Linda Samuel lindusamuel@gmail.

com

Regin Francis reginfrancis@gmail.com

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

ABSTRACT
United we stand, divided we fall, is the key idea behind grid computing. Grid is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed "autonomous" virtualize problems. Grid computing is the next logical step in distributed networking. Just as the Internet allows users to share ideas and files as the seeds of projects, grid computing lets us share the resources of disparate computer systems. The major purpose of a grid, is to virtualize resources to solve problems. So, rather than using a network of computers simply to communicate and transfer data, grid computing taps the unused processor cycles or numerous i.e. thousands of computers. resources to solve

resources dynamically at runtime depending on their availability,

capability, performance, cost, and users' requirement. quality-of-service Grid computing is a

critical shift in thinking about how to maximize the value of

computing resources. It allows us to unite pools of servers, storage systems and networks into a single large system so we can deliver the power of multiple-systems resources to a single user point for a specific purpose. To a user, data file, or an application, the system appears to be a single, enormous virtual

Grid computing requires the use of software that can divide and farm out pieces of a program to as many as several thousand computers.Grid computing can be thought of as distributed and large scale cluster computing and as a form of networkdistributed parallel

processing.It can be a public collaboration or it can confined to the network of computer corporation. workstation within a

computing system.There are two main modes of algorithms , Online mode and batch mode. The major purpose of a grid, is to

INTRODUCTION

When the network is as fast as the computer's internal links, the machine disintegrates across the net into a set of special purpose appliances.

unused processor cycles or numerous i.e. thousands of computers.

Grid:Grids are usually heterogeneous

--Gilder Technology Report, June 2000. A means of network computing that harnesses the unused processing cycles of numerous computers, to solve intensive problems that are often too large for a single computer to handle, such as in life sciences and modeling.Grid

networks.

Grid

nodes,

generally

individual computers, consist of different hardware and use a variety of operating systems and networking to connecting them vary in bandwidth. These

resources are used among the various projects. This forms the system as the aggregation of resources for a particular task i.e. virtual organization.

computing is the next logical step in distributed networking. Just as the Internet allows users to share ideas and files as the seeds of projects, grid computing lets us share the resources of disparate computer systems. The major purpose of a grid, is to virtualize resources to solve

problems. So, rather than using a network of computers simply to communicate and transfer data, grid computing taps the

Simple grid diagram

Simple Grid Diagram

user

interfaces (GUIs)

for

queries.

Command line tools are especially useful when the user wants to write a script. Job submission usually consists of

How it works?
Grid computing uses networked clusters of CPUs connected over the Internet, a company intranet or a

three parts, even if there is only one command required.  Some input data and possibly the executable program or execution script file are sent to the machine to execute the job. Sending the input is called staging the input data.  The job is executed on the grid machine.  The results of the job are sent back to the submitter. When there are a large number of sub jobs, the work required to collect the results and produce the final result is

corporate WAN. The resulting network of CPUs acts as a foundation for a set of grid-enabling software tools. These tools let the grid accept a large computing job and break it down into tens, hundreds or thousands of independent tasks. The tools then search the grid for available

resources; assign tasks to processors, aggregate the work and spit out one final result. A grid user installs the provided grid software (for using the grid as well as donating to the grid) on his machine and gets connected with Internet. The user establishes his identity with a certificate authority. This software may be

usually accomplished by a single program

QoS (Quality of Service) guided scheduling algorithm

Scheduler is the main part of grid computing. In the three main phases of scheduler, first is resource discovery, second phase involves gathering information about resources and choosing the best match for application requirement. In third phase the job is executed. The scheduling algorithms are mainly divided into two categories: online

automatically reconfigured by the grid management system to know of the the

communication

address

management nodes in the grid and user or machine identification information. Grid systems usually provide

command line tools as well as graphical

mode and batch mode. In Minimum Completion Time, grid system assigns the task to the machine, that will have earliest completion time, and in Minimum Execution Time, it assigns the task to the machine that performs task, in least execution time.

