Me 6604 - Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Unit - Iii Normal and Oblique Shocks Part - A

ME 6604- Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017
ME 6604 – GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION

UNIT – III NORMAL AND OBLIQUE SHOCKS
PART – A
1. Define shock wave. Classify it.
Shock wave is a special kind of steep finite pressure wave in which the changes in flow properties across
the wave are abrupt.
Shock waves are classified into two types. (1) Normal shock wave (2) Oblique shock wave.
2. Mention the applications of shock waves.
 Used in shock tubes and supersonic compressors.
 Used in supersonic aircraft to obtain high pressure ratio in an axial compressor.
3. Define normal shock wave.
If the shock waves are right angles/perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow, then it is known as
normal shock wave.
4. Define oblique shock wave.
If the shock waves are inclined at an angle to the direction of fluid flow, then it is known as oblique shock
wave. It is also known as two dimensional plane shock wave.
5. Write the Prandtl-Meyer relation.
c c = a*2
x y or M* M* = 1 x y
2
Py 1  M
6. Prove that for normal shock  x
2
Px 1  M y
2 2 2 2
Fx Fy  P x  x C x P y  y C y  P x  P x M x P y   y M y
P ( 1  M 2
)P ( 1  M 2
)
Py 1   M x2
x x y y 
Px 1   M 2y
7. How the properties changes across a normal shock?
(i) Stagnation enthalpy and stagnation temperature remains constant.
(ii) Stagnation pressure decreases across the shock.
(iii) Static pressure and static temperature increases across the shock.
8. Indicate the change (increase/decrease) in the properties of a fluid across normal shock?
(a) Stagnation pressure (b) stagnation temperature
(a) Stagnation pressure decreases. (b) Stagnation temperature is constant.
9. Shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow. Why?
Shocks are introduced to increase the pressure and hence it is a deceleration process. Therefore, shocks are
possible only when the fluid velocity is maximum. In a subsonic flow, the velocity of fluid is less than the
critical velocity and hence deceleration is not possible. Thus, shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow.
10. Give the relationship of Mach number before and after the shock?
1/ 2
 2 2 
  Mx 
 1
My   
 2 2 
   1 M x  1  Where, My = Mach number after the shock, Mx = Mach number before the shock
 
11. Write the expression for change in entropy across the shock.
T  p   T    1 p  p 
S  Sy  Sx  cp ln  Y   R ln  y   cp ln  Y   CP ln  y    R ln  oy 
 TX   Px   TX    Px   Pox 
12. Name some practical situations when the oblique shock occurs.
(i) Oblique shocks are found to occur at the exit of the turbine blade passages with supersonic flow.
(ii) Oblique shocks are also formed at the entry of supersonic diffuses of aircraft engines.
13. Give the applications of moving shock waves.
Applications like shock tubes, supersonic gas ducts, partial admission turbines, pulse jet engines, study of
high temperature chemistry and high speed aerodynamics.
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 1 ISO 9001:2008
14. What is a shock polar?

The graphical representation of oblique shock properties in known as “shock polar”.
15. Differentiate normal and oblique shock.
Sl. No. Normal Shock Oblique Shock
1 The shock waves are right angles to the The shock waves are inclined at an angle to the
direction of flow. direction of flow.
2 One dimensional flow/analysis. Two dimensional flow/analysis.
16. Define strength of shockwave.
It is defined as the ratio of pressure increase due to shock (difference in downstream and upstream pressure
= Py – Px) to the initial or upstream pressure (Px). It is denoted using ‘ξ’.
17. Define compression shock.
Compression wave is a wave which is at a higher pressure than the fluid into which it is moving.
18. Define rarefaction shock.
A wave which is at a lower pressure than the fluid into which it is moving is called as rarefaction/expansion
wave.
19. Why compression shock wave is possible and not the rarefaction wave.
Compression shock wave decelerates the flow, which increase the pressure, density and entropy.
Rarefaction shock wave accelerates the flow which decreases the density and entropy. But decrease in
entropy with total energy conservation through a shock wave violates thermodynamics. Thus rarefaction
shock is not possible.
20. Calculate the strength of shock wave when normal shock appears at M = 2.
From normal shock table, at M = 2 & γ = 1.4 (Py / Px) = 4.5
Strength of shock wave = (P y – Px)/ Px = (Py / Px) – 1 = 3.5
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. A normal shock occurs at a point in air flow where the pressure is 530 kPa and the temperature is
30 oC. If the pressure ratio across this shock wave is 2.6, find the Mach number and static temperature
at the downstream of the shock waves. (April/May 2012)
From normal shock table, at (Py / Px) = 2.6
Mx = 1.54, My = 0.687, (Ty / Tx) = 1.347 & (Poy / Px) = 3.567
Given that, Tx = 303 K, Px = 530 kPa Therefore, Ty = 327.32 K, P0y = 107.01 kPa
2. What are the beneficial and adverse effects of shock waves? (April/May 2012)
Beneficial effects:
1. A strong shock wave is utilized to accelerate the flow to a high Mach number in a shock tube.
2. On account of abrupt changes of pressure, density etc. across chock waves, there are profitably used in
supersonic compressor to obtain considerably high pressure ratio in one stage.
Adverse effects:
1. Shock wave cause undesirable interference with the normal flow behavior, therefore the efficiency of
turbo machineries decreases.
2. Shock waves create sonic boom in supersonic aircrafts and damage the flow passage.
3. Why the efficiency of a machine, experiencing shock wave is considerably low? (April/May 2014)
Shock may cause boundary layer separation and deviation of flow from its design direction. There will be a
loss in stagnation pressure and increase in entropy across the shock wave.
4. What is the use of pitot tube in supersonic flow? (April/May 2014)
Introduction of a pitot tube produces a curved shock a little distance upstream of its mouth. Therefore it
measures the stagnation pressure downstream the shock wave.
5. What is oblique shock? (April/May 2015)
When the shock wave is inclined at an angle to the flow, it is called oblique shock.
6. What is Prandtl-Meyer relation? (April/May 2015)
It gives the relationship between the gas velocities before and after the normal shock and the critical velocity
of sound. c c = a*2
x y M* M* = 1
x y

