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Indian Classical Music: Traits and Trends

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International Journal on Arts, Management and Humanities 6(2): 167-174(2017)

ISSN No. (Online): 2319–5231

Indian Classical Music: Traits and Trends

Samidha Vedabala
Assistant Professor, Department of Music,
Sikkim Central University, (Sikkim), INDIA.
(Corresponding author: Samidha Vedabalap)
(Received 09 September, 2017, Accepted 14 November, 2017)
(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net)
ABSTRACT: Any music origins in the society and develops with the changing realities of it. It accepts new
and modified the existing in different periods of time. This process of acceptance and rejection makes any
form of art exist for long. Similarly in various phases of transition Indian Classical music has embraced the
elements which question its traits, especially in this highly technical world. The paper tries to point out those
changes and analyse them in a legitimate manner.
Keyword: Changing Trends, Digitization, Indian Classical Music, Technology
I. INTRODUCTION
India is known for its rich musical heritage around the globe. There are numerous forms and genres of music.
Among which the most respected is classical Music. The music represents an exemplary standard and long
established principle or style based on methods developed over a long period of time. It is derived in part from the
elevation and wide dissemination of particular elite music within nations over the last century or more (Moro, 2004).
However the changing socio-economic realities with time, the spread and uptake of Indian classical music in the
west for over half a century, and emerging critical voices among contemporary Indian students, new conditions and
contexts have arisen that challenges a system essentially rooted in a court patronage environment (Schippers, 2007).
In the era of international integration, open world trade, advanced mean of communication, internationalized
financial market and increased mobility of persons, good, capital data and idea almost every aspect of life is
restructures (Vedabala, 2016). So the music is. Consequently the rapid technological up gradation in last one or two
decades has given a new shape to the music in India. Some technological innovation that have influenced the
classical music are -
a. Up gradation of recording/archiving technology
b. Virtual music classes
c. Online availability of music
d. Digitization of music/ musical instruments
e. Online shopping of musical instruments etc
The present paper will analyse the important changes/ challenges the music faced due to the above mentioned
technological advancements along with other aspect in the process of its transition.
A. Parentage
Continuity through generations has strengthened the tradition of Indian classical music from a long time. It is a
service provided to a wealthy class of patrons or to prestigious rituals and ceremonies, music is often restricted by
heredity and the role of musicians is an ascribed status (Rice, 2003). Musicians inherit the traditional repertoire and
style of their ancestors and are called khandani musicians. The repertoire, compositions were so precious to be
shared with any outsider. Compositions called khaz cheez used to be given in dowry or gift on very special occasion.
Musical pieces were the treasures of the ustads which better to be kept within the family.
Owing to the loss of patronage and mediation of government the music freed her from the clench of handfuls and
reached to the common mass, from elite to the middle class. It is now no one’s legacy, whoever is talented or
inspired aspires for classical music. Followers of music who don’t have any musical family background doing great
in the field. A good numbers of foreigners are performing Indian classical music around the globe as the Indians do.
Nevertheless there is vexation and conundrum regarding the quality/purity of the music among some hierarchal
population who consider themselves the proprietors of the tradition. Virtually music may in some ways be available
Vedabala 167
to all, but access to certain parts of the total repertoire by or at least associated with class, race, ethnicity, age,
gender, occupational background, and aesthetic preference (Rice, 2003).
Despite the division of musical world into khandani and non-khandni groups, the tradition stands sanguine with
the firm and eager musicians with learning (taalim [I]), listening (sunna) and practice (riaz [II]). Easy availability of
records of old compositions of various artists and guidance from guru gives a wide vision to the seekers. Many
beautiful compositions are coming up. As Prof. Mehta explained- “Our profound and just respect for the traditional
chijas need not blind us to believe that there is no need for new compositions. If it were so, late Khansaheb Fayaz
Khan, to take only one example, would not have taken any trouble to compose new cijas. The values given to the
