What are the Primary and Secondary

means of Venting on tankers ?

Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on February 8, 2018

You know the old expression, “what goes in must come out”.

It applies to the tankers too, not literally though.

During loading of cargo on oil tankers, when the cargo enters a cargo
tank, it replaces the air (Or inert gas) inside the tank.

Simple physics right ?

This air (or inert gas) must be allowed to come out of the tank so that
the pressure inside the cargo tank is within limits.
Same goes during the unloading of the cargo on tankers. As the cargo
is removed from the cargo tank, the void created must be replaced by
air or inert gas.

The arrangements and system provided on tankers for allowing this air
to come out of the cargo tank is called venting system.

In this post, I will discuss about the primary and secondary means of
venting on tankers.

Primary means of Venting

As per SOLAS Chapter II-2, reg 11.6.1,

The venting arrangements shall be so designed and operated

as to ensure that neither pressure nor vacuum in the cargo
tanks shall exceed design parameters…

This is what the purpose of venting system is all about.

So during loading and unloading, how the tanks are maintained at

optimum pressure level?

Whatever this arrangement is, it becomes the primary means of

venting.
Let us discuss few of the primary means of venting used on tankers.

1. Mast Riser
Mast riser is generally fitted on crude oil tankers as these ships would
always carry homogeneous cargo in all tanks.

Because crude oil tankers carry homogeneous cargo, the cargo tanks
of these ships have a common cargo tank venting pipelines.

All these cargo tank venting pipelines lead to the Mast riser.

The mast riser is a vertical pipe fitted to the common venting pipelines
of all the cargo tanks.

The mast riser is fitted with a valve (called mast riser valve).

When loading the pressure inside the cargo tank is released through
the mast riser by opening the mast riser valve.

The cargo tank pressure is monitored and if required the mast riser
valve is throttled to maintain the cargo tank pressure at certain level.

During discharging, we need to not allow the tanks to go to negative

pressure. For this, the inert gas is continuously supplied to the cargo
tanks.

The duty officer sets the desired pressure from the CCR and this
pressure will be automatically maintained by auto adjustments of the
two valves on the IG system.
One of this valve is for release of IG to the atmosphere and other one
for supply of IG to the cargo tanks.

As per the SOLAS requirement, the height of the mast riser need to be
minimum of 6 meters. This is to ensure that the cargo vapors emitting
from the cargo tanks through the mast riser does not accumulate on
the deck.

2. Pressure Vacuum (PV) Valves (High Velocity Vents)

Mast riser is a good option for venting arrangements for tankers
carrying homogeneous cargoes such as crude oil tankers.

But for ships that carry different grades, it will not be a good option.

This is simply because the cargoes can get damaged if the vapours of
different grades are allowed to mix by having a connection between
the vapour spaces of the tanks.

PV valves fitted on each tanks solve this issue. PV Valves are also

called High velocity vents.
Each tank has its own PV valve and the venting take place through the
PV valves as the tanks is loaded or discharged.
 As the name suggests, the PV valve consists of two valves

 Pressure valve that lifts (activates) under a set positive pressure

 Vacuum valve that lifts (activates) under a set vacuum (negative)

pressure

Here is the video that shows the most basic operation of the PV Valves.
Even though the video is shown for PV valve fitted on the shore tank,
the principle of operation is same for PV valves fitted on ships.

Usually all the PV valves are set to activates at

 Pressure : 2000 mmWG

 Vacuum: -350 mmWG

Consider this. We start loading in a tank that is closed in all respects.

As we are not allowing the air to escape from the tank, the pressure
inside the tank would increase as the cargo quantity inside the tank
increases.

As this pressure reaches 2000 mmWG, the pressure valve of the PV

valve will lift and allow the air (or inter gas) inside the tank to escape.

As the pressure reduces significantly below the PV valve set pressure

of 2000mmWG, the pressure valve of PV valve will again close.

Same thing happens while the vessel is discharging her cargo. In this
case, with the discharging operation a vacuum is created in the cargo
tank.
As the vacuum reaches the set negative pressure of PV valve (usually -
350mmWG), the vacuum side disk of the PV valve will lift and will
allow the air to come inside the cargo tank to reduce the vacuum.
This passage of air inside the tanks is only allowed if the tanks is not in
inert condition.

When we are carrying flammable cargoes and we need to maintain

oxygen to less than 8% in the tank, we need to make sure that no air
goes in the tank.

In this case, we never allow the cargo tank to be in vacuum at any

time by continuously introducing inert gas in the cargo tank during
discharging.

