Ductwork Design Program

Ductwork Design
Program
Air Flow and Pressure Analysis
Preliminary Analysis
Information that is required to analyze a duct system for flow, pressures and sizes include:
 Supply or extract air quantities for each terminal device (diffuser, register, grille) in the room.
 The location of the terminal device in the room and the routing of ductwork from fan to
terminal
 Design criteria limits for the project. These include:
Sizing method and associated velocity limits

Ductwork dimensional criteria
Static and total pressure limits to be used in
Fan Selection
Ductwork design and sizing
Air quantities for terminal devices located in each room can be calculated by the HVAC
Application Loads Program. Locating terminal devices, assigning air quantities to them and
during graphic input routing ductwork from the fans to the terminal devices.
Sizing Principles
Duct design is essentially a solution of two basic equations, the relationship between duct
velocity, air quantity and duct cross-sectional area, Eq. 1, and Bernoulli's energy balance
equation, Eq. 2.
where: 1,2 = subscripts for stations 1 and 2 in the system

A = cross-sectional area of duct (sq in.)
V = fluid average velocity (ft/min)
Q = airflow rate (cu ft/min)
gc = dimensional constant (lbm - ft)/(lbf - s2)
P = static pressure (lbf/sq ft)
ρ = fluid density (lbm/sq ft)
? = ?g/gc = specific weight (lbf/cu ft)
g = acceleration due to gravity (ft/sec2)
Z = elevation (ft)
P1 P2 = gage pressures at stations 1 and 2 (lb/sq ft)
PZ1 PZ2 = atmospheric pressures at elevations Z1 and Z2
ΔPt = total pressure loss between station 1 and station 2 in the system (lbf/sq ft)
cf = conversion factor (144)
When the specific weight of atmospheric air γa is constant, it can be written that:
PZ1 - PZ2 = γa (Z2 - Z1)
Assuming that the specific weight of atmospheric air equals that of air within the duct, and
combining Eq. 2 and 3 yields:
Head and Pressure

Head and pressure are often used interchangeably, but these terms have specific meanings.
Head is the height of a fluid column supported by fluid flow, while pressure is the normal force
per unit area. With a liquid, it is convenient to measure the head of a fluid in terms of the flowing
fluid. With a gas or air, however, it is customary to measure pressure on a column of liquid.
Static Pressure
Air exerts pressure on the walls of the duct in which it is confined. This pressure Ps is called
static pressure at a station in the system and is positive or negative according to whether the
pressure is greater or less than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Velocity Pressure
The term (ρV2/2gc) in Eq. 2 is called the velocity pressure. Acting in the same direction as the
flow of air, it is a measure of the kinetic energy. The velocity head (V2/2g) is independent of
fluid density, while velocity pressure is not independent of density.
where: Pv = velocity pressure (in. of water)

V = fluid mean velocity (ft/min)
ρ = fluid density (lbm/cu ft)
Total Pressure
Total pressure is the sum of static pressure and velocity pressure:
where: Pt = total pressure (in. of water)

Ps = static pressure (in. of water)
Pv = velocity pressure (in. of water)
The pressure loss ΔPt in Eq. 2 is the resistance of a section of a duct system to flow and is
composed of two elements:
 Duct friction, which as the name implies, is the frictional drag of the fluid moving along a
rough surface, the duct wall.
 Dynamic loss, caused by restrictions and changes in direction to the flow through a piece of
equipment (volume damper, heating coil, sound attenuator, etc.) and duct fittings.
Frictional Losses
When air flows through a duct, there is a loss of pressure due to the frictional drag of the air
moving along the surfaces of the ducts.
For air flow in ducts, the friction loss may be calculated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
where: ρ = fluid density (lbm/cu ft)

V = fluid mean velocity (ft/min)
ΔPfr = friction losses in terms of total pressure (in. of water)
fd = friction factor, dimensionless
L = duct length (ft)
D = equivalent internal diameter of duct (in.)
cf1 = conversion factor (12)
cf2 = conversion factor (1097)
Air flow in ducts follow two very different regimes: laminar flow at low velocities, and turbulent
at high velocities. A transition zone in which flow may be either laminar or turbulent exists
between the laminar and fully developed turbulent regions. Experimentation has determined two
Reynolds numbers for which the flow is entirely laminar or turbulent. This dimensionless
quantity, known as the Reynolds number Re, is defined by:
where: D = equivalent internal diameter of duct (in.)

V = fluid velocity in an equivalent round duct (ft/min)
μ = fluid dynamic viscosity (lbm/ft x hr)
Within the region of laminar flow (Reynolds numbers less than 2100). The friction factor fd is a
function of the Reynolds number only, and it is ndependent of the roughness coefficient of the
duct wall. It is defined by:
In completely turbulent regions (Reynolds numbers greater than 4000), the friction fd depends on
the relative roughness of the duct material. It is independent of the Reynolds number and defined
by:
In the transition zone (Reynolds numbers between 2100 and 4000), the fraction fd depends on
duct material absolute roughness and the Reynolds number represented by the Colebrook
equation:
where: ε = duct material absolute roughness (ft)

cf = conversion factor, (12)
If the air flow is smooth (Re < 2100), then Eq. 10 is used to determine the friction factor fd to
solve the Darcy-Weisbach equation, Eq. 8, for friction drop through the duct section. To
differentiate between transitional and rough turbulent flows, a value for fd is calculated from the
equation for rough turbulent flows. Eq. 11. This is then used in Eq. 13 which is a close
approximation of the curve which separates the rough flow from transitional on the Moody
chart (ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 4.10, fig. 13).
where: cf = conversion factor (2.16 x 10-6)

If T is greater than 100, the flow is rough and the value calculated for fd in Eq. 11 is
representative of the flow. If T is less than 100, the flow is transitional and the value for
fd obtained from Eq. 11 is used as a starting value to solve Eq. 12 iteratively for the friction factor
for the flow. fd is then used in Eq. 8 to obtain the friction loss through the duct section.
Absolute Roughness
Duct material absolute roughness used by the program is shown in Fig. 1-6:
Duct Material Absolute Roughness, ? / ft
Uncoated Carbon Steel, Clean 0.00015
Aluminum 0.0002
Galvanized Steel, Hot Dipped 0.0005
Stainless Steel 0.0003
Fibrous Glass Duct, Rigid 0.0003
Flexible Duct, Metallic 0.007
Fibrous Glass Duct Liner 0.015
Fig. 1-6: Duct Material Absolute Roughness
(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 33.5)
Frictional Losses for Noncircular Ducts

All friction loss calculations are based on the equivalent hydraulic diameter.
With equal length of round and rectangular ducts, constant flow in each duct, and equal
resistance to flow in both the round and rectangular ducts, the equivalent round of a rectangular
duct is:
where: = circular equivalent of a rectangular duct of equal length, fluid resistance and
De
flow
a = length of one side of duct (in.)
b = length of adjacent side of duct (in.)
The mean velocity in a rectangular and oval duct will be less than its circular equivalent.
For oval ducts, the corresponding equations are:

where: P = perimeter of oval duct (in.
a = length of major axis (in.)
b = length of minor axis (in.)
For both rectangular and oval ducts, the length of the sides is initially determined by the target
aspect ratio. If the resulting dimensions fall outside the minimum and maximum allowable limits
you have set, the dimensions are recalculated without using the target aspect ratio.
Dynamic Losses
Dynamic losses are caused by restrictions and changes in direction to the flow through a piece of
equipment (volume damper, heating coil, etc.) and duct fittings. HVAC Systems Duct Design,
SMACNA, 1985 lists the fittings available for round and rectangular ducts. Since little dynamic
loss data for oval fittings are available, the data for rectangular fittings are used as an
approximation.
Fittings
A duct fitting can occur anywhere along the length of a duct section. The program does not limit
the number of fitting types or multiples thereof per duct section. If a fitting type is not available
in the tables, its dynamic loss has to be entered as a special loss.
All the necessary engineering performance information for fittings is provided in the Ducts
Program. The engineering design effort is to locate the appropriate fitting type in the duct
network system. The duct fitting type and shape type should be compatible. Fittings are
classified as junctions, transitions, and elbows.
Junctions Junctions are fittings which split the air stream into two or more branches.
Converging junctions join two or more air streams into one and are basically used
in a return/extract duct system. Fittings called take-offs, tees, and wyes are in this
category. Loss coefficients for junctions are functions of the duct dimensions, air
velocities and airflow rates.
Transitions Transitions are fittings which change the duct size or shape without changing
airflow direction or airflow rate. Transitions can be converging or diverging.
Loss coefficients for transitions are functions of upstream and downstream duct
velocities, angle of transition, transition length, and Reynolds number, Re.
Elbows Elbows are fittings which change the direction of the air stream without changing
the air quantity or velocity. The loss coefficients of elbows are functions of the
elbow radius, duct dimensions, angle of turn, and Reynolds number, Re.
By definition, a new duct section occurs when there is a change in air quantity, velocity, shape,
duct material or duct insulation. Every duct section, therefore, begins with a junction or
transition type fitting. These fittings are commonly referred to as take-off fittings. There is
always one, and only one, take-off fitting per duct section.
Fitting Losses
Methods of computing the energy losses from the various fitting types are based on information
found in ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 33.28 through 33.50
The fluid resistance coefficient represents the ratio of the total pressure loss to the dynamic
pressure at the referenced cross-section O:
where: cf = conversion factor (1097)

