Atoms and Elements Student Notebook

SCIENCE 10F
Atoms and Elements
Ms. Wray & Mr. Jackson
Room 233
Name:
Period:
Science 10F: Atoms and Elements
Wray & Jackson
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Table of Contents
What is Chemistry? 🖉 3
🎥 WATCH: Importance of Chemistry in Life, Everyday Uses 3
The History of Chemistry 🖉 4
The Atomic Model 🖉 8
Activity: Atomic Theory Development – Who Believed What? 13
Activity: The Atom As We Know It 14
Meet the Elements 🖉 15
Activity: Getting To Know the Elements 20
Activity: An Elemental Tale: The Gold Dust Kid 21
The Modern Periodic Table 🖉 22
Activity: Determining Number of Atomic Particles 25
Bohr Models 🖉 26
Activity: Drawing Bohr Models Step By Step 30
Activity: Practice Drawing Bohr Models 32
Lewis Dot Diagrams 🖉 34
Activity: Practice Drawing Lewis Dot Diagrams 37
Activity: Compare Bohr Models and Lewis Dot Diagrams 39
Handout Activity: Organization of the Periodic Table 40
Organization of the Periodic Table 🖉 43
Properties of Elements 🖉 46
Activity: Compare and Contrast Metals and Non-Metals 50
Compounds 🖉 51
Activity: Element or Compound? 54
Activity: Compare and Contrast 55
Chemical Formulas 🖉 56
Activity: Practice with Compounds 59
Properties and Change 🖉 60
Activity: Classifying Changes 65
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What is Chemistry? 🖉
_________________ is a branch of physical science that studies the
_______________________, ___________________, _______________________
and _______________ of matter.
What is Matter?
_______________ is anything that has __________ and occupies _____________
Mass
● Is a ___________________ of matter. It is how much matter an object has.
● Measured in _______
○ Also measured in pounds, grams, mg, tonnes, etc.
● Mass is commonly measured by how much something weighs. But
________________________________ for different locations (such as on the
moon) while the ________________________________________.
🎥 WATCH: Importance of Chemistry in Life, Everyday Uses
Who are chemists? _____________________
What are 2 places that chemical reactions occur?
____________________________
____________________________
Chemistry is the study of _______________________!
Have you used chemistry before? (circle one) YES NO
Can you think of 2 places you have used chemistry before?
_____________________________
_____________________________
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The History of Chemistry 🖉
Science and is approximately 4000 years old. But, there are also many
historians who trace the beginning of science even further back in time.
Takeaway: Science has been around _______________________________!
Greek Ideas on the Nature of Matter
The first ideas about chemistry began in ____________ around 450
BCE. A man named Empedocles began
_______________________________ around him. He performed
_______ experiments and only used __________________ to come up
with reasons for what he saw in nature. He thought that everything in the world was
made up of four substances:
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
4. ___________________
We call this model of matter the ___________________________________.
Democritus lived during the same time and disagreed with Empedocles and
thought that matter was made up of __________________________.
For example: Wood was made up of tiny particles of wood. He did a “thought
experiment” and tried to imagine what would happen if you ripped apart a piece of
matter and kept ripping it into ________________
__________________________________________________. He believed
eventually you would be unable to rip apart any more pieces. You would then have
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the __________________________________. He called these smallest particles
____________________which means __________________________.
For example: In this theory, wood would be made up of atomos of wood.
THINK: Apply Democritus’ thinking to the following:
Water would be made up of ______________________
______________ would be made up of atomos of earth.
Aristotle and Socrates who lived around 350 BCE, did
_________________________with Democritus. Rather, they believed that the
________________________________________ was correct. Because they were
prominent philosophers, the four-element model was the model that became the
accepted way to explain what made up the universe.
Alchemy
The field of alchemy began when the Greeks combined
______________________________________ and other views of science that they
adopted from Egypt. In the beginning most of the alchemy was based in mysticism
and magic, but over time other ideas developed.
Eventually people who practiced alchemy had 3 ____________.
1. To change metals that were more valuable into metals that were
_____________________________________________.
2. To find a substance that would give them
________________________.
3. To find a substance that would dissolve all other substances, a
_______________________.
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Alchemists (people who study alchemy) were the first people to perform
_______________ to prove their ideas.
None of the experiments that were performed by alchemists helped them reach their
goals, but many of the experiments resulted in products that we use today.
Chemistry As We Know It
In the 1600s the field of chemistry as we know it today began. At this time
some of the men investigating science began looking at science and experimenting
in a way that allows us to call them “chemists”. They began to take
____________________and ___________________________________. These
chemists tried to determine the properties of pure substances and attempted to
explain what makes up pure substances.
A major contribution was from Robert Boyle (approx 1680), who believed that
elements __________________________________ to form compounds.
Antoine de Lavoisier (late 1700s) defined the term element:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
He also discovered 23 elements and recognized that __________________ existed.
Lavoisier identified _______ as a mixture of _______________ and some other
_______________. He was the first to base his investigations on careful
measurement and observations.
Until the 1800’s the four element model was still generally accepted by the
scientific community. It wasn’t until John Dalton proposed
the__________________________________________, based on Democritus’ idea
of _____________________ that the scientific community changed they way they
viewed matter.
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Key Ideas
• How long science has been around • Greek Philosophers
• Alchemist
Additional Notes
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The Atomic Model 🖉
REMEMBER: Atomos means_______________ and represents the

