introduced a management programme. These staff were given
additional responsibilities and (23) …………………………….. in the hotel.
Green Planet wanted to be seen as a caring employer. (24) …………………………..,
many of whom had childcare responsibilities, the hotel began issuing vouchers
(25)…………………………….
Louise Marsh at The Amesbury has one of the best staff retention rates in the business.
Since she joined the company, she has made a huge effort to achieve this by creating a

36
(26)………..……………… environment. For her, the staff are part of a large family
where everyone is valued.
OK, now I’d like to …

ANSWER KEY

(1) the problem of high staff turnover (14) invested in staff training

(2) loyal and experienced members of

(15) a customer loyalty scheme
staff

(3) leave frequently in many hotels (16) didn’t value their opinions

(17) the success of the business as a

(4) the long hours
whole

(5) the lack of training (18) invest in staff retention

(19) individuals with management

(6) recruit new staff all the time
potential

(7) waiting for new staff to arrive (20) an all-expenses-paid trip abroad

(8) how to improve their service (21) a visit to a brewery

(9) the colleagues they leave behind (22) worthwhile and rewarding

(10) feeling upset and resentful (23) the chance to work in various roles

(11) preferential treatment (24) To make life easier for staff

(12) some evening and weekend shifts (25) to help cover the cost of childcare

(13) other tangible benefits (26) co-operative and supportive

37
Section 3
JEANNE: Hi Thomas, how are you enjoying the course so far?
THOMAS: Yeah, I think it’s good.
JEANNE: Remind me – why did you decide to study sports science? Didn’t you
want to be (1) ……………………… when you were at school?
THOMAS: Yeah – that was my goal, and all my classmates assumed I would
achieve it; they thought I was brilliant.
JEANNE: (2) ……………………………..
THOMAS: Mm, I thought I could win anything. There was no one who could run
faster
than me.
JEANNE: Exactly – so what happened? Did your mum and dad want you
(3)…………………………?
THOMAS: Not at all. Perhaps they should have pushed me harder, though.
JEANNE: What do you mean?
THOMAS: I think I should have practised more.
JEANNE: What makes you say that?
THOMAS: Well, I went out to Kenya for (4) …………………… to train …
JEANNE: Really! I didn’t know that.
THOMAS: I was chosen to go there out of loads of kids and run with some of the
(5)………………………….. And … I was so calm about it. I just kept
thinking how fortunate I was. What a great chance this was! Everyone
back home was (6) ………………….. But once we started competing,
I very quickly realised I wasn’t good enough.
JEANNE: That must have been (7) ………………….
THOMAS: I thought ‘this can’t be happening’! I was used to winning.
JEANNE: I’m sorry to hear that.

38
THOMAS: It’s OK. I’m over it now and I think it’s much better to (8)
……………… and this one has such a variety of (9) ……………….
It’s going to be good.
JEANNE: Oh, I agree – I chose it because of that.
THOMAS: So Jeanne – have you thought of any ideas for the discussion session
next week on (10) ……………………….?
JEANNE: We have to cover more than one sport, don’t we?
THOMAS: Yeah.
JEANNE: You know – we always think technology is about the future, but we
could gather some ideas about (11) ………………………….
THOMAS: Look at early types of equipment perhaps?
Uh, I remember reading something about table tennis bats once – how
they
ended up (12) ……………………………
JEANNE: Cos they were just wooden at first, I’d imagine.
THOMAS: Yeah. In about the 1920s, a factory was making (13)
……………...……… for something like horse harnesses.
JEANNE: Really!
THOMAS: Yeah – and someone realised that it’d make (14) …………………….
for the wooden bats.
JEANNE: So what about cricket – that’s had (15) ………………..……. Maybe
the pads they wear on their legs?
THOMAS: I don’t think they’ve changed much but, I’m just looking on the internet
… and it says that when (16) ………………………….. came in, in
1978, the Australian batsman who first wore it was booed and jeered by
people watching because it was so ugly!

39
JEANNE: Wow, players have to protect themselves from (17) ……………….! I
mean everyone wears one now.
THOMAS: Mm, unlike (18) ………………….
JEANNE: Well, unless you’re a professional, but you’re right, (19)
……………………. don’t wear a helmet.
THOMAS: Hey, look at these pictures of original helmet designs. This one looks
like (20) ……………………….!
JEANNE: Yet, the woman’s laughing – she’s so proud to be wearing it!
THOMAS: It says serious cyclists (21) ………………….… from all the hard
exercise.
JEANNE: I guess that’s why they have (22) ……………………. in them now so
that the skin can breathe more easily.
THOMAS: OK, so we’ve done helmets. What about golf balls or better still golf
clubs – they’ve changed a lot.
JEANNE: Yeah – I remember my great grandfather telling me that because a club
was made (23) ……………………..., it would easily break and players
had to get another.
THOMAS: There’s no wood at all in them now, is there?
JEANNE: No – they’re (24) ……………………..
THOMAS: The same must be true of hockey sticks.
JEANNE: I don’t think so because players still use wooden sticks today. What it
does say here, though, is that when the game started you had to produce
a stick yourself.
THOMAS: I guess they just weren’t being manufactured. So, one more perhaps.
What about football?
JEANNE: Well, I know the first balls were made of (25) ………………...

