INTERNET OF THINGS

AND
APPLICATIONS

Course code: GR18A4111

 Y This Subject?

● Course Course Outcomes

Objectives: ✔ Explain the vision of IoT
from a global context.
Study Vision and
Introduction to IoT. ✔ Determine the Market
perspective of IoT.
Understand IoT Market
perspective. ✔ Examine Devices,
Gateways and Data
Understand Data and Management.
Knowledge Management
and use of Devices in IoT ✔ Describe the building
Technology. state of the IoT
Agenda

Syllabus
 UNIT I

IoT and Web Technology: The Internet of Things

Today, Time for Convergence Towards the IoT
Universe, Internet of Things Vision, IoT Strategic
Research and Innovation Directions, IoT
Applications, Future Internet Technologies,
Infrastructure, Networks and Communication,
Processes, Data Management, Security, Privacy &
Trust.
 UNIT II
M2M to IoT : A Basic Perspective: Introduction,
Some Definitions, M2M Value Chains, IoT Value
Chains, An emerging industrial structure for IoT,
The international driven global value chain and
global information monopolies.
 UNIT III
M2M to IoT: An Architectural Overview: Building
an architecture, Main design principles and
needed capabilities, An IoT architecture outline,
standards considerations
 UNIT IV
IoT Architecture - State of
the Art: Introduction, State
of the art. Architecture
Reference Model:
Introduction, Reference
Model and architecture,
IoT reference Model.
Text Book:
1. Jan Holler, VlasiosTsiatsis, Catherine
Mulligan, Stefan Avesand,
StamatisKarnouskos, David Boyle: “From
Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of
Things: Introduction to a New Age of
Intelligence”, 1st Edition.
Reference Books:
1. Vijay Madisetti, Arshdeep Bahga : “Internet
of Things (A Hands-on-Approach)”, 1st
Edition, VPT, 2014. 2.
2. Francis daCosta: “Rethinking the Internet of
Things: A Scalable Approach to Connecting
Everything”, 1st Edition, Apress Publications,
2013.
 UNIT I
IoT and Web Technology
✔ 1.1 The Internet of Things ✔ 1.7 Infrastructure
Today
✔ 1.8 Networks and
✔ 1.2 Time for Convergence Communication
Towards the IoT Universe
✔ 1.9 Processes
✔ 1.3 Internet of Things Vision
✔ 1.10 Data Management
✔ 1.4 IoT Strategic Research and
Innovation Directions ✔ 1.11 Security, Privacy & Trust.

✔ 1.5 IoT Applications

✔ 1.6 Future Internet
Technologies
 INTRODUCTION OF IOT
• The Internet of Things refers to the ever-growing network
of physical objects that feature an IP address for internet
connectivity, and the communication that occurs between
these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and
systems .
• IoT extends Internet connectivity beyond traditional
devices like desktop, laptop, smart phones, tablets, etc
• IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless
technologies, micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS)
and the Internet.
What is IoT?
A phenomenon
which connects
a variety of
things – Everything
that has the ability
to communicate.
 IoT Definitions
● The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of
physical objects, so known as, "things" — that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies
that is used for the purpose of connecting and exchanging
data with other devices and systems over the
Internet(Wikipedia)
 History of IoT
• The concept of the "Internet of Things" and the term
itself, first appeared in a speech by Peter T. Lewis, to
the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 15th
Annual Legislative Weekend in Washington, D.C,
published in September 1985. According to Lewis,
"The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of
people, processes and technology with connectable
devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring,
status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such
devices."
 Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take
actions based on their operating conditions, user‘s context or sensed
environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and
changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together
to provide certain functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of
interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with
other devices and also with infrastructure. (Eg: I2C i.e inter-integrated
controller)
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier(IP address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate
and exchange data with other devices and systems.
 The Internet of Things Today
One year after the past edition of the Clusterbook
2012 it can be clearly stated that the Internet of
Things (IoT) has reached many different players
and gained further recognition.
 IoT Today
● There are potential IoT application areas, like
Smart cities (and regions)
Smart car and mobility
Smart home and assisted living
Smart industries
Public safety
Energy and environmental protection
Agriculture and tourism, etc.
Majority of governments in Europe, in Asia and in the
Americas consider now IoT as an area on innovation
and research.
• As the Internet of Things continues to develop,
further potential is estimated by a combination
with related technology approaches and
concepts such as Cloud computing, Future
Internet, Big Data, robotics and Semantic
technologies.
• However, the Internet of Things is still maturing,
in particular due to a number of factors, which
limit the full exploitation of the IoT.
• Among those factors the following appear to be
most relevant factors, which limit the full
exploitation of the IoT.
✔ No clear approach for the utilisation of unique identifiers and
numbering spaces for various kinds of persistent and volatile objects
at a global scale.
✔ No accelerated use and further development of IoT reference
architectures
✔ Less rapid advance in semantic interoperability for exchanging
sensor information in heterogeneous environments.
✔ Difficulties in developing a clear approach for enabling innovation,
trust and ownership of data in the IoT while at the same time
respecting security and privacy in a complex environment.
✔ Difficulties in developing business which embraces the full potential
of the Internet of Things.
✔ Missing large-scale testing and learning environments
 Time for Convergence