______________ piece possible.
What is an Atom?
An atom is the ___________________________ of any element that still
retains the characteristics of __________________________________.
Subatomic Particles
Sub = ________________ in _____________
Sub + Atomic Particles = Particles that are ________________________________
Development of Atomic Theory
______________________; 1805
● Suggested that matter is made of small, hard spheres called
__________________ that are different for
___________________________________
● Element = a ____________________________ made up of one type of
particle_____________. Each element Dalton’s Model of the Atom:

has its own
_________________________ and
cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by means of
a______________________________.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter is made of____________________________________________.
2. Atoms cannot be__________________, ____________________or divided
into ______________________________________.
3. All atoms of the same element are identical in__________ and __________,
but they are different in mass and size from the atoms of
______________________________.
4. Compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together in
definite___________________________.
_________________________; 1904
● Discovered the ________________ in a series of experiments designed to
study the nature of electric discharge in a high-
vacuum__________________________
● Thomson interpreted the deflection of the rays by electrically charged plates
and magnets as evidence of
________________________________________ .
● This lead to his ________________________model
(_________________________ are The “Plum Pudding” Model of the Atom:
embedded in a sphere of
________________________
________________________)
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_____________________________________; 1911
● Rutherford designed an experiment to probe the atom by using alpha particles
as __________________________
● A beam of alpha particles was shot at a thin sheet ______________________
● He observed:
○ Most alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil as if it were
made of __________________________
○ A few alpha particles __________________________ from the foil
Rutherford Model of the Atom:
● He concluded an atom is made of:
○ __________________________: a tiny core that is very small in
volume, dense and __________________________
○ __________________________: an “envelope” very large in volume,
light and __________________________
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_____________________________________; 1913
● He studied ______________ samples of atoms, which were made to glow by
passing an ____________________________________through them.
● Bohr proposed that electrons surround the nucleus in specific
“_____________________________” or “shells.”
● In the Bohr model, the electron moves in a _____________________at a
fixed distance from the__________________________.

Bohr Model of the Atom:
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
● The quantum mechanical model is based on_____________________.
Although it is more difficult to understand than the Bohr model, it can be used
to explain observations made
on____________________________.
● According to quantum theory, it’s impossible to know the
_________________________
_________________________________at the same
time.
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Key Ideas
• Atom • Subatomic Particles
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory • Thomson’s Model
• Rutherford’s Model • Bohr’s Model
• Quantum Model
Additional Notes
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Activity: Atomic Theory Development – Who Believed What?

The Theory of the Atom Who The Features of the Theory
(Diagram) Developed
the Theory
John Dalton
“Plum Pudding” or “Raisin Bun

