Senior High School

General Biology 1
Quarter 1 - Module 1

• Cell Postulate
• Cell Structure

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General Biology 1 - Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 1: Cell Postulate and Cell Strfucture
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bohol
Schools Division Superintendent: Bianito A. Dagatan, EdD, CESO V
Education Program Supervisor: Engr. Hermenilda B. Gracio, PhD

Development Team of the Module

Author : Lowel Andrew A. Batomalaque, RN, LPT - Module 1

Lowel Andrew A. Batomalaque, RN, LPT - Module 2
Christian N. Estorba, RN, RM, LPT, MA - Module 3
Angelyn C. Andales, LPT - Module 4
Angelyn C. Andales, LPT - Module 5
Susana D. Doria, EdD - Module 6
Lorlie Nitz O. Antopina, RN, LPT - Module 7

Reviewers : Leonida P. Casingcasing, PhD

Lorlie Nitz O. Antopina, RN, LPT
Angelyn C. Andales, LPT
Management Team :
Chairperson : Bianito A. Dagatan, EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairpersons : Faustino N. Toradio, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Danilo G. Gudelusao, PhD
: Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Members : Carmela M. Restificar, PhD, CID Chief
Josephine D. Eronico, PhD, EPS-LRMDS
Dr. Felix C. Galacio, PhD, EPS- Mathematics and Science
Jocelyn Rotersos, Division Librarian

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 11
General Biology 1
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Postulates of Cell Theory
Cell Structure and Function

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the
Department of Education at deped.bohol@ deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.

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 Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Table of Contents

COVER PAGE …………………………………………………………………… i

COPYRIGHT PAGE …………………………………………………………….. ii
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………….. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………… iv

Lesson 1 – Postulates of Cell Theory

What I Need to Know …………………………………………………………… 1

What I Know …………………………………………………………………….. 1
What’s In ………………………………………………………………………… 1
What’s New ……………………………………………………………………… 2
What Is It ………………………………………………………………………… 3
What’s More …………………………………………………………………….. 4
What I Have Learned ………………………………………………………….. 4
What I Can Do ………………………………………………………………….. 5

Lesson 2 – Cell Structure and Function

What’s In …………………………………………………………………………. 6
What’s New ……………………………………………………………………… 6
What Is It ………………………………………………………………………… 6
What’s More …………………………………………………………………….. 9
What I Have Learned …………………………………………………………… 9
What I Can Do …………………………………………………………………… 9

Assessment / Unit test ………………………………………………………….. 10

Additional Activities ……………………………………………………………… 11
What I Need to Know …………………………………………………………… 11
References ……………………………………………………………………… 12

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What This Module is About

Introductory Message
Welcome to the General Biology 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Postulates of Cell Theory and Cell Structure and Function.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
public schools to assist you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners meet the
standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and
economic constraints in schooling.

To the facilitators:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

To the parents:
As a vital partners in education, your support to your children’s learning at home, is a
great factor to ensure that they will become successful in what they do. As a parent,
you are expected to monitor your children’s progress while they are accomplishing the
tasks in this module while at the same time, ensuring that they learn independently.

The objectives set for this learning material will be certainly accomplished with your
steadfast guidance and support.

To the learners:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
Furthermore, it is our objective that you will have fun while going through this material.
Take charge of your learning pace and in no time, you will successfully meet the
targets and objectives set in this module which are intended for your ultimate
development as a learner and as a person.

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
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 • Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

This part contains learning objectives that are

What I Need to
set for you to learn as you go along the
Know
module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
What I know
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.

This part connects previous lesson with that of

What’s In
the current one.

This part is an introduction of the new lesson

What’s New through various activities, before it will be
presented to you.

These are discussions of the activities as a

What is It way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

These are follow-up activities that are

What’s More intended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have These are activities designed to process what

Learned you have learned from the lesson.

These are tasks that are designed to

showcase your skills and knowledge gained,
What I can do
and applied into real-life concerns and
situations.

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 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given

Additional to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
Activities the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

Answer Key
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this

module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
7. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
8. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it.