ΔPt = total losses of fitting in terms of total pressure (in. of water)
Co = overall fluid resistance coefficient referenced to section O, dimensionless
V = average velocity to which coefficient Co is referenced (ft/min)
Pv,o = velocity pressure (in. of water)
For entries, exists, elbows and transitions, the fitting total pressure loss at section is calculated
by:
ΔPt = Co Pv,o
where the subscript o is the cross section at which the velocity pressure is referenced.
For converging and diverging flow junctions, the total pressure loss through the main section is
calculated as:
ΔPt = Cc,s Pv,c
For total pressure losses through the branch section
ΔPt = Cc,b Pv,c
where: Cc,s = main local coefficient, dimensionless
Cc,b = branch local coefficient, dimensionless
Pv,c = velocity pressure at the common section, c
A tee nomenclature is shown in Fig. 1-7 for converging and diverging flow junction where,
ΔPt(s to c) = Cc,s Pv,c | ΔPt(c to s) = Cc,s Pv,c
ΔPt(b to c) = Cc,b Pv,c | ΔPt(c to b) = Cc,b Pv,c
(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook:

1981 Fundamentals, Fig. 6, p. 33.8)
Fan Pressures, Mechanical Energy

For a supply duct system, a circuit is defined as the succeeding sections of ductwork from the fan
discharge up to either a terminal device or a primary damper (for constant-volume, fan-powered
boxes only). For an extract duct system, a circuit is defined as the succeeding section of
ductwork from a terminal device up to a fan.
The number of circuits in a duct system is, by definition, equal to the number terminal devices
and/or constant-volume, fan-powered boxes.
The supply and extract duct systems are run independently; however, the supply system does
need the total pressure losses from the extract system in order to determine the fan total pressure
if a return fan is not specified. Therefore, the extract duct system should be run first, the total
pressure losses of the extract duct system are compared to the loss from the outdoor intake to the
mixing box. The greater of the two is used as miscellaneous duct losses for the supply system.
The total pressure losses for each section of a duct system are calculated by Eq. 22:
where: ΔPt = total pressure loss for section of ductwork (in. of water)
ΔPi = fitting total pressure loss (in. of water)
n = number of fittings within a section of ductwork
ΔPj = equipment (damper, coil, etc.) total pressure loss (in. of water)
m = number of pieces of equipment within a section of ductwork
ΔPk = duct friction loss in terms of total pressure (in. of water)
The total pressure drop through each circuit is calculated by summing the pressure loss through
each section in the circuit.
The fan total pressure requirement for an extract duct system is given by the expressions:
Pt = ΔPt + SEFi + SEFo + ΔPf + ΔPd

where: Pt = fan total pressure (in. of water)
ΔPt = pressure drop through critical circuit, circuit with maximum resistance to flow
("H2O)
SEFi = system effect factor due to fan inlet conditions (in. of water)
SEFo = system effect factor due to fan outlet conditions (in. of water)
ΔPf = total pressure loss through fan components such as coils, filters, etc. ("H2O)
ΔPd = total pressure loss through miscellaneous ductwork such as ductwork
downstream of the fan for an extract system, or extract or return ductwork for a
supply system ("H2O)
Duct Sizing
The sections of supply duct systems can be sized using one of the following methods:
 Pre-sized
 equal friction
 static regain
 total pressure
 velocity reduction
 constant velocity
Equal friction and constant velocity are the only methods for the design of extract duct systems.
For a draw-through fan, the first section is the one immediately downstream of the fan outlet. If
the supply fan arrangement is blow-through, the first section of the ductwork is the section
immediately downstream of the cooling coil. If the fan has a discharge plenum, the first section
of the ductwork is the one immediately following the plenum. You should identify the first
section and lay out the duct network accordingly.
The static regain, total pressure and velocity reduction sizing methods cannot be used to size duct
sections downstream of terminal boxes. If you select one of these three methods downstream of a
terminal box, the program will automatically default to the equal friction method.
Flexible ducts are always considered round in shape. They are sized using the velocity you
specify.
Pre-Sized Method
The pre-sized method can be used to calculate pressure losses for a system with pre-calculated
duct dimensions. If you choose this method, the program will check the network for duct
dimensions. Only if all sections are sized will it calculate pressure drops through each section
and determine critical circuits.
Equal Friction Sizing Method

In the equal friction method, the system is sized for a constant pressure loss per unit length of
duct. The equal friction method can be used for the design of supply and extract duct systems.
The program offers two options for this method. The first option, called ASHRAE Limits, allows
the designer to specify high and low limits for pressure loss per unit length and velocity.
For the other option, you can specify the pressure loss per unit length and the maximum and
minimum velocity for the sections of a duct system.
The equal friction sizing method works iteratively between the minimum and maximum velocity
limits to determine a duct size that results in the specified pressure loss per unit length. You can
also request a pressure analysis of the network.
Static Regain Sizing Method

For this method, a section of the duct system is sized so that the increase in static pressure due to
velocity reduction from its upstream section, offsets the friction loss in the section. As in the
other sizing methods, the program starts sizing with the first section. If you have not specified
any overrides for the ducts in that section, it is sized based on the maximum velocity you
specified.
When sizing any other section, the program searches upstream of that section until it finds a
section that also used the static regain sizing method. The velocity at the exit of that section is
used as the upper velocity limit for the section to be sized; the minimum you specified is used as
the lower limit. The program searches iteratively between these limits to calculate a duct size that
results in the required static regain. If the static regain calculated is less than that required even at
minimum velocity, the section is sized using minimum velocity.
If the program encounters a section where all upstream sections are pre-sized, that section is
sized using maximum velocity and the sizing method is applicable starting at that section.
Essentially, the program disregards any sections that have been overridden or that use another
sizing method.
The advantage of this method is that all sections have approximately the same entering static
pressure, thereby simplifying outlet selection. One disadvantage might be seen in networks with
a large pressure drop in a section near the fan outlet. The velocity could be reduced to the
minimum within a few sections in such a way that all the ductwork downstream would be sized
using minimum velocity. Another disadvantage could stem from specifying a very low minimum
velocity. Ducts would then tend to be very large at the end of long branch runs. The sizing
method does not account for the total mechanical energy supplied to the air by the fan.
Total Pressure Sizing Method

The total pressure sizing method is a variation of the static regain method. The total pressure of
any point in the ductwork represents the actual energy of the moving air at that point.
The program will search for the first section that does not have override dimensions. This section
is sized at the maximum velocity you have specified. When sizing any other section, the program
searches upstream until it finds a section that also used the total pressure sizing method. The total
pressure leaving that section is considered equal to the total pressure entering the section to be
sized. The program then uses binary convergence, starting with the minimum velocity, until it
finds a duct size that matches the required entering total pressure. All presized duct sections are
disregarded when applying the total pressure sizing method to the sections to be sized.
The advantage of this method is that it accounts for all mechanical energy losses in a system. The
system design does not have to be dependent on an assumed velocity at the fan outlet.
Velocity Reduction Sizing Method

This method sizes the first section for the maximum velocity that you specified and designs the
downstream sections at progressively lower velocities using the reduction percentage you also
specified. The velocity cannot fall below the minimum that you specified.
If the section immediately above the section to be sized is a presized section, the program
searches upstream until it finds a section that also used the velocity reduction sizing method and
treats it as the upstream section for the section to be sized.
Constant Velocity Sizing Method

The constant velocity method is a design in which every section of a duct system is sized based
on the design velocity you specified. This design velocity may be overridden for any section of
the system. Maximum and minimum velocity limits are not applicable in this method. Flexible
ducts are also sized based on a design velocity you specified. The constant velocity method can
be used for the design of supply and extract duct systems.
Circuit Analysis and System Balancing

The series of duct sections starting from the primary fan/air handling unit section to the duct
section with an opening is defined as a circuit. The number of duct circuits in a duct system is,
by definition, equal to the number of supply and exhaust openings (registers, grilles or diffusers).
Circuit pressure analysis consists of the following steps:

