PBPED 002 Module 2

UNIT 2
NATURE AND SCOPE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION,

EXERCISE SCIENCE AND SPORT
INTRODUCTION
This module aims to give you overview and to discuss the concepts behind Physical Education,
Exercise Science and Sport. Specifically, you will define the following specialized areas of study:
sport philosophy, sport history, sport sociology, sport and physical activity psychology, motor
development, motor learning, biomechanics, exercise physiology, sports medicine/athletic
training, physical education pedagogy, adapted physical activity/physical education, and sport
management.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Identify career opportunities related with the different disciplines of kinesiology

• Recognize the differences of the disciplines of kinesiology and identify how are they
related with each other
• Compare and contrast the definitions of exercise, physical activity, physical education,
physical fitness, and sport
• Describe the relationship of physical activity, exercise science and sport
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NATURE AND SCOPE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, EXERCISE SCIENCE AND SPORT
This is one of the most exciting, dynamic times in the history of physical education, exercise
science, and sport. Unfolding before us is the vision of lifetime involvement in physical activity for
all people. This powerful vision is compelling for physical educators, exercise scientists, and sport
leaders who have the potential to put it into action, which can influence the well-being and quality
of life of people of all ages. (Wuest, p1)
Contemporary physical education, exercise science, and sport have evolved from a common
heritage—the traditional program of physical education designed to prepare teachers to serve
children and youth in the school setting. Since the 1960s, the foundation, scope, and focus of our
programs have grown and changed tremendously. As physical education expanded, new
disciplines of study—exercise science and sport—emerged. (Wuest, p1)
Content
NATURE AND SCOPE
Physical Education, Exercise Science, & Sport Defined
• Historically, physical education programs focused on teaching children and youths in school
settings.
• Today, physical education is defined as an educational process that uses physical activity
as a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute
to their optimal development and well-being.
• Education refers to the ongoing process of learning that occurs throughout our lifespan, takes
place in a variety of settings, and is not limited to a specific age group.
• Physical Education – includes the acquisition and refinement of motor skills, the
development and maintenance of fitness for optimal health and well-being, the attainment of
knowledge about physical activities, and the fostering of positive attitudes conductive to
lifelong learning and lifespan participation.
• Exercise Science – Scientific analysis of exercise or physical activity, specifically how
people’s movements develop and change across their lifespan and further expand their
understanding of how people learn motor skills.
• Sport – Well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which
participants are motivated by internal and external rewards (Coakley, 2009).
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The Profession
Physical education, exercise science, and sports can be described with reference to their status
as a profession.
• A profession is an occupation requiring specialized training in an intellectual field of study that
is dedicated to the betterment of society through service to others. Professionals provide
services to others through the application of knowledge and skills to improve people’s well-
being.
• Several characteristics help distinguish a profession from occupations that are not a
profession include:
o An organized and continually expanding body of knowledge that forms the theoretical
foundation for practice.
o Educational preparation that includes an extensive course of study focusing on the
acquisition of knowledge, development of specialized skills, and attainment of needed
competencies.
o Criteria for entry into the profession, which can include participation in an accredited
program, a certification process, or licensing procedures.
o Formal associations and opportunities for communication among the membership.
o Established opportunities for continued development and enhancement of professional
knowledge and skills.
o A professional code of ethics to govern the membership and provide guidelines for service.
o Recognition by society for the valuable contribution to the welfare of citizens.
o Dedication to helping others and serving people.
• Physical educators, exercise scientists, and sport leaders requires a bachelor’s degree and
often advanced study to learn about the theoretical aspects of the field, skill development, and
engage in practical experiences.
• As professionals, they should be committed to promoting lifespan physical activity for all
members in society; benefits the health of the nation.
Academic Discipline
• Academic discipline is defined as “an organized body of knowledge collectively embraced in
a formal course of learning. The acquisition of such knowledge is assumed to be an adequate
and worthy objective as such, without any demonstration or requirement of practical
application. The content is theoretical and scholarly as distinguished from technical and
professional.” (Henry, 1967)
• An academic discipline has a focus, a conceptual framework that provides structure for the
field, a unique scope in comparison to other fields, and distinct scholarly methods and modes
of inquiry leading to the advancement of knowledge and deeper understanding.
Disciplines within Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport
Exercise Physiology
➢ Exercise physiology is the study of the effects of various physical demands, particularly
exercise, on the structure and function of the body.
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➢ The exercise physiologist is concerned with both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic)
adaptations of the various systems of the body to exercise.
➢ The effects of different exercise programs on the muscular and cardiovascular systems, the
immune system, and the health status of different population groups such as children and the
aged are just some areas of study within the field.
➢ Clinical exercise testing, design of rehabilitation programs for postcardiac patients, and
planning of exercise programs to prevent cardiovascular disease are among the
responsibilities of exercise physiologists.
Sports Medicine
➢ Sports medicine or athletic training is concerned with the prevention, treatment, and
rehabilitation of sports-related injuries. Athletic trainers’ responsibilities are broader than just
administering treatment to the injured athlete on the playing field.