• Integrated environments that have been at the

origin of the successful take up of smartphone
platforms and capable of running a multiplicity
of user-driven applications and connecting
various sensors and objects are missing today
• As a quintessence the next big leap in the
Internet of Things evolution will be the
coherence of efforts on all levels towards
innovation
✔ Coherence of object capabilities and behaviour:
✔ Coherence of application interactivity:
✔ Coherence of corresponding technology
approaches:
✔ Coherence of real and virtual worlds:
 Enabling technologies for the Internet of Things such as sensor net-
works, RFID, M2M, mobile Internet, semantic data integration,
semantic search, IPv6, etc. are considered in and can be grouped
into three categories:
(i) technologies that enable “things” to acquire contextual information,
(ii) technologies that enable “things” to process contextual information,
and
(iii) technologies to improve security and privacy.
The first two categories can be jointly understood as functional
building blocks required building “intelligence” into “things”, which
are indeed the features that differentiate the IoT from the usual
Internet.
The third category is not a functional but rather a de facto requirement,
without which the penetration of the IoT would be severely reduced.
The Internet of Things is much more than M2M
communication, wireless sensor networks,
2G/3G/4G, RFID, etc.
These are considered as being the enabling
technologies that make “Internet of Things”
applications possible.
 Towards the IoT Universe(s)
• In analogy to the definition that a universe is commonly
defined as the totality of existence, an Internet of Things
universe might potentially connect everything

• The overall scope is to create and foster ecosystems of

platforms for connected smart objects, integrating the
future generation of devices, network technologies,
software technologies, interfaces and other evolving
ICT innovations, both for the society and for people to
become pervasive at home, at work and while on the
move.
• These environments will embed effective and
efficient security and privacy mechanisms into
devices, architectures, platforms, and
protocols, including characteristics such as
openness, dynamic expandability,
interoperability of objects, distributed
intelligence, and cost and energy-efficiency.
● Fostering of a consistent, interoperable and accessible
Internet of Things across sectors, including
standardisation.
● Directing effort and attention to important societal
application areas such as health and environment,
including focus on low energy consumption.
● Offering orientation on security, privacy, trust and ethical
aspects in the scope of current legislation and
development of robust and future-proof general data
protection rules.
● Providing resources like spectrum allowing pan-European
service provision and removal of barriers such as roaming.
● Maintaining the Internet of Things as an important subject
for international cooperation both for sharing best practises
and developing coherent strategies.
 Internet of Things Vision
• The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be
connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally
using any path/network and any service.
• Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects
make themselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by
making or enabling context related decisions thanks to the fact
that they can communicate information about themselves. They
can access information that has been aggregated by other things,
or they can be components of complex services. This
transformation is concomitant with the emergence of cloud
computing capabilities and the transition of the Internet towards
IPv6 with an almost unlimited addressing capacity
 IoT Strategic Research and
Innovation Directions
• The development of enabling technologies
such as nanoelectronics, communications,
sensors, smart phones, embedded systems,
cloud networking, network virtualization and
software will be essential to provide to things
the capability to be connected all the time
everywhere.
• The final report of the Key Enabling
Technologies (KET), of the High- Level Expert
Group identified the enabling technologies,
crucial to many of the existing and future value
chains of the European economy:
● Nanotechnologies
● Micro and Nano electronics
● Photonics
● Biotechnology
● Advanced Materials
● Advanced Manufacturing System
IoT Enabling Technologies
Today many European projects and initiatives
address Internet of Things technologies and
knowledge. Given the fact that these topics can
be highly diverse and specialized, there is a
strong need for integration of the individual
results. Knowledge integration, in this context is
conceptualized as the process through which
disparate, specialized knowledge located in
multiple projects
Research challenges:
• Design of open APIs on all levels of the IoT
ecosystem
• Design of standardized formats for description of
data generated by IoT devices to allow mashups
of data coming from different domains and/or
providers.
 IoT Applications