 Add the pressure losses in each section of the circuit to obtain the circuit pressure loss.
 Determine the highest circuit pressure loss.
 Set the entering total pressure of the first section in the circuit as the sum of the highest circuit
pressure loss and the velocity pressure in the section.
 Analyze each section in the circuit starting with the first section and moving through each
section in the fluid flow sequence.
The entering section total pressure is the leaving section total pressure of the upstream
section.
The leaving section total pressure is the entering section total pressure less the section
pressure loss.
The entering and leaving section static pressures are obtained by deducting the velocity
pressure at these nodes.
 Calculate the balancing required in each circuit. This is equal to the highest circuit total pressure
loss minus the given circuit total pressure loss.
In the case of primary-secondary systems, the primary circuit ends at the fan-powered box or the
terminal device if there is no box in the circuit.
Secondary systems are analyzed independently as separate systems. The entering pressure of the
first section in the secondary system is the pressure loss of the secondary circuit with the highest
pressure loss.
The objective of system balancing is to maintain the same pressure loss in all circuits. Dampers
at the end of each circuit will still be required, but are used to make the fine tuning adjustment to
maintain the right air quantity at each opening.
Using the specified sizing method, the Ducts Program makes the preliminary analysis and
calculates sizes for all sections of the duct system. It next determines the circuit with the highest
pressure loss. This circuit is commonly referred as the longest hydraulic run. All other circuits
will have to be dampered. The amount of dampering is directly related to the difference between
the pressure loss of the given circuit and the highest pressure loss of the system.
The system balancing process involves a series of iterations to increase the pressure losses of all
circuits to that of the circuit with the highest pressure loss. The process starts with the circuit
with the next highest pressure loss and continues in descending order of circuit pressure loss.
Duct sections in the circuit and that are not common to the previously analyzed circuits are
iteratively reduced in size until the circuit pressure loss is equal to the loss in the longest run.
There are limits to the process of reducing sizes. The iteration stops when the pressure loss,
velocity and noise levels in the duct section reaches the maximum limits of the design criteria. In
this case, the circuit still remains unbalanced and requires dampering. Output reports indicate the
amount of dampering required by each circuit.
Thermal Analysis
After the duct network has been sized, the system can be analyzed to calculate heat gains or
losses in the network.
The thermal analysis option is available only for systems that satisfy the following criteria:
 There are no terminal boxes in the network with reheat coils.
 All rooms are in either the heating or cooling mode.
 There are no secondary heating coils in the system.
The program begins the thermal analysis with the first section in the ductwork. The temperature
of air entering the first section is the same as the coil leaving temperature for a blow-through
system. For a draw-through system, the temperature of air entering the first section is adjusted
for heat gain across the fan. For a motor that is inside the airstream, the heat gain is given by
For a motor that is outside the airstream, the heat gain is
qb = HPm x LF x cf
where: qm = heat gain from electric motor (Btu/hr)
HPm = horsepower rating for the motor
η = full load motor efficiency (%)
LF = load factor, i.e. a fraction of rated load delivered
cf = conversion factor (745.7)
The horsepower rating and full load efficiency are obtained from Fig. 1-8.
The temperature rise across the fan is then calculated using the following equation:
where: ΔTf = temperature rise across the fan (oF)
qm = heat gain from electric motor (Btu/hr)
Q = air flow quantity (cu ft/min)
cf1 = conversion factor (14.4)
ρ = air density (lbm/cu ft)
Rated Full Load Rated Full Load
Motor HP Efficiency % Motor HP Efficiency %
0.16 35 20 87
0.25 54 25 88
0.33 56 30 89
0.50 60 40 89
0.75 72 50 89
1 77 60 89
2 79 75 90
3 81 100 90
5 82 125 90
7.5 84 150 91
10 85 200 91
15 86 250 91
Fig. 1-8: Heat Gains from Typical Electric Motors
(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 26.26, Table 24)
Once the temperature of air entering the first section is determined, the individual sections can be
analyzed for heat gains or losses. The program calculates heat gains or losses using the following
expressions:
where: Y = cf1 AV?/UPL for rectangular and oval ducts
y = cf2 DV?/UL for round ducts
qe = heat loss/gain through duct walls (Btu/hr) (Negative for heat gain)
U = overall coefficient of heat transfer of duct walls (Btu/sq ft. oF)
P = perimeter of duct (in.)
A = cross-sectional area of duct (sq in.)
D = duct diameter (in.)
L = duct length (ft)
ρ = density (lbm/cu ft)
and:
te = temperature of air entering duct (oF)
ti = temperature of air leaving duct (oF)
ta = temperature of air surrounding duct, (oF)
cf = conversion factor (2.4)
The U-values used in the program for sheet metal, lined and insulated ducts are shown in Fig 1-
9.
(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals, p. 33.10, Fig.

8)
Reanalysis Options
The program provides two ways to reanalyze heat gains and losses. You can choose to
 Recalculate air flow quantities at each terminal device
 Adjust the coil leaving temperature
Option One
The first option is to recalculate air flow quantities required at each terminal device in order to
satisfy the design cooling or heating loads in each room. This is done by comparing the actual
supply air temperature to the design supply air temperature that you can specify for each room.
The following expression is used to recalculate the air flow quantities:
where: Q1 = design supply air quantity (cu ft/min)

Q2 = recalculated supply air quantity (cu ft/min)
Tr = design room dry-bulb temperature (oF)
Ts = design supply air temperature at terminal device (oF)
To = actual supply air temperature at terminal device (oF)
Once the supply air quantities are adjusted, the program then resizes the ductwork and has the
option of performing pressure, acoustic and thermal analyses for the new network.
Option Two
The second option is to recalculate the coil leaving temperature by an amount equal to the
temperature difference in the circuit with the maximum temperature rise or drop.
For a network that has net heat gain across the sections, the coil leaving temperature is lowered
so that the design supply air temperature can be maintained at the terminal device for the circuit
with the maximum temperature rise. For a network that has net heat loss across the sections, the
coil leaving temperature is increased so that design supply air temperature can be maintained at
the terminal device for the circuit with the maximum temperature drop.
The next step is to recalculate supply air quantities for all other terminal devices in order to
satisfy design cooling or heating loads for each room.
Once the required air quantities are recalculated, the program then resizes the network and has
the option of performing pressure, acoustic and thermal analyses for the network.
Acoustic Analysis and System Noise Attenuation

The program determines the amount of required attenuation on the inlet and discharge sides of
the fan(s), or in the main ductwork and branches as described below.
For each circuit, the program determines the resultant attenuation provided by the following
items:
1. In straight, line and unlined duct
2. In lined and unlined elbows
3. Fan discharge plenum (supply ductwork only)
4. Branch takeoffs
5. Duct and reflection loss
6. Room effect
The resultant sound power level per terminal device (inlet or outlet) is the difference between the
attenuation of the ductwork system and room effect (items 1 through 6) and the fangenerated
sound power level for all eight octave bands. The difference between this resultant sound power
level per diffuser and the sound pressure levels that correspond with the specified room criterion
(NC level) represents the attenuation required on the inlet and discharge sides of the fan(s), or in
the main ductwork and branches.
Fig. 1-10 summarizes the system noise procedure described for

each circuit.
Line Item
1 Fan Lq re 10-2 watts
2 Attenuation of duct system
3 Branch take-offs and room effect attenuation
4 Total system attenuation, line 2 + line 3
5 Sound Power level per terminal device
6 Room criterion (NC level), line 1 - line 4
7 Required attenuation, line 5 - line 6
Fig. 1-10: Summary Table
On determining the resultant sound power level for each circuit, the program does not take into
account the following items:
 attenuation through terminal boxes
 terminal box discharge sound power level
 regenerated noise at fitting
 attenuation in fittings other than elbows and branch takeoffs
Fan Noise
The sound power generation of a given fan obtained from the fan manufacturer may be entered
using the fan sound power levels input form. However, if the data are not available, the program
can estimate the octave band sound power levels for various fans using the following expression:
where: Lw = estimated sound power level of fan (dB re 1pW)

Kw = specific sound power level from table
Q = flow rate (cu ft/min)
Q1 = 1 when flow is in sq ft/min
P = Fan static pressure (in. of water)
P1 = 1 when pressure is in in. of water
C = correction factor in dB, for point of operation
The values of the estimated sound power level Lw are calculated for all eight bands using Eq. 30,
and the BFI (see Fig. 1-11) is added to the octave band in which the blade passage frequency
falls. Fig. 1-12 is used to determine the octave band in which blade frequency increment (BFI)
occurs for the various types of fans.
Fan Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Fan Type
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 BFI
Centrifugal
Airfoil
>= 36 in. 32 32 31 29 28 23 15 10 3
backward
curved,
Backward
< 36 in. 36 38 36 34 33 38 20 15
inclined
Forward, curved All 47 43 39 33 28 25 23 20 2
Radial blade, > 40 in. 45 39 42 39 37 32 30 29
Pressure blower 40 in.-20 55 48 48 45 45 40 38 36 8
in. 63 57 58 50 44 39 38 37
20 in.
>= 40 in. 39 36 38 39 37 34 32 30
Vaneaxial 6
40 in. 37 39 43 43 43 41 38 35
>= 40 in. 41 39 43 41 39 37 34 31
Tubeaxial 5
40 in. 40 41 47 46 44 43 37 32
Propeller
All 48 51 58 55 52 46 40 5
Cooling tower
Fig. 1-11: Sound Power Levels
Specific sound power levels for inlets or outlets.
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.7, p.
11.14)
Fan Type Octave Band
Centrifugal 250 Hz
Airfoil, backward curved, backward
inclined
Forward curved 500 Hz
Radial blade, pressure blower 125 Hz
Vaneaxial 125 Hz
Tubeaxial 63 Hz
Cooling Tower Propeller 63 Hz
Fig. 1-12: Octave Band
Octave band in which blade frequency increment occurs.
(reproduced with permission from 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, Table 4, p. 52.7)
Point of Operation
The specific sound power levels given in Fig. 1-11 are for fans operating at or near the peak
efficiency point of the fan performance curve. If a fan is not operating at or above 90% of peak
static efficiency, a correction factor, C (see Eq. 30), is added to the specific sound power levels
given in Fig. 1-13 for all eight octave bands. Fig. 1-12 gives the correction factor C as a function
of percent of peak static efficiency.
Static Efficiency Correction Factor

