9

Further differentiation
Skills check d)
dy
= 3x 2 − 10 x + 3 < 0
dx y
1. a) −1 1
(3x − 1)( x − 3) < 0  1   <x <3
b) y = 1 − 2x m = −2 3 3 3
x
1
c) 8y = 4x − 3 m=
2 dy
2 e)  = 6 x 2 − 54 < 0 x 2 − 9 < 0
d) 3y = 4 − 2x m= − dx
3
(x + 3)(x − 3) < 0  −3 < x < 3
e) 2y = 18x + 15 m=9 y

5 2x 2  x
f) y = − m=– –3 3
3 3 3 f) y = x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 7
dy y

Exercise 9.1 <0

dx x2–4x–5

⇒ 3x – 12x – 15 < 0
2
1. a) f ′(x) = 2x − 6 > 0  x > 3
(÷3)  ⇒ x2 – 4x – 5 < 0 –1 0 5 x
3
b) f  ′(x) = 3 − 4x > 0  3 > 4x x <
4 ⇒ (x – 5)(x + 1) < 0
c) f ′(x) = 3x2 − 48 > 0  3x2 > 48  x2 > 16 ⇒ –1 < x < 5
y

dy 1
3. a) = 10x + 5 > 0  2x + 1 > 0  x > −
x dx 2
–4 4
dy
b) = 16 − 8x > 0  2 − x > 0  x < 2
dx
x < −4 and x > 4
dy
d) f ′(x) = 6x2 − 18x + 12 > 0  x2 − 3x + 2 > 0 c) = 3x 2 − 3 > 0 x2 − 1 > 0  x < −1 and x > 1
dx
y y

x x
1 2 –1 1

(x − 2)(x − 1) > 0  x < 1 and x > 2 dy 1

d) = 12 x − 6 > 0 2 x − 1 > 0  2 x > 1 x >
dx 2
e) f(x) = 3x2 – 2x3
dy y
′(x) > 0
Need f   e)  = −12 + 18x − 6x2 > 0
dx x 1 2
⇒ 6x – 6x2 > 0 y
x–x2 0 > 6x2 − 18x + 12  0 > x2 − 3x + 2
⇒ x – x2 > 0
0 > (x − 2)(x − 1)  1 < x < 2
⇒ x(1 – x) > 0 0 x
1 f) y = 3x3 – 18x2 + 18x – 2
⇒ 0 < x < 1    
dy = 9x2 – 36x + 18
f) f ′(x) = 9x2 − 9 > 0  9(x − 1)(x + 1) > 0 dx
y
dy > 0 ⇒ 9x2 – 36x + 18 > 0
x dx
–1 1

x < −1 and x > 1 ⇒ x2 – 4x + 2 > 0

dy 1 4 ± 16 − 4 × 1 × 2
2. a) = 2x − 1 < 0 2x < 1 x < x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 when x =
dx 2 2
dy 4± 8
b) =− 2 − 2 x < 0  −2 < 2x  x > −1 = = 2± 2
dx 2
y
c)
dy
= 6 x + 6 < 0 6(x + 1) < 0  x < −1 ⇒ x < 2 – 2 or x > 2 + 2 
x2–4x+2
dx
2–√2 2+√2 x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 1
4. a) f  ′(x) < 0 y dy
3x–x2
d) = 3 x 2 − 10 x + 3 = 0 at TP
⇒ 18x – 6x < 0 2
dx
⇒ 3x – x2 < 0 1
(3 x − 1)( x − 3) = 0 x = or 3
3
⇒ x(3 – x) < 0 0 3 x 2 2
2 = 6 x − 10 x = , d y2 = − 8 < 0 ∴ maximum
d y 1
⇒ x < 0 or x > 3 dx 3 dx