7. List the applications of the moving shock wave. (April/May 2016)

Shock tubes, supersonic gas ducts, compressors, pulse jet engines, partial admission turbines, study of high
temperature chemistry and high speed aerodynamics.
8. State the necessary conditions for a normal shock to occur in compressible flow. (April/May 2016)
Mx > 1
PART – B
PROBLEMS
NORMAL SHOCKS
1. The state of a gas ( γ = 1.3, R = 0.469 kJ/kgK) upstream of a normal shock is given by the following
data. Mx = 2.5, Tx = 275 K, Px = 2 bar. Calculate pressure, temperature and velocity of gas for
downstream of shock.
Given Data: γ = 1.3, R = 0.469 , M = 2.5,

T = 275 K, P = 2 bar = 2 × 10 N/m
Find: i) M , P , T
Solution:
(i) Mach number, pressure, and temperature of gas for downstream
At Inlet, From Normal shocks Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & M = 2.5
= .
= 6.935 P = 6.935 × P = 6.935 × 2 × 10 = . ×
= 1.869 T = 1.869 × T = 1.869 × 275 = .
2. A ratio of exit to entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 4. The Mach number of air jet approaching at
P0 = 1.013 bar, temperature 290 K is 2.2. There is a standing normal shock wave just outside the
diffuser entry. The flow in the diffuser is isentropic. Determine for the exit of diffuser Mach number,
temperature and pressure. What is the stagnation pressure loss between initial and final jet of flow?
Given Data: = 4, P = 1.013 bar = 1.013 × 10 = P , T = 290 K, M = 2.2

Find: i) M , (ii) T , ( ) P , ( ) ∆ = −
Solution:
(i) Mach number
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = M = 2.2
T T P P A
= = 0.508, = = 0.0935 , ∗ = 7.45
T T P P A
= 0.508 T = = = .
. .
= 0.0935 P = 0.0935 × P = 0.0935 × 1.013 × 10 = . ×
From Normal shocks Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 2.2

= .
= 5.480 P = 5.480 × P = 5.480 × 9.471 × 10 = . ×
= 1.857 T = 1.857 × T = 1.869 × 290 = .
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.547 ≈ 0.55

P A
= 0.814 , ∗ = 1.25
P A
. ×
= 0.814 P = = = . ×
. .
∗ = ∗ × ∗ = × ∗ = 4 × 1.255 ∗ = .
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 5.02 ≈ 5.299
= .
(ii) Temperature
= 0.9976 T = 0.9976 × T = 0.9976 × 570.86 =
(iii) Pressure
= 0.992 P = 0.992 × P = 0.992 × 63.75 × 10 = .
(iv) The stagnation pressure loss

∆P = P − P = 1.013 × 10 − 63.75 × 10 ∆ = . ×
3. An aeroplane having a diffuser designed for a subsonic flight has a normal shock attached to the edge
of the diffuser entry when the flight is flying at supersonic speed. If at the exit of the diffuser, the
Mach number is 0.3, What must be the flight Mach number? Assuming isentropic diffusion behind
the shock. The area at inlet is 0.29 m2 and exit is 0.44 m2.
Given Data: M = 0.3, A = A = 0.29 , A = 0.44

Find: i) Flight Mach number (M )
Solution:
) ( )
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.3
A
= 2.035
A ∗
.
∗ = ∗ × ∗ = × ∗ ∗ = × 2.035 ∗ = 1.341
.
= .
From Normal Shock Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.5

= .
4. A convergent divergent duct is operating under off designed condition as it conducts air from high
pressure tank where P0 = 210 kPa and T0 = 310 K. A normal shock is present in the divergent section.
Find the exit pressure, loss in stagnation pressure, increase in entropy. Take, Area of throat = At =
13 cm2, Area at exit = Ae = 26 cm2 and Area at shock present = Ax = Ay = 19.5 cm2.
Given Data: P = 210 kPa = 2.1 × 10 = P , T = 37℃ + 273 = 310 K,

∗
A = 13cm = 13 × 10 , A = A = 26cm = 26 × 10
A = 19.5 cm = 19.5 × 10 =A
Find: i) P , (ii) ∆P , (iii) ∆S
Solution:
(i) Exit pressure
. ×
∗ = ∗ = .
×
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.5 ≈ 1.507 = .