% of Peak dB
90 to 100 0
85 to 89 3
75 to 84 6
65 to 74 9
55 to 64 12
50 to 54 15
Fig. 1-13: Correction Factor C
Correction factor, C, for off-peak operation (reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems
Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.8, p. 11.15)
Fans In Parallel
The program can accept up to ten fans in parallel. These fans must be of the same type and
produce the same static pressure and flow rate. The resultant sound power levels of two or more
fans in parallels for all octave bands are obtained from Fig. 1-14.
Difference No. of dB to be
between sound added to higher
levels in dB level
0 3.0
1 2.6
2 2.1
3 1.8
4 1.5
5 1.2
6 1.0
7 0.8
8 0.6
10 0.4
12 0.3
14 0.2
Fig. 1-14: Combining Decibels
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.1, p. 11.2)
Find the resultant sound power levels of three fans in parallel having an estimated
Example:
sound power level equal to 90 dB at the 125 octave band using Fig. 1-14.
Solution:
1. 90 dB - 90 dB = 0 dB from Fig. 1-14, 3 dB is added to the higher level 90 dB. The
resultant sound power level for 2 fans in parallel is 90 + 3 = 93 dB.
2. 93 dB - 90 dB = 3 dB from Fig. 1-14, 1.8 dB is added to the higher level 93 dB. The
resultant sound power level for 3 fans in parallel is 93 + 1.8 = 94.8 dB.
Fan Discharge Air Plenum

The sound attenuation provided by a plenum on the fan discharge shown in Fig. 1-15 is
where: α = absorption coefficient of lining, dimensionless

Se = plenum exit area (sq ft)
Sw = plenum wall area (sq ft)
dr = distance between entrance and exit (ft)
θ = angle of incident at exit, degrees
Attenuation of the Duct System

The program calculates the natural attenuation of unlined rectangular and round duct sections of
the duct system using Fig. 1-16 and Fig. 1-17. These tables give the natural attenuation for linear
length as a function of the duct dimension for all the eight octave bands.
Fig. 1-16 is also used for oval ducts. The program uses the smallest duct dimensions for
rectangular and oval ducts. The attenuation values given in Fig. 1-16 and Fig. 1-17 are doubled if
the unlined duct section has an external insulation.
The program calculates the natural attenuation of lined rectangular and round duct sections and
elbows using Fig. 1-18 through Fig. 1-21. These tables give the attenuation as a function of duct
dimension and lining thickness for all eight octave bands.
Fig. 1-18 and Fig. 1-19 are also used for oval ducts. The program uses the smallest duct
dimension for rectangular and oval ducts. The attenuation values given in Fig. 1-18 through Fig.
1-21 are used for duct sections of only a maximum of 15 linear feet of lined duct, lined duct
sections of over 15 linear feet are considered as unlined duct.
Smallest Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation 3"-12" .10 .10 .05 .05 .04 .04 .04 .04
Of Unlined 13"-18" .15 .10 .05 .05 .04 04 04 04
Rectangular 19"-24" .18 .12 .06 .05 .04 0.4 0.4 0.4
Duct dB/ft 25"-36" .20 .14 .06 .05 .04 0.4 0.4 0.4
37"-48" .20 .14 .06 .05 .04 .04 .04 .04
49"-72" .20 .15 .06 .05 .04 .04 .04 .04
73"-96"+ .20 .16 .07 .05 .04 0.4 0.4 0.4
Fig. 1-16: Attenuation, Unlined Rectangular and Oval Ducts
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10A, p.
11.16)
Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation 3"-5" .03 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01
Of Unlined 6"-12" .03 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01
Round 13"-18" .02 .02 .01 .01 0 0 0 0
Duct dB/ft 19"-24" .02 .02 .01 .01 0 0 0 0
25"-36" .02 .02 .01 .01 0 0 0 0
37"-48" .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
49"-72" .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0
73"-96"+ .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. 1-17: Attenuation, Unlined Round Ducts
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10B, p.
11.16)
Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation 3"-5" .3 .6 1.0 2.1 5.0 10.5 5.0 4.0
Of Unlined 6"-12" .2 .4 .9 1.9 4.3 7.5 2.0 2.0
Rectangular 13"-18" .2 .3 .6 1.5 3.7 3.0 1.0 1.0
Duct dB/ft 19"-24" .2 .2 .5 1.4 3.5 1.8 .8 .8
1" lining
25"-36" .2 .2 .4 1.0 1.8 1.2 .6 .6
37"-48" .2 .2 .3 .9 1.5 1.0 .4 .4
49"-72" .2 .2 .25 .8 1.0 .8 .3 .3
73"-96"+ .2 .2 .25 .7 .8 .7 .2 .2
Fig. 1-18: Rectangular Duct, 1 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10E, p.
11.17)
Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation 3"-5" .2 .4 .7 1.3 2.5 5.0 5.0 4.0
Of Unlined 6"-12" .2 .3 .6 1.1 2.2 4.5 2.0 2.0
Rectangular 13"-18" .2 .25 .5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0
Duct dB/ft 19"-24" .2 .2 .4 .8 1.6 1.4 .8 .8
with 1/2"
25"-36" .2 .2 .3 .6 1.2 1.0 .6 .6
lining
37"-48" .2 .2 .2 .4 .8 .8 .3 .3
49"-72" .2 .2 .2 .3 .5 .5 .3 .3
73"-96"+ .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 .2 .2 .2
Fig. 1-19: Rectangular Duct, 1/2 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10F, p.
11.17)
Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation 6"-12" .3 1.0 1.5 1.5 3.7 4.8 2.8 2.2
Of Unlined 13"-18" .2 .7 1.0 1.2 2.7 2.8 1.5 1.3
Round 19"-24" .1 .5 .6 1.0 1.7 .9 .5 .5
Duct dB/ft 25"-36" .07 .2 .4 .8 1.0 .7 .5 .5
with 1"
37"-48" .04 .08 .3 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5
lining
49"-72" .02 .02 .2 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4
73"-96"+ .01 .02 .1 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3
Fig. 1-20: Round Duct, 1 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10G, p.
11.17)
Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation 6"-12" .5 1.2 1.7 2.3 3.9 5.0 3.0 2.3
Of Unlined 13"-18" .4 1.0 1.2 2.2 3.0 3.0 1.7 1.5
Round 19"-24" .3 .8 .9 2.1 2.0 1.0 .8 .7
Duct dB/ft 25"-36" .2 .3 .7 1.5 1.5 .8 .6 .6
with 2"
37"-48" .12 .2 .5 1.0 1.0 .7 .6 .6
lining
49"-72" .08 .1 .3 .7 .7 .5 .5 .5
73"-96"+ .06 .08 .2 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4
Fig. 1-21: Round Duct, 2 Inch Lining
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10H, p.
11.17)
The attenuation of unlined rectangular and round elbows is given in Fig. 1-22. The program
doubles the attenuation values given in this table if the unlined elbow has external insulation.

Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation To 4" 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Of Unlined 5"-10" 0 0 0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Elbows 11"-20" 0 0 0 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Rectangular 21"-40" 0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Duct dB/ft
41"-80"+ 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Fig. 1-16: Unlined Rectangular and Round Elbows
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10C, p.
11.16)
The attenuation of lined rectangular and round elbows is given in Fig. 1-23.

Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimension
Attenuation To 4" 0 0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0
Of lined 5"-10" 0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Elbows 11"-20" 0 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Round & 21"-40" 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Rectangular
Duct dB/ft 41"-80"+ 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Fig. 1-23: Lined Rectangular and Round Elbows
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10D, p.
11.16)
Octave Band Center Frequency Hz
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Branch 0.2% 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Duct 0.5% 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
Attenuation 1.0% 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
2.0% 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
5.0% 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
10.0% 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
20.0% 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
50.0% 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Fig. 1-24: Branch Takeoff Attenuation
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.11A, p.
11.18)
The program calculates the attention of branch takeoffs using Fig. 1-24. This table gives the
branch duct attenuation as a function of the percentage of the room to the system air flow
quantities for all eight octave bands.
The program computes the attenuation available through end reflection loss using Fig. 1-25.