Grid Components: Portal/User Interface:-A grid user should not see all of the complexities of the computing grid. From this perspective, the user sees the grid as a virtual computing resource just as the consumer of power sees the

The qos (priority based algorithm) finds the minimum earliest completion time and assign the task to the host which gives the least completion time to it .Finally the low qos tasks are also mapped. This algorithm improves efficiency by about 11%.

receptacle as an interface to a virtual generator.  Security:- At the base of any grid environment, there must be mechanisms to provide security, including authentication,

authorization, data encryption, and

Tree load balancing algorithms

The TLBA algorithm, named Tree Load Balancing Algorithm, creates a virtual interconnecting tree (non-cyclic connected graph) among the computers of the system. On this tree, each computer of an N level sends its updated load information to the N-1 level computers. The selection of the best computer , to execute a process, received by the system, works as a deep search on the interconnecting tree.

so

on.

The

Grid

Security

Infrastructure (GSI) component of the Globus Toolkit provides

robust security mechanisms. The GSI includes an Open SSL It provides a

implementation.

single sign-on mechanism, so that once a user is authenticated, a proxy certificate is created and used when performing actions within the grid  Broker:-Once authenticated, the user will be launching on an the application. Based

application, and possibly on other parameters provided by the user, the next step is to identify the available and appropriate

grid environment.  Data Management:-If any data including application modules be moved or made accessible must to the nodes where an application's jobs will execute, then there needs to be a secure and reliable method for moving files and data to various nodes within the grid. The Globus Toolkit contains a data management component , Grid Access to Secondary Storage

resources to use within the grid. This task could be carried out by a broker function  Scheduler:-Once the resources have been identified, the next logical step is to schedule the individual jobs to run on them. If a set of stand-alone jobs are to be executed interdependencies, with then no a

(GASS) (facilities like Grid FTP)  Job Resource and Resource The Grid Manager

specialized scheduler may not be required. However, if you want to reserve a specific resource or ensure that different jobs within the application run concurrently, then a job scheduler should be used to coordinate the execution of the jobs. The

Management:-.

Allocation

(GRAM) provides the services to actually particular launch a job on a its

resource,

check

status, and retrieve its results when it is complete.

Globus Toolkit oes not include such scheduler, there several schedulers available that a but are

have been tested with and can be used in a Globus

with a protein binding site. When a ligand

Of
Unit

Gri
D i

docks successfully with a protein the resulting interaction is scored and the interactions that generate the highest scores are recorded and filed for further

Computi

C ncer Research Project

The United Devi es Cancer Research roject will research t uncover new cancer drugs through the combination of chemistry, computers, speciali ed software, organi ations and individuals who are committed to fighting cancer. The research centers on proteins which have been determined to be a possible target for cancer therapy would go through a process called "virtual screening", special analysis software

evaluation.

(LigandFit) will identify molecules that interact with these proteins, and will determine which of the molecular

candidates has a high li elihood of being developed into a drug. The process is similar to finding the right key to open a special lock by looking at millions upon millions of molecular keys. Participants in the United Devices Cancer Research Project (shown below) are sent a ligand library over the Internet. Their PC will analyze the molecules using docking software called LigandFit by Accelrys. The LigandFit software analyzes the molecular data by using a threedimensional model to attempt to interact

Business Benefits

&

Technological From Grid

providing

Computing:
Increase productivity by users the resources they need on demand, respond quickly to changing business and market demands, create virtual organi ations that can share resources and data, exploiting

underutili ed resources , parallel CPU capacity ,Resource balancing etc.

 Although there is some limitation on wireless environment, but it is future of computing which will explore new ways for computing in enterprise environment.

CONCLUSION

 Grid computing *is* the ultimate "killer technology.  The grid computing can be implemented using different technologies like XML, java, CORBA and dynamically allocates the resources.

REFERENCE
 www.google.com

 "Using the Domain Name System

for System Break-Ins" by Steve Bellovin, 1995

 The basic part is the scheduler of the grid computing. The grid can be implemented in intranet or on Internet.  The grid is used for large computations in fields such as biotechnology, automobile, medical and many fields.  The grid can be implemented depending on requirements of the application, security, and priority for task to be done. The scheduler is the core item of the grid; the algorithm can be depending on priority or resources available or type of network available.

 Cluster computing:A High performance contender,IEEE computer,by Mark Baker&dan Hyde