Phone Number: 09532979554

GROUP 6
Princess Danna Mae Dizon
Charisse Jose Primo
Grazel Elen Mamaclay
Shenery Garcia
Andrew Arceo

“Adaptive Value and costs of Phenotypic plasticity in response to Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
during Development of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in salinity resistance”

Research Questions:
1. Is there a morphological effect on applying Sodium Chloride on Oryza sativa L.?
2. what is the importance of Phenotypic plasticity in Oryza sativa L.?
3. Does Sodium chloride impact the growth of Oryza sativa L.?

RRLs:
https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2134/agronj2000.923418x
Abstract
One possible management option for growers in dealing with decreases in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
production caused by salinity is to compensate yield reduction by increasing seeding density. Our
objectives were to investigate the effects of salinity and seeding density on grain yield and yield
components, and analyze the relationships of the yield components to final grain yields at different
seeding densities under salinity. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in sand irrigated with nutrient
solutions. The treatments included seeding densities of 400, 600, and 720 seeds m−2 and salt levels of
1.0, 3.9, and 6.5 dS m−1. Salinity effects were highly significant on grain yield, plant stand, seed
weight per plant, seed weight per panicle, and spikelets per panicle, but not significant on panicle
density, kernel weight, and shoot weight per plant at seeding densities tested. Grain yield was not
significantly increased with an increase of seeding density. Plant stand and panicle density were
significantly increased, while seed weight per plant, fertility, and harvest index were significantly
decreased with increases of seeding densities. The density-dependent seed weight per plant under
salinity was explained by the competition within and among plants at high-density populations
affected by salinity. Seed weight per panicle accounted for 62% of total variation and contributed
more than panicle density to the grain yield under salinity. It was concluded that yield loss under
moderate salinities may not be compensated for by increasing seeding density above normal density
levels.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1997.tb00512.x
Abstract
The rice eultivars grown in the tropies and sub-tropics can be broadly categorized as aromatic small
grain, local coarse grain and modern high yielding varieties (HYV). The first two categories are
traditional rice, and are generally palatable. The aromatic rice has better market value than HYV rice,
yet farmers are unwilling to expand its cultivation because of the low yield potential. One possibility
to expand the cultivation of traditional rice is o t find stress tolerant cultivars for growing in marginal
land. The salinity tolerance of nine rice cultivars representing three from each type of aromatic small
grains, local coarse grains and HYV types, was analysed at germination and early seedling stage. Seeds
were placed for germination and the seedlings were allowed to grow for nine days at NaCl
concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM. NaCl decreased the germination index (GI), speed of
germination, seedling height and seedling dry matter weight. Seedling characteristics were decreased
more than GI. In general aromatic small grain type showed more salt sensitivity than the other two
types. Among the nine cultivars Shakkorkhora (aromatic type) showed the least salt tolerance in
relation to germination and seedling characters while the other two cultivars of the same group
showed tolerance as high as the tolerant cultivars in other types. Generalization of group salt
tolerance of rice, therefore, has little value from the agronomic point of view at least at early growth
stage. As the number of cultivars employed in this study was only three from each type it is suggested
that more cultivars be considered for the purpose of salt tolerant improvement programme of various
types of rice.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/46.12.1843
 Abstract
The effects of NaCl stress on growth and development of rice {Oryza sativa L.) were studied and
compared in varieties of various origins. During the vegetative stage, tall indica landraces (Nona
Bokra, Buhra Rata, Panwell, and Pokkali) appeared to be resistant throughout while in japonica
varieties (I Kong Pao (IKP) and Tainung 67) and elite breeding lines (IR 4630, IR 2153 and IR 31785),
resistance fluctuated. Panwell, which was the only indica variety evaluated during the reproductive
stage, also expressed salt resistance during booting, heading and grain maturation while varieties with
the greatest variability in salt stress response during the vegetative phase (IR 4630, IR 31785 and IKP)
also showed the greatest variability during reproductive development. Thus, varietal levels of
resistance to salinity at different growth stages are not necessarily interdependent characteristics.
Variability in salt resistance of different genotypes during the vegetative and reproductive phases of
development was not correlated to their mean level of relative resistance.
There was an ontogenic evolution of salt resistance and the young seedling stage appeared to be the
most sensitive to NaCI during vegetative growth. Nevertheless, short- and middle term effects of
stress have to be distinguished for each genotype since some varieties showed better growth during
the second week of stress than during the first, whilst others showed an opposite trend. Moreover,
even at specific stages of development, plant responses to NaCI were quite variable according to the
criterion used to quantify salinity resistance. The identification of genotypes resistant to NaCI at
specific developmental stages is essential to improve the understanding of the effects of salt stress
upon phenology and to elaborate further breeding programmes.

https://www.publish.csiro.au/FP/PP9860161
Abstract
Varieties and breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) differ in their resistance to NaCl salinity and in
their Na uptake. These varieties (which are not single homozygous lines) also show large variation
between individuals. The gross uptake of Na+ is, however, poorly correlated with growth and survival
because net transport interacts with vigour and degree of dwarfing and because NaCl is
compartmentalized within the plant confounding any simple relationship between tissue
concentration, growth reduction and toxicity symptoms. It is argued that resistance is conferred by no
single factor, but is the sum of a number of contributory traits which include variation in (1) NaCl
entry via membrane leakage or apoplastic pathways; (2) preferential accumulation of Na+ in the older
leaves; and (3) tolerance of NaCl within the leaf tissue which may reflect differences in apoplastic salt
load. It is suggested that the salt resistance of rice can be increased by selecting separately for such
physiological traits and then pyramiding them together.

https://akjournals.com/view/journals/0806/42/3/article-p474.xml
Abstract
Effects of salinity on correlation, path and stress indices, yield and its components were studied in a
set of 34 promising rice genotypes collected from various national and international organizations.
These genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications
during the wet seasons (kharif) of 2009 and 2010 in normal (ECiw ∼ 1.2 dS/m) and salinity stress
(ECiw ∼ 10 dS/m) environments in micro plots at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI),
Karnal, India. Grain yield per plant showed positive significant association with plant height, total
tillers, productive tillers, panicle length, and biological yield per plant and harvest index under normal
environment, whereas grain yield showed positive significant association with biological yield and
harvest index under salinity stress. These results clearly indicate that selection of high yielding
genotypes would be entirely different under normal and saline environments. The stress susceptibility
index (SSI) values for grain yield ranged from 0.35 (HKR 127) to 1.55 (TR-2000-008), whereas the
stress tolerance index (STI) values for grain yield ranged from 0.07 (PR 118) to 1.09 (HKR 120). The
genotypes HKR 120, HKR 47 and CSR-RIL-197 exhibited higher values of stress tolerance index (STI) in
salinity. Under salinity, negative and significant association was shown by SSI and grain yield in
contrast to positive and significant association shown by STI and grain yield. These associations could
be useful in identifying salt tolerant and sensitive high yielding genotypes. The stress susceptible and
stress tolerance indices suggest that the genotypes developed for salinity tolerance could exhibit
higher tolerance, adaptability and suitability. Harvest index and biological yield traits emerged as the
ideal traits for improvement through selection and could be used to increase the rice productivity
under saline stress environments.
Methodology
 Collection and Sample Preparation

Plant materials and Growth conditions

Salinity Treatment

Morphological effect on plant growth

Observation in Development of Oryza sativa L.

Statistical Analysis