BIOHACK NOTES

ECOSYSTEM
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • INTRODUCTION

1. Term Ecosystem was given by -

• ECOSYSTEM - STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

4. Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels is called ________ (NEET)
5. Shrubs occupy the 2nd/bottom layer of vertical strata.
6. In pond ecosystem, the consumers ex - (1)
7. The 4 functions aspects of ecosystem are -
8. Some bacteria also function as decomposers and are found in the bottom of the pond. T/F
9. There is uni-directional movement of energy to higher/lower trophic level.
10. Define primary production.
11. Unit of primary production is _____ or ______
12. The rate of biomass production is called _______ and its unit is ______ or ______
13. Define Gross Primary Productivity.
14. Write equation relating GPP and NPP.
15. What is secondary productivity ? (NEET)
16. GPP is biomass available for consumption to heterotrophs. T/F
17. The annual NPP of whole biosphere is _____ million/billion tons of organic matter.
18. Oceans occupy ___% of surface, and have only ____ billion tons of productivity.
19. _______ is referred as famer's friend.
20. Decomposition involve 3 processes namely -
21. 2 parts of catabolism are -
22. Detritivores ex - (1) (NEET)
23. Breakdown of detritus into smaller particles is called - (NEET)
24. ________ and _______ enzymes degrade detritus into simpler inorganic substances. (NEET)
25. The process in above Q. is called - (NEET)
26. Water-soluble organic/inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get precipitated as
unavailable salts. This process is called -
27. Catabolism and fragmentation occur simultaneously. T/F
28. All the decomposition steps operate simultaneously on
the detritus. T/F (NEET)
29. _______ and _______ occur during decomposition of soil. (NEET)
30. Humus is light/dark, amorphous/crystalline substance. (NEET)
31. _______ process leads to accumulation of humus what is highly resistant to ______ (NEET)
32. Humus undergoes decomposition at an extremely slow rate. T/F
33. What happens in mineralisation ?
34. Decomposition don't require oxygen. T/F
35. Decomposition rate is slow if detritus is rich in - (2)
36. Decomposition rate is fast if detritus is rich in - (2)
37. Most important climate factors that regulate decomposition are - (2) (NEET)
38. Anaerobic environment favours decomposition. T/F (NEET)

• ENERGY FLOW

39. Sun is the only source of energy for all ecosystems except _________ ecosystems.
40. PAR full form - (NEET)
41. Less than ____ % of solar radiation is PAR. (NEET)
42. Plants capture only __-__ % of the PAR.. (NEET)
43. In terrestrial ecosystems, major producers are - (2)
44. Name aquatic ecosystem producers - (3)
45. Secondary carnivores are primary/secondary/tertiary consumers.
46. Molluscs are primary consumers. T/F
47. Saprotrophs secrete digestive enzymes inside/outside their body.
48. In aquatic ecosystems, GFC/DFC is the major conduit for energy flow.
49. Wolf and fishes are primary/secondary/tertiary consumers.
50. Man is the primary/secondary/tertiary consumer.
51. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called - (NEET)
52. How is standing crop measured ?
53. Transfer of energy follows ___ % law.
54. The 3 types of ecological pyramid are - (3)
55. Which type of pyramids can never be inverted ?
56. Which pyramid is inverted in aquatic ecosystem ?
57. A given species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the same time. T/F
58. Ex of such a species as in above Q.- (1) (NEET)
59. _______ are not given any place in ecological pyramids.
 • ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

60. Community that are near equilibrium with the environment are called ________
61. The sudden/gradual and unpredictable/predictable change in the species composition of a given area is
called ________ (NEET)
62. The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called -
63. Primary succession is faster than secondary succession. T/F
64. Why is secondary succession faster ?
65. Ex of areas where primary succession occur - (3)
66. Name the types of succession (based on nature of habitat) - (2)
67. In hydrarch succession, conditions changes from _____ to _____ (NEET)
68. In xerarch succession, conditions changes from _____ to _____ (NEET)
69. The species that invade a bare area are called ________. Ex - (1)
70. Reed-swap stage come after marsh-meadow stage. T/F
71. Scrub-stage come before marsh-meadow stage. T/F
72. In primary succession in water, name all the seral stages. (7)