traditional cijas are not in any way undermined by new compositions. Different artistes have different susceptibility
to words and hence a vocal artiste would like to use those, those phrases, those sentiments, those infections
contained in words, which fulfil his artistic demands” (Mehta, 2011).
Words of Richard D. Wetzel in the context of patronage of the traditional western musical forms are appropriate to
mention in this context- “Indicative of the prevailing confusion is the issue of patronage, without which art of any
kind cannot flourish. It has changed largely because of technology, and it would be unwise to attempt to predict how
the democratization and open market that it brought into being will ultimately become stabilized, how copyright
issues will be resolved around the world, and how traditional institutions like orchestra and choral societies will be
sustained” (Wetzel, 2012).
B. Guru-sisya Relationship
Classical music in India is based on the foundation of the old age tradition of Guru-sisya, teacher-disciple
knowledge where knowledge is transmitted orally from generations to generations. The learning process demands
active participation of both the guru and disciple in gurukul [III]. The focus of Indian music tradition in Nivedita
Singh’s words is -“totally centered on guru and he has a gigantic role to play covering almost every sphere of
learning, i.e. from learning music to being a musician (N. Singh, 2004). A Guru’s influence and responsibility on the
life of his disciple was not only concentrated to the teaching and learning music rather guru shapes the
characteristics, personality of the disciples in every sense. Guru teaches its disciples the roles of musicians, life
philosophies and the social responsibilities. Even the guru keeps its disciples free from economic worries as the
disciples’ lives with the gurus and gradually with carrying out the tradition forward students manage getting their
earning with their gurus. Till the date the followers of Indian classical music believe in the tradition and it continues.
However the essence has been changed a bit or we can say a lot. The tradition which was absolutely under royal
patronage has entered to the middle class. So until unless a guru is supremely rich or funded by any organization it’s
impossible for him to support his/her disciples. So the talim has been limited to the weekend classes or may be two,
three sittings in a week. Gurus spend a lot of time in travelling for their performance. They stay months and months
abroad, which squeeze student’s time with them. The guru too has to perform and survive in their freelance career.
There are very less facilities provided by the government to the artist as well. On the other hand students who have
to maintain balance between various aspects of life in the fast moving world fails to give adequate time to their
music they should. As Ustad Imrat Khan expressed in an interview-“……now what is happening is that there is
much more material knowledge. For performers performing, art or music is much more available to them, usually in
recordings. But what is not available is this deep foundation. What is available is the constructions on the top, not
the foundation” (Khan 1992).
Students not belonging to musical family start music quite late, they don’t get enough time for talim and riaz.
They have to look after both the earning and music part simultaneously. Among these challenges in both the corners
worst affected is the age long tradition of guru sisya relationship. Students prefer the guru who fulfill their
conditions and the gurus bother less about the disciples. So the concept of ganda-band[IV] is just a ritual only. In fact
the tradition is obsolete these days. In the highly digitized and notated world online availability of music is replacing
the importance of guru is students’ life. It creates question mark on the authenticity of the gharana[V] culture in the
contemporary music scenario. It hardly fulfills the conditions of a gharana tradition except only one condition that
someone is following one guru who follow a particular gharana. But how many students are sticking to one guru or
a certain gharana. For one or other reason learning from one guru or one gharana is practically not maintained.
Furthermore in this highly communicative world no one is devoid of influence of different gharanas. Where is the
purity of the gharana then?
Efficiency of guru is also one of the apprehensions in this regards. Rather than just blaming the generation
gurus should come up with new strategies of teaching so that the students should get interest and can learn music
with maintaining balance between the tradition and modernity. Critically reflections on guru are virtually non-
existent from Indian sources, as they are socially unacceptable in music circle. Although it is common to think guru
as a person who generates divine musicianship in his pupils as a matter of course, most guru find it understandably
difficult to live up to this profile.