⎛⎜ , 1 ⎞⎟ = maximum TP
b) f ′(x) = −
 5 − 20x < 0  −5 < 20x 1 13
1 ⎝ 3 27 ⎠
−1 < 4x x> −
4 d2 y
x = 3, = 18 − 8 = 10 > 0
c) f (x) = x3 + 6x2 + 12x − 1 dx 2
⇒ f ′(x) = 3x2 + 12x + 12 ∴ (3, − 8) =
minimum TP
f ′(x) < 0 ⇒ 3x2 + 12x + 12 < 0 dy
e) = 4 x 3 − 4 x = 0 at TP 4 x ( x 2 − 1) = 0
⇒ x2 + 4x + 4 < 0 dx
⇒ (x + 2)2 < 0 x = 0, 1, or −1
But a square is always ≥ 0. Therefore there are when x = 0,  y = −2
no solutions and f(x) is never decreasing. when x = 1,  y = 1 − 2 − 2 = −3
y
d) f ′(x) = 15x2 − 15 < 0  x2 − 1 < 0 when x = −1,  y = 1 − 2 − 2 = −3.
x
(x + 1)(x − 1) < 0  −1 < x < 1   –1 1 d2 y d2 y
= 2
12 x 2
− 4 when x =0, 2
=− 4 < 0
dx dx
e) f ′(x) = 8x − 36x2 < 0  4x(2 − 9x) < 0  x < 0
2 (0, − 2) is a maximum TP
and x > 2
9 when x = 1, d y2 = 12 − 4 = 8 > 0
y dx

x (1, – 3) is a minimum TP
0 2
2
9
when x =−1, d y2 =12 − 4 =8>0
dx
f) f(x) = x(160 − 52x + 4x2) = 160x − 52x2 + 4x3
( −1, −3) is a minimum TP
f ′(x) = 160 − 104x + 12x2 < 0  40 − 26x + 3x2 < 0
20 dy
(3x − 20)( x − 2) < 0 2 < x < 
y f) = 24 − 6 x 2 = 0, 4 − x 2 = 0 x = 2 or − 2
3 dx
2 20 x 
when x = 2,  y = 9 + 48 −16 = 41
Exercise 9.2 3
when x = −2,  y = 9 − 48 + 16 = −23
2
d2 y
dy d y2 = −12 x . when x = 2, 2 = − 24 < 0
1. a) = 2x − 2 = 0 at TP  x = 1  y = 1 − 2 + 5 = 4 dx dx
dx
d2 y ∴ (2,41) =
maximum TP
2 =2 > 0 ∴ minimum (1, 4) =minimum TP
dx d2 y
dy 1 when x = −2, = 24 > 0
b) =1 − 2 x =0 at TP x = dx 2
dx 2
∴ (−2, − 23) =minimum TP
1 1 1
y = 3 + − = 3
2 4 4
2. a) y = (x − 6) (x − 2)  ∴cuts x-axis at 2 and 6
d2 y
2 = − 2 < 0 ∴ maximum cuts y-axis at 12.
dx
dy
= 2 x − 8 = 0 at TP 2 x = 8  x = 4
⎛⎜ , 3 ⎞⎟ = maximum TP
1 1
dx
⎝2 4⎠
when x = 4, y = 16 − 32 + 12 = −4 y
dy
c)  = 4 x + 4 = 0 at TP  x = −1 1
dx 2 3 3
d y2 = 2 > 0 x
y = 2 − 4 − 3 = −5 dx
d2 y
= 4>0
dx 2
∴ minimum TP : (4, − 4) =
minimum TP
∴ minimum (−1, − 5) =minimum TP

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 2
 b) y = x2 − x3 When x = 0, y = 0. (0, 0) = point of inflexion
  