➢ The athletic trainer works with the coach to design conditioning programs for various phases
of the season, to correctly fit protective equipment, and to promote the welfare of the athlete,
such as counseling the athlete about proper nutrition.
➢ With respect to treatment and rehabilitation, the athletic trainer assesses injuries when they
occur, administers first aid, works collaboratively with the physician to design a rehabilitation
program, provides treatment, and oversees the athlete’s rehabilitation.
Sport Biomechanics
➢ Sport biomechanics applies the methods of physics and mechanics to the study of human
motion and the motion of sport objects (e.g., a baseball or javelin). Biomechanists study the
effect of various forces and laws (e.g., Newton’s laws of motion) on the body and sport objects.
➢ The musculoskeletal system and the production of force, leverage, and stability are examined
with respect to human movement and sport object motion (e.g., spinning across the circle to
throw a discus). Analysis of movements with respect to efficiency and effectiveness is used
to help individuals improve their performance.
Sport Philosophy
➢ Sport philosophy examines sport from many different perspectives. Sport philosophy
encompasses the study of the nature of reality, the structure of knowledge in sport, ethical
and moral questions, and the aesthetics of movement.
➢ Sport philosophers critically examine the meaning of sport for all participants involved and
enjoin us to question our beliefs and assumptions about sport.
➢ Sport philosophers engage in systematic reflection, use logic as a tool to advance knowledge
and arrive at decisions, and seek to understand the relationship between the mind and the
body. Sport philosophers debate questions of ethics, morals, and values.
Sport History
➢ Sport history is the critical examination of the past, with a focus on events, people, and trends
that influenced the development and direction of the field.
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➢ History is concerned with the who, what, when, where, how, and why of sport. These facts,
when placed in the social context of the time, help us better understand the present and gain
insight regarding the future.
Sport and Exercise Psychology
➢ Sport and physical activity psychology uses principles and scientific methods from psychology
to study human behavior in sport.
➢ Sport psychologists help athletes improve their “mental game,” that is, develop and effectively
apply skills and strategies that will enhance their performance.
➢ Achievement motivation, regulation of anxiety, self-confidence, rehabilitation adherence,
cohesion, and leadership are among the topics studied by sport psychologists. Recently
physical activity psychology has attracted greater attention from researchers.
➢ Physical activity psychology is concerned with exercise addiction, adherence, and other
psychological issues affecting the well-being of people who are physically active.
Motor Development
➢ Motor development studies the factors that influence the development of abilities essential to
movement.
➢ The motor development specialist uses longitudinal studies (i.e., studies that take place over
a span of many years) to analyze the interaction of genetic and environmental factors that
affect the ability of individuals to perform motor skills throughout their lifespan.
➢ The role of early movement experiences, heredity, and maturation on children’s development
of motor skills is an important focus of study. Professionals use theories of development to
design appropriate movement experiences for people of all ages and abilities.
Motor Learning
➢ Motor learning is the study of changes in motor behavior that are primarily the result of practice
and experience. The effect of the content, frequency, and timing of feedback on skill
learning is a critical area of study.
➢ Motor learning is concerned with the stages an individual progresses through in moving from
a beginner to a highly skilled performer. The most effective conditions for practicing skills, the
use of reinforcement to enhance learning, and how to use information from the environment
to modify performance are investigated by motor learning specialists.
➢ Motor control, intimately related to motor learning, is concerned with the neurophysiological
and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements.
Sport Sociology
➢ Sport sociology is the study of the role of sport in society, its impact on participants in sport,
and the relationship between sport and other societal institutions.
➢ Sport sociologists examine the influence of gender, race, and socioeconomic status on
participation in sports and, more recently, physical activity. Drug abuse by athletes,
aggression and violence, the effect of the media on sport, and player–coach relationships
interest sport sociologists.
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➢ The experiences of the millions of children involved in youth sport has also drawn the attention
of sport sociologists.
Sport Pedagogy
➢ Physical education pedagogy can be defined broadly to include the study of teaching and
learning in school and non-school settings.
➢ Physical education pedagogy studies how physical educators and sport leaders provide an
effective learning environment, achieve desired learning goals, and assess program
outcomes.
➢ Physical education pedagogy seeks to determine the characteristics and skills possessed by
effective teachers and coaches and how these influence student/athlete activity and
student/athlete learning.
➢ Curricular development, its implementation, and the preparation of teachers are major foci in
physical education pedagogy.
Adapted Physical Education
➢ Adapted physical activity/physical education is concerned with the preparation of teachers
and sport leaders to provide programs and services for individuals with disabilities.
➢ Specialists modify activities and sport to enable people with different abilities to participate.
By federal law, adapted physical educators have a role in designing an individualized
educational plan (IEP) for students with disabilities so that they can participate to the fullest
extent they are able in school physical education.
➢ Advocacy to secure services and leadership to create more opportunities in physical
education and sport are important aspects of this field.
Sport Management
➢ Sport management encompasses the many managerial aspects of sport. These include
personnel management, budgeting, facility management, and programming. Other aspects of
sport management are law, policy development, fundraising, and media relations.
➢ Knowledge from this area can be used by professionals in many different aspects of the sport
enterprise, including interscholastic and intercollegiate sports, professional sports, fitness and
health clubs, community sport and recreation programs, and sporting goods sales.
TRADITIONAL ALLIED FILEDS