• The major applications are smart transport, products,

cities, buildings, rural areas, energy, health, living, etc
• At the city level, the integration of technology and
quicker data analysis will lead to a more coordinated
and effective civil response to security and safety
• At the building level, security technology will be
integrated into systems and deliver a return on
investment to the end-user through leveraging the
technology in multiple Applications.
Internet of Things in the context of smart environments
and applications
• In the last few years the evolution of markets
and applications, and therefore their economic
potential and their impact in addressing societal
trends and challenges for the next decades has
changed dramatically.
• Societal trends are grouped as: health and
wellness, transport and mobility, security and
safety, energy and environment,
communication and e-society, as presented in
below Figure.
Various application areas
 Internet of Things and Related Future
Internet Technologies
Cloud Computing
IoT and Semantic Technologies
Autonomy
✔ Properties of Autonomic IoT Systems
∙ Self-adaptation
∙ Self-healing
• Self-description
• Self-discovery
• Self-matchmaking
• Self-energy-supplying
• Self-organization
• Self-optimisation
• Self-configuration
• Self-protection
 Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing has been established as one
of the major building blocks of the Future
Internet.
• New technology enablers have progressively
fostered virtualisation at different levels and
have allowed the various paradigms known as
“Applications as a Service”, “Platforms as a
Service” and “Infrastructure and Networks as a
Service”.
• Such trends have greatly helped to reduce cost
of ownership and management of associated
virtualised resources
• As part of this convergence, IoT applications
(such as sensor-based services) will be
delivered on-demand through a cloud
environment. This extends beyond the need to
virtualize sensor data stores in a scalable
fashion(Sensing-as-a-Service).