= x2(1 − x) Cuts x-axis at 0 and 1. 3 27 ⎛ 3 11 ⎞
When x = , y = − . ⎜ , − 1 ⎟ = minimum TP
Cuts y-axis at 0 y 2 16 ⎝ 2 16 ⎠
dy x3
=2 x − 3x 2 =0 at TP f) y = 20 + 15 x − x 2 −
dx 3
2
x (2 − 3x )= 0 x= 0 or x=
3 ( 23 ,274 )
dy
= 15 − 2 x − x 2 = (5 + x )(3 − x ) = 0 at TP.
When x = 0, y = 0 dx
x
1 x =
− 5 or x =
3
When x =2 , y =4 − 8 = 4
3 27 9 27 1
y=
− 38 y=
47
d y 2
d y 2
3
2 = 2 − 6 x When x = 0, 2 = 2 > 0 ∴ minimum
dx dx d2 y
TP at (0, 0) =− 2 − 2 x
dx 2
d2 y 2 ⎛2⎞ d2 y ⎛ −115 ⎞
When x =
 = 2− 6⎜ ⎟ < 0 x =− 5,=− 2 + 10 > 0 minimum TP at ⎜ −5,
dx 2 3 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎟
dx 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠
∴ maximum at ⎛⎜ , ⎞⎟
2 4 d2 y
⎝ 3 27 ⎠ =x 3= − 2 − 6 < 0 maximum TP at (3, 47)
dx 2
y = 4x3 – x4
c)
y (3,47)
dy
= 12x2 – 4x3 = 0 when 3x2 – x3 = 0
dx y 20
i.e. x2(3 – x) = 0  i.e. x = 0 or 3 27
x
Therefore the stationary point
are (0, 0) and (3, 27)
(–5, –38 31 )
d2 y
= 24x – 12x2
dx 2 –1 0 3 4
x 3. a) f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2
⎧ dy ′(x) = 6x2 − 6x = 6x(x − 1) = 0 at TP
f  
⎪0 at x = 0 must look at
=⎨ dx
⎪
x = 0 or x = 1
⎩24 × 3 − 12 × 9 =− 36 < 0, at x =3
y = 0 y = −1
Hence (3, 27) is a maximum TP.
dy
f"(x) = 12x − 6
Examine x = 0 = 12x2 – 4x3 f"(0) = −6 < 0 ⇒ max at (0, 0)
dx
dy
Just to left of x = 0 (e.g. x = –1), is + ve f"(1) = 6 > 0 ⇒ min at (1, −1)
dx
dy b) f(x) = 2x3 − 9x2 + 12x + 4
Just to right of x = 0 (e.g. x = 1) is + ve.
dx
f ′(x) = 6x2 − 18x + 12 = 6(x2 − 3x + 2)
Therefore (0, 0) is a point of inflexion.
dy = 6( x − 2)( x − 1) = 0 at TP
d) y = x 2 − 2 x + 7 = 2 x − 2 = 0 at TP.
dx y
x = 1 or x = 2
Cuts y-axis at 7. y

x = 1, y = 6 ″(x) = 12x − 18
f   (1,9)
2 7 1, f ′′( x ) =− 6 =max TP
x =
d y2= 2 > 0. 4
(2,8)
dx (1,6)
x= 2 f ′′( x )= 6 > 0 min TP x
Hence (1, 6) is a minimum TP. x
x = 1, y = 9  x = 2, y = 8
e) y = x3(x − 2) = x4 − 2x3
1
dy c) f ( x =
) x +  y
= 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 = 2 x 2 (2 x − 3) = 0 at TP x
dx
3 y 1
x = 0 or x = f ′( x ) =1− =0 at TP
2 x2 (1,2)
(–1,–2) x
3 1
x −1 0 1 2  1 = 2 x = 1 x = 1 or x = − 1
2
2 x x
2
dy
\ − \ − ⁄ ( 3, 11
–1 )
dx 2 16

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 3
 f(1) = 2, so TP at (1, 2). ⎛1⎞
y ⎜ ⎟ = −4, y(1) = −8
f(–1) = –2, so TP at (–1, –2) ⎝3⎠
d2 y
f ′′( x ) = 2 = 27(6x − 4)
3 dx 2
x
=x 1, f ′′( x ) > 0 min TP at (1, 2) d2 y ⎛1 ⎞
= −54 < 0 ⇒ max at ⎜ , − 4⎟
x=−1 f ′′( x ) < 0 max TP at ( − 1, − 2) dx 2 x = 1 ⎝3 ⎠
3
2
d y = 54 > 0 ⇒ min at (1, −8)
d) f(x) = (x + 1)3 = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
dx 2 x =1
f ′(x) =3x2 + 6x + 3 = 3(x2 + 2x + 1)
6. y = x –2 + 54x
= 3 ( x + 1)( x + 1)= 0 at TP

dy 2
= − 2 x −3 + 54 =− 3 + 54 = 0 at TP
x −2 −1 0 y
dx x
1 1
f ′(x) ⁄ − ⁄ =
54 x 3 2= x3 =x
1
27 3
x = −1 y = 0 1 54
x when x = , y =9 + =9 + 18 =27.
(−1, 0) = pt of inflexion (–1,0) 3 3