= .
= 0.786 P = 0.786 × P = 0.786 × 2.1 × 10 = . ×
∗ . × ∗
∗ = 1.118 A = = = . ×
. .
A2 26×10−4 A2
= = .
A∗y 1.64×10−3 A∗y
= 0.895 P = 0.895 × P = 0.895 × 1.65 × 10 = . ×
(ii) The stagnation pressure loss

∆P = P − P = 2.1 × 10 − 1.65 × 10 ∆ = . ×
(iii) Increase in entropy

. ×
∆S = R ln = 287 × ln ∆ = .
. ×
5. A nozzle has an exit area to throat area ratio of 2.5. The total properties of air at inlet are 7 bar and
87 oC. The throat area 6.5 cm2. Determine for exit, Mach number, static pressure, static temperature
and stagnation pressure when a plane normal shock stands at a point where Mach number is 2.
Assume isentropic flow before and after the normal shock.
Given Data: ∗= 2.5, P = 7 bar = 7 × 10 = P , T = 87℃ + 273 = 360 K,

∗
A = 6.5 cm = 6.5 × 10 , = 2
Find: i) , ii) T , (iii) P , (iv) P
Solution:
(i) Mach number at exit
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 2
A
= 1.687
A ∗
From Normal Shock Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 2
= .
= 0.721 P = 0.721 × P = 0.721 × 7 × 10 = . ×

A
= 1.213
A ∗

∗ ∗
∗ = ∗ × ∗ × ∗ = ∗ × × ∗ = 2.5 × × 1.213 ∗ = .
.
= .
(ii) Temperature at exit
= 0.976 T = 0.976 × T = 0.976 × 360 = .
(iii) Pressure at exit

= 0.912 P = 0.912 × P = 0.912 × 5.047 × 10 = . ×
(iv) Stagnation pressure

P = P = . ×
6. Air with Mach number 2.5 enters a convergent duct with an area ratio of A2/A1 = 0.5 under certain
condition. A normal shock occurs at a point where Ax/A1 = 0.6. Find the exit Mach number and
pressure ratio across the duct.
Given Data: M = 2.5 , = 0.5, = 0.6

Find: i) M , ii)
Solution:
(i) Mach number at exit
A P
∗ = 2.637, = 0.0585
A P
∗
= × ∗ ∗ = × ∗ = 0.6 × 2.637 ∗ = .
= .
Poy
= . , = 0.758
P0x
A
= 1.2
A ∗
∗
= × ∗ ∗ = ∗ × ∗ = 0.5 × ∗ ∗ = 0.5 × = 0.5 × 1.20 × .
.
∗
=
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ =1

P
= , = 0.528
P
(ii) pressure ratio across the duct
= × × = × × = 0.528 × × 0.758 = .
.
7. Air flows through a supersonic tunnel having a throat area of 200 cm2 and test section area of 337.5
cm2. Estimate the Mach number at the test section and diffuser throat area if a normal shock is
located at the test section.
Given Data: A∗ = 200 cm = 200 × 10 m , A = 330 cm = 330 × 10 m

Find: i) M , ii) A∗
Solution:
(i) Mach number at the test section
A 330 × 10
∗
= = .
A 200 × 10
= .
(ii) Diffuser throat area
P
= 0.7345
P
A∗ × P = A∗ × P A∗ = A∗ × = 200 × 10 ∗
= .
.
8. A CD nozzle has an exit to throat area ratio of 3. A normal shock appears at the test section where the
area ratio is 2.2. Find the Mach number before and after the shock of the inlet stagnation properties
are 500 kPa, 450 K. Also find the properties of air at the exit section of the nozzle and increase in
entropy across the shock.
Given Data: ∗ = 3, ∗ = 2.2, P = 500kPa = 5 × 10 , T = 450 K,

Find: i) M , M ii) M , T , P , C iii) ∆S
Solution:
(i) Mach number before and after the shock
= .
= .
= 0.5785 P = 0.5785 × P = 0.5785 × 5 × 10 = . ×
(ii) The properties of air at the exit section of the nozzle

A
= 1.287
A ∗
∗ ∗
∗ = ∗ × ∗ × ∗ = ∗ × × ∗ =3× × 1.2871 ∗ = .
.

= .
Temperature at exit
= 0.975 T = 0.975 × T = 0.976 × 450 = .
Pressure at exit
= 0.914 P = 0.914 × P = 0.914 × 2.81 × 10 = . ×
The Velocity of the gas at exit

From the Exit Mach number
M = C = M × a = 0.36 × γRT
C = 0.36 × √1.3 × 469 × 438.75 = . /

(iii) Increase in entropy
∆S = R ln = 287 × ln ∆ = .
.
9. Air flows adiabatically in a pipe in which normal shock wave occurs. The pressure and temperature
of air before the shock are 150 kN/m2 and 25 oC respectively. The pressure just after the normal
shock is 350 kN/m2. Calculate (i) Mach number before shock, (ii) Mach number, static temperature
and velocity of air after the shock wave, (iii) Increase in density of air, (iv) Loss of stagnation pressure
and (v) Change in entropy.
Given Data: P = 150 = 150 × 10 , T = 25℃ + 273 = 298 K

P = 350 = 350 × 10
Find: (i)M , M , (ii)T , C , (iii) ∆P , (iv) ρ − ρ , (v) ∆
Solution:
(i) Mach number before shock and Mach number after the shock
×
= = .
×
From Normal shocks Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & = . ≈ .
= . , = . , = 1.294, = 0.942, = 3.265
(ii) Static temperature and velocity of air after the shock wave
= 1.294 T = 1.294 × T = 1.294 × 298 = .
M = C = M × a = 0.716 × √1.4 × 287 × 385.61 = . /
(iii) The stagnation pressure loss