• Virtual objects that will be integrated into the

fabric of future IoT services and shared and
reused in different contexts, projecting an
“Object as a Service”
Relevant topics for the research agenda
will therefore include:
• The description of requests for services to a cloud/IoT infrastructure
• The virtualization of objects,
• Tools and techniques for optimization of cloud infrastructures
• The investigation of utility metrics and learning techniques that could
be used for gauging on-demand IoT services in a cloud
environment,
• Techniques for real-time interaction of Internet-connected objects
within a cloud environment through the implementation of
lightweight interactions and the adaptation of real-time operating
systems.
• Access control models to ensure the proper access to the data stored
in the cloud.
 IoT and Semantic Technologies
Semantic technologies will also have a key role in enabling sharing
and reuse of virtual objects as a service through the cloud
The semantic enrichment of virtual object descriptions will realise
for IoT what semantic annotation of web pages has enabled in
the Semantic Web.
Associated semantic-based reasoning will assist IoT users to
more independently find the relevant proven virtual objects to
improve the performance or the effectiveness of the IoT
applications they intend to use.
 Autonomy
Autonomic computing inspired by biological systems, has been
proposed as a grand challenge that will allow the systems to
self-manage this complexity, using high-level objec- tives and
policies defined by humans. The Internet of Things will
exponentially increase the scale and the com plexity of existing
computing and communication systems. Autonomy is thus an
imperative property for IoT systems to have. However, there is
still a lack of research on how to adapt and tailor existing
research on autonomic computing to the specific characteristics
of IoT, such as high dynamicity and distribution, real-time
nature, resource constraints, and lossy environments.
Properties of Autonomic IoT Systems:
Self-adaptation: It is an essential property that allows the
communicating nodes, as well as services using them, to
react in a timely manner to the continuously changing context
in accordance with, for instance, business policies or
performance objectives that are defined by humans. IoT
systems should be able to reason autonomously and give
self-adapting decisions. Cognitive radios at physical and link
layers, self-organising network protocols, automatic service
discovery and (re-)bindings at the application layer are
important enablers for the self-adapting IoT.
Self-organization: In IoT systems — and
especially in WS&ANs — it is very common to
have nodes that join and leave the network
spontaneously. The network should therefore be
able to re-organize itself against this evolving
topology. Self-organizing, energy efficient
routing protocols have a considerable
importance in the IoT applications in order to
provide seamless data exchange through-out
the highly heterogeneous networks
Self-optimisation:Optimal usage of the
constrained resources (such as memory,
bandwidth, pro-cessor, and most importantly,
power) of IoT devices is necessary for sustain-
able and long-living IoT deployments. Given
some high-level optimisation goals in terms of
performance, energy consumption or quality of
service, the system itself should perform
necessary actions to attain its objectives.
Self-configuration: IoT systems are potentially
made of thousands of nodes and devices such
as sensors and actuators. Configuration of the
system is therefore very com-plex and difficult to
handle by hand. The IoT system should provide
remote configuration facilities so that
self-management applications automatically
configure necessary parameters based on the
needs of the applications and users. It consists
of configuring for instance device and network
parameters, installing/uninstalling/upgrading
software, or tuning performance parameters.
Self-protection: Due to its wireless and ubiquitous
nature, IoT will be vulnerable to numerous
malicious attacks. As IoT is closely related to
the physical world, the attacks will for instance
aim at controlling the physical environments or
obtaining private data. The IoT should
autonomously tune itself to different levels of
security and privacy, while not affecting the
quality of service and quality of experience
Self-healing: The objective of this property is to
detect and diagnose problems as they occur
and to immediately attempt to fix them in an
autonomous way. IoT systems should monitor
continuously the state of its different nodes and
detect whenever they behave differently than
expected. It can then perform actions to fix the
problems encountered. Encounters could
include re-configuration parameters or installing
a software update.
Self-description: Things and resources (sensors
and actuators) should be able to describe their
characteristics and capabilities in an expressive
manner in order to allow other communicating
objects to interact with them. Adequate device
and service description formats and languages
should be defined, possibly at the semantic
level.
Self-discovery: Together with the self-description,
the self-discovery feature plays an essential role
for successful IoT deployments. IoT
devices/services should be dynamically
discovered and used by the others in a seamless
and transparent way.
Self-matchmaking: To fully unlock the IoT potential,
virtual objects will have to:
• Be reusable outside the context for which they
were originally deployed and
• Be reliable in the service they provide.
Self-energy-supplying: And finally,
self-energy-supplying is a tremendously
important (and very IoT specific) feature to
realize and deploy sustainable IoT solutions.
Energy harvesting techniques (solar, thermal,
vibration, etc.) should be preferred as a main
power supply, rather than batteries that need to
be replaced regularly, and that have a negative
effect on the environment.
 Infrastructure
The Internet of Things will become part of the
fabric of everyday life. It will become part of our
overall infrastructure just like water, electricity,
telephone,TV and most recently the Internet.
Whereas the current Internet typically connects
full-scale computers, the Internet of Things (as
part of the Future Inter-net) will connect
everyday objects with a strong integration into
the physical world.
 Plug and Play Integration
plug and play functionality requires an infrastructure that supports
it, starting from the networking level and going beyond it to the
application level. This is closely related to the aspects discussed
in the section on autonomy.
On the networking level, the plug & play functionality has to
enable the communication, features like the ones provided by
IPv6 are in the directions to help in this process.
Suitable infrastructure components have then to be discovered to
enable the integration into the Internet of Things. This includes
announcing the functionalities provided, such as what can be
sensed or what can be actuated.
 Infrastructure Functionality
The infrastructure needs to support applications in finding
the things required. An application may run anywhere,
including on the things themselves. Finding things is
not limited to the startup time of an application.
Automatic adaptation is needed whenever relevant
new things become available, things become
unavailable or the status of things changes. The
infrastructure has to support the monitoring of such
changes and the adaptation that is required as a result
of the changes.
 Semantic Modelling of Things