d2 y
2
= 6 x −4
dx
1
1 3 1 3
1 d2 y 6
4. y = x 2  − x  = x 2 − x 2 when x = , = >0
2  4 3 dx 2 4
⎛1⎞
dy 3 − 12 3 12 ⎜ ⎟
∴ = x − x ⎝3⎠
dt 8 2 ⎛1 ⎞
∴ Minimum TP at ⎜ , 27 ⎟
dy 3 −1 3 1 ⎝3 ⎠
= 0 when = x 2 = x 2
dt 8 2
7. y = x4 – 2x3 + x2 – 2
1 1
⇒ = x dy
8 x 2 = 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 2 x = 0 at TP
dx
2
⇒8 x× x =x 2x(2x2 – 3x + 1) = 0
1 2x(2x – 1)(x – 1) = 0
⇒x=
4 1
3
x = 0  or   or 1 y
1 3 1 ⎛1⎞ 3 1 1 2
When t = ,  y = × − ⎜ ⎟ =− = 31
4 4 2 ⎝2⎠ 8 8 4 y = −2  or  −  or −2 1 , –31
( )
16 2 16
⎛1 1⎞ x
start point is ⎜ , ⎟ 2
d y
⎝4 4⎠ = 12 x 2 − 12 x + 2 –2
dx 2 (1,–2)
d2 y 3 −3 3 −1 2
d y
2
=− x 2− x 2 when x = 0, 2= 2 > 0 ∴ (0, –2) = minimum TP
dx 16 4 dx
1 d2y 3 3 1 d2 y
When x = , = − ×8− ×2 when x = , 2 = 3 − 6 + 2 < 0
4 dx 2 16 4 2 dx
3 3 ⎛1 31 ⎞
=− − =− ve ∴ ⎜ , − ⎟ = maximum TP
2 2 ⎝2 16 ⎠
d2 y
when x = 1, 2 = 12 − 12 + 2 > 0
∴ ⎛⎜ , ⎞⎟ is a Maximum TP.
1 1
dx
⎝4 4⎠
∴ (1, –2) = minimum TP
5. y = (3x − 2) − 9x = 0
3

dy 8. y = 3x3 – 5x2 + 3x + 4
= 9(3x − 2)2 − 9 = 0
dx dy
= 9 x 2 − 10 x + 3= 0
dy = 3x2 − 4x + 1 = 0 dx

dx b2 – 4ac = (–10)2 – 4 (9) (3) = 100 – 108 < 0
dy 1 ∴ no roots
= (3x − 1)(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = or 1
dx 3
∴ no stationary point on the curve.

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 4
9. f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 5 g(x) = x3 – 4x2 – 3x + 6 2
when x = 10, d V2 < 0 ∴ maximum when x = 10
1 dx
a) f ′( x ) = 6 x + 2 = 0 at TP  x = −
3 V = 75x − 1 x 3 = 750 − 1 (1000 )
g′( x )= 3x − 8x − 3= 0 at TP
2 4 4

1
= 750 − 250 = 500 cm 3

(3x + 1) (x – 3) = 0  x = − or x = 3
3 3. volume box = (40 − 2x)(40 − 2x) (x)
∴ f(x) and g(x) both have a stationary value when
 = x(1600 − 160x + 4x2)
1 = 1600x − 160x2 + 4x3
x = −
3 dV
= 1600 − 320 x + 12 x 2 = 0 at max / min
1 2 dx
b) f(x): when x = − , y = 4 y y = f(x)
3 3 (–13, 6 14
27) 6 3x2 − 80x + 400 = 0
4 Corners 40 – 2x
1 14 (3x − 20)(x − 20) = 0,
g(x): when x = − , y = 6 ( –1 , 4 2
)
3 27 3 3
40 – 2x
when x = 3, y = –12 x 20
y = g(x) x = (or  x = 20 ← not possible as 40 − 2x = 0)
3
d 2V = −320 + 24x
10. y = ax2 + bx + c (3,–12)
dx 2
dy
= 2ax + b= 0 at minimum. 20 d 2V
dx when x = < 0 ∴ maximum
3 dx 2
⎛1⎞ 20
∴ 2a ⎜ ⎟ + b =0 ∴x =
2⎝ ⎠ 3
a+b=0
4. y = 3 − x
Passes through (2, 0) ∴ 0 = 4a + 2b + c
Let V = x2 + 14y = x2 + (3 − x)14 = x2 − 14x + 42
Passes through (1, –3)
dV
∴ –3 = a + b + c but a + b = 0 ∴ –3 = c = 2 x − 14 = 0 at max / min x = 7
dx
a + b = 0 ⎫ 2a + 2b = 0 ⎫
⎬ ⎬ d 2V
4 a + 2b = 3⎭ 4 a + 2b = 3 ⎭ = 2 > 0 ∴ minimum.
dx 2
subtracting gives 2a = 3, hence a = 1.5 Least value of V = x2 + 14y = 72 − 14(7) + 42 = −7
∴ b = –1.5
5. Perimeter = 2p + 2πr = 1400  p + πr = 700
Exercise 9.3 p = 700 − πr
1. Area = x(80 − 2x) = 80x − 2x2 Area = 2rp + πr = 2r(700 − πr) + πr2 = 1400r − πr2
2