Secondary means of venting

Before I discuss about secondary means of venting, we need to

understand why we need these at first place.

Consider venting arrangement on a crude oil tanker. As we discussed,

the primary means of venting on crude oil tankers is Mast riser.

This mast riser has a manual valve which is opened only when we need
to release the pressure from the cargo tanks.

Or when we are loading the cargo in which case it is continuously kept

open and throttled according to the rate of loading.

But what if we start the loading and forgot to open the mast riser
valve. Or if the IG isolation valve to a cargo tank is kept closed by
mistake.

The pressure in the cargo tank will keep on increasing and cargo tanks
will rupture.

To overcome situations like these, SOLAS requires that there need to

be a secondary means of venting which activate if the primary means
of venting fails.
As per SOLAS Chapter II-2, Reg 11.6.3.2

A secondary means of allowing full flow relief of vapours, air or

inert gas mixtures shall be provided to prevent over pressure
or under pressure in the event of failure of primary means of
venting.

Now that we know the purpose of secondary means of venting, let us

discuss the equipment that can act as secondary means of venting.

PV Valve
Yes, PV valve fitted on the individual tank can act as the secondary
means of venting.

For example, if the mast riser valve is inadvertently left closed while
loading, the PV valves of the cargo tanks will get activated.

But what if there is no mast riser on ships like on chemical tanker? Can
the PV valve fitted on each tank act as the secondary means of
venting?

No and yes would be my answer.

No because if the PV valve is the primary means of venting on a ship
(for example on chemical tankers), then this cannot act as the
secondary means of venting too.

And yes because if each tank has two PV valves fitted on each tank,
one of these PV valves will act as primary means and other as
secondary means of venting.

If you are wondering about the possibility of having two PV valves on

each cargo tanks, let me clear the air by saying that I have seen quite
a few product tankers with that arrangement.

Pressure sensors
The most common secondary means of venting fitted on modern
tankers is the pressure sensors.
And if you see, these are not exactly the means of venting. But still
these can act as the secondary means of venting.

The purpose of these pressure sensors is to alert the operator (duty

officer) by an alarm if the primary method of venting fails.

SOLAS permits the pressure sensors fitted on each tanks to be

considered as a alternative to the secondary means of venting.

As per SOLAS reg II-2, Reg 6.3.2

Alternatively the pressure sensors may be fitted in each tank

protected by primary means of venting, with a monitoring
system in the ship’s cargo control room or the position from
which cargo operations are normally carried out.

Such monitoring equipment shall also provide an alarm facility

which is activated by detection of over-pressure or under
pressure conditions within a tank.
 These pressure sensors are fitted on each of the cargo tanks.

But to timely alert the duty officer for the failure of primary method of
venting, the alarm level of the pressure sensors must be set accurately
and correctly.

Let us understand what these setting of the pressure sensors should

be.

1. Non-inerted tanks
Let us say that the primary means of venting is through PV valves. The
operating pressures for PV valves is

 Pressure: 2000 mmWG

 Vacuum: -350 mmWG

If the PV valves are working correctly, the pressure inside the cargo

tank will never exceed these levels.
It is only if the pressure inside the tank increases to more than the PV
valve settings that the duty officer would like to be alerted.

So when loading, the duty officer would like to be alerted when the
pressure inside the tank is more than 2000 mmWG.

And when discharging, the duty officer would like to be alerted when
the vacuum inside the tank is more than -350 mmWG.

But would we like to be alerted when cargo tank pressure is just above
the PV valve lifting pressure, say at 2010 mmWG ?

Of course not.

There can be many reasons for the slight variation in maintaining the
cargo tank pressure levels by the PV valves.

So how much variation can be allowed?

OCIMF recommends this variation to be maximum 10% over the PV

valve set pressures.
So the pressure sensors alarm need to be set at

Pressure: 2200 mmWG

Vacuum: -385 mmWG

Till the time there is no alarm, it would mean that pressure inside the
cargo tanks is less than these values and duty officer need not worry
about it.

If the alarm sounds for a tank, duty officer need to reduce the loading
(or unloading) rate in this tank and investigate the reason for over-
pressure in the tank.

2. Inerted tanks
When vessel carries flammable cargoes, the oxygen level in the tanks
is maintained at below 8% by volume.

This is done by inerting the tanks.

 When the tanks are in inert condition, we cannot allow the air to come
inside the tank otherwise the oxygen level inside the tanks will
increase.