To reach the full potential of the Internet of

Things, semantic information regarding the
things, the information they can provide or the
actuations they can perform need to be
available. It is not sufficient to know that there is
a temperature sensor or an electric motor, but it
is important to know which temperature the
sensor measures: the indoor temperature of a
room or the temperature of the fridge
 Physical Location and Position

As the Internet of Things is strongly rooted in the

physical world, the notion of physical location
and position are very important, especially for
finding things, but also for deriving knowledge.
Therefore, the infrastructure has to support
finding things according to location (e.g.
geo-location based discovery). Taking mobility
into account, localization technologies will play
an important role for the Internet of Things.
 Security and Privacy

In addition, an infrastructure needs to provide

support for security and privacy functions
including identification, confidentiality, integrity,
non-repudiation authentication and
authorization. Here the heterogeneity and the
need for inter- operability among different ICT
systems deployed in the infrastructure and the
resource limitations of IoT devices (e.g., Nano
sensors) have to be taken into account.
 Networks and Communication
Networking Technology Communication Technology
✔ Complexity of the Networks of ✔ Unfolding the Potential of
the Future Communication Technologies
✔ Growth of Wireless Networks ✔ Correctness of Construction
✔ Mobile Networks ✔ An Unified Theoretical
Framework for
✔ Expanding Current Networks
Communication
to Future Networks
✔ Energy-Limited Internet of
✔ Overlay Networks
Things Devices and their
✔ Network Self-organization Communication
✔ IPv6, IoT and Scalability ✔ Challenge the Trend to
Complexity
✔ Green Networking
Technology ✔ Disruptive Approaches
 Networks and Communication
Present communication technologies span the
globe in wireless and wired networks and
support global communication by
globally-accepted communication standards

Changes will first be embedded in given

communication standards and networks and
subsequently in the communication and network
structures defined by these standards.
 Networking Technology
The evolution and pervasiveness of present
communication technologies has the potential to
grow to unprecedented levels in the near future
by including the world of things into the
developing Internet of Things.
Network users will be humans, machines, things
and groups of them.
Complexity of the Networks of the Future:
A key research topic will be to understand the
complexity of these future networks and the
expected growth of complexity due to the growth of
Internet of Things.
The research results of this topic will give guidelines
and timelines for defining the requirements for
network functions, for network management, for
network growth and network composition and
variability Wireless networks cannot grow without
such side effects as interference.
 Growth of Wireless Networks:
Wireless networks especially will grow largely by
adding vast amounts of small Internet of Things
devices with minimum hardware, software and
inteligence, limiting their resilience to any
imperfections in all their functions.
Based on the research of the growing network
complexity, caused by the Internet of Things,
predictions of traffic and load models will have
to guide further research on unfolding the
predicted complexity to real networks, their
standards and on-going implementations
 Mobile Network:
Applications such as body area networks may
develop into an autonomous world of small, mobile
networks being attached to their bearers and being
connected to the Internet by using a common point
of contact.
The mobile phone of the future could provide this
function. Analysing worldwide industrial processes
will be required to find limiting set sizes for the
number of machines and all things being implied
or used within their range in order to develop an
understanding of the evolution steps to the Internet
of Things in industrial environments
Expanding Current Networks to Future Networks:
Generalizing the examples given above, the trend
may be to expand current end user network nodes
into networks of their own or even a hierarchy of
networks.
In this way networks will grow on their current access
side by unfolding these outermost nodes into even
smaller, attached networks, spanning the Internet
of Things in the future.
In this context networks or even networks of
networks will be mobile by themselves.
Overlay Networks:
Even if network construction principles should
best be unified for the world-wide Internet of
Things and the networks bearing it, there will
not be one unified network, but several.
In some locations even multiple networks over-
laying one another physically and logically.
Network Self-organization”
Wireless networks being built for the Internet of
Things will show a large degree of ad-hoc
growth, structure, organization, and significant
change in time, including mobility.
These constituent features will have to be
reflected in setting them up and during their
operation
IPv6, IoT and Scalability:
The current transition of the global Internet to IPv6
will provide a virtually unlimited number of public
IP addresses able to provide bidirectional and
symmetric (true M2M) access to Billions of
smart things. It will pave the way to new models
of IoT interconnection and integration
 Green Networking Technology:
Network technology has traditionally developed along the line of
predictable progress of implementation technologies in all their
facets. Given the enormous expected growth of network usage
and the number of user nodes in the future, driven by the
Internet of Things, there is a real need to minimize the resources
for implementing all network elements and the energy being
used for their operation
Research done by Bell Labs in recent years shows that networks
can achieve an energy efficiency increase of a factor of 1,000
compared to current technologies. The results of the research
done by the GreenTouch consortium should be integrated into
the development of the network technologies of the future.
These network technologies have to be appropriate to realise the
Internet of Things and the Future Internet in their most
expanded state to be anticipated by the imagination of the
experts.
Communication Technology
 Unfolding the Potential of
Communication Technologies
Based on this research the anticipated bottlenecks in
communications and in networks and services will have to be
quantified using appropriate theoretical methods and simulation
approaches.