Health
➢ Health education concerns itself with the total well-being of the individual, encompassing
physical, mental, social, emotional, occupational, and spiritual health. Three areas within
health education are health instruction, provision of health services, and environmental health.
o Health instruction focuses on teaching the basics of healthy living in many areas,
including disease prevention, mental health, nutrition, physical fitness, stress
management, and dealing with abuse of drugs and alcohol.
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o Health services is concerned with developing and maintaining a satisfactory level
of health for all people through services such as routine eye examinations,
cholesterol and blood pressure monitoring, and cancer screening.
o Environmental health focuses on the development of healthful and safe
environments where individuals are not needlessly exposed to hazards such as
toxic chemicals and infectious materials.
Recreation and Leisure
➢ Recreation and leisure are generally thought of as self-chosen activities that provide a means
of revitalizing and refreshing one’s body and spirit. The spectrum of activities ranges from
active to passive and from group to individual in nature.
➢ It is within recreation and leisure opportunities that individuals of all ages can simply play. The
notion of play, whether formal or informal, is often lost after early childhood and youth. Most
often, individuals have fun and feel a sense of enjoyment when they are free to play, create
their own games and activities, and have the opportunity to express themselves through
physical movement (or other forms of play).
➢ Recreation and leisure, like physical education, exercise science, and sport, can contribute to
the quality of an individual’s life. They provide opportunities for individuals to engage in freely
chosen activities, including physical activities that will yield beneficial health outcomes, during
their leisure time.
Dance
➢ Dance is a popular activity for people of all ages and is both a physical activity and a
performing art that gives participants an opportunity for aesthetic expression through
movement.
➢ Dance is used to communicate ideas and feelings and is considered a creative art form. As
with all of the arts, dance should be an integral part of the educational experience. As a form
of recreation, dance provides opportunities for enjoyment, self-expression, and relaxation.
➢ Dance also can be used as a form of therapy, providing opportunities for individuals to express
their thoughts and feelings. It provides a means to cope with the various stresses placed on
individuals. Dance is increasingly used as a means to develop fitness.
Health, recreation and leisure, and dance are allied fields to physical education, exercise science,
and sport. The overall focus of these fields of endeavor is the development of the total individual
and the enhancement of each person’s quality of life. Attainment of these aims involves health
promotion, pursuit of worthy leisure-time activities, and creative expression through dance. These
experiences, coupled with the movement activities that compose the realm of physical education,
exercise science, and sport, offer the potential to enhance the lives of people of all ages.
Fulfillment of this potential will depend on the quality of leadership provided by professionals in
health, recreation and leisure, dance, physical education, exercise science, and sport.
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Summary
Physical education is defined as an educational process that uses physical activity as a means to
help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal
development and well-being. Exercise science is the scientific analysis of exercise or, more
inclusively, physical activity. Sport is a highly organized, competitive physical activity governed
by rules where the outcome is largely determined by skill and strategy. Rules standardize the
competition and conditions so that individuals can compete fairly However, studying history allows
us to understand more fully many of the changes that have occurred in our field. The impact of
different philosophies on the content and structure of physical education, exercise science, and
sport programs, and changes in the nature and importance of objectives, can be discerned
throughout the years. It is important to be aware of the events that served as catalysts and
deterrents to the growth of physical education, exercise science, and sport.
Physical education, exercise science, and sport includes both disciplinary and professional
dimensions. The discipline is the body of knowledge of the field. Scholars and researchers engage
in activities designed to provide greater scientific understanding and insight. The professional
dimension of the field focuses on providing services to people of all ages in many different settings.
Professionals use the body of knowledge and specialized skills to meet the unique needs of
people and help them improve their health and quality of life. The growth of knowledge in physical
education led to that change in the “field” to kinesiology as well as to specialized areas of study,
such as sport and physical activity psychology, sport sociology, physical education pedagogy,
sport philosophy, sport biomechanics, exercise physiology, motor development, motor learning,
adapted physical activity/physical education, sport history, and sport management. Each
practitioner should be knowledgeable about these specialized areas of study as well as appreciate
their interrelatedness and their contribution to the discipline as a whole.
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Tasks
ACTIVITY 2.1
Identify 2 career opportunities for each of the subdisciplines of Physical Education, Exercise
Science and Sports.
Exercise Physiology Motor Development
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
Sports Medicine Motor Learning
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
Sports Biomechanics Sport Sociology
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
Sport Philosophy Sport Pedagogy
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
Sport History Adapted Physical Education
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
Sport and Exercise Psychology Sport Management
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
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ACTIVITY 2.2
Answer the following questions/activities:

1. Of the disciplines, which one most closely aligns with your desired profession? Why have
you chosen to go into that profession?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Now that you already know other subdisciplines and professions under the umbrella of
Physical Education, Exercise Science and Sport, what subdiscipline or profession attracts
you the most? Would you be willing to change your current chosen profession?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Compare and contrast the definitions of exercise, physical activity, physical education,
physical fitness, and sport. Describe how they are interrelated and whether one
supersedes the others.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES:
• Wuest, D.A., Fisette, J.W. 2018. Foundations of Physical Education, Exercise Science,
and Sport 19th Ed. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education.
• Andin, Carmen T. 1985, Foundations of Physical Education; Rex Bookstore, Manila,
Philippines
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MIDTERM EXAMINATION
PBPED 002
PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
Test I: Essay.
Describe the disciplines of the field of kinesiology. Discuss how these areas are interrelated.
Use examples to illustrate why it is important to be knowledgeable about the various specialized
areas within the discipline, and how this knowledge will give impact to you as a future physical
educator. You will be graded using the scoring rubric below.
Rubrics for Essay

Organization (40)
• Generally well-developed ideas or narrative
• Logical flow of ideas or events
• Sense of completeness
Elaboration (30 points)
• Each main idea supported by details
• All details are related to the topic
• Varied styles of sentence construction
• Precise, interesting and vivid word choice
Grammar/ Usage/ Mechanics (10 points)
• Sophisticated or consistent command of standards of English
• Free from spelling, capitalization, punctuations, and usage errors
• Precise syntax, competence in coordination and subordination
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UNIT 2

NATURE AND SCOPE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION,

• Identify career opportunities related with the different disciplines of kinesiology

Disciplines within Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport

TRADITIONAL ALLIED FILEDS

Answer the following questions/activities:

Rubrics for Essay

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