Duct
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Dimensions
To 5" 17 12 8 4 1 0 0 0
6"-8" 14 10 6 2 0 0 0 0
Duct 9"-12" 12 8 4 1 0 0 0 0
Diameter
13"-16" 10 6 2 0 0 0 0 0
End
17"-22" 8 4 1 0 0 0 0 0
Reflection
Loss 23"-30" 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
31"-40" 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
41"-60"+ 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. 1-25: Duct End Reflection Loss
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10B, p.
11.18)
Room Ceiling Octave Band Center Frequency Hz
Volume Height 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Room 1000 8' 2 2 2 2
Effect 2000 8' 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6
(for 5000 8'-12" 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9
average 10000 8'-10" 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10
rooms)
10000 11'-14" 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11
20000 8'-12" 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12
20000 13'-15" 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13
30000 8'-11" 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14
30000 12'-15" 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15
40000+ 8'-14" 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14
40000+ 15'-17" 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15
40000+ 18'-22" 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16
Fig. 1-26: Room Effect Attenuation
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10C, p.
11.18) The program calculates the room effect attenuation using Fig. 1-26. This table gives the
attenuation for room with suspended ceilings as a function of the ceiling height and room volume
for all eight octave bands.
Room Criteria
Fig. 1-27 gives the sound pressure levels for all eight octave bands that correspond with a
specified NC level for the room.
Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
NC NC-30 57 48 35 31 29 28 28 27
Noise NC-35 60 53 46 40 36 34 33 32
Criterion NC-40 64 57 51 45 41 39 38 37
Levels NC-45 67 60 54 49 46 44 43 42
NC-50 71 64 59 54 54 49 48 47
Fig. 1-27: Sound Pressure Levels
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.11D, p.
11.18)
Material Estimation
Classification of Ducts
This feature of the program allows you to select a gage or thickness and reinforcement required
for the ducts once they have been sized.
Operating pressures for each section of ductwork are calculated earlier during the pressure
analysis. Fig. 1-28gives the pressure class for each section and corresponding operating pressure.
Once the operating pressures are determined, the sections are analyzed based on the specified
shape, rectangular/oval or round.
Static Pressure
Pressure Class Operating Pressure
0.5 in. of water up to 0.5 in. of water
1 in. of water over 0.5 in. of water to 1 in. of water
2 in. of water over 1 in. of water to 2 in. of water
Fig. 1-28 Operating Pressures
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, p. 106)
Duct Materials
The thickness and weight of sheet-metal sheets available in the program are given in Fig. 1-
29 through Fig. 1-32reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards,
SMACNA, Appendix 1 through 4. The program uses the nominal thicknesses from the tables.
Minimum and maximum thicknesses are shown for your information only.
Thickness in Inches
Weight
Gage
Min Max Nom Lb/ft2
30 .0105 .0145 .0125 .525
28 .0136 .0176 .0156 .656
27 .0142 .0202 .0172 .722
26 .0158 .0218 .0188 .788
25 .0189 .0249 .0219 .919
24 .0220 .0280 .0250 1.050
23 .0241 .0321 .0281 1.181
22 .0273 .0353 .0313 1.313
21 .0304 .0384 .0344 1.444
20 .0335 .0415 .0375 1.575
19 .0388 .0488 .0438 1.838
18 .0450 .0550 .0500 2.100
17 .0513 .0613 .0563 2.363
16 .0565 .0685 .0625 2.625
15 .0643 .0763 .0703 2.953
14 .0711 .0851 .0781 3.281
12 .0100 .1184 .1094 4.594
11 .1150 .1350 .1250 5.250
Fig. 1-29: Stainless Steel
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 1)
M.S. Gage Weight lb/ft2 Thickness
Nominal Cold Rolled
Min Max
28 .625 .0149 in .0129 in .0169 in
26 .750 .0179 in .0159 in .0199 in
24 1.000 .0239 in .0209 in .0269 in
22 1.250 .0299 in .0269 in .0329 in
20 1.500 .0359 in .0329 in .0389 in
18 2.000 .0478 in .0438 in .0518 in
16 2.500 .0598 in .0548 in .0648 in
14 3.125 .0747 in .0697 in .0797 in
12 4.375 .1046 in .0986 in .1106 in
Fig. 1-30: Standard Gage Uncoated Steel
Thickness in Inches Weight
Nom. Min. Max. lb/ft2
.016 .014 .018 .028
.020 .0175 .0225 .285
.024 .0215 .0265 .342
.025 .0225 .0275 .356
.032 .0295 .0345 .456
.040 .037 .043 .570
.050 .046 .054 .713
.063 .059 .067 .898
.080 .076 .084 1.140
.090 .086 .094 1.283
.100 .095 .105 1.426
.125 .12 .13 1.782
Fig. 1-31: Aluminum Alloy 3003-H14
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 3
Thickness in Inches Weight
Gage
Min Max Nom Nom lb/ft2
30 .0127 .0187 .0157 .656
28 .0157 .0217 .0187 .781
26 .0187 .0247 .0217 .906
24 .0236 .0316 .0276 1.156
22 .0296 .0376 .0336 1.406
20 .0356 .0436 .0396 1.656
18 .0466 .0566 .0516 2.156
16 .0575 .0695 .0635 2.656
14 .0705 .0865 .0785 3.281
Fig. 1-32: Galvanized Tolerances
Rectangular Metal Duct Construction

Duct construction requirements are listed in Fig. 1-33 through Fig. 1-39, reproduced with
permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Tables 1-3 through 1-9, pp. 1-
16 - 1-22. The program uses these tables to determine the gage and reinforcement required for
the material used in a rectangular or oval duct section.
Since the greater dimension of a rectangular duct is more likely to deform, that dimension is
assumed to be critical. A gage, reinforcement spacing and tie rod requirement corresponding to
the working pressure in the duct is chosen from the table. The smaller dimension is analyzed
using the gage and reinforcement chosen for the greater dimension.
You can use the override forms to specify the reinforcement spacing. If you specify an override,
the program will check the table and determine the gage and reinforcement rigidity class for that
spacing. If there is no gage for that spacing, your override will be ignored. The program will
proceed to choose the appropriate gage, reinforcement spacing and tie rod requirement.
As Fig. 1-33 through Fig. 1-39 are based on galvanized steel, the program will first find the duct
construction requirements for that material then find the equivalent construction requirements for
other materials. For aluminum ducts, the thickness is determined from Fig. 1-40 while Fig. 1-
41 is used to determine the reinforcement.
Minimum Rigidity Class on Minimum Guage Duct
Duct Duct
Dimension Gauge (No Re-inforcement Spacing
(in.) Reinforcement)
10' 8' 5' 4' 3' 2-1/2' 2
10 dn. ↑
12 ↑
14 ↑
16 ↑
18 26 ga.
20 24 ga. A-26 → → → → → →
22 22 ga. A-26 → → → → → →
24 22 ga. A-26 → → → → → →
26 20 ga. A-26 → → → → → →
28 18 ga. B-24 B-26 → → → → →
30 18 ga. B-24 B-26 → → → → →
36 16 ga. C-22 C-24 C-26 → → → →
42 D-20 D-24 D-26 C-26 → → →
48 E-20 D-22 D-26 → → → →
54 E-18 E-20 D-26 → → → →
60 F-18 F-20 E-24 E-26 → → →
H-16 G-18
72
F+rod F+rod
F-22 F-24 → → →
H-16 H-22 G-24
84
F+rod +rod F+rod → → →
I-16 H-20 H-22
96
F+rod F+rod F+rod → → →
97 UP H-18 → → → →
Fig. 1-33: 1/2-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 1/2" of water, positive and negative static pressure
Fig. 1-34: 1-inch W.G.
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 1" of water, positive and negative static pressure (reproduced
with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-4, p. 1-17)
Rectangular duct reinforcement for 4" of water, positive static pressure (reproduced with
permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-7, p. 1-20)
Fig. 1-39: 10-inch W.G.
Galvanized
Commercial Size (in.)
Steel
28 .025
26 .032
24 .040
22 .050
20 .063
10 0.080
16 .090
Fig. 1-40: Aluminum Commercial Sizes
Galvanized steel gauge conversion to aluminum sheet thickness (reproduced with permission
from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-14, p. 1-32)
Galvanized Rigidity Class Aluminum Dimension
per Galvanized Class
A C
B D
C E
D F
E H
F H
G I
H K
Fig. 1-41: Rigidity Class Conversion
Galvanized steel rigidity conversion (reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction
Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-15, p. 1-32)
Round Metal Duct Construction

Duct construction requirements for round galvanized steel and aluminum ducts are given in Fig.
1-42 and Fig. 1-43, reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards,
SMACNA, Table 3-2 and 3-3, pp. 3-3, 3-4. These tables give the galvanized steel gauge and the
aluminum commercial size as a function of static pressure, type of seam (spiral or longitudinal)
and diameter. The program uses these tables to select the gage for round ducts.
Duct Maximum 2" w.g. Maximum 10" w.g. Maximum 2" w.g.
Diamet Static Positive Static Positive Static Negative
Spira Spira Spira
Longitu Longitu Longitu
l l l
er di di di
Sea Sea Sea
in nal nal nal
m m m
Inches Seam Seam Seam
Gaug Gaug Gaug
Gauge Gauge Gauge
e e e
8 28 28 26 24 28 24
14 28 26 26 24 26 24
26 26 24 24 22 24 22
36 24 22 22 20 22 20
50 22 20 20 20 20 18
60 20 18 18 18 18 16
84 18 16 18 16 16 14
Fig. 1-42: Gauge Selection
Round duct gauge selection, galvanized steel (reproduced with permission from (reproduced
with permission from , SMACNA, , SMACNA, Table 3-2, p. 3-3)
Duct Maximum 2" w.g. Maximum 2" w.g.