Communications technologies for the Future Internet and the

Internet of Things will have to avoid such bottlenecks by
construction not only for a given status of development, but for
the whole path to fully developed and still growing nets.
 Correctness of Construction
Correctness of construction of the whole system is
a systematic process that starts from the small
systems running on the devices up to network
and distributed applications.
Methods to prove the correctness of structures and
of transformations of structures will be required,
including protocols of communication between all
levels of communication stacks used in the
Internet of Things and the Future Internet.
 An Unified Theoretical
Framework for Communication
Communication between processes running within an
operating system on a single or multicore processor,
communication between processes running in a
distributed computer system , and the communication
between devices and structures in the Internet of
Things and the Future Internet using wired and
wireless channels shall be merged into a unified
minimum theoretical framework covering and including
formalized communication within protocols.
 Energy-Limited Internet of Things Devices
and their Communication

Many types of Internet of Things devices will be

connected to the energy grid all the time; on the other
hand a significant subset of Internet of Things devices
will have to rely on their own limited energy resources
or energy harvesting throughout their lifetime.
Given this spread of possible implementations and the
expected importance of minimum-energy Internet of
Things devices and applications, an important topic of
research will have to be the search for minimum
energy, minimum computation, slim and lightweight
solutions through all layers of Internet of Things
communication and applications.
 Disruptive Approaches
Given these special restrictions, non-standard, but
already existing ideas should be carefully
checked again and be integrated into existing
solutions, and disruptive approaches shall be
searched and researched with high priority.
This very special domain of the Internet of Things
may well develop into its most challenging and
most rewarding domain from a research point of
view and, hopefully, from an economical point of
view as well.
 Processes
The deployment of IoT technologies will
significantly impact and change the way
enterprises do business as well as interactions
between different parts of the society, affecting
many processes.
Adaptive and Event-driven Processes
Processes Dealing with Unreliable Data
Processes Dealing with Unreliable Resources
Highly Distributed Processes
 Adaptive and Event-driven
Processes
Research on adaptive and event-driven
processes could consider the extension and
exploitation of EDA (Event Driven Architectures)
for activity monitoring and complex event
processing (CEP) in IoT systems. EDA could be
combined with business process execution
languages in order to trigger specific steps or
parts of a business process
 Processes Dealing with
Unreliable Data
When dealing with events coming from the physical world
(e.g., via sensors or signal processing algorithms), a
degree of unreliability and uncertainty is introduced into
the processes. If decisions in a business process are
to be taken based on events that have some
uncertainty attached, it makes sense to associate each
of these events with some value for the quality of
information (QoI). In simple cases, this allows the
process modeller to define thresholds: e.g., if the
degree of certainty is more than 90%, then it is
assumed that the event really happened. If it is
between 50% and 90%, some other activities will be
triggered to determine if the event occurred or not. If it
is below50%, the event is ignored
 Processes Dealing with
Unreliable Resources
Not only is the data from resources inherently
unreliable, but also the resources providing the
data themselves, e.g., due to the failure of the
hosting device. Processes relying on such
resources need to be able to adapt to such
situations. The first issue is to detect such a
failure.
 Highly Distributed Processes
When interaction with real-world objects and devices is required, it
can make sense to execute a process in a decentralized
fashion. As stated in, the decomposition and decentralization of
existing business processes increases scalability and
performance, allows better decision making and could even lead
to new business models and revenue streams through
entitlement management of software products deployed on
smart items.
Relevant research issues include tools and techniques for the
