Nutrition and Diet Therapy – LECTURE 4.

Essential nutrients – nutrients

found only in food. There are 40 of
them and they are found in all six
TOPIC 1: The Relationship of Nutrition nutrient classes.
and Health
5. Health –state of complete physical,
mental, and social well- being and
Learning Objectives: not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity.
 Define nutrition, nutrients, food, definition is according to the
health, and wellness. World Health Organization/
 Name the 6 nutrients need and WHO).
used by the body.
 Identify the functions of the 6 6. Prevention – taking care of one’s
nutrients. health is all about this. It can often
be less costly than treatment and
The United States- considered as the offer a better quality of life for an
“melting pot” because many nationalities individual and the community.
immigrated to this country for finding a
better life with their cuisine. 7. Wellness- a way of life that
integrates body, mind, and spirit
Definition: which should be the main goal in
life. This includes:
1. Nutrition – branch of science that
studies nutrients in food in a. Focusing on healthy food
relation to growth, maintenance, choices
and health of the body. It is in our b. Not smoking
everyday living; and studies about c. Participating in regular
food & nutrients. (vital – we will physical activity
not be here, alive without d. Maintaining a healthy weight
nutrition).
Six Major Nutrients- all work hand in
2. Food – fuel that sustains human hand, especially when we are sick or
life and it is for virtually all the needed to be cured. They are chemically
body processes. divided into 2 categories: organic
nutrients – (1) hydrogen, (2) oxygen, and
3. Nutrients – components of food (3) carbon) (an element found in all living
that are needed by the body in things)- must be break down into their
adequate amounts in order to smallest components; inorganic
grow, reproduce, and lead a nutrients – already in the simplest forms
normal and healthy life. This are when the body ingests them, except for
the chemical substances found in water.
food that are necessary for good
health.

Organic Nutrients Function

 1. Carbohydrates Provide energy  Carbohydrates (CHO), proteins,
(CHO) and fats (lipids) – furnish energy.
This uses  Proteins – used to build and repair
energy, then body tissues with the help of
fats and vitamins and minerals.
proteins.

Glucose- use by
the body as Determines what to eat:
energy.
1. Hunger – physiological need for
Uses as energy food.
2. Fats (lipids) Provide energy 2. Appetite – psychological desire for
food based on the pleasant
Uses as energy
memories.
3. Proteins Build and
Characteristics of Good and Poor
repair body
Nutrition
tissues and
provide energy
Good Poor
Special part in Alert Expression Apathy
our body Shiny Hair Dull, Lifeless Hair
(especially in
healing Hair is made up of
wounds) sulfur, if there is
no sulfur
4. Vitamins Regulate body presented in our
processes hair, there is a big
possibility for it to
Inorganic Nutrients Function be broken.
5. Minerals Regulate body Clear complexion Greasy, blemished
processes complexion with
poor color
6. Water Regulate body Bright, clear eyes Dull, red-rimmed
processes eyes
Pink, firm gums, Red, puffy,
and well- receding gums,
Each nutrient participates in at least one developed teeth and missing or
of the following functions: cavity- prone teeth
1. Providing the body with energy Firm Abdomen Swollen Abdomen
2. Building and repairing body tissue Firm, well- Flaccid, wasted
3. Regulating body processes developed muscle, weakness,
muscles and and diminished
strength handgrip strength
 Well- developed Bowel legs, due to poor diet intake and poor
bone structure “Pigeon Chest” utilization.
Normal weight for Overweight, or
height underweight, 3. Nutrient Deficiency – occurs when
recent weight loss the person lacks one or more
Erect posture Slumped posture nutrients over a period of time.
Emotional Easily irritated,
stability depressed, poor
attention span Individual at Risk from Nutritional Intake
Good stamina, Easily fatigue, 1. Individuals of all ages and from all
seldom ill frequently ill walks of life
Healthy appetite Excessive or poor 2. Persons with recent illness,
appetite hospitalization or surgery
Healthy, normal Insomnia at night; 3. Meet or exceeds energy intake but
sleep habits fatigued during consume foods that are low
day nutrient quality
The normal sleep 4. Individuals with budget concerns
should be at least the preclude purchasing
8 hours. nourishing foods
Preferably from 5. Lack access to healthy food due to
9pm to 10pm geographic location
because this is the 6. Individuals living in lower-income
time where our neighborhoods
brain regenerates 7. Teenagers
causing us to have 8. Pregnancy and young mothers to
a healthy sleep. be.
9. Elderly
Normal Constipation and
elimination diarrhea