dA x x dA
= 80 − 4 x = 0 at TP x = 20 . = 1400 − 2π r = 0 at TP
dx dr
80 – 2x
1400
d2 A r= = 222.8
=− 4 < 0 ∴ maximum at x = 20. 2π
dx 2
d2 A
x = 20, length = 80 − 2(20) = 40 = − 2π < 0 ∴ TP is a maximum.
dr 2
Area = 20 × 40 = 800 m2 1400 
p = 700 − π  = 0.
300 − x 2
 2π 
2. A = x2 + 4xh = 300  h =
4x 1
6. x + 2y = 8 2y = 8 − x y= 4 − x
2 ⎛ 300 − x ⎞ 2
1 3 2
V = x2h = x ⎜ ⎟ = 75x − x ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎝ 4x ⎠ 4 x 2 y =x 2 ⎜ 4 − x ⎟ =4 x 2 − x 3
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
dV 3 d 3
= 75 − x 2 = 0 at maximum =8x − x 2 =0
dx 4 dx 2
300
=
x 2 = 100 = x 10 at max / min 8 x =
3 2 16
x = x (or x = 0)
3
2 3
d 2V 3 d 16
2
= − x =8 − 3x < 0 when x = ∴ maximum
dx 2 dx 2
3

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 5
 ⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛
2
1 16 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛ 8⎞
2
dA
=
x 2 y ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 4 − ×= = 20 − 4r − 2π r = 0 at max/ min
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜4 − ⎟ dr
3 ⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 16 ⎞
2
4 1024 20 = 4r + 2π r
=⎜ ⎟ × = 10
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 27 10 = 2r + πr = r (2 + π=
)  r = 1.945
2+π
512
7. a) v = πr 2h = 512π ∴ r 2 h = 512 h = d2 A
r2 =− 4 − 2π < 0 ∴ maximum
dr 2
⎛ 512 ⎞ 1024π
SA = πr2 + 2πrh = πr2 + 2πr ⎜ = πr2 +
2 ⎟ Area = 20(1.945) − 2(1.945)2 − π (1.945)2
⎝ r ⎠ r
= 19.45 cm2
dA 1024π
b) =2π r − =0 at max / min 2
dr r2 11. 2p + 5q = 100  5q = 100 − 2p  =
q 20 − p
5
∴ r 3 = 512  r = 8
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2
W =pq =p ⎜ 20 − p ⎟ =20 p − p 2
d2 A 2048π ⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
2 = 2π + 3 > 0 when π = 8 so minimum
dr r dW 4 4
= 20 − p = 0 at max / min 20 = p p = 25
1024π dp 5 5
A =π (8) + =64π + 128π =192π
2
8 d 2W 4
=− < 0 ∴ maximum
512 dp 2 5
c) r = 8 cm, h = = 8cm
82 ⎡ 2 ⎤
W = pq = 25 ⎢20 − × 25⎥ = 25[20 − 10] = 250
⎣ 5 ⎦
8. Arc length = rθ perimeter = 2r + rθ = 20
20 − 2r 20 r 13.5
θ= = − 2 12.=
V x=
2
y 13.5 =
y
r r θ rθ
x2