synthesis, the verification and the adaptation of distributed
processes, in the scope of a volatile environment
 Data Management
Data management is a crucial aspect in the Internet of Things. When
considering a world of objects interconnected and constantly
exchanging all types of information, the volume of the generated
data and the processes involved in the handling of those data
become critical.
There are many technologies and factors involved in the “data
management” within the IoT context. Some of the most relevant
concepts which enable us to understand the challenges and
opportunities of data management are:
✔ Data Collection and Analysis
✔ Big Data
✔ Semantic Sensor Networking
✔ Virtual Sensors
✔ Complex Event Processing.
 Data Collection and Analysis
(DCA)
Data Collection and Analysis modules or capabilities are the
essential components of any IoT platform or system, and they
are constantly evolving in order to support more features and
provide more capacity to external components.The DCA
module is part of the core layer of any IoT platform. Some of
the main functions of a DCA module are:
■ User/customer data storing: ■ Customer task automation:
■ Customer workflows:
■ User data & operation
modelling: ■ Multitenant structure:
■ On demand data access:
■ Customer rules/filtering:
 Big Data
Big data is about the processing and analysis of large data repositories,
so disproportionately large that it is impossible to treat them with the
conventional tools of analytical databases.
Big data requires exceptional technologies to efficiently process large
quantities of data within a tolerable amount of time. Technologies
being applied to big data include massively parallel processing (MPP)
databases, data-mining grids, distributed file systems, distributed
databases, computing platforms, the Internet, and scalable storage
systems. These technologies are linked with many aspects derived
from the analysis of natural phenomena such as climate and seismic
data to environments such as health, safety or, of course, the
business environment. The biggest challenge of the Petabyte Age
will not be storing all that data, it will be figuring out how to make
sense of it. Big data deals with unconventional, unstructured
databases, which can reach petabytes, exabytes or zettabytes, and
require specific treatments for their needs, either in terms of storage
or processing/display.
 Semantic Sensor Networks and
Semantic Annotation of Data
The information collected from the physical world
in combination with the existing resources and
services on the Web facilitate enhanced
methods to obtain business intelligence,
enabling the construction of new types of
front-end application and services which could
revolutionise the way organisations and people
use Internet services and applications in their
daily activities.
 Virtual Sensors
• A virtual sensor behaves just like a real sensor, emitting time
series data from a specified geographic region with newly
defined thematic concepts or observations which the real
sensors may not have.
• A virtual sensor may not have any real sensor’s physical
properties such as manufacturer or battery power information,
but does have other properties, such as: who created it; what
methods are used, and what original sensors it is based on.
 Security, Privacy & Trust
There are a number of specific security, privacy and trust
challenges in the IoT, they all share a number of
transverse non-functional requirements:
• Lightweight and symmetric solutions, Support for
resource constrained devices
• Scalable to billions of devices/transactions
• Heterogeneity and multiplicity of devices and platforms
• Intuitively usable solutions, seamlessly integrated into
the real world
 Trust for IoT
As IoT-scale applications and services will scale over multiple administrative
domains and involve multiple ownership regimes, there is a need for a trust
framework to enable the users of the system to have confidence that the
information and services being exchanged can indeed be relied upon. The
trust framework needs to be able to deal with humans and machines as
users, i.e. it needs to convey trust to humans and needs to be robust enough
to be used by machines without denial of service. The development of trust
frameworks that address this requirement will require advances in areas such
as:
✔ Light weight public key infrastructure
✔ Light weight key management systems
✔ Quality of information
✔ Decentralized and self configuring systems
✔ Novel methods for assessing trust in people
✔ Assurance methods for trusted platforms

✔ Access Control to prevent data breaches .