40
THOMAS: Yeah, they covered them with (26) ………………… that were stitched
together, but … the balls let in water when it rained.
JEANNE: Oh, that would have made them much heavier.
THOMAS: That’s right. You can imagine (27) …………………………. when the
ball was headed.
JEANNE: How painful that must have been!
THOMAS: Yeah, well, I think we can (28) …………………………

ANSWER KEY

(1) a professional athlete (15) a few innovative changes

(2) That must have been a nice feeling (16) the first cricket helmet

(3) to be more academic (17) getting hurt

(4) a couple of weeks (18) the cycle helmet

(5) top teenage athletes in the world (19) many ordinary bikers

(6) so proud of me (20) an upside-down bowl

(7) a huge shock (21) ended up with wet hair

(8) do a university course (22) large air vents

(9) sports-related areas (23) entirely of wood

(10) technology and sport (24) much more powerful

(11) past developments in sport (25) animal skin

(12) being covered with pimpled rubber (26) pieces of leather

41
(13) rolls of the rubber in bulk (27) the damage to players’ necks

(14) a perfect covering (28) put together some useful ideas

42
Section 4
Hello everyone. Today we’re going to look at (1) ……………………….. and that’s
maple syrup. What is this exactly? Well, maple syrup looks rather like clear honey, but
it’s (2)……………………..; it’s produced from the plant fluid – or sap – inside the
maple tree and that makes maple syrup a very natural product. Maple syrup is
(3)………………………….. that can be bought in bottles or jars and poured onto food
such as waffles and ice cream or used in the baking of cakes and pastries. It contains
(4)……………………………., and it provides a healthy alternative to refined sugar.
Let’s just talk a bit about the maple tree itself, which is where maple syrup comes from.
So, there are many species of maple tree, and they’ll (5) …………………….. in areas
where there’s (6) ……………….... in the soil. However, they’ll only do this if another
important criterion is fulfilled, which is that they must have (7) ……………………
during the day and very cool nights – and I’ll talk more about that in a minute. There
are only certain parts of the world that (8) ……………………..: one is Canada, and by
that, I mean all parts of Canada, and the other is (9) …………………. of North
America. In these areas, the climate suits the trees perfectly. In fact, Canada produces
(10) ………………….. of the world’s maple syrup, which is why the five-pointed
maple leaf is a Canadian symbol and (11) …………………….. since 1964.
So how did maple syrup production begin? Well, long before Europeans settled in these
parts of the world, (12) ……………......…..… had started producing maple sugar. They
bored holes in the trunks of maple trees and used (13) ………………….………. to
collect the liquid sap as it poured out. As they were unable to keep the liquid for any
length of time – they didn’t have storage facilities in those days – they (14)
…………………… by placing pieces of rock that had become scorching hot from the
sun into the sap. They did this until it (15) ……………………, and they were then able
to use this to (16)…………………………….. Since that time, improvements have been
made to the process, but it has changed very little overall.
So let’s look at the production of maple syrup today. Clearly, the maple forests are
(17)……………………. in many Canadian and North American communities. The

43
trees have to be well looked after and they cannot be used to make syrup until the trunks
reach (18)…………………………………. This can take anything up to 40 years. As
I’ve already mentioned, maple trees need the right conditions (19)
…………………………. Why is this? Well, what happens is that during a cold night,
the tree absorbs water from the soil, and that rises through (20) …………………….
But then in the warmer daytime, the change in temperature causes the water to be pushed
back down to (21) ……………………. This continual movement – up and down – leads
to the formation of the sap needed for maple syrup production.
When the tree is ready, it can be tapped and this involves (22)
…………………………… and inserting a tube into it that ends in a bucket. The trees
can often take several taps, though the workers take care not to cause any damage to
(23) ……………………………. The sap that comes out of the trees consists of (24)
…………………………… and other nutrients. It has to be boiled so that much of that
water evaporates, and this process has to (25) …………………….., using what are
called evaporators. These are basically extremely large pans – the sap is poured into
these, a fire is built and the pans are then heated until the sap boils. As it does this, (26)
………………..…..., and the syrup begins to form. The evaporation process creates
large quantities of steam, and the sap becomes (27)……………………, and, at just the
right moment, when the sap is thick enough to be called maple syrup, the worker (28)
…………………………. After this process, something called ‘sugar sand’ has to be
filtered out as this builds up during the boiling and gives the syrup (29)
…………......……..….. and a slightly gritty taste. Once this has been done, the syrup is
ready to be packaged so that it can be used for (30) ……………………………. It takes
40 litres of sap to produce one litre of maple syrup so you can get an idea of how much
is needed!
So that’s the basic process. In places like Quebec where …

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ANSWER KEY

(1) another natural food product (16) sweeten their food and drinks

(2) not made by bees (17) a valuable resource

(3) a thick, golden, sweet-tasting liquid (18) a diameter of around 25 centimetres

(4) no preservatives or added ingredients (19) to grow and also to produce sap

(5) grow without fertilizer (20) the tree’s vascular system

(6) plenty of moisture (21) the bottom of the tree

(7) full or partial sun exposure (22) drilling a small hole into the trunk

(8) provide all these conditions (23) the healthy growth of the tree itself

(24) 98 percent water and 2 percent

(9) the north-eastern states
sugar

(10) over two-thirds (25) take place immediately

(11) has featured on the flag (26) the water evaporates

(12) the indigenous communities (27) thicker and denser

(13) containers made of tree bark (29) removes it from the heat

(14) boiled the liquid (29) a cloudy appearance

(15) turned into sugar (30) a whole variety of products

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