. ×
= 0.942 P = = = . ×
. .
= 3.265 P = 3.265 × P = 3.265 × 150 × 10 = . ×

∆P = P − P = 519.9 × 10 − 469.75 × 10 ∆ = . ×
(iv) Increase in density of air

P 150×103
= RTx = 287×298 = 1.753 /
x
P 350×103
= RT = 287×385.61 = 3.162 /
y
∆ρ = − = 3.162 − 1.753 ∆ = . /
(v) Increase in entropy
∆S = R ln = 287 × ln ∆ = .
.
10. A CD nozzle is designed to expand air from the reservoir in which the pressure is 800 kPa and
temperature 40 oC to give a mach number at the exit of 2.5. The throat area is 25 cm2, find (i) Mass
flow rate, (ii) Exit area, (iii) When normal shock appears at a section where the area is 40 cm2,
determine pressure and temperature at the exit.
Given Data: P = 800 kPa = 8 × 10 = P , T = 40℃ + 273 = 313 K, = 2.5

∗
= 25 cm = 25 × 10 , = 40 cm = 40 × 10
Find: (i) ṁ , (ii) A , (iii) P , T
Solution:
(i) Mass flow rate
T P A
= 0.444, = 0.0585 , ∗ = 2.637
T P A
= 0.444 T = 0.444 × T = 0.444 × 313 = .
= 0.0585 P = 0.0585 × P = 0.0585 × 8 × 10 = . ×
∗
∗ = 2.637 A2 = 2.637 × A = 2.637 × 25 × 10−4 = . × −

From the Continuity Equation ṁ = ρAC = ρ A C = ρ A C
ṁ = ρ A C ṁ = ×A ×M ×a
×
ṁ = × 6.59 × 10−3 × 2.5 × √1.4 × 287 × 313 ̇ = . /
×
(iii) Pressure and Temperature at the exit

A 40 × 10
= = .
A∗ 25 × 10
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.6
= .
= .
= 0.749 P = 0.749 × P = 0.749 × 8 × 10 = . ×


∗ × ∗
∗ = 1.200 A = = = . ×
. .
A2 6.59 × 10−3
= = .
A∗y 3.33 × 10−3
= .
= 0.936 P = 0.936 × P = 0.936 × 5.992 × 10 = . ×
= 0.981 T = 0.981 × T = 0.981 × 313 = .
OBLIQUE SHOCKS
11. Air approaches a symmetrical wedge δ = 150 at a Mach number of 2. Determine for shock and weak
waves, (i) Wave angle, (ii) Pressure ratio, (iii) Density ratio, (iv) Temperature ratio and (v)
Downstream Mach number.
Given Data: M = 2.1 , δ = 15°

Find: i) σ, ii) , , iii) , iv) M
Solution:
(i) Wave angle
. ×
tan =2 × tan 15 = 2 ×
( × . ) . ( )
( )
. × . ×
0.267 = 2 × 0.267 = 2 ×
. . ( ) . .
= . °, = °
= . °
For strong shock wave:
M = M sinσ M = 2.1 × 80.8 = .
(ii) Pressure ratio and Temperature ratio
= . , = = . , = = .
(iii) Density ratio

P1 P2
= , =
RT1 RT2
= = × = 4.632 × = .
.
(iv) Downstream Mach number

.
M = M = = .
( ) ( . ° °)
= °

For weak shock wave:

M = M sinσ M = 2.1 × 43 = .
= . , = = . , = = .
(iii) Density ratio

P1 P2
= , =
RT1 RT2
= = × = 2.219 × = .
.

.
M = M = = .
( ) ( ° °)
12. A supersonic stream of air Mach number 2 and is deflected inward by 150. This generate strong and
oblique waves. Calculate the following quantities for the waves, (i) Wave angle, (ii) Downstream
Mach number, (iii) Temperature ratio, (iv) Static stagnation pressure ratio and (v) Density ratio.
Given Data: M = 2.1 , δ = 15°

Find: i) σ, ii) , , iii) , iv) M
Solution:
(i) Wave angle
. ×
tan =2 × tan 15 = 2 ×
( × . ) . ( )
( )
. × . ×
0.267 = 2 × 0.267 = 2 ×
. . ( ) . .
= . °, = °
= . °
M = M sinσ M = 2.1 × 80.8 = .
= . , = = . , = = .
(iii) Density ratio

P1 P2
= , =
RT1 RT2
= = × = 4.632 × = .
.


.
M = M = = .
( ) ( . ° °)
= °
M = M sinσ M = 2.1 × 43 = .
= . , = = . , = = .
(iii) Density ratio

P1 P2
= , =
RT1 RT2
= = × = 2.219 × = .
.

.
M = M = = .
( ) ( ° °)
13. A jet of air at a Mach number of 2.5 is deflected inward at the corner of the curved wall. The wave
angle at the corner is 600. Determine the deflection angle of the value, pressure and temperature ratio
and final Mach number.
Given Data: M = 2.4 , σ = 60°

Find: i) δ, ii) , , iii) M
Solution:
(i) Deflection angle
. ×
tan =2 × tan =2 60° ×
( × . ) . ( °)
( )
= . °
(ii) Pressure and Temperature ratio
x M
M1 = sinσ Mx = M1 sinσ Mx = 2.4 × 60 = .
= . , = = . , = = .

.
M = M = = .
( ) ( ° . °)
14. An oblique shock wave at an angle of 350 occurs at the leading edge of the symmetrical wedge. Air has
a Mach number of 2, the pressure and temperature of 10 bar and 310 K respectively in the upstream
of the wave. Determine wedge angle and pressure, temperature and Mach number of the downstream
of the wave.