Model” of the atom
● Most of the atom is empty

space. Electrons are able to
move in this space.
● Most of the mass of the atom
is concentrated in a tiny,
dense positively charged
central core called the
nucleus.
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Activity: The Atom As We Know It
Fill in the Below Table on Subatomic Particles:
a b c
Subatomic
Particle
Symbol
Charge
Location in
atom
Mass
Who
discovered
it
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Meet the Elements 🖉
Element = a ____________________________that cannot be broken down or separated
into simpler substances.
Each element has:
● _________________
● _________________
● _________________ in the periodic table
The _________________________________ is the best way to list the atoms of the
different __________________.
Remember: An element is a pure substance made out of ________________________.
Naming the Elements
● The first Chemist to report a new element had the right to
___________________________.
● For example, Marie Curie ___________________________________ and named it
after her country of birth, _______________.
● Einsteinium was named after______________________________.
● Because the names of elements came from many different sources (different
languages and different countries) a system of ___________________________
was introduced by Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius.
● He provided ________________________________________________ and
showed how to create symbols for any ___________________________that might
be discovered later.
● Unlike the naming of the elements, the system used for determining the symbols for
elements follows a ___________________________.
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Chemical/Elemental Symbols
● Each element has a ________________.
o For _____ letter symbols use a _______________________.
(for example: C, S, O, F, H, N, K, B)
● For _____ letter symbols use a capital letter for the _____________ and a lowercase
letter for the ______________.
(for example: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sn, Sb, Ti, Mg)
● Chemical symbols are used to ____________________ the language of chemistry
● Chemistry is used by scientists ______________________________ and the names
of __________________ are _________________ in different _________________.
● Chemical symbols are named using ____________ rules
(___________________________________________________________________
________________________)
● Chemical symbols also provide chemists with a ______________________ way to
write the elements
● Several element symbols are related to their _____________________________.
o Gold = _____ (___________ name ____________)
o Silver = _____ (___________________)
o Tungsten = ____ (from the ______________ Wolfram)
o Lead = _____ (____________________)
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Sorting the Elements
● By the 1850’s chemists had identified a total of ___________________________.
● By the 1860’s several scientists were trying to sort the known elements according
to___________________________.
● Thanks to Russian chemist Dmitri ___________________________, the
___________________________ came to be.
Mendeleev
● Mendeleev made a card for each___________________________. On the card he
put data for_______________________ of the elements, such as:
o ______________________
o ______________________
o ______________________
o ______________________
o ______________________
● He pinned all the cards to the wall in order of
_______________________________________________, moving elements
around and looking for ___________________.
● He arranged elements in _______________________________ and
____________________________________.
● He found that the properties of the elements repeated at definite (or periodic)
____________________.
● Because of these___________________________, the pattern he discovered
became known as the___________________________.
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● He left gaps in his table, blank spaces predicting the existence of elements not yet
found.
● He even predicted the properties of these unknown elements which encouraged
other scientists to investigate further.
● By 1915, chemists and physicists had developed models of
____________________________________.
● The periodic table was reorganized with a focus on atomic structure
● The resulting modern periodic table is based on a special number for each element:
____________________________.
Henry Moseley - 1901
● He created the ___________________________: with the number of
___________________________ directly related to atomic number not atomic
mass.
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Key Ideas
• Elements • Elemental Symbol
• Mendeleev • Moseley
Additional Notes
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Activity: Getting To Know the Elements
State the element for each symbol:
1. ____ Helium 2. ____ Gold 3. ____ Lithium 4. ____ Beryllium
5. ____ Sodium 6. ____ Copper 7. ____ Magnesium
8. ____ Hydrogen 9. ____ Potassium 10. ____ Calcium 11. ____ Iron
12. ____ Nickel 13. ____ Boron 14. ____ Carbon 15. ____ Aluminum
16. ____ Silicon 17. ____ Neon 18. ____ Fluorine 19. ____ Oxygen
20. ____ Nitrogen 21. ____ Phosphorous 22. ____ Sulfur*
23. ____ Argon 24. ____ Zinc 25. ____ Silver 26. ____ Tin
27. ____ Mercury 28. ____ Lead 29. ____ Uranium
Write the element name for each symbol:
1. __________________ U 2. _______________Pb 3. ________________ C
4. ________________ Ca 5. _______________Fe 6. ________________ F
7. ________________ N 8. ________________ Ni 9. ________________ Ne
10. ________________ He 11. ________________ H 12. ________________ Si
13. ________________ Na 14. ________________ S* 15. ________________ P
16. ________________ K 17. ________________ Be 18. ________________ B
19. ________________ Ar 20. ________________ Al 21. ________________ Li
22. ________________ Mg 23. ________________ Cu 24. ________________ Zn
25. ________________ I 26. ________________ Ag 27. ________________ Au
28. ________________ W 29. ________________ Hg
*Sulphur/Sulfur has 2 correct spellings.
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Activity: An Elemental Tale: The Gold Dust Kid
The Kid mounted his trusted steed, old (B) ___________ . His shooting (Fe) ________
strapped to his side, he headed out for the bright (Ne) ________ lights of Sabuttus, aiming
to rob the Litchfield stage. There was sure to be a load of precious (U) __________ aboard,
and probably (K) ____________ too. Inhaling a deep breath of (O) ___________ he
coughed on the (S) ___________ from the nearby mills. Since the (Hg) ___________ in the
thermometer was climbing, he quenched his thirst with some H2O, tasting the
(Cl) ___________ all big cities like Wales had. As he headed north, his riding bones ached
from (Ca) __________ deposits built up over years of riding the (Zn) ________ trail.
Overhead a (He) __________ - filled balloon floated in the breeze; the sun beat down like
burning (P) ____________ . Soon he spotted the stage, guarded only by a sheriff with a
(Sn) ___________ badge. “Halt”, he yelled, “or I’ll fill you full of (Pb) ________ .” The sheriff
drew his gun, but alas, was too slow. The Kid’s gun, blazing like flaming
(Mg) _______________ did the (Cu) ___________ in. Anyone who drew on the Kid should
know his life wasn’t worth a plugged (Ni) ___________ . A (Pt) ___________ blond riding
beside the (Al) ___________ - framed coach rode for her life when the Kid pulled out some
(N) ____________ compounds, preparing to blow the safe to atoms. Suddenly, a shout
rang out, “Hi Ho (Ag) ___________ !” and a masked man on a white horse raced across the
(Si) _____________sands like (Na) ____________ skittering on H2O. A (H) ___________
bomb would not have stopped the lawman; the Kid had met his doom. The rest of his life
was to be spent behind (Co) _____________ steel bars, a warning to all who flirt with
danger. Your detention may be the initial step in a (C) __________ copy life of the saga of
the (Au) ________ Dust Kid.
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The Modern Periodic Table 🖉
● Period: ___________________________on the periodic table
● Groups: ___________________________on the periodic table.
o Groups contain elements with similar ___________________________.
Elements
● There are about ___________________________called elements that occur
naturally.
● There are more than ___________________________
● All other forms of matter are made from ________________________ of elements.
What is the Periodic Table?
● Shows all known ________________ in the universe.
● Organizes the elements by ________________________________.
How do you read it?
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What is the Atomic Number?
● The number of _______________ in the ______________ of an atom
● The order of the ______________ on the periodic table are organized by
______________________________
● The number of _______________ is equal to the number of ________________
What is the Symbol?
● A one or two letter _____________________ of the element name, derived from the
element’s English or Latin name
What is the Atomic Weight (or Mass)?
● The number of ______________ + _________________ in the atom
How do you determine the number of Neutrons?
● Number of Neutrons = ________________ of the element - the atomic number
How to Find Subatomic Particles of an Element
● Number of PROTONS = __________________________________________
● Number of ELECTRONS = __________________________________________
● Number of NEUTRONS = __________________________________________
Example: Carbon
o Protons =
o Electrons =
o Neutrons =
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Key Ideas
• Atomic Number • Atomic Mass
• Nucleus • Protons
• Neutrons • Electrons
• Periodic Table • How to read the periodic table
Additional Notes
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Activity: Determining Number of Atomic Particles
Number of Number of Number Atomic Atomic Element Chemical