Diameter Static Positive Static Negative
in Inches
Spiral Spiral
Longitudinal Longitudinal
Seam Seam
Seam Gauge Seam Gauge
Gauge Gauge
8 .025 .032 .025 .040
14 .025 .032 .032 .040
26 .032 .040 .040 .050
36 .040 .050 .050 .063
50 .050 .063 .063 .080
60 .063 .080 N.A. .090
84 N.A. .090 N.A. N.A.
Fig. 1-43: Aluminum Gauge Schedule
Aluminum round duct gauge schedule (reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct
Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 3-3, p. 3-4)
Quantity Takeoffs
Ductwork
Since the unit weight of all sheet-metal sheets is pounds per square foot of surface area, the
program therefore calculates the surface area of all ductwork to be used.
The program then calculates the total weight of sheet-metal ductwork on the basis of gauge for
fibrous ducts and commercial size for aluminum ducts. The one-inch thick fibrous glass ducts are
estimated on a per square foot basis.
The program calculates the quantity of flexible ducts based on the diameter and linear foot of
flexible ducts. Duct reinforcements are not included in the weights of the ductwork.
Lining and Insulation

The program calculates the lining and insulation quantity takeoff on a per square foot
basis. Appendix Three: Duct Fittings
Figures and tables appearing in this appendix are reprinted with permission from HVAC Systems
Duct Design, SMACNA, 1981. Use the table to identify the figure that corresponds to each
keyword choice on the fittypes form.
Duct Cross Section to which Coefficient "C" is referred is at the top of each table. Negative
numbers indicate that the static regain exceeds the dynamic pressure loss of the fitting.
Table 6-6 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting Loss (TP) = C x Vp
A. Elbow, Smooth Radius (Die Stamped), Round (2)
Coefficients for 90o Elbows: (See Note 1)
R.D. 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
C 0.71 0.33 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.12
Note 1: For angles other than 90o multiply by the following factors:
H 0 20 30 45 60 75 90 110 130 150 180
K 0 0.31 0.45 0.60 0.78 0.90 1.00 1.13 1.20 1.28 1.40
B. Elbow, Round, 3 to 5 pc -- 90o (2)
Coefficient C
# R.D.
Pieces 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0
5 - 0.46 0.33 0.24 0.19

4 - 0.50 0.37 0.27 0.24
5 0.98 0.54 0.42 0.34 0.33
Coefficient C (See Note 2)

H 20 30 45 60 75 90
C 0.08 0.16 0.34 0.55 0.81 1.2
Note 2: Correction factor for Reynolds number -- KRe

Re 10-4 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14
KRe 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0
For Standard Air: Re = 8.56 DV

where: D = duct diameter, inches
D. Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered (15)

Coefficient C (See Note 2 -- Page 6.13)
HW
H
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 3.8
20 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
30 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11
45 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24
60 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
75 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.67 0.63 0.71 0.58 0.57
90 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.98 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.83
E. Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered with Converging or

Diverging Flow (15)
Coefficient C (See Note 2 -- Page

6.13)
W1 W
HW
0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.0
0.25 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
1.0 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.84
4.0 1.5 1.1 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.66
1.5 1.0 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.55
F. Elbow, Rectangular, Smooth Radius without Vanes

(15)
Coefficients for 90o elbows (See Note 1)
HW
RW
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
0.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
0.75 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44
1.0 0.27 0.2 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.21
1.5 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17
2.0 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
Note 3: Correction Factor for Reynolds number -- KRe
Re 10-4
RW
1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14 20
0.5 1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.0 1.0
0.75 2.0 1.77 1.64 1.56 1.46 1.38 1.30 1.15 1.0
For Standard Air: Re = 8.56 DV
where: D = duct diameter, inches V = duct velocity, fpm
G. Elbow, Rectangular, Smooth Radius with Splitter
Vanes (2)
NOTES FOR THIS FIGURE ONLY:
A) See Page 5.12 to calculate splitter vane spacing.

B) CR = Curve Ratio
C) Use correction factors in Note 1 on Page 6.13 for elbows other
than 90o.
H. &nbspl Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered with Turning
Vanes (2)
SINGLE THICKNESS VANES
Coef
Dimensions, inches
*No f
R S L C
1 2.0 1.5 0.75 1.12
2 4.5 2.25 0 0.15
3 4.5 3.25 1.60 0.18
*Numbers are for reference only.
*When extension of trailing edge is not provided for this vane, losses are approximately
unchanged for single elbows, but increase considerably for elbows in series.
DOUBLE THICKNESS VANES

Coefficient C
Dimensions, Velocity (V), fpm
*No in. Remarks
R S 1000 2000 3000 4000
1 2.0 1.5 0.27 0.22 0.19 0.17 Embossed Vane Runner
2 2.0 1.5 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.23 Push-On Vane Runner
*Numbers are for reference only.
I. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular, Z-Shaped (15)

Coefficients for WH = 1.0 (See Notes 4 and 5)
LH 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 0 0.62 0.90 1.6 2.6 3.6 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2
LH 2.4 2.8 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 ?
C 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3
Note 4: For W/H values other than 1.0 apply the following favctor:
WH 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
K 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.72 0.70
Note 5: Correction factor for Reynolds number -- KRe
Re 10 4
1 2 3 4 6 8 10 14
1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.00
For Standard Air:
Re = 8.56 D V
where: D= hydraulic diameter, inches V = duct velocity, fpm
J. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular in Different Planes (15)

Coefficients for H/W - 1.0: (See Notes 4 & 5 -- Page 6.16)
L/W 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.2 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
L/W 2.4 2.8 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 ?
C 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3
K. Elbows, 30o, Round, Offset (15)
Coefficient C (See Note 5 -- Page 6.16)

L/D 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
C 0 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
L. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular Wye or Tee Shape

Table 6-7 LOSS COEFFICIENTS TRANSITIONS (Diverging Flow)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A. Transition, Round, Conical (15)
?
Re A 1A 120 180
16 20 30 45 60 90?
? ?
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
4 9 2 3 3 2
Re = 8.56 DV 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6
2 0.31 0.30
where: 4
3 0 6 1 8 4
0.63 0.62
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7
0.5 ? 109 6 0.73 0.72
7 3 8 6 7 4
D = Upstream 10
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8
0.84 0.83
Diameter (inches) ?16 0.88 0.88
9 8 9 6 0 3
V = Upstream Velocity 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8
(fpm) 1 8 0 4 8 8
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
7 2 3 8 7 7
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5
2 0.27 0.26
5 8 6 5 9 9
4 0.58 0.57
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.7
2 ? 109 6 0.71 0.69
9 8 4 0 0 1
10 0.81 0.81
0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8
?16 0.87 0.87
0 4 3 6 0 1
0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8
1 8 2 6 7 7
?6 ? 109 2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.27 0.27
4 5 7 1 7 7 7 0.58 0.57
6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.70 0.70
7 4 8 1 6 8
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7
6 9 6 0 9 1
10 0.84 0.83
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
?16 0.87 0.89
1 3 2 0 6 3
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8
1 4 6 2 9 5
B. Transition, Rectangular, Pyramidal (15)
?
A1/A
16? 20? 30? 45? 60? 90? 120? 180?
2 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.30
4 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.56 0.61 0.63 0.63 0.63
6 0.42 0.47 0.58 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.75
?10 0.42 0.49 0.59 0.70 0.80 0.87 0.85 0.86
When ? = 180?
Note 6: A = Area (Entering airstream), A1 = Area (Leaving airstream)
C. Transition, Round to Rectangular (15)
D. Transition, Rectangular to For Figures C and D, compute ? using

the equations and find the coefficient C
Round (15) from Table 6- 7B. Transition,
Rectangular, Pyramidial.
E. Transition, Rectangular, Side Straight (15)

?
A1A
14? 20? 30? 45? 60? 90? 180?
2 0.09 0.12 0.20 0.34 0.37 0.38 0.35
4 0.16 0.25 0.42 0.60 0.68 0.70 0.66
6 0.19 0.30 0.48 0.65 0.76 0.93 0.80
F. Transition, Symmetric at FanWith Duct Sides Straight

(15)
A1/A 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10? 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11
15? 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.14
20? 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.16
25? 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23
30? 0.16 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.35
35? 0.24 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.48 0.50
G. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan with Duct Sides
Straight, Top Level (15)
A1/A 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10? 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11
15? 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15
20? 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18
25? 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.26
30? 0.18 0.25 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.35
35? 0.21 0.31 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.44
H. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides

Straight, Top 10? Down (15)
A1/A 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10? 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
15? 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.18
20? 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
25? 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40
30? 0.36 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.51
35? 0.44 0.54 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.66
I. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Sgraight,

Top 10? Up (15)
A1/A 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10? 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.14
15? 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.15
20? 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16
25? 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22
30? 0.13 0.18 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.29
35? 0.15 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.36

J. Transition, Pyramidal at FanWith Duct (15)
A1/A 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
10? 0.10 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25
15? 0.23 0.33 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44
20? 0.31 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.56 0.58
25? 0.36 0.49 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.64
30? 0.42 0.53 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.69
Table 6-8 LOSS COEFFICIENTS TRANSITIONS (Converging Flow)

Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A. Contraction, Round and Rectangular, Gradual to

Abrupt (15)
?
A1/A
10? 15?-40? 50?-60? 90? 120? 150? 180?
2 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.26
4 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.17 0.27 0.35 0.41
6 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.18 0.28 0.36 0.42
10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.19 0.29 0.37 0.43
B. Contraction, Conical, Round and Rectangular (15)
(See Note 7)
A/A1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.10

K 1.0 0.85 0.68 0.50 0.30 0.18 0
Co
?
L/D
0? 10? 20? 30? 40? 60? 100? 140? 180?
0.025 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.50
0.05 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.35 0.42 0.50
0.075 0.50 0.42 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.50
0.50 0.39 0.32 0.25 0.22 0.18 0.27 0.38 0.50
0.10
0.50 0.37 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.25 0.37 0.50
0.15 0.50 0.27 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.23 0.36 0.50
0.60
Note 7: A1 = Area (Entering airstream), A = Area (Leaving airstream)
C. Contraction, Rectangular Slot to Round (15)

Re 104 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 ?40
C 0.27 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.04 0
Table 6-9 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes)