Given Data: M = 2.1 , σ = 33°, = 300 , = 10 = 10 × 10

Find: i) δ, ii) P , T , iii) M
Solution:
(i) Deflection angle
. ×
tan =2 × tan =2 33° ×
( × . ) . ( °)
( )
= . °
(ii) Pressure and Temperature
Mx
M1 = sinσ Mx = M1 sinσ Mx = 2.1 × 33 = .
From Normal shocks Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 1.143 ≈ 1.14
= . , = = . , = = .
= 1.349 P = 1.349 × P = 1.349 × 10 × 10 = . ×
= 1.090 T = 1.090 × T = 1.090 × 300 =

.
M = M = = .
( ) ( ° . °)
THEORY / DERIVATIONS
1. Derive Prandtl-Meyer relation for normal shock.
Mx My
Before After
Shock Shock
Cx Cy
Stagnation enthalpy equation:
 2    1  a
2
a c2 *2
h 0    1
 1 2   1 
Applying this equation to the flow before shock wave,
2 2
a x c x   1  * 2 a x
2
  1 a *
2
  1
  1 
2   1 
 a 
 
 2

 c

 2

c
 x 1
 1 2   c x   x  
Applying this equation to the flow after shock wave,

2 2
a y c y   1  * 2 a y
2
  1 a *
2
  1
  1
2

  1 
 a  
 
 2

 c

 2

c
 y 2
 1 2   c y   y  
From momentum equation,

(P x P y ) Am ( c y c x )  
 P x
P y

 3
  c y c x


 m
A
  m
A
 


Mass flow rate: m  Ac   x A x c x  y A y c y

 m
 c  c
A
x x y y 4
 Px Py   P x P y 
Substituting 4 in 1,    c
y c x
     c
y c x  5
  yc    c 
 x c c y   x c ycy 
Gas equation: Pv  RT  P
 RT 
RT

a 2
 P
a 2
   
P x
a
2 6
Applying this equation to the flow before shock wave, x
x
Py 2 7
Applying this equation to the flow after shock wave, a y
 y
2
 a 2
a y

 x
  c c 
Substituting 6 & 7 in 5,  c  y x 8
 c c y 
Substituting 1 & 2 in 8, and rearranging we get, cxc y a *
2
 M *x M *y  1
The above equation is known as Prandtl – Meyer relation.
2 2
Mx 
2. For flow through a normal shock deduce the relation M y 2   1
2 2
My  1
 1
* 2 2 2 2 2 2
c x c y ( a )  c x c y ( a o )  a o  ( RT o )
 1  1  1
2
 (M x RT x )( M y RT y )  ( RT o )
 1
2
2 2
 2 
Squaring on both sides, ( M x RT x )( M y RT y ) ( RT o )
   1 
2
 2   To   To 
M
2
M
2
     
 x y
  1   T   T 
   x   y 
2
 2     1     1  
 M
2
M
2
   1  M 2   1  M 2 
x y x y
  1    2    2  
        
  1     1  
 M 2  1  M 2 
 2  x
  2  y

       1   1 
   
2 2  2 
   1   M y M y  
 1  M 2 
  2  x

   

2
2
4  2   1  M x
M y 
   1  
By rearranging the above equation,   1  2 M
2
 2   1   1  M 2

x  2  x
   
Dividing both numerator and denominator by 2 (γ – 1), we get

2 2
M x 
2
 1
M y 
2 2
M y 1
 1
3. Derive an expression for the static pressure ratio across the shock.
We know that, Force F = P + ρC2

Force acting before the normal shock = Fx = Px + ρxCx2
Force acting after the normal shock = Fy = Py + ρyCy2We know that, Fx = Fy 
2
Py 1 M
Px + ρxCx2 = Py + ρyCy2  Px + γPxMx2 = Py + γPyMy2 

x
Px 1 M 2y
Py 2  1
Substituting My2 value in the above equation and rearranging we get,  Mx _
2
Px  1  1
4. Derive Rankine-Hugoniot equation for normal shock.
Gas equation: Pv  RT  P  P
 RT 
 RT
 y  Py   RT x   Py  Tx 
    
  RT  P   P  T  1
x  y  x   x  y 
Py 2  1   1 Py  1
We know that,  M 2
  M 2
x   
Px  1
x
 1
 2 P 2 2
  x
 2   1 
 M 2
x 1   1 M 2
x

Ty   1  2 
We also know that,   

Tx  M 2x 
   1  2 
 2 (  1 ) 
 
P y    1   P y  
   1 
Substituting Mx2 value and rearranging the above equation, T y P x     1   P x  
 

Tx  P y  1 
  
 Px   1 
 
 P y  1 
T y  P y  1    
    P   1 
P T  P   1    P y   T x
 x 3
y x x    
  P   T 
P x     1   P y    x   y     1   P
 y 
1

   1     
   1   P
  
      1   P


 
 x    x 

  1 P y    1   P y  
   1    
From 1 & 2,     1 P     1   P  
y x  y     x  
 
 x     1   P y    x  1 P y 
 1       
  1   P      1 P 
    x   x
The above equation is known as Rankine – Hugoniot equation.