Protons Electrons of Mass Number Name Symbol
Neutrons
7 7
5 5 6
1 1 0
Ca
30 35
13 27 13
9 19
23 28 Vanadium V
17 35 17
3 Li
79 Au
11 23 11
33 33
Tin
19 K
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Bohr Models 🖉
Elements ______________________ with each other to form _______________
For compounds to be formed, _________________from elements must interact with each
other
We need to learn how to represent these electrons
Bohr models are a way to_____________________________________________
They help us to:
a) Understand __________________________ of an element
b) _________________ how atoms can __________________ with one another
to form _______________________________
Atoms are mostly empty space with a _____________________________ nucleus
surrounded by electrons that travel in ________________________________
Three important things to keep in mind:
i. Each _____________________________ in an atom has a definite amount of
energy.
ii. The farther away the electron is from the nucleus, the
_____________________________
iii. Electrons cannot exist between orbitals, but can only
_____________________________ from one orbital to another.
An orbit full of __________________ is __________________.
Stable Octet =
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Steps to Drawing a Bohr Diagram:
1. Determine the number of _____________________________ for that element
___________________
2. Determine the number of electrons/energy shells to be draw
▪ __________________________________________________________
▪ __________________________________________________________
3. Draw a circle for the nucleus and write the element below. In the nucleus, write the
number of __________________________________________.
4. Then, draw _____________________________around the nucleus.
5. Fill the orbitals with electrons according to the following pattern:
Energy Shell (orbital) Number of Electrons it can hold
NOTE:
● 1st Orbital (Nearest to the Nucleus): Filled first, with a maximum of 2
electrons
● 2nd Orbital: Filled with a maximum of 8 electrons; draw electrons in pairs
for more than 4 electrons in this orbital;
● 3rd Orbital: Filled with a maximum of 8 electrons; draw electrons in pairs for
more than 4 electrons in this orbital
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Benefits to Bohr Models
● They show ________ of the ___________________
● They show the ____________ that the electrons ______________
Examples: Draw the Bohr Models for the following
Helium Carbon
Fluorine Sodium
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Key Ideas
• Bohr Model Diagram • How to Draw Bohr Model Diagram
• Electron Shells • Stable Octet
Additional Notes
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Activity: Drawing Bohr Models Step By Step
19
Example: Fluorine F
9
Step 1: Determine the number of fundamental particles found in the element.
● Number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom. This value
is equal to the atomic number.
● Number of neutrons is calculated using the equation: atomic mass minus atomic
number.
○ Number of protons = ______(equal to atomic number)
○ Number of electrons = _____(equal to atomic number)
○ Number of neutrons = _____________(atomic mass – atomic number)
Step 2: Draw a circular nucleus with the correct number of and symbol for both protons
and neutrons. The nucleus contains both neutrons and protons
Step 3: Draw the correct number of electron shells. The number of shells/orbits is equal to
the period of the element on the periodic table. Therefore, fluorine is found in period #2 and
contains two electron shells.
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Step 4: Represent electrons as dots and position electrons in orbits or energy levels/shells.
● The electrons will fill the orbit of lowest energy first (i.e., first electron shell closest to
nucleus). The first shell can hold a maximum of two electrons.
● An electron shell must be filled with its maximum number of electrons before any
subsequent electron shell can be filled.
● Electrons should be distributed equally and symmetrically throughout shell.
Therefore, in the fluorine atom, the first shell contains two electrons, and the second
shell contains seven electrons.
Notice that the number of valence electrons or outer shell electrons is equal to the Roman
Numeral (A VII) of the group in which the fluorine is located.
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Activity: Practice Drawing Bohr Models