Use the velocity pressure (Vb) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vb
A. Converging Wye, Round (2)
Branch, Coefficient C (See Note 8)
Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.4 -.56 0.44 0.35 0.28 0.15 0.04 0.05
0.5 -.48 -.37 -.28 -.21 -.09 0.02 0.11
0.6 -.38 -.27 -.19 -.12 0 0.10 0.18
0.7 -.26 -.06 -.08 -.01 0.10 0.20 0.28
0.8 -.21 -.02 0.05 -.12 0.23 0.32 0.40
0.9 0.04 0.13 0.21 0.27 0.37 0.46 0.53
1.0 0.22 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.53 0.62 0.69
1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8
2.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3
2.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
3.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Main, Coefficient C (See Note 8)

Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.1 -8.6 -4.1 -2.5 -1.7 -.97 -.58 -.34
0.2 -6.7 -3.1 -1.9 -1.3 -.67 -.36 -.18
0.3 -5.0 -2.2 -1.3 -.88 -.42 -.19 -.05
0.4 -3.5 -1.5 -.88 -.55 -.21 -.05 0.05
0.5 -2.3 -.95 -.51 -.28 -.06 0.06 0.13
0.6 -1.3 -.50 -.22 -.09 0.05 0.12 0.17
0.7 -.63 -.18 -.03 0.04 0.12 0.16 0.18
0.8 -.18 0.01 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.17
0.9 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13
1.0 -0.01 0 0 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.5
Note 8: A = Area (sq. in.), Q = Airflow (cfm), V = Velocity (fpm)
B. Converging Tee, 90?, Round (15)

Branch Coefficient C (See Note 8)
A/A
Q/Q
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.1 0.40 -.37 -.51 -.46 -.50 -.51 -.52
0.2 3.8 0.72 0.17 -.02 -.14 -.18 -.24
0.3 9.2 2.3 1.0 0.44 0.21 0.11 -.08
0.4 16 4.3 2.1 0.94 0.54 0.40 0.32
0.5 26 6.8 3.2 1.1 0.66 0.49 0.42
0.6 37 9.7 4.7 1.6 0.92 0.69 0.57
0.7 43 13 6.3 2.1 1.2 0.88 0.72
0.8 65 17 7.9 2.7 1.5 1.1 0.86
0.9 82 21 9.7 3.7 1.8 1.2 0.99
1.0 101 26 12 4.0 2.1 1.4 1.1
Main Coefficient C (See Note 8)

Q/Q 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Q 0.16 0.27 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.63 0.65
C. Converging Tee, Round Branch to Rectangular Main
Qb/Qs
V
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1200
-.63 -.55 0.13 0.23 0.78 1.30 1.93 3.10 4.88 5.60
fpm
1200
-.49 -.21 0.23 0.60 1.27 2.76 2.75 3.70 4.93 5.95
fpm
For Main Loss Coefficient (C) see Fitting 6-9B
When:
Ab/As As/Ac Ab/As
0.5 1.0 0.5
D. Converging Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch
Qb/Qs
V
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1200
-.75 -.53 0.03 0.33 1.03 1.10 2.15 2.93 4.18 4.78
fpm
1200
-.69 -.21 0.23 0.67 1.17 1.66 2.67 3.36 3.93 5.13
fpm
For Main Loss Coefficient
(C) see Fitting 6-9B
When:
Ab/As As/Ac Ab/As
0.5 1.0 0.5
F. Converging Tee, 45? Entry Branch to Rectangular Main
Ab/As As/Ac Ab/Ac
When: 0.5 1.0 0.5
QbQc
Vc
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
<1200
-.83 -.68 -.30 0.28 0.55 1.03 1.50 1.93 2.50 3.03
fpm
>1200
-.72 -.52 -.23 0.34 0.76 1.14 1.83 2.01 2.90 3.63
fpm
G. Symmetrical Wye, Dovetail, Rectangular (15)

A1b/Ac or A2b/Ac 0.50 1.0
C 0.23 0.07
H. Converging Wye, Rectangular (15)

Branch, Coefficient (See Note 8)
Qb/Qc
Ab/As Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.25 -.50 0 0.50 1.2 2.2 3.7 5.8 8.4 11
0.33 0.25 -1.2 -.40 0.40 1.6 3.0 4.8 6.8 8.9 11
0.5 0.5 -5.0 -.20 0 0.25 0.45 0.70 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.67 0.5 -1.0 -.60 -.20 0.10 0.30 0.60 1.0 1.5 2.0
1.0 0.5 -2.2 -1.5 -.95 -.50 0 0.40 0.80 1.3 1.9
1.0 1.0 -.60 -.30 -.10 -.04 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.36 0.42
1.33 1.0 -1.2 -.80 -.40 -.20 0 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.38
2.0 1.0 -2.1 -1.4 -.90 -.50 -.20 0 0.20 0.25 0.30
Main, Coefficient (See Note 8)

Qb/Qc
Ab/As Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.75 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.20 -.10 -.45 -.92 -1.5 -2.0 -2.6
1.0 0.5 0.17 0.16 0.10 0 -0.08 -.18 -.27 -.37 -.46
0.75 0.5 0.27 0.35 0.32 0.25 0.12 -.03 -.23 -.42 -.58
0.5 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.90 0.65 0.35 0 -.40 -.80 -1.3
1.0 1.0 0.18 0.24 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.80 0.10 0 -.12
0.75 1.0 0.75 0.36 0.38 0.25 0.27 0.18 0.05 -.08 -.22
0.5 1.0 0.80 0.87 0.80 0.68 0.55 0.40 0.25 0.08 -.10
I. Wye, Rectangular and Round (15)

Q1b/Qc or Q2b/Qc
?
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0
15? -2.6 -1.9 -1.3 -.77 -.30 0.10 0.42 0.67 0.85 0.97 1.0
30? -2.1 -1.5 -1.0 -.53 -.10 0.20 0.69 0.91 1.1 1.4 1.6
45? -1.3 -.93 -.55 -.16 0.20 0.56 0.92 1.26 1.6 2.0 2.3
When:
A1b = A2b
Ac = A1b + A2b
Table 6-10 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes)
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A. Tee or Wye, 30o to 90o, Round (15)
Vs/Vc 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0
C 0.35 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.02 0
Wye ? = 30?: Branch, Coefficient C (See Note 8)
Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.75 0.55 0.40 0.28 0.21 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.19
0.7 0.72 0.51 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.26
0.6 0.69 0.46 0.31 0.21 0.17 0.16 0.20 0.28 0.39
0.5 0.65 0.41 0.26 0.19 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.47 0.67
0.4 0.59 0.33 0.21 0.20 0.27 0.40 0.62 0.92 1.3
0.3 0.55 0.28 0.24 0.38 0.76 1.3 2.0 --- ---
0.2 0.40 0.26 0.58 1.3 2.5 --- --- --- ---
0.1 0.28 1.5 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.78 0.62 0.49 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.40
0.7 0.77 0.59 0.47 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.50
0.6 0.74 0.56 0.44 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.43 0.54 0.68
0.5 0.74 0.52 0.41 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.59 0.78 1.0
0.4 0.66 0.47 0.40 0.43 0.54 0.69 0.95 1.3 1.7
0.3 0.66 0.48 0.52 0.73 1.2 1.8 2.7 --- ---
0.2 0.56 0.56 1.0 1.8 --- --- --- --- ---
0.1 0.60 2.1 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.56 0.52 0.50 0.53 0.60 0.68
0.7 0.82 0.69 0.61 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.60 0.70 0.82
0.6 0.81 0.68 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.61 0.72 0.87 1.1
0.5 0.79 0.66 0.61 0.62 0.68 0.76 0.94 1.2 1.5
0.4 0.76 0.65 0.65 0.74 0.89 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3
0.3 0.80 0.75 0.89 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.5 --- ---
0.2 0.77 0.96 1.6 2.5 --- --- --- --- ---
0.1 1.0 2.9 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.1 1.2 1.4
0.7 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.98 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.6 0.96 0.97 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0
0.5 0.97 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5
0.4 0.99 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 --- ---
0.3 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3 --- --- --- --- ---
0.2 1.3 1.9 2.9 --- --- --- --- --- ---
0.1 2.1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
B. 90o Conical Tee, Round (2)

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.84 0.74 0.62 0.52 0.42 0.36 0.32 0.32 0.37 0.52
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
C. 45o Conical Wye, Round (2)

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.84 0.61 0.41 0.27 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.27
D. 90o Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 45o Elbow, Branch

90o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 1.32 1.51 1.60 1.65 1.74 1.87 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7
E. 90o Tee, Round, with 90o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 1.03 1.08 1.18 1.33 1.56 1.86 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4
F. 90o Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 45o to

Main (2)
Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 1.06 1.15 1.29 1.45 1.65 1.89 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.3
G. 90o Conical Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 45o Elbow,

Branch 90o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.94 0.88 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.95 1.02
H. 90o Conical Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow,

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.86 0.96 1.10
I. 45o Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch

90o to Main (2)
Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.88 0.77 0.68 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.88 1.14 1.54 2.2
J. 45o Conical Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow,

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.82 0.63 0.52 0.45 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.56
K. 45o Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 30o Elbow, Branch

45o to Main (2)
Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.84 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.50 0.56 0.71 0.92 1.22 1.66
L. 45o Conical Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 30o Elbow,

Vb/Vc 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 1.0 0.93 0.71 0.55 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.54 0.62
M. 45o Wye, Conical Main and Branch with 45o Elbow,

Vb/Vc 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
C 0.76 0.60 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.56 0.61 0.68
Vb/Vc 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
C 0.86 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.2

Vs/Vc 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.18 0.30 0.46 0.64 0.84 1.0
N. Tee, 45o Entry, Rectangular Main and Branch