⎛ 13.5 ⎞ 54
r A =x 2 + 4 xy =x 2 + 4 x ⎜ 2 ⎟
=x 2 +
⎝ x ⎠ x
1 2 1 ⎛ 20 ⎞
Area = r θ = r2 ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 10r − r 2 dA 54
2 2 ⎝ r ⎠ = 2 x − 2 = 0 at max/min
dx x
dA
= 10 − 2r = 0, hence r = 5 at max / min 2x3 = 54  x3 = 27  x = 3
dr
d2 A 108 d2 A
d2 A =2 + 3 when x =3, > 0 ∴ minimum
= − 2 < 0 ∴ maximum dx 2
x dx 2
dr 2
Minimum dimensions = x × x × y
Area = 10r − r 2 = 50 − 25 = 25 cm2
13.5
= 3 × 3 ×
9. A = πr + 2πrh = 3π
2 9
3 r = 3 m × 3 m × 1.5 m
2πrh = 3π − πr2 2rh = 3 − r2 h = −
2r 2
⎛ 3 r⎞ 3 1 3 Exercise 9.4
V = πr2h = πr2 ⎜ − ⎟= πr − πr
⎝ 2r 2⎠ 2 2 dr dA
=
1. .4, A 4π r=
0= 2
8π r
dV 3 3 dt dr
= π − π r 2 = 0 at max / min
dr 2 2 dA dA dr
= ⋅ = 8π r ⋅ 0.4 = 3.2π r
∴ r = 1  r = 1 (cannot be −1)
2 dt dr dt
dA
d 2V
− 3π r < 0 when r =1∴ maximum.
= =
when = 64π cm/s
r 20,
dt
dr 2
3 1 dr dC
r = 1, h = − =1 2.=
C 2π r = 2π
5=
2 2 dt dr

r = 1 m, h = 1 m. dC dC dr
= ⋅ = 2π ⋅ 5 = 10π cm / s
dt dr dt
10. Perimeter = 2h + 2r + πr = 20  2h = 20 − 2r − πr dx dV
=
3. =
0.2 V x 3= 3 x 2
20 − 2r − π r dt dx
h= dV dV dx
2 =
= ⋅ 3=
x 2 ⋅ 0.2 0.6 x 2
⎛ 20 − 2r − π r ⎞ dt dx dt
Area rectangle = 2rh = 2r × ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ dV
=
when x 4 cm,= 0.6(4) = 2
9.6 m3 /s
Area rectangle = r(20 − 2r − πr) = 20r − 2r2 − πr2 dt

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 6
 =
4.
dV
=
50 V
4 3 dV
π r = 4π r 2 Summary exercise 9
dt 3 dr
dy 1
dr dr dV 1 50 25 1. = 6x − 2 > 0 6x > 2 x >
= =
⋅ = ⋅ 50 = dx 3
dt dV dt 4π r 2 4π r 2 2π r 2
dr 25 dy
=
when =
r 12, = 0.028cm/s 2. = 6 x − 6 x 2
dt 288π dx
y
dx dA
5. =
− 0 .4 A = 6x 2 =12 x
dt dx
dA dA dx 0 1 x
=· = 12 x · − 0.4 =
− 4.8x
dt dx dt
= 6x(1 − x) < 0
dA
when x =3, =− 4.8 × 3 =− 14.4 cm 2 /s x < 0  and x > 1
dt
∴ Decreasing at a rate of 14.4 cm2/s 3. f ′(x) = 3x2 + 2x − 1  < 0
y
1 2 7 2 dV 14 dr
=
6. V = πr h πr = π=
r 8
3 3 dr 3 dt
dV dV dr 14 112 –1 0 1 x
= = · = π r ·8 πr 3
dt dr dt 3 3
dV 112 560 (3x − 1)(x + 1) < 0
=
when r 5,= =π (5) = π 586.4 cm3 /s
dt 3 3 1
−1 < x <
dV dV dA 3
= 12
7. =V x 3 = 3x=
2
A 6 x 2= 12 x
dt dx dx 4. f ′(x) = 2x + p = 0  when x = −3
dA dA dx dV 1 48 –6 + p = 0  p = 6
=
=· · =
12 x · 2 · 12
dt dx dV dt 3x x
2 dy 2
dA 48 5. y = x 2 + = 2 x − 2 = 0 at TP
when =
x 7, = = 6.86 cm 2 /s x dx x
dt 7
2x3 = 2  x3 = 1  x = 1
dA dA dV 2
=
8. 0=
.3 A 6 x=
2
=
12 x V x 3= 3x 2 y = 12 + = 3 TP = (1, 3)
dt dx dx 1
dV dV dx dA 1 3x d2 y 4
=
= · · 3x=
2
· · 0.3 =+
2 > 0 when x =1
dt dx dA dt 12 x 40 dx 2 x3
∴ minimum TP at (1, 3)
dv 3(5) 15
when =
x 5, = = = 0.375 m3 /s
dt 40 40 dy
6. a) = 6 x 2 + 6 x − 12 = 0
dx
dA
9. A =
2 x 2 + 4 (2 x 2 ) =
10 x 2 =
20 x  2x x 2 + x − 2 = 0  (x + 2)(x − 1) = 0
dx
x x = 1 or x = − 2
  dV 6= dA x
V = 2x
= 3
x2 10 y = − 1 or y = 26
dx dt
d2 y
dV dV dx dA 1 = 12 x + 6
=
= · · 6=
x2 · · 10 3 x dx 2
dt dx dA dt 20 x
d2 y
when=x 1, 2 > 0 ∴ minimum
dV dx
=
when =
h 12, x 6 = 3(6)
= 18 cm3 /s
dt
d2 y
when x =− 2 < 0 ∴ maximum
dA dA dx 2
10. A π=
= r2 πr
2= 2 .5
dr dt (1, –1) = minimum TP
dr dr dA 1 2.5
= = · =
· 2.5
dt dA dt 2π r 2π r (–2, 26) = maximum TP
y
when A = 20π , π r 2 = 20π ∴ r 2 = 20 ∴ r = 20 b) 6x2 + 6x − 12 > 0
dr 2.5 2.5 x < − 2  and  x > 1

