Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions

Quarter 1, Week 1
Lesson/Topic: What is Philippine Contemporary Arts?
Contemporary art generally refers to art being created now. Contemporary is derived from the Latin
prefix con, which means “together” or “with”, plus tempus, which means “time”. The chronological
view defines contemporary art as related to this current period in art history, and refers to art that is
new, recent, modern, or pertains to the present moment. The historical usage, meanwhile, regards
contemporary art as a specific stage in the story of the evolution of art, referring to a specific location
in space and time.
Contemporary art emerged in the Philippines in reaction to social and cultural realities during the
1970’s which is an era of repression and censorship of artistic expressions. Philippine art became a
means to oppose the regime, and the political art of social realism flourished at this time. Socio
realism is an art movement which sought to expose the real condition of Philippine society and used
art to transform it. Progressive art developed a culture that would convey the authentic aspirations of
the Filipino people.
The end of Martial Law in the wake of EDSA People Power Revolution in 1986 brought the
Philippines into the contemporary period, and the art produced in this period is regarded as
contemporary art.
Contemporary art as a Breaking of Norms - Contemporary art can be seen as a transgression of
established norm and rules. Established art forms are scrutinized and contemporary art reworks them
to see them with fresh eyes. Contemporary art is ruled by the cult of the new, endeavoring to create
works of art that are “radical” and “interdisciplinary”.
Appropriation is an important preoccupation in contemporary art which is the practice of creating a
new work by taking a pre-existing image or from another context and combining the borrowed image
with new ones.
Contemporary art and Local Heritage - Contemporary art professes an awareness of local heritage
which is something that can be passed from one generation to the next, can be conserved or
inherited, and has historic or cultural value. These are physical objects, places of heritage and the
various practices of heritage unique to the region or locality that are conserved or handed down from
one generation to the next.
FUNCTIONS OF CONTEMPORARY ART:
Contemporary art for Pleasure - A visual delight in the work of art, can take many forms including an
appreciation of beauty or decoration, or delight in an element of surprise. Most cultures that have a
definition of beautiful, define it as something pleasing to the eye, and often resembling an ideal of
some sort.
Contemporary art as Profession - Artists earn a living through their art since art and ideas are never
free. They possess value in the complex web of the creative industries that combine the creation,
production and commercialization of creative contents which are tangible and cultural in nature.
Contemporary art as Commentary - Art has been used to answer our need for information. Artists
who fulfill our need for commentary often speak in a language easy to understand, they view art as
primary goal to communication by means of subject matter.
Contemporary art in Spirituality - Artists may create art to express spiritual beliefs about the destiny of
life controlled by the force of a higher power.
Contemporary art as Remembrance - Art can be a remembrance which is something done as an aid
to memory. We need to commemorate important events and people that have shaped our history and
show reverence for those who have gone before us.
Contemporary art as Self-expression - Art fulfills an expressive function when an artist conveys
information about his or her personality, feelings or worldview.
Activity 1. It’s Your Turn: Give the functions of Contemporary arts.
Activity 2. Reflective Question :Among the functions of contemporary art, which in your view is
most significant?
________________________________________________________________________________
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions
Quarter 1, Week 2
Lesson/Topic: National Artists of the Philippines
To be a National Artists is considered to be the highest national recognition given to Filipino
individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts which is
awarded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts together with Cultural Center of the
Philippines.
NATIONAL ARTIST FOR VISUAL ARTS:
Fernando Amorsolo (May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972) Amorsolo is the first National Artist in the country
and.. was known for using backlighting technique in painting,. making his creations bright and
cheerful.
Carlos “Botong” Francisco (November 4, 1912 – March 31, 1969) Francisco revived the art of mural
and was considered.. to be the most distinguished mural painter for about three.. decades and was
known for using historical events as.. subject matter for his murals.
Guillermo E. Tolentino (July 24, 1890 – July 12, 1976) Honored as National Artist for Sculpture in
1973 and was known for designing the seal of the Republic of the Philippines, and the gold and
bronze medals for the Ramon Magsaysay Award. Tolentino’s works include the “UP Oblation”.
Napoleon V. Abueva (January 26, 1930) Abueva was considered to be the Father of Modern
Philippine Sculpture. He is skillful in creating both representational and modern abstract sculptures
using a wide variety of materials. He was also known for creating “buoyant sculpture,” a type of
sculpture to be viewed from the surface of a pool.
Victorio C. Edades (December 23, 1895 – March 7, 1985) Recognized as the Father of Modern
Philippine Painting and was known for using dark somber colors in his paintings. His works focused
on factory workers, laborers or other simple townspeople.
Vicente Manansala (January 22, 1910 – August 22, 1981) He was known for his paintings depicting
realistic.. themes using an abstract or a cubist style. He believed.. that.“the beauty of art is in the
process, in the moment of.. doing a particular painting, closely associating it with the.. act of making
love.
Hernando R. Ocampo (April 28, 1911 – December 28, 1978) Ocampo was largely known for his
abstract paintings. His works featured shapes bounded with curved lines painted in intense colors.
His masterpiece “Genesis” was used as the basis of the design of the curtain of the Cultural Center of
the Philippines (CCP) Main Theater.
Cesar Legaspi (April 2, 1917 – April 7, 1994) Legaspi was known for utilizing and refining cubism, a
style involving breaking parts into geometric shapes, in his paintings.
Elizalde Navarro (May 22, 1924 – June 10, 1999) He was known for his hardwood masks reflecting
the human and the animal, abstract paintings in oil and watercolor, and assemblages. He was also
known for his fiction works for This Week of the Manila Chronicle, and for his figurative drawings for
Lydia Arguilla’s Juan tamad.
Ang Kiukok (March 1, 1931 – May 9, 2005) He was known for his paintings expressing nationalism
and sociological agenda during the 60’s through vivid cubistic figures. His works include “Geometric
landscape,” “Pieta,” and the “Seated Figure.”
Benedicto Cabrera (April 10, 1942) Known as “Bencab,” Cabrera was noted as the.. bestselling
painter of his generation of Filipino artists and.. also known for his sketches of a scavenger named
“Sabel,.. a symbol of dislocation, despair and isolation-the.. personification of human dignity
threatened by life’s.. circumstance.”
Abdulmari Asia Imao (January 14, 1936 – December 16, 2014) Imao was instrumental in popularizing
the ukil, sarimanok and naga motifs in the country as original Filipino creations. He helped in
developing trust and confidence among cultural groups, which is needed in building a more humane
community and society.
Federico Aguilar Alcuaz (June 6, 1932 – February 2, 2011) Alcuaz was mainly known for his oil and
acrylic paintings, and sketches in ink, pencil, and watercolor.
Francisco Coching (January 29, 1919 – September 1, 1998) Tagged as the “Dean of Filipino
Illustrators,” Coching is best known for his work on comics and illustrations which lead to its
recognition as popular art. He has influenced cartoonists such as Larry Alcala, Ben Infante and
Nestor Redondo.
Jose T. Joya (June 3, 1931 – 1995) Joya is known for pioneering abstract expressionism in the