For the following, draw the Bohr Model for the element and fill out the blanks. Make sure to
clearly include Chemical Symbol, Number of Protons, and Number of Neutrons.
1. Oxygen
Number of Electrons ______
Atomic Number _______ Atomic Mass ________
2. Magnesium
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3. Argon
4. Aluminum
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Lewis Dot Diagrams 🖉
Valence Shell = The _______________ shell/ourbit that electrons occupy
Valence Electrons = ______________ found in the
____________________________________ shell/orbit
Lewis Dot Diagrams
● Are another way to __________________________________.
● They are a ________________________ of the
______________________________________ of an atom
Steps to Drawing a Lewis Dot Diagram
1. Write the ______________________________________
2. Determine the number of _____________________________ for that element
___________________
The number of dots you will draw will be the same as the number of valence
electrons
3. Begin drawing dots around the symbol.
a. Draw single dots (electrons) around the element first
b. If you still have valence electrons to draw begin to pair up the dots
(electrons).
Remember: We are only drawing the VALENCE electrons
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Benefits to Lewis Dot Diagrams
● _______________ to draw
● Show only the ________________ that will be used in __________________ (the
valence electrons).
Examples: Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for the following
Helium Carbon
Fluorine Sodium
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Key Ideas
• Valence Shell • Valence Electron
• How to Draw Lewis Dot Diagram
Additional Notes
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Activity: Practice Drawing Lewis Dot Diagrams

For the following, draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for the element and fill out the blanks.
1. Lithium
Number of Valence Electrons ______
The Valence Shell is Shell Number _______
2. Sulfur
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3. Nitrogen
4. Calcium
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Activity: Compare Bohr Models and Lewis Dot Diagrams
Bohr Model Lewis Dot Diagram

Electrons
Represented
Orbits Represented
True or False: The

model shows which
orbit valence
electrons are in
Draw the Model for
Hydrogen (H)
Draw the Model for