So when loading, the tanks will be under positive pressure and excess
pressure will be ventilated either through Mast-riser or through PV
valves.

When discharging the cargo, we cannot let the vacuum side of the PV
valve lift. We supply the inert gas to the cargo tanks to keep these
under positive pressure.

So with respect to pressure sensors, duty officer would like to be

alerted when

 The positive pressure is more than the PV valve lifting pressure while
loading the cargo. So the setting for positive side will be 10% more
than the PV valve lifting pressure.

 The tank is under vacuum when discharging the cargo. So the setting
for vacuum side will be any positive value close to zero. Usually 100
mmWG is set in this case.
3. When using Vapour return Line
Vapour return line is used when the vapours of the cargo are
considered to be toxic. Sometimes it is used for non-toxic cargoes too
because of terminal requirement.

Vapour line allows the connection between ship tank’s vapour space

and shore tank’s vapour space.
The vapour spaces of ship and shore tanks will always be in
equilibrium.

We use the vapour line with a purpose that there should not be any
release of cargo vapours into the atmosphere.

This means that we cannot allow the PV valves to lift at any time.

So what alarm settings we must have for the pressure sensors in this
case.

The duty officer would like to be alerted before the pressure inside the
tanks reaches the PV valves lifting pressure.

So for pressure side, the PV valve lifting pressure is 2000 mmWG, duty
officer would like to be alerted before that tank pressure reaches this
level.
Not only that.

The alarm need to give sufficient time to the duty officer to take
corrective actions before the PV valve lifts.

Industry practice considers pressure sensor setting of 10% lesser than

the PV valve lifting pressure as having sufficient time to take action.

So in this case pressure sensor setting for pressure side need to be

1800 mmWG.

For vacuum side, the alarm setting would depend on if the tanks are
under inerted or not.

If the tanks are inerted, we cannot allow the tanks to be under

negative pressure. In this case, the pressure sensor setting would be
anything positive (100 mmWG is preferred).

If the tanks are not inerted, the aim would be to not allow the vacuum
side of PV valve to lift at any time.

Why?

Because the vapour space of ship and shore is in equilibrium and any
abnormal pressures in the ship or shore tanks would mean something
wrong in the vapour line.

If during discharging, the ship’s tanks are going under vacuum it would

mean that the vapours from the shore tanks are not returning to the
ship’s tanks.

This would also mean that shore tanks would be under high pressure.

If we allow the ship tanks vacuum to be filled by the air (by allowing
the PV valve to lift) then pressure in the shore tanks would keep on
increasing with the transfer of cargo from ship.
At some point then, the shore tanks would need to vent the excess
pressure to the atmosphere.

This may considered to be a serious incident considering the toxicity of

the cargo.

So the bottom line is that we must not allow the PV valve to lift in this
case.

In this case the pressure sensor setting need to be 10% lower than the
PV valve lifting pressure.

So if the PV valve lifting pressure is -350 mmWG then alarm will be set
at -315 mmWG or less than that. Usually -200 mmWG is preferred in
this case.

Pressure-Vacuum (PV) Breaker

PV Breaker is another mechanism that acts as a secondary means of
venting on crude oil tankers.

PV Breaker is located and connected to the common IG line of the ship.

PV Breaker works on the principle of set water column filled in it. It
allows the pressure to release from common IG line by emptying out
the filled water in PV breaker.

It also allows to break the vacuum by allowing the air inside the tanks
through common IG line.
However as per a recent amendment to SOLAS, the tankers
constructed after 01 Jan 2017 need to have an independent secondary
of venting for each tank.
For these ships, PV Breaker cannot be considered as a secondary
means of venting.
Conclusion

On tankers the cargo is loaded in a closed environment. But the when

loading or unloading the cargoes, the air (Or vapours/Inert gas) need
to flow in or out of the tanks.

The arrangements provided for this exchange of air/Vapours/Inert gas

are the venting arrangements on the tankers.

The arrangements used primarily is the “primary means of venting”.

These arrangements usually are either Mast riser and PV Valves (High
Velocity vents).

The venting arrangements provided for automatic activation in case of

failure of primary means of venting are called “Secondary means of
venting”.

Secondary mean of venting can be 2nd PV Valve on each tank, PV

Breaker or pressure sensors fitted on each tanks with alarm in CCR.

Pressure sensors are most common secondary means of venting on

tankers.

Duty officers must know the required alarm settings for the pressure
sensors according to different operation conditions.

As per amendment to SOLAS, PV Breaker is not considered to be the

secondary means of venting for tanker built after 01 January 2017.