    1    y  
   1 
  1     
This equation can also be written as P y     x  

P x  1  y 
  
   1  x

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
1. (i) Derive the equations for Mach number in the downstream of the normal shock wave.
(April/May 2012)
2 2 2
c x c y ( a * ) 2  c x c y ( a o ) 2  a o2  ( RT o )
 1  1  1
2
 (M x RT x )( M y RT y )  ( RT o )
 1
2
2 2
 2 
Squaring on both sides, ( M x RT x )( M y RT y ) ( RT o )
   1 
2
 2   To  To  
 M
2
M
2
     
x y
  1   T  T  
   x  y  
2
 2     1      1  
 M
2
M
2
   1  M 2   1  M 2 
x y x y
  1    2     2  
         
  1     1  
  M 2  1  M 2 
 2  x
  2  y

      1   1 
   
2 2  2 
   1   M y M y  
 1  M 2 
x
  2  
   
2
2
4  2   1  M x
M y 
By rearranging the above equation,    1  
  1  2 M x
2
 2   1   1 
 2
M
 x
2

   
Dividing both numerator and denominator by 2 (γ – 1), we get

2 2
M x 
2
 1
M y 
2 2
M y 1
 1
(ii) The velocity of a normal shock wave moving into stagnant air (P =1.0 bar, t = 17 oC) is 500 m/s. If
the area of cross section of the duct is constant determine pressure, temperature, velocity of air,
stagnation temperature, and Mach number imparted upstream of the wave front. (April/May 2012)
T x  273  17  290 K c x  500 m / s
c
ax   RT x  341 . 35 m / s M x  x  1 . 465
ax
From normal shock tables at Mx=1.465

M y  0 . 715
Py
 2 . 335  P y  2 . 335 bar
Px
Ty
 1 . 297  T y  376 . 13 K , T y  T y '  376 . 13 K
Tx
ay   RT y  388 . 75 m / s , cy  M y xa y  277 . 95 m / s
c y  c x  c y ', c y '  222 m / s
Now the Shock is considered as moving
cy'
M y '  0 . 571
ax
From isentropic tables M=My1=0.571
T Ty '
  0 . 939  T oy '  400 . 56 K
T0 T oy '
2. (i) Air approaches a symmetrical wedge (angle of defection = 150) at a mach number of 2. Consider
strong waves conditions. Determine the wave angle, pressure ratio, density ratio, temperature ratio
and downstream Mach number. (April/May 2012)
From normal shock gas table, Mx for strong waves
M x  M 1 sin 
2 2
 M sin  1 
tan   2 cot   
1
 2  M 
 ) 
2 2 2
 1 M 1 ( 1  2 sin
  15 0 and M 1  2.0
After simplification, Wave angle σ = 79.8º

M x  M 1 sin   1 . 97
From the normal shock tables for γ = 1.4, Mx=1.97
M y  0 . 582
P2 Py T2 T 2 4 . 35
  4 . 35 ,  y  1 . 66 ,   4 . 35
P1 Px T1 Tx 1 1 . 66
(ii) Derive the equations for static pressure ratio across the oblique shock waves. (April/May 2012)
From the velocity triangles at upstream and downstream of the oblique shock
Cn1  C1 sin Ct1  Ct  C1 cos Cn2  C2 sin   Ct 2  Ct  C2 cos  
Ct  C1 cos  C2 cos  
C1 cos  

C2 cos
P1C1 sin  P2C2 sin  
P2 C1 sin

P1 C2 sin  
Combining equatoon 1 and 2
P2 C1 tan

P1 C2 tan  

 P C 2 n2 
P2  P1  P1C2 n1 1 2 2 
 P1 C n1 
 P
 P1C 21 sin2  1 2 
 P1 
P1C21  P1M21
 P
P2  P1  P1M 21 sin2  1 2 
 P1 
P2  P
 1 P1M21 sin2  1 2 
P1  P1 
3. The ratio of the exit to entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 4.0. The Mach number of a jet of air
approaching the diffuser at P0 = 1.013 bar, T = 290 K is 2.2. There is a standing normal shock wave
just outside the diffuser entry. The flow in the diffuser is isentropic. Determine at the exit of the
diffuser, (i) Mach number, (ii) Temperature and pressure, (iii) Stagnation pressure loss between the
initial and final states of the flow. (April/May 2013)
AE = 4AY  AE / AY = 4, γ=1.4, Mx=2.2, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK Pox = 1.013 bar Tx = 290 K
(i) From isentropic table at M2 = 2.2
Px  P x  0 . 0947 bar
(ii)  0 . 0935
P ox
Tx
 0 . 508  T ox  570 . 87 K
T ox
From normal shock tables at Mx=2.2
M x  0 . 547
Py
 5 . 48  P y  0 . 519 bar
Px
Ty
 1 . 857  T y  538 . 53 K ,
Tx
From isentropic tables, My=0.547
 A 
    1 . 26 ; But A * y  A * E
 A y m
AE A y AE

 .  5 . 04
A E AE Ay
From isentropic tables at
AE
 5 . 04
AE
TE
 0 . 997  T E  569 . 15 K , M E  0 . 116
T OE
(iii) Pox  1 . 013 bar
P oy
 0 . 628  Poy  2 . 335 bar
P0 x
Stagnation pressure loss : Pox-P oy=0.377 bar
4. Derive the Prandtl’ equation for flow through an oblique shock.