Philippines. His most notable work is the Granadean Arabesque (1958). He also represented the
Philippines in the 1964 Venice Biennale.
NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR ARCHITECHTURE:
Pablo S. Antonio (January 25, 1902 – June 14, 1975) He was considered a pioneer in modern
Philippine architecture. A prominent feature of his designs is the use of natural light and cross
ventilation. According to Antonio, buildings should be planned with austerity in mind and its stability
forever as the aim of true architecture; that buildings must be progressive, simple in design but
dignified, true to a purpose without resorting to an applied set of aesthetics and should eternally
recreate truth.
Leandro V. Locsin (August 15, 1928 – November 15, 1994) His designs usually features themes of
floating volume and a mix of both eastern and western aesthetics.
Ildefonso P. Santos (September 5, 1929 – January 29, 2014) Santos pioneered landscape
architecture in the Philippines. His work in the Makati Commercial Center incorporated fountains,
sculptures and landscapes to a shopping area.
NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR LITERATURE:
Historical Literature
Carlos Quirino (November 4, 1910 – May 20, 1999) He is the first and so far the only National Artist
for.. Historical Literature and was also known for writing “The. Great Malayan,” which considered to
be one of the earliest.. biographies of Jose Rizal.
Literature
Francisco Arcellana (September 6, 1916 – August 1, 2002) Arcellana is a writer, poet, essayist, critic,
journalist and teacher, who is recognized as one of the pioneers in writing modern Filipino short
stories in English. He also originated the lyrical prose-poetic form in writing short stories.
N.V.M Gonzales (September 8, 1915 – November 28, 1999) Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales is a
fictionist, essayist, poet and teacher. He earned numerous recognitions including the First
Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940, the Republic Cultural Heritage Award in 1960 and the
Gawad CCP Para sa Sining in 1990.
Nick Joaquin (May 4, 1917 – April 29, 2004) He is considered as the most distinguished Filipino..
writer in English writing. His body of work extends from.. short stories to poems to essays which
includes journalism.. and reportage. He used the name Guerre Quijano de.. Manila as journalist.
F. Sionil Jose (December 3, 1924) F. Sionil Jose is one of the most widely read Filipino writers
founded the Philippine chapter of the international organization PEN.
Alejandro Roces (July 13, 1924 – May 23, 2011) Roces is known for his comic short stories which
includes “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.” He also led the campaign to change the country’s
Independence Day from July 4 to June 12.
Edith L. Tiempo (April 22, 1919 – August 21, 2011) Tiempo is a poet, fictionist, teacher and literary
critic who founded the Siliman National Writers Workshop in Dumaguete City with her late husband
Edilberto K. Tiempo.
Virgilio S. Almario (March 9, 1944) Also known as Rio Alma, who is among the notable.. modernist
poets. He reinvented the traditional Filipino.. poetry forms.
Amado V. Hernandez (September 13, 1903 – May 24, 1970) Hernandez is known for his contribution
in the development of the Tagalog prose through the use of colloquial style.
Carlos P. Romulo (January 14, 1899 – December 15, 1985) Romulo is noted as a diplomat and an
awarded journalist. He is the first Asian President of the United Nations General Assembly, and the
only Asian to win the Pulitzer Prize in Journalism for his articles on the World War II.
Bienvenido Lumbera (April 11, 1932) Lumbera is a multi-awarded poet, critic and librettist. His works
includes Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poems in Filipino and English), 1993; Balaybay, Mga Tulang
Lunot at Manibalang, 2002; Sa Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May Musila, 2004; Tales of the
Manuvu and Rama Hari.
Cirilo F. Bautista (July 9, 1941) Bautista is a poet, fictionist and essayist. He founded Philippine
Literary Arts Council in 1981, the Iligan National Writers Workshop in 1993, and the Baguio Writers
Group.
Lazaro Francisco (February 22, 1898 – June 17, 1980) Francisco is among the prominent writers in
the Tagalog language. He established the Kapatiran Ng Mga Alagad Ng Wikang Pilipino (KAWIKA) in
1958 to support Tagalog as national language.
Jose Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 – July 7, 1997) Villa is recognized as one of the best
contemporary.. poets. He is best known for introducing the reversed.. consonance rhyme scheme and
his use of punctuation,. especially commas.
NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR DANCE, MUSIC, FILM, AND THEATER:
Cinema/Film
Lamberto V. Avellana (February 12, 1915 – April 25, 1991) Avellana was tagged as the “The Boy
Wonder of Philippine Movies” as early as 1939. Kalderong Pilak was the first film by a Filipino
filmmaker shown in Cannes International Film Festival.
Manuel Conde (October 9, 1915 – August 11, 1985) Conde is known for producing and directing
films.. based on old Filipino tales such as Siete Infantes de.. Lara .(1950), Si Juan Tamad (1974), Ang
Ibong Adarna..(1941). He also brought to the silver screen stories from.. the other parts of the worlds
like Genghis Khan (1950).
Eddie S. Romero (July 7, 1924 – May 28, 2013) He is a screenwriter, film director and producer who
is behind the Filipino classics such as “Ganito Kami Noon...Paano Kayo Ngayon?”, “Banta ng
Kahapon” and “Aguila” as well as the 13-part series “Noli Me Tangere”.
Lino Brocka (April 3, 1939 – May 22, 1991) Catalino “Lino” Ortiz Brocka is recognized for his films
which explores the lives of people in the marginalized sectors. Brocka also directed for theater
organizations such as the Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) and the Concerned
Artists of the Philippines (CAP).
Gerardo de Leon (September 12, 1913 – July 25, 1981) De Leon is a prominent film maker in the 50’s
and 60’s.. producing classics such as “Daigdig ng Mga Api,” “Noli Me. Tangere,” “El Filibusterismo,”
“dyesebel” and “Sisa.”
Ishmael Bernal (September 30, 1938 – June 2, 1996) Bernal, who was hailed by the critics as “The
Genius of the Philippine Cinema,” is known for directing films that projects the realities of the
Filipinos. He was hailed as Director of the Decade of the 1970s by the Catholic Mass Media Awards;
four-time Best Director by the Urian Awards (1989, 1985, 1983 and 1977); and given the ASEAN
Cultural Award in Communication Arts in 1993.
Ronald Alan K. Poe (August 20, 1939 – December 14, 2004) More known as Fernando Poe, Jr. He is
an icon in film. industry as an actor, director, writer and producer. He. starred in films like “Mga Alabok
sa Lupa” (1967), “Partida”. (1985), “Ang Probinsyano” (1996), and among others.
Dance
Francisca Reyes Aquino (March 9, 1899 – November 21, 1983) She was known for her research on
Philippine folk dances, which later resulted to a thesis entitled “Philippine Folk Dances and Games.” It
was distributed to public and private schools.
Leonor Orosa Goquingco (July 24, 1917 – July 15, 2005) She was known as the “Mother of Philippine
Theater Dance,” Goquingco blended folkloric and Asian styles in ballet choreography. She was a
founding member of the Philippine Ballet Theater and the Honorary Chair of the Association of Ballet
Academies of the Philippines.
Ramon Obusan (June 16, 1938 – December 21, 2006) A dancer, choreographer, artistic director,
researcher, and documentary filmmaker. He was able to promote Filipino culture in other countries
using the art of dance through the Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group.
Lucrecia Reyes – Urtula (June 29, 1929 – August 24, 1999) Reyes-Urtula was the dance director of
the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company, for which she choreographed different Philippine folk,
ethnic dances, pageants and festivals.
Alice Reyes (October 14, 1942) Reyes is known in blending styles and movements from Philippine
indigenous dance, classical ballet, and modern dance in expressing Filipino subject matters. This is
said to be the “contemporary dance language that is uniquely Filipino.”
Music
Antonino Buenaventura (May 4, 1904 – January 25, 1996) He was known for his marches including
the.. “Triumphal March,” “History Fantasy,” “Echoes from the.. Philippines,” and “Ode to Freedom.” He