= = = 0.08897 cm 2 /s
dt 2π ( 20 ) 28.0992 –2
0
1
x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 7
 c) y 10. x + h = 12  h = 12 − x
(–2,26)
V = x2h = x2(12 − x) = 12x2 − x3
6

dV
x = 24 x − 3x 2 = 3x (8 − x ) = 0 at max/min
dx
(1,–1)
∴ x = 8 at max/min (x cannot = 0)
7. y = (x + 1)(4x2 − 4x + 1) = 4x3 − 4x2 + x + 4x2 − 4x + 1
d2v d2v
y= 4 x 3 − 3x + 1 dy = 12 x 2 − 3= 0 = 24 − 6 x when x = 8, < 0 ∴ maximum
dx dx 2 dx 2
1 1 1 when x = 8, h = 12 − 8 = 4
= x2 = x or −
4 2 2 maximum volume = x2h = 82(4) = 256 cm3
1 1
When x = ,y= 0 when x = − , y= 2 1000
2 2 =
11. a) V π=
x 2 h 1000=h
π x2
d2 y 1 d2 y
= 24 x =
when x , 2 >0
2
dx 2 dx A = 2π x 2 + 2π xh = 2π x 2 + 2π x ⎛⎜ 1000 ⎞
2 ⎟
⎝ πx ⎠
⎛1 ⎞
∴ ⎜ , 0⎟ =
minimum TP 2000
⎝2 ⎠ = 2π x 2 +
.
x
1 d2 y ⎛ 1 ⎞
when x =− , 2
< 0 ∴ ⎜ − , 2 ⎟ =maximum TP. dA 2000
2 dx ⎝ 2 ⎠ b) = 4π x − 2 = 0 at max/ min
dx x
1
 x (π + 2)
8. a) y = 25 – 2000
4 4π x = 2
1 x
Area A = 4xy + πx2 2000 500
2 =
4π x 3 2000
= π x3 = x3
1 1 4 π
= 4x (25 – x(π + 2)) + πx2
4 2 500
1 2 x = 3 = 5.419
= 100x – x (π + 2) + πx
2
π
2
1 2000
= 100x – 2x – πx A 2π (5.419 ) +
= 2
2 2
2 5.419
dA = 184.51 + 369.07 = 553.6cm 2
b) = 100 – 4x – πx = 0 for TPs.
dx
100 = (4 + π)x 12. a) y = 2x3 − 2xk + x2 − k
100
x = dy
4 +π = 6 x 2 − 2k + 2 x = 0 when x = 1
dx
d2 A 100
=− 4 − π < 0   ⇒ Maximum at x = 6 − 2k + 2 = 0  8 = 2k  k = 4
dx 2
4 +π
100 dy
When x = , b) = 6 x 2 + 2 x − 8= 0
4 +π dx
2 2
A = 100 · 100 − 2 ⎛⎜ 100 ⎟⎞ − 1 π ⎛⎜ 100 ⎟⎞ 3x 2 + x −=
4 0 ( x − 1)(3x + 4
= ) 0
4 +π ⎝ 4 +π ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 +π ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ x = 4
(4 + π ) ⎟ 1 or x =− y=
2 x 3 − 8x + x 2 − 4
100 ⎜ 2
2
3
= ⎜1 − ⎟ 100
4+π ⎝ 4 +π ⎠ y =
− 9 or y =
5000 2 27
=  m
4 +π d2 y
=2
12 x + 2
dx
1 1 B
9. Area Δ = x (6 − x ) = 3 x − x 2  d2 y
2 2 when x = 1  > 0 ∴ (1, − 9) =minimum TP
dA 6–x dx 2
=3 − x =0 x =3
dx 4 d2 y ⎛ 4 100 ⎞
when x =− < 0 ∴⎜− , ⎟ =maximum TP
d2 A A C 3 dx 2 ⎝ 3 27 ⎠
=− 1 < 0 ∴ maximum x
dx 2
1 2 1
when x = 3, Area = 3(3) − (3) =
9 − 4 = 4.5
2 2