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 What I Need To Know

Objectives:

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the subject General Biology 1. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Postulates of Cell Theory
• Lesson 2 – Cell Structure and Function

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1) Explain the postulates of Cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)
2) Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles.
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answers. Write your answers
using CAPITAL LETTERS only.
1. What is the basic unit of life?
A. Cell C. Tissue
B. Organ D. Organ System
2. Who discovered bacteria?
A. Robert Hooke C. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
B. Rudolf Virchow D. Theodor Schwann
3. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?
A. All living things are made up of cell.
B. Robert Hooke was the first person to discover a cell.
C. Living things come only from other living things.
D. Theodor Schwann stated the all living things come from other living things.
4. Who discovered that plants were made up of cells?
A. Robert Hooke C. Rudolph Virchow
B. Matthias Schleiden D. Theodor Schwann
5. What do you call the network of internal membranes in the cell?
A. Peroxisome C. Nucleolus
B. Flagella D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
6. All of the following are found in animal cells. EXCEPT.
A. Lysosomes C. Centrioles
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 B. Cell wall D. Flagella
7. This is the site of photosynthesis.
A. Central Vacuole C. Cell wall
B. Chloroplasts D. Golgi apparatus
8. This is considered as the powerhouse of the cell.
A. Chloroplasts C. Mitochondrion
B. Vesicle D. Nucleus

Lesson General Biology 1

1 Postulates of the Cell Theory

What’s In

In Junior High School you were taught about the basic concepts of biology. In
this subject you will be immersed deeper into the study of life. Specifically this subject
is designed to enhance your understanding of the principles and concepts in the study
of biology, particularly life processes at the cellular and molecular levels. This subject
also covers the transformation of energy in organisms. Ultimately, this subject will
prepare you for your study in college.

What’s New

Cells are as fundamental to the living systems of biology as the atom is to

chemistry. Many different types of cells are working for you right now. The contraction
of muscle cells moves your eyes as you read this sentence.

All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells. During the long
evolutionary history of life on Earth, cells have been modified in many different ways.
But although cells can differ substantially from one another, they share common
features.

Figure 1. The image above shows two different type of cells under the microscope -
- the animal cell (left) and the algae (right). Although there are obvious
differences, these two cells actually share a lot of commonalities.(Photo Credits: 2
Anupama Sapkota; Source: https://tinyurl.com/4wxmc7f6)
 What Is It

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells – cells compose an organism or can be an
organism itself. A wide variety of cell types cooperate to produce a multicellular
organism. Many other organisms are single celled and yet are able to carry out all
life processes. Although individual cells may have different roles and functions in
an organism or ecosystem, cells share the same basic structure and perform many
of the same cellular processes.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things - All living
organisms are composed of at least one cell; and the chemical reactions needed
for life (such as cellular respiration) happen inside these cells.
3. Living cells come only from other living cells - New cells are made when one
cell copies its DNA and divides, distributing an identical copy of the DNA to each
new cell.

Discoveries Which Led To Cell Theory

• The Cell Theory was developed from three German scientist's discoveries. They
are Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow.
• In 1838 the German Botanist Matthias Schleiden discovered that all plants were
composed of cells. Then only a year later a German zoologist, Theodor Schwann,
discovered that all animals were composed of cells. Later in 1855 a German
physician named Rudolph Virchow was doing experiments with diseases when he
found that all cells come from other existing cells.
• Cells of course were discovered much earlier. The first person to see a cell was
Robert Hooke. He used a very primitive microscope, but when he was looking at
cork cells under the microscope he saw cells for the first time.
• The shape of the cells reminded him of the monk monasteries and so he dubbed
them "cells."
• The first person to see living cells was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, a microscope
builder.

The Cell Theory Timeline

Year of
Scientist Contribution
Discovery

Hans and Zacharias produced the first compound microscope by

1595
Janssen combining two convex lenses within a tube

discovered the cellular composition of cork

1665 Robert Hooke
and introduced the word cell to science

improved magnification of microscopes by

1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
polishing lenses

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 1676 Anton van Leeuwenhoek "animalcules" were discovered

discovered bacteria from a sample of saliva

1683 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
from his mouth

1838 Matthias Schleiden discovered the plants were made up of cells

discovered that animals were made up of

1839 Theodor Schwann
cells
stated that all living things come from other
1855 Rudolph Virchow
living things

What’s More

Matching type: Match column A with Column B. Use CAPITAL LETTERS only.