Silicon (Si)
How do the models

of silicon (Si) you
drew compare to the
models you
previously drew for
carbon (C)? Are they
similar? Why?
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Classifying Elements on the Periodic Table 🖉
Periods
● The __________________________tells us how many ______________
______________there are in the element’s atom.
● Numbered from _____ to _____ from top to bottom
● Elements in the same _______________________all have the same number of
________________________.
o Each _______________ represents an __________ in the Bohr Model
● Examples:
o Elements in the ________ period have ____ orbit (example: ________)
o Elements in the ________ periodi have _____ orbits (example:______)
Groups/Families
● Numbered from _____ to ______ from left to right (or I to VIII in Roman Numerals)
● Elements in the same ______________ have the same number of
____________________________(electrons in their outer orbit)
● Elements in the same _______________ have similar ___________________ and
________________ properties
● Elements within groups______________the same way with other elements.
● Elements react with each other because they all want to have a full
_________________________ by _____________________________ (LOSE or
GAIN electrons).
Handout Activity: Organization of the Periodic Table
Examples:
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1. Sodium
a. How many electron shells? How can you tell?
________________________________________________
b. How many valence electrons? How can you tell?
_________________________________________________
2. Bromine
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3. Nitrogen
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
c.
4. Silicon
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
5. Calcium
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
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Key Ideas
•Period • Group
Additional Notes
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Organization of the Periodic Table 🖉
Classifying Elements: By Group
Group 1 🡪 ___________________________________
● Have ___ valence electron
● One of the ______________ reactive groups, ___________ their electron to the
Halogens (Group ____)
● _________________ is an example of a ___________________.
NOTE: Hydrogen is in a group to itself because of its unique properties
● Hydrogen has ______ electron
● It is _____________ to group 1 in some ways
● It is __________ reactive
Group 2 🡪 __________________________________
● Have _____ valence electrons
● Also reactive, but ____________________than Alkali Metals
● _________________ is an example of a ___________________.
Groups 3-12 🡪 ________________________________
● Different metals in groups 3 - 12.
● _________________ is an example of a ___________________.
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Group 16 🡪 ________________________________
● Reactive __________________
● Have ______ valence electrons
● _________________ is an example of a ___________________.
Group 17 🡪 _______________________________
● Have _________ valence electrons
● Only need to _________ 1 electron to have a full valence shell
● One of the ______________ reactive groups of non-metals
● _________________ is an example of a ___________________.
Group 18 🡪 _________________________________
● Are all non-metals, and are _______ chemically ______________
o Unreactive, _____________, _______________
● These elements have a ___________ outer shell, with ______ valence electrons
● _________________ is an example of a ___________________.
Atoms want to have a _________________________________.
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Key Ideas
• Halogens • Alkali Metals
• Alkaline Earth Metals • Chalcogens
• Noble Gases • Reactivity
Additional Notes
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
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Properties of Elements 🖉
Metals
● Most of the elements on the periodic table are ______________.
● Starting at______________ (like a staircase) and going all the way down to
__________________.
Physical Properties
● ____________________ (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)
● High density
● Luster (shininess)
● _______________________ of heat and electricity
● High ___________________________
● Ductile (most metals can be drawn
into thin wire)
Chemical Properties
● Easily ____________________
● Corrodes easily
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Non-Metals
● Are found to the ________________ of the staircase
● Their characteristics are __________________ those of metals
Physical Properties:
● No luster
● ________________________ of heat and electricity
● __________________ (break easily)
● Not Ductile
● Not malleable
● Low density
● ______________________________
Chemical Properties:
● Tend to ________________ electrons
● Since metals tend to ____________ electrons and non-metals tend to ___________
electrons, metals and non-metals ____________________________ with each
other.
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Metalloids
Elements on both sides of the _____________________ have __________________of
both metals and non-metals
Physical Properties:
● _________________ ● Malleable
● Can be shiny or dull ● _______________ heat and
● ___________ electricity better than nonmetals but
not as well metals
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Key Ideas
• Metals • Properties of Metals
• Non-Metals • Properties of Non-Metals
• Metalloids • Properties of Metalloids
• Ductile • Malleable
• Conductivity
Additional Notes
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Activity: Compare and Contrast Metals and Non-Metals
Metals Metalloids Non-Metals