Vedabala 168
 In public and writing, students generally exalt the source of their musical skills and understanding. From private,
oral reports one learns that many gurus may act like demi-gods, but in fact they have changing moods, weaknesses
and oversights. They are, in effect, human in addition to being sublime musicians. Many gurus live in the twenty-
first century, jet-setting around with their electronic toys, but they expect their students to live in the nineteenth
century (Schippers, 2007).
In Addition to that the good performers are not good teachers and teachers are not good performers whereas
performance and teaching are the two sides of the coin. In the institutionalized set up essence of music teaching and
learning fails to maintain such balance.
So approach and effort of gurus is a vital factor which needs to be looked after. The gurus who come out of the
shell and model their teaching process and maintain a perfect balance between traditional values and understanding
the need of changing time make visible impact in the society. They are coming out with experimented new methods
of teaching maintaining equilibrium between time, technicalities and music.
C. Institutionalized Music
From gurukul to the class rooms, journey of music has been a conscientious contention as it is evident
compromising its ethos under the obligations of institutionalized framework. Problem lies in the society where till
now music or any art form is of less priority than any other subjects. Except very few (who have musical
background or interest in music) most of the parents don’t encourage their kids for career in music. Educational
pattern also doesn’t act supportive to music education. Students who aspire for music don’t get much encouragement
and support. Lack of knowledge of future perspective in the subject leaves the kids in a confused state whether to
take it as a career option or not. In the perception of music learning among parents and students Wai-chung Ho
found that Music education is not confined to the school context, nor does learning stops after school hours. The
result showed- i) though the parents and their children have different musical experiences, parents influence concert
attendance and offer financial support for children’s’ participation in music; ii) although instrumental learning is
commonly found among the students, parents often questions the value of persistent learning ; iii) school music
education is highly regarded by most parents though they do not expect their children to aspire to further
development of their musical abilities in the future (Ho, 2009).
The teachers in music education are an additional setback. No artist aspires to be a music teacher in school.
Teaching in school is the last option for a music professional as everyone in music aspires to be a performer. When
the situation is not favourable for the performing career then only they go for the school level teaching in music.
While dealing with the conflict between the ways of music learning and the class room teaching Brendam
Drummond with the reference of Northern Ireland considered the influences which lay behind the music teachers’
original choices of career and identified the factors which appear to predispose them to self doubt in some important
aspects of their works. He points outs the points i) the persistent conflict of the classical ethos of class room music
and ethos. ii) Status of music teacher is disappointingly low in most schools with the fewer pay scales. Music
teachers are generally more distressed, burnt out and negatively affected both by certain work stresses and attitude
held by others. iii) Musical satisfaction is a second choice and is concerned about a lack of goals in their career
(Drummond, 2001). This is very much the fact in the context of India as well. Similar study was carried out by
Susan Hallam, Andrea Creech, and Hilary McQueen on the perception of non music staff and senior management of
the impact of the implementation of musical futures approach on the whole school. The majority of staffs indicated
that musical futures had had a positive impact on students’ motivation, well-being, self esteem and confidence and
had encouraged student to work together. But there was less agreement that it has improved student concentration,
organizations and students attitudes towards learning and academic progressions (Susan Hallam, 2016).
With very less idea in the schools when the student decides to join music education in the higher level, he/she is
already too late. In duration of five years course they have to be master in music. This is too less time for someone
who is seriously aspiring to learn something in music, at least Classical Music. Moderated by the administration,
syllabus limitations, examinations etc bounds the scope of intense learning in the institutionalized set up.
D. Written/Recorded Music
As Widdess discussed- “Indian music is dependent to a large extent on oral transmission, memorization and
improvisation; and although these processes may be assisted by various systems of ‘oral notation’, for drums, dance
and melody, these oral systems serve a mnemonic function, and are seldom written down. Scholars of Indian music
rarely consider them as falling into the category of ‘notation’, or meriting serious consideration as such.” He further
expressed that –The western belief that memory is short-term, limited in capacity, and treacherously fallible,
whereas writing is comparatively long term and reliable, is reserved in India : there, collective memory can transmit
a complex tradition with astonishing accuracy over centuries, where as writing is perishable and leads to corruption,
forgetfulness, or misuse (Widdess, 1996).