At least 2 to 3 Deficiency Disease

times a day 1. Rickets is a deficiency disease. It
causes poor bone formation in
Definition: children and is due to insufficient
calcium and vitamin.
1. Nutrition – result of the processes 2. Osteomalacia (adult rickets) in
whereby the body takes in and young adults and it causes the
uses food for growth and bones to soften and may cause the
development, and the maintenance spine and legs to become bowed.
of health. 3. Osteoporosis is a condition that
causes bones to become porous
2. Malnutrition – condition that and excessively brittle.
results when the body does not 4. Goiter enlarged tissue of the
receive enough nutrients; the body thyroid gland due to a deficiency of
cells do not receive and adequate iodine. ( tagalog name for goiter-
supply of the essential nutrients bosyo)
 stomach, they can
Classification of Nutrient Deficiency stand anymore,
and they often get
1. Primary – caused by inadequate easily tired. This is
dietary intake. because all of the
nutrients required
Example: in our body are all
Lactose intolerance missing. They are
2. Secondary – caused by something no available food
other than diet such as disease for them resulting
condition that may cause them to have no
malabsorption, accelerated food intake.
excretion, or destruction of the Osteoporosis Calcium and
nutrients. Vitamin D
Osteomalacia Calcium and
Vitamin D,
D. Happens between Phosphorus,
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and women ages from Magnesium, and
Causes 30s to 40s but Fluoride
should not be
Deficiency Nutrient (s) common here in
Diseases Lacking our country.
Iron deficiency Iron Pellagra Niacin
Iron deficiency Iron
anemia Also known as
Beriberi Thiamin also Vitamin B3
known as Vitamin Rickets Calcium and
B1 Vitamin D
Night blindness Vitamin A This is causes poor
bone formation in
In Filipino, it is children because
called “Matang of insufficient
Manok”- since calcium & Vitamin
chicken during D
night cannot see Scurvy Vitamin C
any more making
them to be caught -scurvy deficiency
easily. - also have
Goiter Iodine rebound scurvy
Kwashiorkor Protein This is about
Marasmus All Nutrients Vitamin C which
has toxicity. We
A condition in don’t need to take
which a person Vitamin C
has a bloated supplement or just
take little amount
 since we can OLD SAYING: YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT
acquire Vitamin C
through eating “Good nutrition is essential for the
apple, orange, and attainment and maintenance of
guava and other good health.”
vegetables &
fruits. 1. Anthropometric Measurements
Xerophthalmia Vitamin A  Height/Weight and Measurement
(Blindness) of Head
 Chest and Skinfold with the use of
Clinical Signs of Nutrient Deficiencies Calipher
Clinical Signs Possible
Deficiencies 2. Clinical Examination
Pallor; blue half Iron, Copper, Zinc, 3. Biochemical Test
circles B12, B6 Biotin  Blood
beneath eyes  Urine
Edema Protein  Stool test
Bumpy Vitamin A
“Gooseflesh" 4. Dietary-Social History involves
Lesions at corners Riboflavin evaluation of food habits.
of mouth  24-Hour recall – listing the types,
Glossitis Folic Acid amount and preparation of all
Numerous “Black Vitamin C sots and foods eaten in the past 24 hours
and Blue” tiny, red  Food History – written record of
“pinprick” all food and drinks ingested in as
hemorrhages specific period.
under skin Six Standardized Characteristics to
Emaciation Carbohydrates, Diagnose Adult Malnutrition
protein, calories
Poorly shaped Vitamin D or 1. Insufficient Energy Intake
bones and teeth calcium or delayed 2. Weight Loss
appearance of 3. Loss of Muscle Mass
teeth in children 4. Loss of Subcutaneous Fat
Slow clotting time Vitamin K 5. Localized or Generalized Fluid
of blood Accumulation (that sometimes
Unusual Niacin diarrhea in mask weight loss)
nervousness, come client 6. Diminished Functional Status as
dermatitis Measured by Handgrip strength.
Tetany Calcium,
potassium, sodium
Goiter Iodine  Nutrition is a fundamental part of
Eczema Fat (linoleic acid) an individual’s well-being. Positive
diet and lifestyle changes promote
NUTRITION ASSESSMENT vibrant health and can reduce the
risk of chronic disease.
  Health issues that result in  Nutrition is directly related to
nutrition impairment, timely health, and its effects are
assessment and quality nutrition cumulative. Good nutrition is
intervention can improve reflected by good health.
outcomes.
 Poor nutrition can result in poor
 The health professional is health and even in disease and
obligated to have a sound poor nutrition habits contributes
knowledge of nutrition. to atherosclerosis, osteoporosis,
obesity, diabetes, and some
 Parents must have a good basic cancers.
knowledge of nutrition for the sake
of their family.  To be well nourished, one must eat
foods that contain the six essential
 Anyone who plans and prepares nutrients: carbohydrates, fats,
meals should value, have proteins, minerals, vitamins and
knowledge of and be able to apply water. These nutrients provide
the principles of sound nutrition energy, build and repair body
practice. tissues, and regulate body
processes. Severe lack of specific
 Clients will have questions and nutrients, deficiency diseases
complaints about their diets. Some develop. The best way to
clients must undergo diet therapy, determine deficiencies is to do
prescribed by their physicians that nutrition assessment.
becomes part of their medical
treatment in the hospital.  Sound knowledge of nutrition, the
health professional will be
 Nutrition is currently a popular effective health care provider and
subject. It is important to will be helpful to family, friends
recognize that some books and and self.
articles concerning nutrition are
not scientifically correct. The cumulative effect of high fat diet
would be Atherosclerosis.
 Food ads can be misleading
Eating Healthy on a budget
 Nutrition information websites is
not always accurate or even A balanced diet includes all six classes of
factual. nutrients and calories in amounts that
preserve and promote good health.
 People with knowledge of  Dietary guidelines provide a
nutrition practices recognize Fads science-based advice to promote
and distinguish facts. health and to reduce the risk of
chronic diseases through diet and
SUMMARY physical activity.
  The Nutritional Guidelines for
Filipinos (NGF) is a set of dietary  It is the study of food and how the
guidelines based on the eating body makes use of it.
patter, lifestyle, and health status  It is not only concerned with the
of Filipinos. The NGF contains all quality or quantity of food one eats
the nutrition messages to healthy but the process by which one
living for all age groups from receives and utilizes the food in
infants to adults, pregnant, and the body for growth and renewal
lactating women, and the elderly. as well as maintenance for
different body functions.
Nutritional Guidelines
1. Eat a variety of foods everyday to Functions of Nutrition
get the nutrients needed by the
body.  Prevention of diseases or illnesses
2. Breastfeed infants exclusively from  Adapting food patterns of
birth up to six months, then give individuals to their nutritional
appropriate complementary foods needs within the framework of
while continuing breastfeeding for their cultural, economic, and
two years and beyond for optimum psychological situation and style
growth and development. Modify nutritional factors for
3. Attain normal body weight therapeutic purpose-cure a
through proper diet and moderate particular type of disease.
physical activity to maintain good
health and prevent obesity. Nutrients
4. Consume fish, lean, meat, poultry,  Chemical substances found in food
egg, dried beans, or nuts daily for  Used to provide heat and energy,
growth and repair body tissues. build and repair body tissues, and
regulate body processes.
 Found mainly in natural foods.
eggs, vegetables, fruits)