2  r  1 2
aX   C t  C n1C n 2 (April/May 2013)
 r  1
Assumptions:
(i) Perfect gas (ii) Steady, Adiabatic and Frictionless flow through stationary oblique wave (iii) Absence of
body and external force
m   1c n1   2 c n 2
Momentum equation is mct1= mct2= mct
In normal direction:
mc n1  mc n2  p2  p 1 A
p 2  p1   c 2 n1   c 2 n 2
But , h o  h o 1  h o 2
2 2
c1 c 1
 h1 
2
 h 2 
2
2
,  h 2  h1 
2
 c 1
2
 c 2
2

From velocity triangle
c1
2
 c2
2
 c n1
2
 ct
2
  c n 2
2
 ct2
2

Equation 3 becomes;
  p2 p1  1 p

  1 2

1
 
2
c n1
2
 c t1
2
  c n 2
2
 ct2
2
  h 
  1 

   p1 1    p2 1
   c n1
2
 c t1
2
   
2
cn2  ct2
2
  h0
   1  1 2    1   2 2
But
1    1   2
 h0    a
2    1 
   p1 1    1  1
  
  1   1

2

c n 1  c t1
2
 
 a  2
 2    1  2
   1 2   1 2 
 p1   1  a 
2
c n1  c t1   
 2 2 
   1 2   1 2 
 p2   2 a 
2
cn2  ct2   
 2 2 
Equation 2 becomes
  1 2  1
 c 2 n1   c 2 n 2 
2
a  2   1  
2
2 2 2
 1 c n1  c t1   2 c n 2  c t 2
2
    
if ct1= ct2= ct; then using equation 1
c n1  2

cn2 1
2  r 1 2
aX   C t  C n1C n 2
 r 1
Prandtl’ equation for an oblique shock
5. A normal shock occurs in the diverging section of a convergent-divergent air nozzle. The throat area
is 1/3 times exit area and the static pressure at exit is 0.4 times the stagnation pressure at the entry.
The flow is throughout isentropic except through the shock. Determine, (i) Mach number Mx and My,
(ii) Static pressure and (iii) Area of cross section of the nozzle at the section of nozzle where the
normal shock occurs. (April/May 2014)
 
A y  A2



m T0

 Const
A p0
For constant (m and T0 )

A p 0  const
Therefore, between the entry and exit sections
 
A 1 p 01  A 2 p 02
p 01  p 0 t  p 0 x
p 0 y  p 02

A1 p 02


A2 p 01

A1 A1 A1 A 1 p 02

  
 
A2 A1 A 2 A1 p 01
A1 A1 p 02 p A2 p 2 1

 
 02 
 3
A2 A1 p 01 p 01 A 2 0 . 4 p 02

A2 A2 A2 A 2 p 01 A2 p2
 
 
 3 
 1 .2
A1 A 2 A1 A 2 p 02 A2 p 02
p p2
M  M 2  0.472   0 . 859
po p 02
p2 0 .4 p 01
p 02    0 . 466 p 01
0 . 859 0 . 859
p oy po2
  0 . 466
p 0 x p 01
Ax Ax A
*
   2 . 842
Mx=2.58, My=0.506 and Ax A1 A
Shock occuring in the diverging Ax=2.842A

p oy po2 0 . 466 p 01
p x   
9 . 115 9 . 115 9 . 115
p x  0.051 p01
6. A gas (γ = 1.3) at P1 = 345 mbar , T1 = 350 K and M1 = 1.5 is to be isentropically expanded to

138 mbar. Determine, (i) Deflection angle, (ii) Final Mach number and temperature of the gas.
(April/May 2014)
From isentropic gas tables for γ=1.3 at M1=1.5
P1 T1
 0 . 284  0 . 748
P 01 T 01
P2 P p1
 2 x  0 . 1136
P 02 P1 p 01
P2
 0.1136
From isentropic tables at P02
T2
M 2  2.08,  0.606
T02
From tables for prandtl-meyer function for γ=1.3 at
M1=1.50  M 1   12.693 

M2=2.08  M 2   31.120 
Therefore, the deflection required is
   M 1    M 2   18.427 
M2=2.08
T2 T01
T2  x xTi  283.56 K
T02 T1
7. A jet of air at 270 K and 0.7 bar has an initial Mach number of 1.9. If it passes through
a normal shockwave, determine the following for downstream of the shock: (i) Mach
number, (ii) Pressure, (iii) Temperature, (iii) Speed of sound, (iv) Jet velocity and (v) Density.
(April/May 2015)
Given Data: T = 270 K, P = 0.7 bar = 0.7 × 10 , M = 1.9, γ = 1.4, R = 287

Find: i) M , (ii)P , (iii)T , (iv)a , (v)C , (vi)ρ
Solution:
(i) Mach number, (ii) pressure, and (iii) temperature of gas for downstream
At Inlet, From Normal shocks Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 1.9
= .
= 4.045 P = 4.045 × P = 6.935 × 0.7 × 10 = . ×
= 1.608 T = 1.608 × T = 1.869 × 270 = .
(iv) Speed of sound
a = γRT √1.4 × 287 × 434.16 = . /
(v) Jet velocity
M = C = M × a = 0.716 × 417.66 = . /
(vi) Density
. ×
= = = . /
× .
8. A gas at a pressure of 340 mbar, temperature of 355 K and entry Mach number of 1.4 is expanded
isentropically to 140 mbar. Calculate the following: (i) Deflection angle, (ii) Final Mach number and
(iii) Final temperature of the gas. Take  = 1.3. (April/May 2015)
Given Data: P = 340mbar = 0.34 × 10 , T = 355 K, M = 1.4, γ = 1.3,

N
P = 140mbar = 0.14 × 10
m
Find: i) M , (ii) P , (iii) T , (iv) a , (v) C , (vi) ρ
Solution:
(ii) Final Mach number
At Inlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & M = 1.4
= 0.773 T = . = . = . = =
. ×
= 0.327 P = = = . × = =
. .
At Exit ,
0.14×105
= 1.039×105 = 1.134

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & = 0.134

= .
(iii) Final temperature of the gas
= 0.629 T = 0.629 × T = 0.629 × 459.24 T = .
(i) Deflection angle,