Vedabala 169
 The need of preserving traditional compositions of great ustads in a politically unrest situation and western
influence gave rise to the writing down and recording music in Indian Classical music. The less popular
compositions of the exponents are still alive on the texts and are sung by present musicians. The vintage which
might have been lost in the history is retrieved for aeon. As Brian Q. Silver discussed- “Recording have served as
invaluable tools to musicians for self-assessment and the improvement of their own musical skills. They have also
provided precise documentation of the traditions of the past masters, as well as a source of new ideas for the
musicians to study the techniques and approaches of others (often competing) musicians, allowing them to
incorporate such techniques into their own performance styles. Certain classical artists have been able virtually to
duplicate styles of other musical traditions (gharana) without any direct study within those traditions, even
identifying themselves explicitly as exponents of the traditions (the disciples of the late vocalist Amir Khan, for
example) (B. Q. Silver, 2000). “Pt. Vishnunarayan Bhatkhande (1860-1936) and Pt. Vishnu Digambar Paluskar
(1872-1931), Sourindra Mohan Tagore (1840-1914) and others scholars’ notable contribution in this regards have
given different dimension to the music. Rarest old compositions are available till dates because of their efforts and
carry forwarded the legacy through the generations. All Indian Radio (AIR), in the later phases Sangeet Natak
Academy (SNA) also has appreciable works in this regards. But as expressed by R.C. Mehta AIR, the quality of
recording, storage, maintenance , transfer, cataloguing shows much disrespect (though unintended) to the treasures
of music they have. And SNA, the search is not for a comprehensive coverage of the music of the master musicians-
which alone can serve the purpose of preserving “music” of the master. The SNA archive is built more or less on its
own recordings. Artists were/are called for such recordings are recorded on SNA Award or/for such events. The
Sangeet Natak Academy, apart from these recordings should act as a “Central Archive of Indian Classical Music”.
Inviting contributions of recorded music of entire concerts of master musicians, whoever is left now, or of those
whose music is available with other institutions, and individuals: or it may even “purchase” such recordings (R.C.
Mehta, 2011).
Innovations and efforts are continuing to make the notation system more and more accurate through the changing
times. It is getting better day by day. Now there are various systems have been developed for displaying and
rendering staff notation in computers like Swara Shala. Research are undergoing for making appropriate software
further to do justice to the various intricacies of Indian classical music. Institutions like Sangeet Research Academy
(SRA)[V], Archives and Research Centre for Ethnomusicology (ARCE) [VII] New Delhi, Archive of North Indian
Classical Music[VIII], Jadavpur University are putting good effort in safeguarding the music with all modern and
sensible techniques of Archiving.
Still the question cannot be left unasked whether the system can replace the importance of the oral tradition, face
to face learning from guru? Can these notated documents indicate the complexity of music? Can Rishav of Bhairav
be shown with any symbol? That can only be understood with the taalim and self realization. Likewise there are
many aspects of Indian Classical Music which is impossible to explain in words or indicated by any symbol. The
melodic niceties and nuances, details and refinements, shades and hues, sheer complexities and overpowering
varieties, cannot be represented on a sheet of paper. The magnificent oral tradition of music transmission through the
guru- sisya parampara, is too overwhelming for any notation system (Bakshi 2002-2003).
E. Digitization
Invention of electronic media is a boon to Indian Music. From gramophone, rpm records, radio, Compact Disc
(CD) to mobiles applications, YouTube, iTunes to electronic and robotic instruments[IX] the use of technology is
increasing day by day in Indian classical music adding more updated versions with the changing times. Digitization
to be defined is the conversion of analogue information into digital information. Almost everything of entertainment
is completely digitized in the present generation. From listening, manufacturing to the marketing of the musical
tools, all are trapped in the web of digitization. Digitization has made the cost of distribution and production of
recorded music cheaper compared to the traditional means. Internet plays a significant role in marketing and
promotion of music. Ability to download individual songs has diminished the need of traditional music product
which includes the full length album. Independent artists are able to find audience with the help of social media
(Mathew, 2013). The ease with which people can access music, either legally via iTunes and other such platforms,
or illegally via file sharing has coincided and perhaps been a prime mover in the drop off physical music sell, much
to the chagrin of those in the industry. But on the flip side the accessibility of digital recording equipment and the
ability of artist to distribute their material world wide without a record deal have opened up new and exciting
opportunity for artists (Gallagher, 2013). Gap between the artist and audience is bridged up by the social media, as
mentioned by Dean Shapero- “Current marketing and media have humanized the star to a greater degree than ever
before. Therefore, the iconic image of the start is not as relevant as before, but the influence is as greater than ever
before due to the high rates of social engagement now available” (Shapero, 2015).