was a conductor.. of.the Philippine Army Band. He wrote compositions for.. solo instruments,
symphonic and orchestral works, which. are based on Philippine folksongs.
Ernani Cuenco (May 10, 1936 – June 11, 1988) He was known for the following songs: “Bato sa
Buhangin,” “Gaano Kita Kamahal,” “Inang Bayan,” “Isang Dalangin,” “Kalesa,” and “Pilipinas.” These
works brought contemporary Filipino music to a higher level. The song, “Gaano Kita Kamahal”, he
added elements of Kundiman. He played with the Filipino Youth Symphony Orchestra and the Manila
Symphony Orchestra from 1960 to 1968.
Francisco Feliciano (February 19, 1941 – September 19, 2014) His major works include “Ashen
Wings,” “Sikhay sa Kabila ng Paalam,” and “Pamugun.” He was known for the use of modal scales in
his operas and orchestral works. He used indigenous music in his compositions.
Jovita Fuentes (February 15, 1895 – August 7, 1978) She was best known for her portrayal of Cio-cio
San in Giacamo Puccini’s Madame Butterfly in Italy in April 1925. When she returned to the
Philippines, she established the Artists’ Guild of the Philippines in an effort to instill love for opera in
her countrymen.
Jose Maceda (January 31, 1917 – May 5, 2004) He conducted researches and fieldwork to explore.
Filipino traditional music further and to understand the. nature of Philippine ethnic and traditional
music. His. efforts.gave birth to a huge number of recorded Philippine. ethnic and traditional music.
Lucio San Pedro (February 11, 1913 – March 31, 2002) Best known for his compositions “Sa Ugoy ng
Duyan,” “Sa Mahal Kong Bayan,” “Dance of the Fairies,” “Triumphal March,” and “Lahing
Kayumanggi,” Lucio San Pedro was the conductor of the Peng Kong Grand Mason Concert Band, the
San Pedro Band of Angono, and the Benda Angono Numero Uno. Working with these bands and
other town bands helped in the development of a civic culture among Filipino communities.
Levi Celerio (April 30, 1910 – April 2, 2002) Celerio is most known for his recognition as the only man
who could play music with a leaf in the Guinness Book of World Records. He also earned Lifetime
Achievement Award of the Film Academy of the Philippines for writing songs for local movies. He was
also known as the dean of Filipino lyricists.
Felipe Padilla de Leon (May 1, 1912 – December 5, 1992) He was known for Filipinizing western
music forms. His.works, which include “Mariang Maikling Overture,”. “Maynila Overture,” “Payapang
Daigdig,” and “Ako’y. Pilipino,” expressed sentiments and aspirations of the. Filipino in times of strife
and peace.
Lucrecia R. Kasilag (August 31, 1918 – August 16, 2008) She was known for fusing Filipino ethnic
music with Western musical influences. She was also known for incorporating Filipino indigenous
musical instruments in orchestral works.
Antonio J. Molina (December 16, 1894 – January 29, 1980) Molina was known for introducing the
pentatonic scale, whole tone scale, linear counterpoints and the use of dominant ninths and eleventh
chords in Philippine music.
Ramon P. Santos (February 25, 1941) Santos is a Filipino composer, musicologist and..
ethnomusicologist who was made a Chevalier de I’Orde.. des Arts et Lettres in 1987. He helped in
advocating.. modern Philippine music that is still based on early Asian. practices and way of life.
Andrea Veneracion (July 11, 1928 – July 9, 2013) She was the founder of the world-renowned
University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers, or simply the Philippine Madrigal Singers, which is the
first choir in the world to win the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing twice. Veneracion is also
recognized as an important authority in the development of Philippine choral music.
Theater
Daisy Avellana (January 26, 1917 – May 12, 2013) She co-founded the Barangay Theatre Guild,..
together with her husband, National Artist Lamberto.. Avellana, in 1939. This move made theatre
and.. dramatic arts popular in the country. She was known.. as.director of films “Diego Silang” (1968)
and “Walang.. Sugat” (1971).
Honorata “Atang” dela Rama (January 11, 1902 – July 11, 1991) She was named National Artist for
Theater and Music in 1987. She was known as the Queen of Kundiman, and the first actress to
portray a 15-year-old in the very first Tagalog film, which was the film version of the Sarsuela
“Dalagang Bukid.”
Salvador F. Bernal (January 7, 1945 – October 26, 2011) Honored as National Artist for Theater
Design in 2003, Bernal used local materials including bamboo, abaca, hemp twine, and rattan in
theater design for local productions.
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (January 22, 1910 – May 1, 1995) He served as the director of UP Dramatic
Club for 16 years since 1947. He founded the UP Mobile Theater, which started the concept of
theater campus tour.
Severino Montano (January 3, 1915 – December 12, 1980) He organized the Arena Theater
Playwriting Contest which became the initial ground for playwrights to showcase their talents in
writing while serving as Dean of Instruction of the Philippine Normal College.
GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN (GAMABA):
Eduardo Mutuc (2005 awardee) He dedicated his life in creating religious and secular art in silver,
bronze and wood. According to him, craftsmanship begins with respect for one’s tools and the
medium, and the only way to improve one’s skills is to immerse oneself, learn the technique, and to
practice.
Darhata Sawabi (2005 awardee) She is a Tausug weaver of pis syabit – the traditional cloth tapestry
worn as a head cover. Women in Sulu province have grown up learning in weaving the pis syabit and
she is one of those who took the art of pis syabit making to heart.
Haja Amina Appi (2005 awardee) She is recognized as a master mat weaver among the Sama
indigenous community for her unique designs, straightness of her edging (tabig), and fineness of her
sasa and kima-kima.
Lang Dulay (1998 awardee) She is a T’boli traditional weaver of “tinalak” or T’boli cloth made of
colorful abaca fabrics. She used abaca fibers as fine as hair which speaks more eloquently than
words can.
Salinta Monon (1998 awardee) She is a Tagabanwa-Bagobo traditional weaver of distinct abaca
fabrics called inabal. She developed a keen eye for the traditional designs and can identify the
designs as well as the author of a woven piece just by a glance.
Alonzo Saclag (2000 awardee) He is a Kalinga master of dance and the performing arts who
mastered not only the Kalinga musical instruments but also the dance patterns and movements
associated with his people’s ritual.
Federico Caballero. He is a Sulod-Bukidnon epic chanter who works for the documentation of the oral
literature. He is considered as bantugan which means a person who has attained distinction. He
strikes to dispense justice in the community through his work as a manughusay which is an arbiter of
conflicts.
Masino Intaray (1993 awardee) He is a prolific and pre-eminent epic canter and story teller
recognized for his outstanding mastery of various traditional musical instruments of the Palaw’an
people, such as basal, kulilal and bagit. He is an outstanding master of the basal, kulilal (musical
ensemble) and bagit; a gifted pot, bard artist, and musician.
Samon Sulaiman (1993 awardee) He is Magindanaon, who is highly sophisticated in weaving, okir
designs, jewelry, metalwork and brassware which art is Southeast Asian yet distinct in character.
Uwang Ahadas (2000 awardee) His near-blindness eyesight made music his constant companion. He
is a Yakan, a people to whom instrumental music is of much significance, connected as it is with both
the agricultural cycle and the social realm.
Ginaw Bilog (1993 awardee) He is a Hanunoo Mangyan who is considered as a master of the
ambahan poetry. He shares old and new ambahans with his fellow Mangyans and promotes this
poetic form in every occasion. A common cultural aspect among cultural communities nationwide is
the oral tradition characterized by poetic verses which are either sung or chanted.
Magdalena Gamayo (2012 awardee) She is a master weaver who makes “inabel”, an Ilokano
handwoven cloth. She was awarded for her wide array skills in textile weaving. Her handiworks are
finer than most abel. Her blankets have a very high thread count and her deigns are the most intricate
that sometimes take up to five colors.
Activity 1. Reflective Question
Among the artists, whom do you admire most? Why?

Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions

Quarter 1, Week 3
Lesson/Topic: Contemporary Art Form: Elements and Principles
Each visual art form not only exhibits the skills of the artists, but also showcases the ideas coming
from the mind of that artists. Understanding the elements and principles of contemporary arts is vital
in appreciating all of the art forms in the Philippines. This lesson focuses on the elements and
principles of contemporary arts of performing arts and literature. Hence, Visual arts were tackled in
our previous lessons.
LITERATURE
This is a body of workshop that show the best that has been thought and said or works that signify
the achievements of a particular culture.
Types and elements of literature:
Prose and Poetry
Poetry refers to expressing of feeling or idea with the use of figurative or symbolic language.
 Meaning. A writer can use idioms, new words, allusion, and connotations in expressing his
feelings or ideas.
 Figurative language. A writer may use of simile, metaphor, and other figures of speech in
expressing something in a different way aside from its literal meaning.
 Imagery. This consists of descriptions and details that can trigger the readers’ senses.
 Sound and Rhythm. Sound is the emphasis on certain words while rhythm is the position of
beats or the sound pattern of the work.
Prose is a literature that is not poetry with two categories: informative and persuasive, just like an
essay.
 Theme or content. This is the general thought or idea of the composition.
 Style. This refers to the choices of words and sentence structures used to convey the
message.
 Form and structure. This is the sequence of topic and transitions that make the whole essay.
 Plot or story line. This is the sequence of events in the story that gives the flow of the narrative.
 Characters. This can be a person, an animal or even thing who takes part in the story.
 Setting. This is the time and place where the story happened.
 Theme. This is the central thought of the story.
 Language and style. Style is the choices of words which includes the sentence structures and
figurative language that affect the mood of the story.
 Point of view. The narrator may present the author himself for the
third-person point of view. The narrator can also be one of the characters in the story for the
first-person point of view.

Traditions and Forms Of Philippine Poetry: Ethnic Tradition

 Epic. This relates adventures of a super hero with powers and serves as a code of values of a
particular ethnic group.
 Folk song. A song that is transmitted orally from one generation to another and known as
awiting bayan in Tagalog.
 Proverbs. A concise statements that teach morality and tradition and usually expressed as
rhyming pair of lines that depict two different elements.
 Riddles. This describes an object in a different manner or in a way that is not easily understood
and may be a question for someone to discover the meaning.
 Short poems. This usually has four lines, with 5-12 syllables per line.
 Poetic jousts. This may involve marriage negotiations between two families in which every
region has their own version.

Spanish Colonial Tradition

 Metrical romance. This focuses on chivalric, folkloric, legendary, and religious themes.
 Pasyon. This is written in a stanza with 5 lines with 8 syllables per line which recounts the life
of Jesus Christ. This is useful as a source of images, stories of Jesus Christ.

Forms of Contemporary Prose In The Philippines:

 Folk narrative. Any story based on real or fictional events in the past told among the people in
a community.
 Myth. This is a story that explains the origin of the world and its first inhabitants.
 Legend. Heroic and historical legend tackles episodes in the lives of great men and women.
Religious legend narrates display of miracles of God and of the saints. Supernatural legend focuses
on the existence of beings from the underworld. Toponymical legend explains why a certain place has
this name.
 Folktales. These are classified into animal tales or fables, magic tales, humorous tales,
novelistic tales, religious and didactic tales.
 Essay. This explains the insights or information using description, narration, and humor.
 Novel. This defined as the lengthy and complex narrative of events based on the author’s
imagination.
 Short story. This is a concise secular narrative with romantic, realistic and radical tradition.
 Komiks. This is a special form of contemporary literature which involves drawing frames
showing a set of characters with their actions and usually contains a balloons enclosed with words or
dialogue.
MUSIC
It is an arrangement of sounds to create a continuous and unified compositions.
Elements of Music:
 Melody. This is succession of consecutive notes or tones changing in pitch and duration.
 Rhythm. It has three qualities: tempo which describes how fast or slow is the music; meter
which refers to the unit of time that is made up of beats or pulses; and rhythmic pattern.
 Harmony. This is a combination of different tones or pitches played sung together at the same
time.
 Texture. This is the relationship of melodic and harmonic lines in music.
 Dynamics. This is the degree of softness and loudness of music.
 Timbre. Also known as tone color which is the quality of sound generated by the instrument or
voice.
 Form. This refers to how the elements of music are organized.
Forms and Types Of Philippine Music: Ethnic traditional music
 Ballad. A song that explains an event occurring in a community.
 Chant. A song with an unaccompanied melody and variable rhythm.
 Song debate. A song involving male and female singers who try to outsmart each other about
a certain topic.

European-influenced Religious and Secular music

 Art song. A composition characterized by merging the voice part, lyrics, and the
accompaniment together to achieve an artistic musical whole.
 Habanera/Danza. This is a social dance in duple time.
 Liturgical music. This is a vocal and instrumental compositions that go together with the official
rites of Christian churches.
 Kumintang. This is a dance of love accompanied by a guitar and a string bass and
documented as a war song.
 Pasyon chant. Refers to the various styles used throughout the country for the singing of the
pasyon.

American-inspired music
 Classical music. This music includes classical music from the western world; and classical and
modern music composed by Filipinos.
 Semi-classical music. These includes band and rondalla music, hymns and marches, sarswela
music, and stylized folk songs.
 Popular music. This includes original music composed by Filipinos which utilizes Western and
local musical influences.