Food
 Anything which when taken and
digested nourishes the body.
 Culturally acceptable substances
that supply heat and energy build
and repair body tissues, and
regulate body processes.
 Composed of various compounds;
both organic (protein, lipids,
carbohydrates, and vitamins) and
inorganic (water and minerals)

September 12, 2022
Metabolism – broken down food
Nutrition
  Derived from the Greek word
“metabolismos”; which means to
“change or alter”
 Chemical process of transforming
foods into complex tissue elements
and of transforming complex body
substances into simple ones, along
with the production of heat and
energy.

Scope of Nutrition as a Science and 4. Community Nutrition or Public

Relationships with Other Arts & Sciences Health
 Refers to ways and means of
Scope of Nutrition as a Science supplying adequate diets in a
group of people starting with the
1. Basic or Fundamental Nutrition family or a community & it could
 A study of the physiologic needs in be nationwide or international.
terms of specific nutrients
 referred also as Normal Nutrition 5. Comparative Nutrition
 A study of species of specific
differences in their nutritional
2. Nutrition of Growth and needs.
Development or Child and  Human Nutrition, Animal
Maternal Nutrition Nutrition, Plant Nutrition

 A study of nutritional principles 6. Other Areas of Specialization

and application throughout the life  Nutrition in Dentistry
cycle or it can be concentrated on  Geriatric, Infant, or Pediatric
infancy, childhood, pregnancy and  Nutrition for Chiropractics
lactation, which are the most
vulnerable groups. 7. Nutrigenomics
 Latest area of nutrition research
3. Medical Nutrition Therapy  Is the science of how human genes
 Also called as Therapeutic interacts with nutrients & their
Nutrition/ Clinical Nutrition metabolism.
 Deals with the adequacy of  The study of how DNA & one’s
nutrient intake & diet to meet the genetic code affect nutritional
individual’s needs under status & wellness.
pathological condition.  With the increasing incidence of
diet-related disorders, researchers
in nutrigenomics may provide
answers that will guide dietitians
in patient counseling.
The Scope of Nutrition and 5. An adequate diet is the foundation
Interrelationship with Other Fields of good nutrition and it should
consist of a wide variety of foods.
Sciences 6. The physiological functions of food
1. Anatomy are attributed to the roles of
2. Agriculture nutrients.
3. Bacteriology 7. All needed by the body are
4. Biology available in food.
5. Chemistry 8. No food by itself has all the
6. Dentistry nutrients for full growth and
7. Foods Sciences health.
8. Genetics 9. Each nutrient has specific
9. Histology functions in the body.
10. Medicine 10. Most nutrients do their best
11. Microbiology function in the body when teamed
12. Nursing with other nutrients.
13. Pathology
14. Physics
15. Physiology

Arts
1. Anthropology
2. Communications
3. Economics
4. History
5. Languages
6. Computer Technology
7. Photography
8. Psychiatry
9. Psychology
10. Culinary Arts
11. Occupational Therapy
12. Meal management
13. Food service systems management
(FSSM)

Concepts in Nutrition
1. Adequate nutrition is essential to
good health.
2. The nutrients in our body are in
dynamic equilibrium.
3. Dietary intake and nutrient needs
should be individualized.
4. Nutrient content in food is
variable.