Location on
the Periodic
Table
State
(Solid, Liquid,
Gas)
Conductor?
Insulator?
Malleable?
Ductile?
Brittle?
Lustre?
3 Examples
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Compounds 🖉
Matter
● Everything is made up of _______________________.
● Matter is anything that has ____________________________ and
______________________.
Classifying Matter
● Matter can be classified according to its state:
1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
● Matter can be classified according to its composition:
1. _________________
2. ____________________________
Pure Substance
● Pure substance is matter that contains only ________ type of particle.
o These particles may be:
1. __________________
● Examples:_______________________________
2. __________________
● Examples:_______________________________
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Molecule
● A molecule is the smallest independent _________ of a pure substance and is
generally a cluster of
________________________________________________________
● A molecule may consist of:
o A ____________________________, as in a molecule of a noble gas
such as helium (He)
o ______________________________________ such as a molecule of
water (H2O) held together by valence forces.
● Molecules are represented by ____________________________.
Element:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
Compound
● A compound is a _____________________ that consists of
____________________________
● A compound has molecules that are made of __________________ kinds of
atoms joined by ____________________________
● Made of ______________________ in a specific _________________
● Have a ____________________________
● Can only be separated by ____________________________
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Key Ideas
• Matter • Pure Substance
• Compound • Molecule
• Classifying Matter
Additional Notes
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
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Activity: Element or Compound?
Material Made Up Of: Element or Compound?
Water
Coal
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Chalk
Wax
Table Salt
Caffeine
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Activity: Compare and Contrast

Molecules vs. Compounds
How are they different?
Molecules Compounds
How are they the same?
Elements vs. Compounds
How are they different?
Elements Compounds
How are they the same?
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Chemical Formulas 🖉
● There are ________ important parts to a __________________________
1. The combination of ____________________________that indicate what
elements make up the ____________________________
2. The ___________________________________ of each element present.
● For example: H2O (water)
o H2 = ____________________________________________________
o O = ____________________________________________________
o According to the chemical formula, H2O water must ALWAYS contain
______________________________________________ (law of definite
proportions)
Name of Compound Formula of Molecule Elements How many atoms of
Present each?
Water H2O
Carbon dioxide CO2
Propane C3H8
Glucose C6H12O6
Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
A group of atoms in ________________means that this group of atoms is _____________
in the molecule (or particle). The _________________ that follows the bracket tells us how
many times the group is ___________________.
Monatomic Molecules
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● A molecule made up of ___________________________________
● These tend to be gases composed of a single atom
● Examples: _______________________________________________
● Mono - a prefix that means _________
Diatomic Molecules
● A molecule made up of __________________________________
● In nature, diatomic molecules are often molecules made
___________________________ ____________________________________
same element.
● Ex. Oxygen: __________________________________
● Ex. Nitrogen: __________________________________
● Di - a prefix that means __________
Polyatomic Molecules
● A molecule containing __________________________________are termed
polyatomic molecules.
● __________________________________may contain many
_________________________ atoms.
● Examples: __________________________________________
● Polyatomic __________________are those that require
__________________________________ bonded into a molecule to exist naturally.
● Example: __________________________________
● Poly - a prefix that means _____________
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Key Ideas
• Chemical Formulas • Monatomic Molecules
• Diatomic Molecules • Polyatomic Molecules
• How to Determine Number of Atoms in Chemical Formulas
Additional Notes
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
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Activity: Practice with Compounds
Name of Compound Formula of Molecule Elements How many atoms of
Present each?
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
Topaz Al2Si4(OH)2
Apatite Ca5(PO4)3F
Talc H2Mg3(SiO3)4
Tourmaline (BO3)3 (Si6O18)(OH)4
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Properties and Change 🖉
Properties
● Every kind of matter has _______________________.
● Properties can be used to help_____________________________________.
Changes
● Chemists classify changes in matter into 2 categories:
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
Physical Property
● Any property that can be observed or measured
_______________________________________________is a physical property.
● Examples:
o __________________ o ______________________
o Density (Solid, gas, liquid)
o Hardness (ductile) o Texture
o ____________________
o Smell
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Physical Change
● During a physical change
______________________________________________________.
● New________________________ may appear, but the__________________ of the
starting substance has __________________________________.
● When a physical change occurs, only the __________ of the substance changes
● Example: Ice melting – the _________________________are temporary and the
change could be _____________.
Indicators of Change
● The following are good indicators that physical change has occurred:
o Change in ____________________
o Change in ____________________
o Change in ____________________
o Change in ____________________
Examples of Physical Change:
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Chemical Property
● Any property that describes how a substance
______________________________________________________________ when
forming a new substance is a_____________________________.
● Examples:
o Combustibility
o _________________________
o _________________________
Chemical Change
● A chemical change causes at least ______________________________________
with ___________________________________ to be formed.
● A chemical change may be difficult or impossible
______________________________.
● Example: __________________________- the smoke that escapes and the black
solid that is left behind cannot be recombined again to form paper.
Indicators of Chemical Change
● The following are indicators that a ________________________has occurred:
o Change in _____________
o New _____________
o New substance is_______________
▪ ___________________ – a gas
▪ ___________________ - chunks of solid appearing in a liquid
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Example of Chemical Change:
Examples: Are the following chemical or physical changes?
a. When methane burns there is a unique smell.
_______________________________
b. Aluminum metal melts under extreme heat.
________________________________
c. When water is boiled, bubbles form and burst at the surface releasing steam.
____________________
d. When Alka-Seltzer tablets are put into water bubbles form producing fizz.
____________________
e. Sugar is dissolved into water. _________________________
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Key Ideas
• Physical Property • Physical Change
• Chemical Property • Chemical Change
Additional Notes
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
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Wray & Jackson
Activity: Classifying Changes
Situation Type of Change Explanation