Contributions Scientists
_____1. discovered that animals were made up of cells A. Theodor
_____2. produced the first compound microscope by Schwann
combining two convex lenses within a tube B. Hans and
_____3. improved magnification of microscopes by polishing Zacharias
lenses Janssen
_____4. stated that all living things come from other living C. Robert Hooke
things D. Matthias
_____5. "animacules" were discovered Schleiden
_____6. discovered bacteria from a sample of saliva from E. Rudolph
his mouth Virchow
_____7. discovered the cellular composition of cork and F. Anton van
introduced the word cell to science Leeuwenhoek
_____8. discovered the plants were made up of cells

What I Have Learned

Explain the postulates of the Cell Theory.

Please refer to the rubrics below in answering.

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Rubric
4 3 2 1
FEATURES
(EXPERT) (ACCOMPLISHED) (CAPABLE) (BEGINNER)
Quality of Very Somewhat Gives some Gives no new
writing informative informative and new information
and well organized information and very
organized but poorly poorly
organized organized
Grammar, Virtually no Few Spelling and A number of So many
Usage & spelling, punctuation spelling, spelling,
mechanics punctuation or errors, minor punctuation punctuation
grammatical grammatical or and
errors errors grammatical grammatical
errors errors that it
interferes with
the meaning,

What I Can Do

SITUATIONER: The COVID – 19 pandemic has had a huge impact in the human race.
It has caused the claimed a lot of lives and has caused instability in the economy of
all the countries all over the globe. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)
the major Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly
discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience
mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.

Does a virus follow the postulates of the Cell Theory? Explain your answer concisely.

Please use the rubric in the “What I Have Learned” section as your guide in
answering.

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 Lesson General Biology 1

2 Cell Structure and Function

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you learned about one of the basic foundation of
biology – the Cell Theory. This information has enabled you to understand how
organisms are created, grow, and die. Moreover, it provided you with ideas that the
cell theory has helped human race understand why organisms are formed the way
they do, the progression of cancer, control of diseases, and so much more.

What’s New

Instruction: Complete the crossword puzzle below

What Is It
All eukaryotic cells—whether from animals, plants, protists, or fungi—are
fundamentally similar to one another and profoundly different from prokaryotic cells. A

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eukaryotic cell also contains various other organelles (“little organs”), which perform
specific functions in the cell.

Fig 1. A typical animal cell Structures. Source: (Campbell and Reece, 2005)

Fig 2. A typical plant cell Structures Source: (Campbell and Reece, 2005)

Plant and Animal Organelles

NAME DESCRIPTION FUNCTION
Cell Wall* Contains cellulose or chitin Protection, support
Plasma Membrane Lipid bilayer with Outer layer, regulates what
embedded proteins passes in and out of cell
Nucleus Surrounded by double Control center of cell, directs
membrane, contains protein synthesis
chromosomes

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Nucleolus Site of genes for rRNA Assembles ribosomes
synthesis
Endoplasmic Network of internal Forms compartments and
Reticulum (ER) membranes vesicles, synthesis and
modification of proteins and
lipids
Rough ER Contains ribosomes Protein synthesis
Smooth ER Lacks ribosomes Synthesis of lipids
Golgi Apparatus Stacks of flattened vesicles Packages proteins for export,
forms secretory vesicles
Vesicle Membrane – bound sac Stores and transports
substances
Lysosome Contains hydrolytic Digests macromolecules and
digestive enzymes cell debris
Peroxisome Contains oxidative and Breaks down fatty acids
other enzymes
Central vacuole* Large membrane – bound Storage compartment for
sac in plants water, sugars, ions, pigment
Mitochondrion Bacteria – like element with Carries out cellular
double membrane respiration produces ATP
Chloroplast* Bacteria – like element Site of photosynthesis
found in plants
Cytoskeleton Network of protein Structural support, cell
filaments movement
Cilia and Flagella 9+2 pattern of Motility
microtubules
Centrioles** Occurs in pairs, composed Anchor and assemble
of microtubules microtubules
*plant cells only
**animals cells only

DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL STRUCTURES

STRUCTURES FOUND IN ANIMAL STRUCTURES FOUND IN PLANT

CELLS ONLY CELLS ONLY

a. Lysosomes a. Cell wall

b. Centrioles b. Central Vacuole / Tonoplast
c. Flagella (except in some plant c. Chloroplast
sperm) d. Plasmodesmata

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 What’s More

Instruction: Identify and label the different cell structures indicated in the image.

What I Have Learned

1. Describe the structure of the following organelles.

a. Nucleolus
b. Mitochondria
c. Lysosome
2. Give the function of the following organelles.
a. Cell wall
b. Vesicle
c. Cytoskeleton

What I Can Do

What is the impact of having a chloroplast on plants? Explain by relating it to the

food chain. Answer with a maximum of 10 sentences.

Use the rubric below in answering.

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Rubric
4 3 2 1
FEATURES
(EXPERT) (ACCOMPLISHED) (CAPABLE) (BEGINNER)
Quality of Very Somewhat Gives some Gives no new
writing informative informative and new information
and well organized information and very
organized but poorly poorly
organized organized
Grammar, Virtually no Few Spelling and A number of So many
Usage & spelling, punctuation spelling, spelling,
mechanics punctuation or errors, minor punctuation punctuation
grammatical grammatical or and
errors errors grammatical grammatical
errors errors that it
interferes with
the meaning,

Unit Test
1. Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
A. Mitochondria C. microtubules
B. Golgi vesicles D. centrosomes
2. Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing
which of the following molecules?
A. Lipids C. Glycogen
B. Proteins D. Cellulose
3. Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils,
phospholipids, and steroids?
A. Ribosome C. Lysosome
B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum D. Mitochondrion
4. Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from
the cell?
A. Rough ER C. Lysosomes
B. Plasmodesmata D. Golgi vesicles
5. Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general
destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains
these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
A. Chloroplast C. Peroxisome
B. Central vacuole D. Lysosome
6. Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be
secreted?
A. Lysosome C. Mitochondrion
B. Vacuole D. Golgi Apparatus
7. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells
accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which

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 cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
A. ER C. Golgi Apparatus
B. Lysosome D. Mitochondria
8. Which of the following is NOT a premise of cell theory?
I. All cells arise from other cells.
II. All living cells require water for survival.
III. All living things are only composed of cells.
A. I only C. I and II
B. II only D. II and III
9. What did Schleiden and Schwann both discover individually?
A. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
B. Spontaneous generation of cell is an incorrect theory.
C. All cells have organelles.
D. All living things engage in metabolic functions.
10. In a histology lab a scientist observes the following features under the
microscope. Which of these observations supports cell theory?
I. Cardiac cells are joined by gap junctions and contain three nuclei.
II. Mature platelet cells do not contain a nucleus, but do contain mitochondria.
III. Spermatogonia undergoing mitosis.
IV. The bulk of tissue samples from endocrine glands contain cells as their main
building blocks.
A. II only C. II and IV
B. I and III D. III and IV

Additional Activities

For more addition information view the following videos:

Cell Theory
• Cell theory | Structure of a cell | Biology | Khan Academy
(https://youtu.be/zk3vlhz1b6k)
Cell Structure
• Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media (https://youtu.be/8IlzKri08kk)
• A Tour of the Cell (https://youtu.be/1Z9pqST72is)
Or you may try the Virtual Microscope simulator
Link: https://www.ncbionetwork.org/iet/microscope/

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References
Khand Academy. (2021). Cell Theory. Retrieved from Khan Academy:
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-theory/e/cell-theory-questions
Campbell, N., & Reece, J. (2005). Biology. NJ USA: Pearson Education.
Nature Education. (2014). Principle of Biology: Interactive Book. Retrieved from Nature
Education: http://www.nature.com/principles/ebooks/introductory-biology-sample-
classroom-3488384/contents/

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