Vedabala 170
The state of technology in music today is a moving target: anything said about it becomes incomplete, out-of-date,
or irrelevant soon after it is articulate. Storage and reproduction technology, once began, have advanced rapidly, and
competition between production and marketing companies around the world is keen (Wetzel, 2012).
Beyond recording, listening and archiving electronic/digitized gadgets reached to the availability of the
instruments and accessories online on Amazon, eBay, snap deal and other sites on comparatively reasonable rates.
Wide range of instrument is easily available at the door steps, which is a new inspiring aspect towards the
availability of the instrument in a reasonable price.

Fig. 1. Musical Instruments on online shopping sites.

In the music making processes, learning, practice etc. instruments like tuners, electronic tabla, nagma machines,
electronic tanpura etc are becoming the necessities of musical lives. More than hundreds of mobile applications of
table, tanpura and tuners are available on one click.
Electronic tabla and tabla mobile applications are great innovation in Indian Classical Music since it has
replaced the manual table at least for practice. Tabla is the basic necessity of a musician.

Fig. 2. Electronic Tabla and Tabla aaps.

Vedabala 171
But having a table player always is practically not possible and the instrument is a useful substitute in this situation.
So there is no time bound in riaz with table. Because it is a machine with almost all taals in different tempo it helps
in maintaining laya better than a manual tabla. All these reasons made the instrument very popular within a span of
half of a decade.
Increasing popularity of electronic sitar worldwide is quite strange at least to the traditional sitar players. Pt. Ravi
Shankar made the sitar in his old age since he was too old to seat properly, he was seating on the chair and used the
electronic jack for the amplification. The sitar gradually became very popular in the music market. Because of its
small size and weight it is quite comfortable to be carried during travels and is allowed in flight cabins. From that
point to the robot, the instrument has gone completely digitized. With due respect to the technologies and the
engineering techniques associated with the process, the question of desirability of replacing manual sitar to all sorts
of robotic and others still remain in its place.

Fig. 3. Electric Sitar.

How can the instrument do justice to the sound the manual sitar with its limitations? Just amplifying the instrument
with the electronic jack can help the loudness but what about the very technicalities of sitar playing. Right hand/left
hand bol patterns, Gamaks etc. The instrument is not more than an imitation of the electronic guitar. Many artists
play it in standing position. The techniques are not formed out of a blue without any reason; they are made for a
reason and are outcome of long age research. If the techniques, at least the sound of sitar is not obtained from the
instrument it can be called anything but sitar. Be it electronic or anything else. The creations can satisfy the thrust of
an engineer but how long it can justify the musical thrust that remains a question for sure accepting the fact that such
types of inventions undoubtedly misguide new generations. Anything of western touch attracts the Indian youth
more than the traditional Indian things.
IV. CONCLUSION
Music, being one of the indivisible aspects of society, it cannot devoid itself from the changing realities of time. It
has accepted the undesirables and rejected desirables in various phases of its evolution. The contradiction can be
dealt with maintaining balance between the trend and the tradition. Technology mixed with traditional values can be
an absolute advantage to the antiquated institution of music. Be it notation, modern instruments or musical styles all
have come up as need of the time will continue with more developed processes. As explained by Rajeev S Patke
“one the positive side, art gets disseminated widely because of technology.