From Prandtl-Meyer function table at γ = 1.3 & M = 1.4
(M ) = 9.542
From Prandtl-Meyer function table at γ = 1.3 & M = 1.98
(M ) = 26.060
Deflection angle = (M ) − (M ) = 9.542 − 26.060 = − . °
9. An air plane having a diffuser designed for subsonic flight, has a normal shock attached to the edge of
the diffuser, when the flight is flying at supersonic Mach number. The diffuser exit Mach number is
0.3. The inlet and exit area of the diffuser are 0.29 m2, 0.44 m2. What must be the flight Mach number
if isentropic diffuser is assumed behind the shock? (April/May 2016)
Given Data: M = 0.3, A = A = 0.29 , A = 0.44

Find: Flight Mach number (M )
Solution:
( )
A
= 2.035
A ∗
.
∗ = ∗ × ∗ = × ∗ ∗ = × 2.035 ∗ = 1.341
.
= .
From Normal Shock Gas Table at γ = 1.4 &M = 0.5
= .
10. Air approaches a symmetrical wedge (half wedge angle 150) at a Mach number of 2. Determine for
a strong pressure wave, (a) wave angle, (b) pressure ratio across shock, (c) temperature ratio across
shock, (d) density ratio across shock and (e) downstream Mach number. (April/May 2016)
Given Data: M = 2 , δ = 15°

Find: i) σ, ii) , iii) , iv) , v) M
Solution:
(i) Wave angle
×
tan =2 × tan 15 = 2 ×
( ) ( × ) ( )
4× −1
0.267 = 2 ×
12.584 − 8.82
= . °, = °
= . °


M = M sinσ M = 2 × 80.8 = .
(ii) & (iii) Pressure ratio and Temperature ratio
= . , = = . , = = .
(iv) Density ratio

P P
= , =
RT RT
= = × = 4.632 × = .
.
(v) Downstream Mach number

.
M = M = = .
( ) ( . ° °)
= °
M = M sinσ M = 2 × 43 = .
(ii) & (iii) Pressure ratio and Temperature ratio
From Normal shocks Gas Table atγ = 1.4 &M = 1.432
= . , = = . , = = .
(iv) Density ratio

P P
= , =
RT RT
= = × = 2.219 × = .
.
(v) Downstream Mach number

.
M = M = = .
( ) ( ° °)


Me 6604 - Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Unit - Iii Normal and Oblique Shocks Part - A

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Me 6604 - Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Unit - Iii Normal and Oblique Shocks Part - A

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Me 6604 - Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Unit - Iii Normal and Oblique Shocks Part - A

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ME 6604- Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017

ME 6604 – GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

14. What is a shock polar?

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

7. List the applications of the moving shock wave. (April/May 2016)

Given Data: γ = 1.3, R = 0.469 , M = 2.5,

Given Data: = 4, P = 1.013 bar = 1.013 × 10 = P , T = 290 K, M = 2.2

= 0.0935 P = 0.0935 × P = 0.0935 × 1.013 × 10 = . ×

From Normal shocks Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 2.2

= 5.480 P = 5.480 × P = 5.480 × 9.471 × 10 = . ×

= 1.857 T = 1.857 × T = 1.869 × 290 = .

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.547 ≈ 0.55

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 5.02 ≈ 5.299

= 0.9976 T = 0.9976 × T = 0.9976 × 570.86 =

(iv) The stagnation pressure loss

Given Data: M = 0.3, A = A = 0.29 , A = 0.44

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.341 ≈ 1.340

From Normal Shock Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.5

Given Data: P = 210 kPa = 2.1 × 10 = P , T = 37℃ + 273 = 310 K,

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.5 ≈ 1.507 = .

From Normal Shock Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 1.86

= 0.786 P = 0.786 × P = 0.786 × 2.1 × 10 = . ×

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.604 ≈ 0.60

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.584 ≈ 1.590

= 0.895 P = 0.895 × P = 0.895 × 1.65 × 10 = . ×

(ii) The stagnation pressure loss

(iii) Increase in entropy

Given Data: ∗= 2.5, P = 7 bar = 7 × 10 = P , T = 87℃ + 273 = 360 K,

= 0.721 P = 0.721 × P = 0.721 × 7 × 10 = . ×

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.577 ≈ 0.58

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.797 ≈ 1.778

= 0.976 T = 0.976 × T = 0.976 × 360 = .

(iii) Pressure at exit

(iv) Stagnation pressure

Given Data: M = 2.5 , = 0.5, = 0.6

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.582 ≈ 1.58

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ =1

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

Given Data: A∗ = 200 cm = 200 × 10 m , A = 330 cm = 330 × 10 m

Given Data: ∗ = 3, ∗ = 2.2, P = 500kPa = 5 × 10 , T = 450 K,

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 2.2 ≈ 2.213

= 0.5785 P = 0.5785 × P = 0.5785 × 5 × 10 = . ×

(ii) The properties of air at the exit section of the nozzle

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.755 ≈ 1.735

= 0.975 T = 0.975 × T = 0.976 × 450 = .

The Velocity of the gas at exit

C = 0.36 × √1.3 × 469 × 438.75 = . /

Given Data: P = 150 = 150 × 10 , T = 25℃ + 273 = 298 K

From Normal shocks Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & = . ≈ .

= . , = . , = 1.294, = 0.942, = 3.265

M = C = M × a = 0.716 × √1.4 × 287 × 385.61 = . /

(iii) The stagnation pressure loss

= 3.265 P = 3.265 × P = 3.265 × 150 × 10 = . ×

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

(iv) Increase in density of air