Week 8-9
Week 8-9
Week 8-9
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
BS Mathematics Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Table of Contents
Topic Page
Course Outline Policy 4
Course Information 7
Unit Learning Outcomes 7
Metalanguage 7
Essential Knowledge 8
Discrete Models 8
Linear Models 8
Multiple linear regression 16
The multivariate linear regression 22
Activity 1 23
Activity 2 24
Model Fitting 25
Fitting Model to data graphically 25
Analytical Methods of model fitting 26
Applying the least squares criterion 27
Activity 3 27
Optimization of Discrete Model 28
Solutions to a Discrete Model 29
Linear Programming I 29
Linear Programming II – Algebraic solutions 31
Linear Programming III – Simplex solutions 33
Ordinary Simplex Method 33
Duality 36
Activity 4 38
Unit Learning Outcomes 39
Continuous Models 39
Continuous Linear Models 39
Non-Linear Models 40
Activity 5 42
Textbook 44
References 44
Other Printed and Online Resources 44
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Course Information: Please refer to the course syllabus in the Black Board
LMS
Let us begin!
Big Picture
Week 8-9: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to
Topics:
4. Continuous Models
4.1 Linear Models
4.2 Non – Linear Models
4.3 Systems
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
5. Continuous Models
5.1 Continuous modelling is the mathematical practice of applying
a model to continuous data (data which has a potentially infinite number, and
divisibility, of attributes). They often use differential equations and are
converse to discrete modelling. Modelling is generally broken down into
several steps:
5.1.1 Making assumptions about the data: The ones who make the model decides
what is influencing the data and what can be safely ignored.
5.1.2 Making equations to fit the assumptions.
5.1.3 Solving the equations.
5.1.4 Verifying the results: Various statistical tests are applied to the data and
the model and compared.
5.1.5 If the model passes the verification progress, putting it into practice.
5.1.6 If the model fails the verification progress, altering it and subjecting it
again to verification; if it persists in fitting the data more poorly than a
competing model, it is abandoned.
5.2.1 The continuous linear model (CLM) is probably the most commonly used
model. It is applicable in many instances ranging from simple control
charts to response surface models. The CLM is a mathematical function
that relates explanatory variables (either discrete or continuous) to a
single continuous response variable. It is called linear because the
coefficients of the terms are expressed as a linear sum. The terms
themselves do not have to be linear.
5.2.3 This equation just says that if we have p explanatory variables then the
response is modelled by a constant term plus a sum of functions of those
explanatory variables, plus some random error term.
5.2.4 The coefficients for the parameters in the CLM are estimated by the
method of least squares. This is a method that gives estimates which
minimize the sum of the squared distances from the observations to the
fitted line or plane. See the chapter on Process Modelling for a more
complete discussion on estimating the coefficients for these models.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
5.2.5 The tests for the CLM involve testing that the model as a whole is a good
representation of the process and whether any of the coefficients in the
model are zero or have no effect on the overall fit. Again, the details for
testing are given in the chapter on Process Modelling.
5.2.6 For estimation purposes, there are no additional assumptions necessary for
the CLM beyond those stated in the assumptions section. For testing
purposes, however, it is necessary to assume that the error term is
adequately modelled by a Gaussian distribution.
5.2.7 The CLM has many uses such as building predictive process models over
a range of process settings that exhibit linear behavior, control
charts, process capability, building models from the data produced by
designed experiments, and building response surface models for automated
process control applications.
5.2.8 Shewhart Control Chart - The simplest example of a very common usage
of the CLM is the underlying model used for Shewhart control charts. This
model assumes that the process parameter being measured is a constant
with additive Gaussian noise and is given by:
y = a0 +
5.2.9 Diffusion Furnace - Suppose we want to model the average wafer sheet
resistance as a function of the location or zone in a furnace tube, the
temperature, and the anneal time. In this case, let there be 3 distinct zones
(front, center, back) and temperature and time are continuous explanatory
variables.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Let’s Analyze
Introduction
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
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Objective
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Methods
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Results
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Discussion
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
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TEXTBOOK : Giordano, F. (2014). A first course in mathematical modeling
(5th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
REFERENCES :
Esfandiari, R. & Lu, B. (2018). Modeling and analysis of dynamic
systems. CRC Press.
Moghadas, S. & Jaberi-Douraki, M. (2018). Mathematical modeling: A
graduate textbook. John Wiley & Sons.
Bruhl, R. (2018). Understanding statistical analysis and modeling. Sage.
Weiss, C. (2018). An introduction to discrete-valued time series. John
Wiley & Sons.
Zill, D.G. (2018). A first course in differential equations with modeling
applications (11th ed.). Cengage Leaning.
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Page 12 of 14
College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
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College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics
2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
1) The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective OBD classes through
the Blackboard LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e.
monitoring of the conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with
generated utilization graphs and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports
shall be generated and consolidated by program and by college.
2) The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.
3) For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct
of DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs
for endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.
GUILLERMO B. BONGHANOY
RONNIE O. ALEJAN
Program Head
Approved by:
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