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.91
0.4 0.81 0.79
0.6 0.77 0.72 0.70
0.8 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.66
1.0 0.78 0.98 0.85 0.79 0.74
1.2 0.90 1.11 1.16 1.23 1.03 0.86
1.4 1.19 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.54 1.26 0.92
1.6 1.35 1.42 1.55 1.59 1.63 1.50 1.31 1.09
1.8 1.44 1.50 1.75 1.74 1.72 2.24 1.63 1.40 1.17
P. Tee, 45o Entry, Rectangular Main and Branch with

Damper
Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.61
0.4 0.46 0.61
0.6 0.43 0.60 0.54
0.8 0.39 0.43 0.62 0.53
1.0 0.34 0.57 0.77 0.73 0.68
1.2 0.37 0.64 0.85 0.98 1.07 0.83
1.4 0.57 0.71 1.04 1.16 1.54 1.36 0.18
1.6 0.89 1.08 1.28 1.30 1.69 2.09 1.81 1.47
1.8 1.33 1.34 2.04 4.78 1.90 2.40 2.77 2.23 1.92
Q. Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 1.03
0.4 1.04 1.01
0.6 1.11 1.03 1.05
0.8 1.16 1.21 1.17 1.12
1.0 1.38 1.40 1.30 1.36 1.27
1.2 1.52 1.61 1.68 1.91 1.47 1.66
1.4 1.79 2.01 1.90 2.31 2.28 2.20 1.95
1.6 2.07 2.28 2.13 2.71 2.99 2.81 2.09 2.20
1.8 2.32 2.54 2.64 3.09 3.72 3.48 2.21 2.29 2.57
R. Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch with Damper

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.58
0.4 0.67 0.64
0.6 0.78 0.76 0.75
0.8 0.88 0.98 0.81 1.01
1.0 1.12 1.05 1.08 1.18 1.29
1.2 1.49 1.48 1.40 1.51 1.70 1.91
1.4 2.10 2.21 2.25 2.29 2.32 2.48 2.53
1.6 2.72 3.30 2.84 3.09 3.30 3.19 3.29 3.16
1.8 3.42 4.58 3.65 3.92 4.20 4.15 4.15 4.10 4.05
S. Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch with Extractor

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 0.60
0.4 0.62 0.69
0.6 0.74 0.80 0.82
0.8 0.99 1.10 0.95 0.90
1.0 1.48 1.12 1.41 1.24 1.21
1.2 1.91 1.33 1.43 1.52 1.55 1.64
1.4 2.47 1.67 1.70 2.04 1.86 1.98 2.47
1.6 3.17 2.40 2.33 2.53 2.31 2.51 3.13 3.25
1.8 3.85 3.37 3.89 3.23 3.09 3.03 3.30 3.74 4.11

Vb/Vc 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
C 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.27 0.30 0.25
T. Tee, Rectangular Main to Round Branch

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.2 1.00
0.4 1.01 1.07
0.6 1.14 1.10 1.08
0.8 1.18 1.31 1.12 1.13
1.0 1.30 1.38 1.20 1.23 1.26
1.2 1.46 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.39 1.48
1.4 1.70 1.82 1.65 1.51 1.56 1.64 1.81
1.6 1.93 2.06 2.00 1.85 1.70 1.76 1.80 1.88
1.8 2.06 2.17 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.98 1.99 2.00 2.07

o
Vb/Vc
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
15 0.81 0.65 0.51 0.38 0.23 0.20 0.11 0.06 0.14 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
30 0.84 0.69 0.56 0.44 0.34 0.26 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
45 0.87 0.74 0.63 0.54 0.45 0.38 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.30 0.51 0.76 1.0
60 0.90 0.82 0.79 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.43 0.36 0.33 0.39 0.51 0.76 1.0
90 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

15o-
o
90o
60o
As/Ac
Vs/Vc 0 - 1.0 0 - 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.1 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81
0.2 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
0.3 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.50
0.4 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36
0.5 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25
0.6 0.16 0.16 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16
0.8 0.04 0.04 0.17 0.10 0.07 0.04
1.0 0 0 0.20 0.10 0.05 0
1.2 0.07 0.07 0.36 0.21 0.14 0.07
1.4 0.39 0.39 0.79 0.59 0.39 ---
1.6 0.90 0.90 1.4 1.2 --- ---
1.8 1.8 1.8 2.4 --- --- ---
2.0 3.2 3.2 4.0 --- --- ---
V. Tee Rectangular Main to Conical Branch (2)

Vb/Vc 0.40 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.3 1.5
C 0.80 0.83 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.4
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page
6.27).
W. Wye, Rectangular (15)

Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac Ab/Ac
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.25 0.55 0.50 0.60 0.85 1.2 1.8 3.1 4.4 6.0
0.33 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.50 0.80 1.3 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.0
0.5 0.5 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.60 0.78 1.1 1.5
0.67 0.5 0.52 0.40 0.32 0.30 0.34 0.44 0.62 0.92 1.4
1.0 0.5 0.44 0.38 0.38 0.41 0.52 0.68 0.92 1.2 1.6
1.0 1.0 0.67 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.37
1.33 1.0 0.70 0.60 0.51 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.29
2.0 1.0 0.60 0.52 0.43 0.33 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.21

Qb/Qc
Ab/As Ab/As
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.25 -.01 -.03 -.01 0.05 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.46
0.33 0.25 0.08 0 -.02 -.01 0.02 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.34
0.5 0.5 -.03 -.06 -.05 0 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.27 0.35
0.67 0.5 0.04 -.02 -.04 -.03 -.01 0.04 0.12 0.23 0.37
1.0 0.5 0.72 0.48 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.18 0.30
1.0 1.0 -.02 -.04 -.04 -.01 0.06 0.13 0.22 0.30 0.38
1.33 1.0 0.10 0 0.01 -.03 -.01 0.03 0.10 0.20 0.30
2.0 1.0 0.62 0.38 0.23 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.20
X. Symmetrical Wye, Dovetail, Rectangular (15)

A1b/Ac or A2b/Ac 0.50 1.0
When: R/W = 1.5
 Course 3 Lesson
About the Author
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Research Professor College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois, USA
Varkie Thomas taught graduate courses in Energy Efficient Building Design, Building Energy
Performance Analysis and advised doctoral candidates (1996-2008) as an Adjunct Professor at
Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) from SOM. He is currently a Research Professor with the
Ph.D. program at IIT. He was a member of the UN Technical Program to China in 1991 and a
Visiting Professor from Purdue in Malaysia in 1996/97 funded by the World Bank.
Academic: B.Sc. (Honors) in Mathematics from St. Xavier’s College Bombay University; Post-
Graduate Diploma in Environmental Engineering from London South Bank University; Post-
Graduate Diploma (with Distinction) and Ph.D. in Industrial Management from Strathclyde
University Glasgow. Registered Professional Engineer (P.E.) and Certified Energy Manager
(CEM - Association. of Energy Engineers).

Ductwork Design Program

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Ductwork Design

Sizing method and associated velocity limits

where: 1,2 = subscripts for stations 1 and 2 in the system

Head and Pressure

where: Pv = velocity pressure (in. of water)

where: Pt = total pressure (in. of water)

where: ρ = fluid density (lbm/cu ft)

where: D = equivalent internal diameter of duct (in.)

where: ε = duct material absolute roughness (ft)

where: cf = conversion factor (2.16 x 10-6)

Frictional Losses for Noncircular Ducts

For oval ducts, the corresponding equations are:

where: cf = conversion factor (1097)

(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook:

Fan Pressures, Mechanical Energy

Pt = ΔPt + SEFi + SEFo + ΔPf + ΔPd

Equal Friction Sizing Method

Static Regain Sizing Method

Total Pressure Sizing Method

Velocity Reduction Sizing Method

Constant Velocity Sizing Method

Circuit Analysis and System Balancing

Circuit pressure analysis consists of the following steps:

For a motor that is outside the airstream, the heat gain is

(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals, p. 33.10, Fig.

where: Q1 = design supply air quantity (cu ft/min)

Acoustic Analysis and System Noise Attenuation

Fig. 1-10 summarizes the system noise procedure described for

where: Lw = estimated sound power level of fan (dB re 1pW)

Fan Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Static Efficiency Correction Factor

Fan Discharge Air Plenum

where: α = absorption coefficient of lining, dimensionless

Attenuation of the Duct System

Smallest Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Smallest Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Smallest Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Smallest Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

Rectangular Metal Duct Construction

Round Metal Duct Construction

Duct Maximum 2" w.g. Maximum 2" w.g.

Lining and Insulation

B. Elbow, Round, 3 to 5 pc -- 90o (2)

5 - 0.46 0.33 0.24 0.19

Coefficient C (See Note 2)

Note 2: Correction factor for Reynolds number -- KRe

For Standard Air: Re = 8.56 DV

D. Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered (15)

E. Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered with Converging or

Coefficient C (See Note 2 -- Page

F. Elbow, Rectangular, Smooth Radius without Vanes

NOTES FOR THIS FIGURE ONLY:

A) See Page 5.12 to calculate splitter vane spacing.

DOUBLE THICKNESS VANES

I. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular, Z-Shaped (15)

J. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular in Different Planes (15)

K. Elbows, 30o, Round, Offset (15)

Coefficient C (See Note 5 -- Page 6.16)

L. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular Wye or Tee Shape