∴ maximum area = 4.5 cm2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 8
 dr Curve cuts the y−axis when x = 0,  ie y = −14
(ii)
13. =2
dt dy
When x = 0, =7
4 3 dV dx
V= πr   = 4πr 2
3 dr Equation of the tangent is: y + 14 = 7(x − 0)
dV d V dr y = 7x − 14
= ⋅ = 4πr 2.2 = 8πr 2
dt dr dt dy
(iii) Increasing when > 0  (x − 1)(3x − 7) = 0
dV dx
When r = 4, = 8π(4)2 = 128π m3s−1 7
dt x < 1 and x >
3
dV dy
14. = 10 18. (i) = 12x2 + 2px + q = 0 at stationary values
dt dx
dV This has one real root (equal roots)
V = x 3  = 3x 2
dx when b2 − 4ac = 0
dA (2p)2 − 4(12)(q) = 0
A = 6x 2  = 12 x
dx 4p2 − 48q = 0
dA dA dx dV 1 40 p2 = 12q
= ⋅ ⋅ = 12 x ⋅ 2 ⋅ 10 =
dt dx dV dt 3x x
p = 12q = 2 3q proof
dA 40
When x = 8, = = 5 cm2 s−1 1 dy
dt 8 (ii) When p = and q = −6   = 12x2 + x − 6
2 dx
dV
15. = 1 .5 dy
dt Decreasing function when <0
dx
4 dV 12x2 + x − 6 < 0
V = π r 3  = 4π r 2
3 dr (4x + 3)(3x − 2) < 0
dr dr dV 1 3 2
= ⋅= × 1 .5 − < x <
dt dV dt 4π r 2 4 3
4 3 42 dy 3
When V = 56, 56 = πr =
  r 3= 2.37 19. (i) y = 5x2 + 3x−1 = 10x − 3x−2 = 10x − 2
3 π dx x
dr 1 .5
= = 0.0212 cm s−1 dx dy dy dx  3
dt 4π (2.37 )2 (ii) = 0.04  = × =  10 x − 2  (0.04)
dt dt dx dt x
1 200 dy  3
16. Area sector = r2 x = 100    x = 2 When x = 2, =  10 x − 2  (0.04)
2 r dt  x 
200 200 = (20 − 0.75)(0.04)
Perimeter = rx + 2r = r 2 + 2r = + 2r
r r = 0.77 units per second.
dP 200 1
= − 2 + 2 = 0 at minimum/maximum 20. (i) f(x) = (4 − 3x)3
dr r
2r2 = 200    r2 = 100    r = 10 cm 1 −
2
f  ′(x) = (4 − 3x) 3 (−3)
d 2P 400 3 2
= 3 > 0 when r = 10 so a minimum value. = − (4 − 3x)− 3
dr 2 r
200 2 5
Minimum perimeter = + 2(10) = 40 cm f  ″(x) = (4 − 3x) 3 (−3)
−
10 3
5
dy = −2(4 − 3x)
−
3
17. (i) = 3x2 − 10x + 7 = 0 at stationary points
dx 1
(x − 1)(3x − 7) = 0 (ii) f(1) = (4 − 3)3 = 1
2
7 −
x = 1 and x = ′(1) = − (4 − 3)
f   3 = −1
3
7 329 −
5
When x = 1 y = −11   When x = y  = − kf  ″(1) = −2k (4 − 3) 3 = −2k
3 27
3rd term ÷ 2nd term = 2nd term ÷ 1st term
7 329 
Stationary points are (1, −11) and  , −  −2k ÷ −1 = −1 ÷ 1
3 27 
2k = −1
1
k=−
2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Further differentiation 9