DigaQ. 1
A E

C F

D
 • NUTRIENT CYCLING

73. The amount of nutrient present in soil at any given time is called - (NEET)
74. Types of nutrient cycling are - (2) (NEET)
75. Ex. of gaseous nutrient cycle - (2)
76. Ex. of sedimentary nutrient cycle - (2)
77. Carbon constitutes ___ % of dry weight of organisms.
78. ____ % of carbon is dissolved in oceans. (NEET)
79. _______ kg of carbon is fixed in the DigaQ. 2
biosphere through photosynthesis annually. A
80. The natural reservoir of phosphorus
is ______
81. Two major differences between phosphorus X
and carbon cycle is - (2)
Y

• ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

82. _______ (scientist name) tried to put a price tag on ecosystem services.
83. The price tag was of ____ million/trillion US dollar a year/month.
84. The soil formation accounts for ___ % of total the cost of ecosystem services.
85. Cost of nutrient cycling was < ___ % of total.
86. Cost of recreation was < ___ % of total.
87. Climate regulation cost was ___ % of total.
88. Habitat for wildlife cost was ____ % of total.
ECOSYSTEM

ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 31. Humification, microbial action
1. Tansley 32. T
2. Eugene odum 33. humus is further degraded by some microbes
3. Ecosystems and release of inorganic nutrients occur
• ECOSYSTEM 34. F
4. Stratification 35. Lignin and chitin
5. 2nd 36. Nitrogen and water double substance like sugar
6. Zooplankton 37. Temperature and soil moisture
7. Productivity, decomposition, energy flow and 38. F
nutrient cycling • ENERGY FLOW
8. T 39. Hydrothermal ecosystems
9. Higher 40. photosynthetically active radiation
10. Amount of biomass or organic matter produced 41. 50
per unit area over a time period 42. 2-10
11. g m⁻² or kcal m⁻² 43. Herbaceous and woody plants
12. Productivity, g m⁻² yr⁻¹ or kcal m⁻² yr⁻¹ 44. phytoplankton, algae and higher plants
13. rate of production of organic matter during 45. Tertiary consumers
photosynthesis 46. T
14. GPP - R = NPP 47. Outside
15. rate of formation of new organic matter by 48. GFC
consumers 49. Secondary consumers
16. F 50. Tertiary consumer
17. 170 billion 51. standing crop
18. 70, 55 52. As biomass
19. Earthworm 53. 10
20. fragmentation, leaching, catabolism 54. pyramid of number, pyramid of biomass and
21. humification and mineralisation pyramid of energy
22. Earthworm 55. pyramid of energy
23. Fragmentation 56. Pyramid of biomass
24. Bacterial and fungal 57. T
25. Catabolism 58. Sparrow
26. Leaching 59. Saprophytes
27. T
28. T
29. Humification and mineralisation
30. Dark, amorphous
• ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION 79. 4 × 10¹³
60. Climax community 80. Rock
61. Gradual, predictable, ecological succession 81. Atmospheric input of phosphorus are low,
62. sere(s) exchange of phosphorus bt environment are
63. F organisms are negligible
64. As some soil is present • ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
65. cooled lava, bare rock, newly created pond or 82. Robert Constanza
reservoir 83. 33 trillion
66. Hydrarch and xerarch 84. 50
67. Hydric to mesic 85. 10
68. Xeric to mesic 86. 10
69. Pioneer species, lichens 87. 6
70. F 88. 6
71. F • DigaQs
72. Seral stages in water DigaQ. 1 – Primary succession
I. Phytoplankton A – Phytoplankton
II. Rooted-submerged plants B – Submerged plant stage
III. Submerged free floating stage C – Submerged free floating plant stage
IV. Reed-swamp D – Reed-swamp stage
V. Marsh-meadow E – Marsh-meadow stage
VI. Scrub F – Scrub stage
VII. Forest or trees DigaQ. 2 – Phosphorus cycling in terrestrial
• NUTRIENT CYCLING ecosystem
73. Standing crop A – Consumers
74. Gaseous and sedimentary B – Soil solution
75. Nitrogen, carbon X – Litter fall
76. Sulphur and phosphorus Y – Decomposition
77. 49 Z – Weathering
78. 71
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