A piece of dry ice (solid carbon
dioxide) is warmed. Large
amounts of white vapour
appear.
When making wine from

berries, bubbles form on the
surface of the yeast and fruit
mixture
A plant uses sunlight to make

energy in the form of sugars
A tree is cut down
When an instant ice pack is

squeezed at room temperature
two components combine and
quickly become very cold.
A jeweler melts the gold at a

high temperature.
Sugar is added to a cup of

coffee stirred until all the sugar
dissolves.
Scrambled eggs are cooked in

a frying pan
Wood is added to a burning

campfire
Water is frozen into ice cubes
Frost forms on the windshield of

the car
PAGE 66

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SCIENCE 10F

Atoms and Elements

Ms. Wray & Mr. Jackson

_________________ is a branch of physical science that studies the

_______________________, ___________________, _______________________

and _______________ of matter.

_______________ is anything that has __________ and occupies _____________

● Is a ___________________ of matter. It is how much matter an object has.

○ Also measured in pounds, grams, mg, tonnes, etc.

● Mass is commonly measured by how much something weighs. But

________________________________ for different locations (such as on the

moon) while the ________________________________________.

🎥 WATCH: Importance of Chemistry in Life, Everyday Uses

Who are chemists? _____________________

What are 2 places that chemical reactions occur?

Chemistry is the study of _______________________!

Have you used chemistry before? (circle one) YES NO

Can you think of 2 places you have used chemistry before?

The History of Chemistry 🖉

Takeaway: Science has been around _______________________________!

Greek Ideas on the Nature of Matter

The first ideas about chemistry began in ____________ around 450

BCE. A man named Empedocles began

_______________________________ around him. He performed

_______ experiments and only used __________________ to come up

made up of four substances:

We call this model of matter the ___________________________________.

thought that matter was made up of __________________________.

matter and kept ripping it into ________________

the __________________________________. He called these smallest particles

____________________which means __________________________.

For example: In this theory, wood would be made up of atomos of wood.

THINK: Apply Democritus’ thinking to the following:

Water would be made up of ______________________

______________ would be made up of atomos of earth.

Aristotle and Socrates who lived around 350 BCE, did

_________________________with Democritus. Rather, they believed that the

________________________________________ was correct. Because they were

accepted way to explain what made up the universe.

The field of alchemy began when the Greeks combined

______________________________________ and other views of science that they

and magic, but over time other ideas developed.

Eventually people who practiced alchemy had 3 ____________.

2. To find a substance that would give them

3. To find a substance that would dissolve all other substances, a

_______________ to prove their ideas.

in a way that allows us to call them “chemists”. They began to take

____________________and ___________________________________. These

chemists tried to determine the properties of pure substances and attempted to

explain what makes up pure substances.

elements __________________________________ to form compounds.

Antoine de Lavoisier (late 1700s) defined the term element:

He also discovered 23 elements and recognized that __________________ existed.

Lavoisier identified _______ as a mixture of _______________ and some other

_______________. He was the first to base his investigations on careful

measurement and observations.

scientific community. It wasn’t until John Dalton proposed

the__________________________________________, based on Democritus’ idea

of _____________________ that the scientific community changed they way they

_____________, _, _______________

_ is anything that has and occupies _

_ experiments and only used ____________ to come up

which means ______.

and _______________. These

Lavoisier identified _ as a mixture of _________ and some other

Sub = ____ in _

2. Atoms cannot be, __or divided

o For _ letter symbols use a ___________________.