DANCE
It is an art of involving a series a rhythmic human movements that are purposely selected and
involves a mindful effort to combine movements together.

Elements of Dance:
 Body element. This is how the body of the dancer moves, what part of the body moves, what
actions are performed, and how the body support itself.
 Space. This focuses on the area where the dance is performed.
 Time. This is the accent, beat, duration, meter, rhythm, and acceleration.
 Energy. This is referred to as dynamics. This element describes how energy is directed
through the body, and how the body releases it.
 Relationship. This is how the person relates to the stage and to production elements.
Forms and types of dances in the Philippines:
 Folk dance. This is a dance that are developed and performed together by ordinary people.
This includes ceremonial, combative, courtship, exorcism, funeral, game, torture, comic, and religious
dances.
 Ballet. This is a theatrical dance presentation in which a plot is integrated with dancing, music,
and stage design.
 Modern dance. A dance form that emerged during the 20th century and still considered
theatrical but it veers away from the technique and style of ballet.

 Other forms of dance

Aerobic dance. Dancing to the tune of popular music with the purpose of increasing
consumption of oxygen over a period of time.
Bodabil dancing. This is used to be popular during the American period.
Jazz dance. This uses African dance techniques like isolation of individual human body parts,
rhythm, and polycentrism.
Polynesian and Tahitian dance. These dances began from the people living in the Polynesian
chain.
Tap dance. A dance which entails tapping with toes and heels to generate rhythmic patterns.

THEATER
It is an art form that involves performing carefully planned actions and emotions in front of an
audience. Philippine theater is described as a wide range of mimetic performances that were created
and presented during occasions.

Elements of theater:
 Performers. These are the persons who are on stage and portray their characters for the
audience.
 Audience. They serves as the witness of the performance and energy given by the performers.
 Director. Serves as an overseer to the entire production and ensures that the performers do
their job well and the design works well.
 Performance space. This refer to the space in which the actors can perform and space for the
audience to stand.
 Design. This is essential in placing the overall feel of the production which includes lighting,
set, costumes, and sound.
 Text. This is the script to be presented in a play or production.
Form and types of Philippine theater:
 Dulang Pahiyang. Theater is not viewed as a separate activity, but as part of life.
 Dulambayan. Also known as people’s theater and considered “theater in the context of social
movements”
 Teatrong Pansimbahan. This is concerned with spirituality and usually performed depending on
the events in the church calendar.

FILM
This refers to a sequence of moving pictures shown on television or in cinema. Film making became
an industry in the Philippines during the 1950’s.

Elements of Film:
 Time. This is considered as the most significant element of cinema.
 Techniques of cinema.
o Cutting or editing. Involves one shot with another, making sure that these two shot are
connected.
o Camera movement. This is done in order to have a smoother change of view.
o Framing. This helps bringing balance to the film as it is being viewed.
Forms and types of Film:
 Aksyon (Action). This uses conflict as emphasis based on real-life stories or actual
experiences of persons and based from the tradition of metrical romance or literary komedya.
 Animation. A film that involves creating illustrations or inanimate images and bringing them to
life.
 Bomba. A film that depicts nudity and sex but is different from X-rated pornography.
 Dokyu (documentary). This is a motion picture that narrates news events or explain other
subject matter based on facts.
 Drama. This is a motion picture that dwells on personal problems and conflicts which draws
sentiment and emotion.
 Experimental. This attempts to create something innovative or that is never done before with
the camera.
 Fantasy. This depicts scenes in an imaginary world.
 Historical. This shows actual events that occurred in the past.
 Horror. This is shown to bring fear to the audience.
 Komedi (Comedy). This is to introduce or bring laughter to the audience.

Activity 1. Reflective Question: How does learning the music help you?
Activity 2. It’s Your Turn
Present a form of performing arts (eg. Dance, music) which you think you can possibly do by yourself
based on the elements and principles learned in this lesson. Take a video of your presentation and
submit it to my messenger, (Mark Carpio Manuel) label it with PERFORMING ARTS.
________________________________________________________________________________
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions
Quarter 1, Week 4
Lesson/Topic: Arts and its Visual Elements
In order to understand how to describe a painting or a sculpture, it is important to comprehend
first the visual elements of art. These visual elements of art are line, color, shape, space, value,
texture, time and motion.

Line
This refers to a prolongation of a point or a mark on a surface. Solid
lines can be used in order to define form while broken lines are typically
used to suggest hidden forms.

Shape and Mass

This element refers to an area with boundaries identified or drawing
lines. A shape may be natural or living forms called an organic shape
and can be irregular or rounded. It may also be measured forms called
geometric shape. In contrast to shape which is two-dimensional, mass
refers to solid portions of a three-dimensional object.

Color
This refers to visual perception that allows a person to differentiate objects due to the way
various wavelengths of light are reflected. Color is a very important element because it can
communicate information and emotion to the viewer. These are the three properties of color:
● Hue, which refers to the basic or pure color, and is represented in the color wheel.
● Value, which refers to the lightness and darkness of color. A light color or tint is the result of
adding white to a hue, while a dark color or shade results from adding black to a hue.
● Saturation, which refers to brightness and dullness of color. It is also referred to as purity of
the color. A bright color can be produced by adding more pigment to the same hue, while a
dull color can be produced by adding gray or the color’s complement to the pigment.

The color wheel is an arrangement of primary, secondary and

tertiary colors. It is important tool to identify which colors can work well if
used in a certain artwork which is the color schemes or color
relationships. These are some of the color schemes:

Color Schemes
● Monochromatic – involves using the same hue but with different gradients of value.
● Analogous – entails the use of three or four adjacent colors in the color wheel.
● Complementary – involves the use of a color and its complement
-meaning the color located opposite of the first color.
 ● Split-complementary – a close relative to the complementary color scheme. But instead
of using the color’s complement, this scheme uses the two colors adjacent to the
complement.
● Triadic – uses three colors that are of equal distance with each other.
● Tetradic – also known as double complementary color scheme, this uses two pairs of
complementary colors.

Texture
This element refers to the feel or appearance of a surface. A. person
may describe as actual or implied. Actual texture can be felt tangibly
based on the material that is used for the artwork while implied texture
can be exhibited, for instance, in a painting of fur of an animal.

Value
This element refers to lightness or darkness of an area. This is evident in creating shadows for
a two-dimensional object to give an illusion of depth.

Space
Space refers to the area that is occupied by an object or a subject, as well as the area
surrounding that object or subject. An illusion of space can still be created in a two-dimensional
surface using perspective. There are two types of perspective: atmospheric perspective, which
utilizes the properties of light and air in depicting the illusion of distance; and linear perspective,
which involves the use of vanishing points and receding hidden lines.

Time and Motion

Movement in the visual arts can either be an illusion or an actual motion. An illusion of
movement is more common in two-dimensional artworks. On the other hand, actual motion is easily
seen in kinetic sculpture that moves with the wind or are vibrating with the surrounding air.

Activity 1. Test your knowledge

Read the statements carefully. Identify what is being described in the statement. Write your
answers on the space provided.