∙ Lightweight Public Key Infrastructures (PKI) as a basis for trust
management. Advances are expected in hierarchical and cross
certification concepts to enable solutions to address the scalability
requirements.

• Lightweight key management systems to enable trust relationships

to be established and the distribution of encryption materials using
minimum communications and processing resources, as is consistent
with the resource constrained nature of many IoT devices.
∙ Quality of Information is a requirement for many IoT-based
systems where metadata can be used to provide an assessment
of the reliability of IoT data.

• Decentralised and self-configuring systems as alternatives to

PKI for establishing trust e.g. identity federation, peer to peer.

• Novel methods for assessing trust in people, devices and

data, beyond reputation systems. One example is Trust
Negotiation.
∙ Assurance methods for trusted platforms including
hardware, software, protocols, etc.

• Access Control to prevent data breaches. One example is

Usage Control, which is the process of ensuring the correct
usage of certain information according to a predefined policy
after the access to information is granted.
 Security for IoT
As the IoT becomes a key element of the Future Internet and a
critical national/international infrastructure, the need to provide
adequate security for the IoT infrastructure becomes ever more
important. Large-scale applications and services based on the
IoT are increasingly vulnerable to disruption from attack or
information theft.
∙ Dos and DDOS prevention
∙ General attack detection and recovery
∙ Cyber situation tools and techniques
∙ Variety of access control and associated accounting schemes
∙ Handling virtually all modes of operation
• DoS/DDOS attacks are already well understood for the current
Internet, but the IoT is also susceptible to such attacks and will
require specific techniques and mechanisms to ensure that
transport, energy, city infrastructures cannot be disabled or
subverted.
• General attack detection and recovery/resilience to cope with IoT-
specific threats, such as compromised nodes, malicious code
hacking attacks.
• Cyber situation awareness tools/techniques will need to be
developed to enable IoT-based infrastructures to be monitored.
Advances are required to enable operators to adapt the protection
of the IoT during the lifecycle of the system and assist operators to
take the most appropriate protective action during attacks.
∙ The IoT requires a variety of access control
and associated account-ing schemes to
support the various authorisation and usage
models that are required by users. The
heterogeneity and diversity of the
devices/gateways that require access control will
require new lightweight schemes to be
developed.
• The IoT needs to handle virtually all modes of
operation by itself without relying on human
control. New techniques and approaches e.g.
from machine learning, are required to lead to a
self-managed IoT.
 Privacy for IoT
As much of the information in an IoT system may be personal
data, there is a requirement to support anonymity and restrictive
handling of personal information.
Cryptographic techniques
Techniques to supports privacy by design concepts
Fine-grained and self-configuring access control
mechanism
Preserving location privacy
Prevention of personal information inference
Use of soft identities
∙ Cryptographic techniques that enable protected
data to be stored processed and shared, without
the information content being accessible to other
parties. Technologies such as homomorphic and
searchable encryption are potential candidates for
developing such approaches.
• Techniques to support Privacy by Design
concepts, including data minimisation,
identification, authentication and anonymity.
• Fine-grain and self-configuring access control
mechanism emulating the real world.
∙ Preserving location privacy, where location can be inferred
from things associated with people.
• Prevention of personal information inference, that individuals
would wish to keep private, through the observation of IoT-related
exchanges.
• Keeping information as local as possible using decentralised
computing and key management.
• Use of soft identities, where the real identity of the user can be
used to generate various soft identities for specific applications.
Each soft identity can be designed for a specific context or
application without revealing unnecessary information, which can
lead to privacy breaches.
 Important Questions
1. What is IoT? Explain its cherectrics and what is
it Today?
2. Describe the future internet technology.
3. What are the Apllications of IoT? Explain the
importance of IoT in Agticuiture, smart cities and
E-Health.
4. Explain the role of Secutity, Privacy and Trust
in IoT?