Vedabala 172
The elitist and exclusive aspects of its pre-technological subsistence are gradually removed, and the masses are
given access to what they had previously known only as the cultic. But art has its origins in local and specific
factors. Its democratization might raise the culture of the masses and ameliorate the life of the artist and musicians.
The process also risks diluting the local roots from which all art springs. There is thus both loss and gain. There is
also the recognition that the gain is built on loss; contrariwise, the loss is the price entailed in a principle that
remains socially desirable (Patke, 2007). What is needed is a proper balance. Some strides can be proved practicable
as:
a. Completely westernizing music teaching in the conservatory system is going to worsen the consequences.
But notations are for memorizing and can be taken as study materials accompanied with the proper
guidance from the guru.
b. Universities in music should give equal emphasis on both practice and research.
c. Along with the traditional learning, young musicians should be well equipped with modern technologies.
So that the music could reach to the masses.
d. Competition in this period of time necessitates erudite thoughts subsequently adding legitimate scruple to
the culture.
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Ireland". British journal of music Education, Vol. 18, 5-25.
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2013.https://theorganicagency.com/blog/effect-digital-social-media-music-industry/(accessed September 1, 2017).
[4]. Hallam Susan, Andrea Creech, Hillary McQueen. (2016). "The Perception of Non-Music staff and senior management of the
impact of the implementation of the musical futures approach on the whole school."British journal of Music Education, Vol. 33,
Issue 2(2016): 133-157.
[5]. Ho Wai-Chung (2009). "The perception of music learning among parents and students in Hong Kong". Bulletin of the
Council for Research in music, No 181-(Summer): 71-93.
[6]. Kapur, Jay (2002). "Digitizaing North Indian Music." Princeton: University of Victoria,.
[7]. Khan, John Rahn and Ustad Imrat (1992). "An interview with Ustad Imrat Khan. "Perspective of New Music, 30(2): 126-145.
[8]. Mathew, Prava Susy (2003). "Case Study: Impact of digitization on music industry in the recent times." International journal
of Management and Social Sciences Research, 2: 12-13.
[9]. Moro, Pamela (2004). "Construction of nation and Classicisation of Music: Comparative prospective from south east and
south East Asia." Journal of South East Asian Study, 35(2): 187-211.
[10]. Patke, Rajeev S. (2007). "Thinking Dialectically of north Indian Classical Music. "In Music and Modernity , edited by
Amlan Das Gupta, 32-59. Kolkata: Thema.
[11]. Mehta, R.C. (2011). Indian Classical Music and gharana tradition. 2nd. New Dwlhi: Read Worthy, 2011.
[12]. Raja, Deepak S. (2007). Hinduastani Music :A tradition in transition. 1st. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd,.
[13]. Rice, Timothy. (2003)."The Ethnomusicology of Music Learning and Teaching". College Music Society 43 (2003): 65-85.
[14]. Schippers, Huib (2007). "The Guru Recontextualized? Perspective on learning north Indian classical music in shifting
environment of Professional Training." Asian Music 38, no. No-1(winter-Spring): 123-138.
[15]. Shapero, Dean (2015). "The Impact of Technology on Music Star's Cultural Influence." The Elon Journal of Under
Graduate Research in Communications, Vol. 6(1): 20-27.
[16]. Silver, Brian Q. (2000). "Music, Broadcasting, Recordings and Archives." In The Galrland Encyclopaedia of World Music
Vol. 5. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.,.
[17]. Singh, Nivedita (2004). Tradition of Hindustani Music . New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, 2004.
[18]. Vedabala Samidha (2016). "Indian Classical Music in a Glbalized World" Sangeet Galaxy, Vol. 5, Issue-1: 3-9.
[19]. Wetzel, Richard D. (2012). The Globalization of Music in History. 1st. New York: Routledge, 2012.
[20]. Widdess, Richard (1996). "The Oral in Writing: Early Indian musical notations." Early Music from Around the World, 24,
no. 3 (1996): 391-402+405.
[21]. "Wikipedia. (2016). " September 25th, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaz (accessed March 04th, 2017).
ENDNOTE SAMIDHA
[I]. An Arabic work which means education or instruction. Commonly used in Indian Music for teaching and learning process.
[II]. Riyaz (also Riyaaz) is an Urdu language term used for music practice, for honing of Hindustani classical music vocal as well
as instrument skills. Sadhakam or Sadhana in Carnatic music. It is followed rigorously by the students as well as exponents of
vocal as well as dancing forms. (Wikipedia 2016)
[III]. A type of residential school in India with pupils (Sishya) living near the guru, often in the same house. Pupils learn from
guru helping him in the household. At the end of the study students offers guru dakshina (Payment for the service) to the guru.

Vedabala 173
 [IV]. A tradition in which a thread (ganda) is tied by the guru(teacher) on the wrist of the disciple (Shagird) before starting the
teaching. This is a formal declaration that the particular student is the disciple of the guru.
[V]. Gharana is a collective noun meaning a group, which shares homestead. In the era of hereditary musicianship, the term
came to represent a lineage, which cultivated a distinct style of rendering music over successive generations. Once kinship ceased
to be the primary criterion for entry into the music profession, the term was redefined to denote a stylistic lineage. As a stylistic
lineage, a gharana is characterized by three critical features-[a] a long period of rigorous training and aesthetic indoctrination of
each aspirant under an authorized guru of the lineage [b] acquisition of the art through aural transmission [c] a sworn loyalty of
each member to the music making philosophy and style of his mentor and lineage. The decay of the gharana phenomenon began
in the second quarter of twentieth century and is now almost complete. The gharana model of continuity and change has been
replaced by alternative models, yet to be conceptualized (Raja, 2007).
[VI]. ITC Sangeet Research Academy (SRA) is a Hindustani Classical Music academy run by the corporate house, ITC Ltd. It is
located in Kolkata, India.
[VII]. Archives and Research Centre for Ethnomusicology, New Delhi, inaugurated in August 1982 in for advanced knowledge
and understanding of the performing arts of India in the widest sense by providing facilities to scholars and students, maintain an
audio-visual archives as well as a library, sponsoring conferences, by its public program.
[VIII]. The Digital Archive of North Indian Classical Music was initiated in 2004 as part of the School of Cultural Texts and
Records at Jadavpur University, Kolkata. This includes a great deal of rare materials from private collections, often recorded as
private concerts never commercially circulated.
[IX]. A robotic instrument is a sound making device that automatically creates music with the use of mechanical parts, such as
motors, solenoids and gears. (Kapur 2002).

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