1. This refers to a prolongation of a point.

a. Color c. Space
b. Line d. Value
2. This type of sculpture has parts that can be moved with the wind.
a. Kinetic sculpture c. Texture
b. Implied motion d. Color wheel
3. This color scheme involves using colors that are located beside each other in the color
wheel.
a. Monochromatic c. Complementary
b. Analogous d. Split-complementary
4. This statement refers to the way the surface or objects looks as it may feel.
a. Line c. Color
b. Shape and mass d. Texture
5. This element of art refers to an area with boundaries identified or drawn using lines.
a. Value c. Shape
 b. Color d. Texture
6. This type of texture refers to the real qualities of the physical surface of an artwork.
a. Implied texture c. Actual texture
b. Space d. Value
7. This refers to brightness and dullness of color.
a. Hue c. Saturation
b. Value d. Color
8. This color scheme involves the use of four colors.
a. Triadic c. Color scheme
b. Tetradic d. Color wheel
9. This refers to the purity of a certain color.
a. Hue c. Saturation
b. Value d. Color
10. This type of perspective involves the use of properties of light and air to portray the
illusion of distance.
a. Texture c. Atmospheric perspective
b. Space d. Linear perspective

Activity 2. Reflective Question: How can learning visual elements of art help you?

_______________________________________________________________________________
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions
Quarter 1, Week 5
Lesson/Topic: Painting
Painting refers to the process of applying color on a flat surface. Forms can be created using a wide
variety of materials such as watercolor, acrylic, ink, oil, pastel, and charcoal. Surfaces for painting
include wood, canvas, cardboard, and paper. Painting is considered two-dimensional, meaning it only
has height and width.

FORMS OF PAINTING:
Easel Painting
The easel painting is perhaps the most common.form of.painting which involves applying color to a
board or .canvas that is.fixed on an upright support called an easel. These are.meant to.be framed
and hanged on a wall.after creating them.
Murals
A mural is described as a huge wall-sized painting.used.to impart messages to the public. A new form
of.mural.which is.a portable mural, was developed in order.to prevent.. the mural from being erased
from the wall.which was.created.by using.bold strokes in applying..bright colors on pieces of
cheesecloth\or canvas.
Telon Painting
A telon is describes as a backdrop or background.for.the stage which are used for komedya,
sarswela, and sinakulo,.the popular forms of theater in the country.
Jeepney and Calesa Painting
The calesa is typically painted using one color. The.borders of the calesa are decorated with
geometric.patterns,. repetitive patterns, and/or thin lines. Jeepney painting evolved from calesa
painting. In.a.typical jeepney, a logo, number, or painting is covered.near the driver’s seat, as well as
near the seats adjacent.to it.
Collage
This refers to a form of painting that involves.combine. images in a single artwork. This entails
cutting.and pasting materials such as paper, fabric, tin foil and.other relatively flat.materials onto a
board or canvas.

THEMES OF PAINTING:
Genre Painting
Genre painting portrays people in daily activities. During the contemporary period, genre painting
took.several.directions. One of these new approaches is folk.genre, which.mainly focuses on the
everyday activities.of the folk. Another approach is using the style of cubism.in depicting folk or..
urban.subjects. On the other hand, folk-naive is another style.wherein it uses a lot of.color and
spontaneity.
Historical Painting
The historical painting depicts a scene from the past. It often has a lesson concerning national values.
Interiors
This refers to painting of the space inside of a part of a house or a building. This usually reveals the
social class of the family living in that particular house, as well as the traits of the people living in it.
Landscapes
These painting portrays natural scenery or urban scenes. Mixed media is now used in creating
landscape paintings. Closely related to landscapes are seascapes, which focus on large bodies of
water, particularly the ocean or the sea.
Portraits
This refers to a painting portraying one or more specific individuals. This usually portrays the physical
characteristics of the subject and seeks to show an understanding of that person’s character.
Nudes
These are paintings that portray the unclothed human figure. Nowadays, a wide variety of materials
and styles can be used in painting nudes. Nude painting sessions are conducted in galleries.
Religious Painting
Common subjects of religious painting includes a lone.religious image, lives of the saints, and scenes
based.from..the.Scriptures like the Nativity scene, and the.Station.of the.Cross.
Still Life
This refers to a painting that depicts natural or man-made objects that form a composition in a natural
setting. A lot of styles can be used by artists in painting, ranging from Baroque and Rococo, to
impressionism, expressionism, and abstract. Neo-realism involves creating representational figures
that also look abstract; hyperrealism or magic realism, the subject is painted in a highly realistic way
that it resembles a photograph and social realism entails creating paintings that depicts
socioeconomic and political problems.

Activity 1. Test your knowledge

Read the statements carefully. Identify what is being described in the statement.
1. This refers to a painting that shows an arrangement of objects such as fruits and flowers in a
natural setting.
a. Interiors c. Nudes b. Still life d. Landscapes
2. This refers to painting that is applied on a wall or a large permanent surface.
a. Mural c. Historical painting b. Genre painting d. Religious painting
3. This painting depicts scenes from ordinary life.
a. Still life c. Genre painting b. Interiors d. Landscapes
4. This refers to a painting of the space inside of a part of a house or a building.
a. Landscapes c. Interiors b. Portraits d. Still life
5. This refers to a painting that is finished on a portable upright support.
a. Telon painting c. Genre painting b. Historical painting d. Easel painting
6. This is a painting that involves cutting and pasting relatively flat materials onto a board or canvas.
a. Religious painting c. Portrait b. Collage d. Landscapes
7. A painting portraying the crucifixion of Jesus Christ is an example of this theme of painting.
a. Interiors c. Historical painting b. Nudes d. Religious painting
8. A painting portraying the execution of Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan is an
example of this theme of painting.
a. Historical painting c. Murals b. Easel painting d. Telon painting
9. A painting featuring the physical characteristics of Jose Blanco is an example
of this theme of painting.
a. Still life c. Portrait b. Interiors d. Landscapes
10.This refers to a style of painting that resembles more a photograph than a painting.
a. Hyperrealism c. Portraits b. Photograph d. Still life

Activity 2. Reflective Question: How can a painting be best created?

Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions

Quarter 1, Week 6
Lesson/Topic: Sculpture and Other Forms of Visual Arts
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic
arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving and modelling; in stones, metals, ceramics,
woods and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete freedom of
materials and process. In contrast to painting, sculpture has three dimensions – height, width, and
depth. It is created by either carving, modelling, or assembling parts together.

GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE:

Free-standing
This is a kind of sculpture that can independently.stand..in. space. It has a flat horizontal base. All its..
sides .contribute. to.. the overall form of the sculpture.
Relief
This kind of sculpture does not have a flat horizontal.base..The form is projected from a flat surface.
There are..two. types of relief – low relief or bas-relief which is slightly..from. the flat surface; and high
relief. Cagayan de Oro’s.Legendary. River Monster is an example of relief sculpture.
Assemblage
This sculpture is formed by putting together materials.such as found objects, pieces of paper,
sponges, wood.scraps, and other materials. A good example of this is.Lamberto Hechanova’s Man
and Woman.
Kinetic Sculpture
This is considered as a sculpture in motion because.the entire sculpture or some parts of the
sculpture are.moving with.. the wind or are vibrating with the.surrounding air.
Welded Sculptures
Creating these sculptures involve the process of.connecting sheets of metal together by using an
acetylene.or. electric torch.
Use of Glass
A kind of sculpture where the medium of expression.used. by the artist is glass.
Symbolic Sculpture
It is a kind of sculpture in which an abstract idea is represented by means of allegory and
personification.

OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL ART:

Aside from painting and sculpture, other visual forms can be seen in every region in the country.
Some of them are even used by people on a regular basis. The following are some of the visual arts
used by various companies and offices:
Advertising Art
This refers to using paid space or time in any of the.media.to inform and influence the public. This is
used to.encourage the public to patronage certain goods and.services,.or to support policies or
persons.
Bamboo Art
This refers to works made of bamboo that may be.used... for.everyday purposes, for decorations or..
ornaments.
Basketry
This refers to the art of creating containers by.weaving, plaiting, or braiding materials into hollow..
three-dimensional.. shapes that can either be used for.carrying, storage and. trapping animals.
Book Design
Book design involves structuring and reproduction of bound pages that are filled with text and / or
images, and are protected by hard or soft covers.
Costumes
These are garments, hairstyles, and accessories that are worn by individual members in a particular
society.
Embroidery
This refers to the art of stitching ornaments on cloth.by.hand.
Food Art
This involves packaging and / or presentation of food.in an.artistic way. Food art involves enhancing
the food.itself or.. its packaging in an artistic way.
Furniture
These are decorative and functional objects which are typically found in a public or private dwelling or
building. These are also known as muebles or kasangkapan.
Komiks and Editorial Cartoon
Both komiks and editorial cartoon involve illustrations of stories or events. However, an editorial
cartoon is a single-frame illustration that may either makes fun of political leaders or institutions, or
comments on current events. The komiks, on the other hand, may use single or multiple frames with
conversations of people or animals placed inside “balloons”.
Leaf Art
Leaf art is used in religious rituals, food wrapping, and.even as a form of modern artistic expression.
This makes.leaf.art different from basketry.
Mat Weaving
This refers to the art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into mats”. These mats, locally known as
banig, are cool, light, and portable compared to fixed beds.
Metalcraft
This includes all objects made from metal using the processes of brass casting and blacksmithing,
tinsmithing, or goldsmithing and silversmithing.
 Brass casting and blacksmithing
This process involves casting and forging pieces of brass or bronze. Anting-anting or amulets are
also created using this process.
 Goldsmithing and silversmithing
These processes involves the use of gold and silver in creating objects and ornaments.
  Tinsmithing
Tinsmithing can be easily seen in creating jeepneys, kalesas, and cariton or ice cream cart.
Multimedia
This consist of works that involves the use of other senses in appreciating those works aside from the
sense of vision.
 Conceptual Art
In this type of multimedia, a visual artist “ideates or sets up a situation, placing philosophical value in
the process itself while negating the importance of craftsmanship in arriving at a finished art object.
 Installation Art
In this type of multimedia, the artist puts together materials and objects in an exhibition space to cast
a new experience or idea.
 Performance Art
In this type of multimedia, an artist converts himself or herself into an art object in motion and sound.
Paper Art
This involves the processes of cutting, pasting,.recycling, and / or constructing of objects from paper..
Paper art used to. be limited with folk paper art such as.taka and higante from. Angono, parol,
pastillas, wrappings,.and kites.
Personal Ornaments
These are objects that are worn on the human body. Jewelry falls under this form. These are worn
either to enhance a part of the body of the wearer, to exhibit rank or status, or to symbolize ritualistic
and emotional states.
Photography
This refers to the process of producing images using a light-sensitive chemical plate or film.
Photographs are taken to serve as portraits and as propaganda which is highly useful medium for an
artist.
Pottery
Pottery is a general term for decorative and useful.objects.made from clay and set off at high
temperatures. This.. is frequently interchanged with “ceramics”. However,.it is. important to note that
application of ceramics is wider..and. even includes industrial use.
 Earthenware or Terracotta
This type of pottery is made from clay and is usually fired at 1,700-2,100 ᵒF.
 Stoneware
This type of pottery is made from clay and feldspar.
 Porcelain
This type of pottery is made from kaolin, a special type of clay that is extra fine, white and feldspar.
Printmaking
This refers to transferring images from a firm surface, such as metal or wood , to a pliable surface,
such as cloth or paper, using pressure. This is different from production because printmaking involves
making the plate either by hand (of the artist) or mixed with mechanical means.
Tattoo Art
This refers to a body adornment permanently.engraved..on the skin using a sharp instrument and
plant.dyes or inks.
Textile Weaving
This refers to the process of creating cloth by.interweaving a series of parallel vertical threads with…
another. series of horizontal threads at right angles.

Activity 1. Test your knowledge

Read the statements carefully. Identify what is being described in the statement.
1. This body adornment involves putting plant dyes into the skin through the use of a sharp
instrument.
 a. Leaf art c. Textile weaving b. Tattoo art d. Multimedia
2. This kind of sculpture stands independently and has a flat base.
a. Free standing c. Assemblage b. Relief d. Use of glass
3. This form of visual arts refers to the way food is packaged and / or presented in an artistic way.
a. Tattoo art c. Food art b. Printmaking d. Costumes
4. This contemporary type of sculpture involves placing together materials such as found objects,
pieces of paper, sponges, wood scraps, and other materials.
a. Assemblage c. Performance art b. Advertising art d. Installation art
5. This refers to the process of producing images using a light-sensitive chemical plate or film.
a. Symbolic sculpture c. Bamboo art b. Kinetic sculpture d. Photography
6. This is defined as a sculpture with its form projecting slightly from the flat surface.
a. Conceptual art c. Relief b. Pottery d. Photography
7. This form of visual arts involves braiding, plaiting, or weaving materials to create hollow
three-dimensional containers that can either be used for carrying, storage, and trapping animals.
a. Basketry c. Printmaking b. Textile weaving d. Personal ornaments
8. This is also known as a sculpture in motion.
a. Tattoo art c. Furniture b. Metal craft d. Kinetic sculpture
9. This type of pottery is made from kaolin, a special type of clay that is extra fine and white, and
feldspar.
a. Stoneware c. Earthenware or Terracotta b. Porcelain d. Ceramics
10.An example of this form of visual arts is the use of coconut leaves in wrapping cooked rice.
a. Bamboo art c. Leaf art b. Book design d. Metal craft

Activity 2. Matching artworks

Match the artworks in column A with the corresponding form of visual arts in column B.
Column A Column B
_____ 1. Anting-anting A. Advertising art
_____ 2. Basey mat B. Bamboo art
_____ 3. Billboard showing a canned tuna product C. Food art
_____ 4. Earrings D. Mat weaving
_____ 5. Kiping chandeliers E. Metalcraft
_____ 6. Lakub from Lanao F. Paper art
_____ 7. Sapin-sapin G. Personal ornaments
_____ 8. T’ nalak H. Pottery
_____ 9. Kites I. Sculpture
_____ 10. Terracotta jars J. Textile making

Activity 3. Reflective Question: What have you discovered from the lesson?

Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions

Quarter 1, Week 7
Lesson/Topic: Architecture
Architecture is considered to be one of the most functional branches of the visual arts. We can freely
see architecture in our surroundings because architecture involves designing the form of a building
while allowing the building to serve its function. It is considered to be the “art to inhabit.” Throughout
Philippines history, both foreign and Filipino architects introduce innovations when it comes to
creating buildings and large structures. Even though the design of buildings and homes are still
Western-inspired, architects started to appreciate Filipino social traditions and cultural values. In fact,
local materials were used by architects like Francisco Mañosa, a Filipino architect considered as one
of the most influential Filipino architects of the 20th century, in designing homes and buildings. In
addition to that, they sought ways to express these traditions and values in architecture.

FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE:

Domestic Buildings and Houses
Apartment. This refers to a building composed of many residences called units. This is usually built in
populated urban areas. Nowadays, in order to maximize the use of space and because of the
increased buying power of the population, condominiums were developed. These condominiums are
larger offshoots of apartments.
Bahay na Bato. The bahay na bato is considered to be a residence of.the.wealthy. A typical
two-storey bahay na bato.generally .has a. ground floor that is made of brick or.stone,.and has a
wooden.. upper level. The windows and..the level have grilles, while the. windows at the upper..level
.have sliding shutters. The roof of.. a.typical bahay..na..bato slants on four sides.
Barong-barong
The barong-barong are houses of the landless poor that are built on any land or area. These are
usually found near the esteros, riverbanks, and bayshores; spaces along high walls, railroad tracks;
spaces near abandoned buildings, and garbage dumps; or any vacant lot. Some of these
barong-barong are built under bridges.
Bungalow
This refers to one-story house with a wide front porch and large windows. It may also have a terrace,
which may be roofed or not.

Ethnic Houses
Bahay Kubo
The bahay kubo is considered as an ethnic house of.Christian peasant families living in the lowland
areas..This.. is.. typically owned by families belonging in low.income.. groups.
Houseboat
The houseboat is basically a boat that also serves as dwelling. The Badjaos or Sama Laut typically
reside in houseboats.
One-and-a-Half Story House
The one-and-a-half story is characterized by an upper level or story covering just a half of the lower
level. This may also become a split-level house if half of the ground level is higher in such a way that
it is halfway between the ground level and the upper level.
Split-level House
The split-level house in the Philippines has two main levels. The lower level houses has the kitchen,
living and dining areas, while the upper level has the bedrooms. These levels are separated by about
half or less-than-half a story.
Tsalet
The Philippine tsalet refers to a suburban house that has one story, a two-story house with living
quarters on the upper level, or an elevated one-story house. The term tsalet came from the term
“chalet” which refers to a peasant house in Switzerland that has upper levels jutting over the lower
levels, a steep roof and a decorated gable.

Commercial Buildings
Market (Palengke)
This refers to a place or building for buying and selling..goods. This is also referred to as tindahan,
and tiyangge..Nowadays, the palengke has evolved into the..supermarket,.which puts the wet market
and the grocery..together in the. same complex. The mall, or galleria,.is .considered a more. recent
evolved form of the palengke.
Buildings that house banks, business offices, and factories
These buildings have plain wall surfaces and large windows. These also have bold rectangular forms
and clean lines.

Government Buildings
Capitol (Kapitolyo)
This refers to the building of the provincial..government..Most of the kapitolyo in the country use..
columns and.. pediments in the exterior of the buildings.
Town Hall (Munisipyo)
This refers to the building of the municipal government. The offices of the mayor, the municipal
council, the municipal court and jail, and other important offices such as the municipal registrar’s
office are located here. There are some instances, however, when the municipal court and jail are
housed in a separate building called tribunal.

Public Buildings and Structures

School (Eskwelahan)
This refers to a place where young people are educated to become productive members of the
community. The most common style of the eskwelahan is American-influenced, which featured a
concrete structure elevated on stilts.
Kamalig
The Kamalig is the Tagalog term for a building used for storing grain. This is considered to be the
most economically significant structure among the tribes in Northern Philippines. In some provinces,
especially those in the lowland areas, the bahay kubo or nipa hut can be used as a form of kamalig.
Masjid
The masjid or mosque refers to a place of worship of.the. Muslims. A typical Philippine mosque has
the.following.features: a tower called minaret, a prayer niche.called mihrab., the dome, arches that
are reinforced with.pillars, and a pulpit.. called mimbar.
Cemetery (Sementeryo)
The cemetery is a place where people bury the dead. It has other names, such as kampo santo,
pantyon, and libingan. A cemetery had a small chapel and vaults or nichos surrounding the chapel.
Nowadays, memorial parks are developed.
Church (Simbahan)
The simbahan is a place of worship for a Christian congregation. How a church was designed usually
depends on the religious denomination it belongs.
Movie House (Sinehan)
The sinehan is a place where people watch film or motion pictures.
Theatre (Teatro)
The teatro is a building for dance, musical, and theatrical presentations. This is different from an
auditorium because the teatro is essentially a separate building compared to the former.
Other Forms and Structures
Fort (Kuta)
These are structures that are built to defend a community against enemies. These are usually found
in areas with natural barriers, such as cliffs, hills, narrow passes, mountains, and waters.
Lighthouse (Parola)
The lighthouse is a structure built on an island, peninsula, or rock to ensure that ships will be able to
pass through a narrow area safely.
Bridge (Tulay)
The tulay is a horizontal structure that serves as a passageway between two areas separated by a
body of water, a hollow area, or a road.

Activity 1. Test your knowledge

Identify what is being described in the statement. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. This form of architecture is considered to be the ethnic house of Christian
families living in lowland areas.
a. Kamalig c. Bahay kubo b. Masjid d. Church
2. This commercial building is a place for buying and selling goods.
a. Market c. Theatre b. Movie house d. Tsalet
3. This house generally has a ground floor that is made of brick or stone and has a wooden upper
level.
a. Apartment c. Bahay kubo b. Barong-barong d. Bahay na bato
4. Camp Evangelista of Cagayan de Oro is an example of this architecture.
a. Apartment c. Fort b. Bahay kubo d. Market
5. Libingan ng mga bayani is an example of this architectural form.
a. Fort c. Market b. Cemetery d. Movie house
6. A pulpit in a mosque is called a ________.
a. Mimbar c. Mihrab b. Masjid d. Minaret
7. This is a place of worship for a Christian congregation.
a. Kamalig c. Church b. Masjid d. Cemetery
8. The building of Cagayan de Oro Provincial Government is an example of this architectural form.
a. Market c. Church b. Capitol d. Bahay kubo
9. This commercial building is thought to be an evolved form of the palengke or market.
a. Market c. Bahay na bato b. Mall/galleria d. Apartment
10.This domestic building is deemed as an evolved form of apartment.
a. Mall c. Capitol b. Market d. Condominium

Activity 2. Draw the following structural forms:

1. Lighthouse (Parola)
2. Bridge (Tulay)

Prepared by:
MARK ANTHONY C. MANUEL
CPAR Teacher