Geometric Figures

❑The geometric figures commonly used in drawing pictures are lines,

angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles and arcs and
solids.

❑LINE
❑ANGLE
❑POLYGON
❑CIRCLE
❑SOLID
Measuring Tools
❑ Used for the purpose of measuring dimensions, measuring tools are
imperative for implementing any work with precision. The measuring
tools are also used largely for carrying out different types of
measurements.
• T-Square is used a guide in drawing horizontal lines and in measuring
up to 48” straight line
• Triangles are used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.
• Triangular Scale used to reproduce the dimension in full size or to
reduce or enlarge them on a drawing.
• Protractor is used for measuring and setting of angles other than
those obtainable with the triangles.
• Ruler is the most popular type of measuring tool. It is needed for
measuring sizes and distances.
• Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. The
development of the skill in measuring starts with the ability to read
measurements. There are two systems of measurement: the English
system which originated in England and the Metric system or Systems
International (S.I) which originated in France. The basic unit in the S.I.
measurement is called the meter. The meter is divided into 100
centimeters. Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. In the
English system , the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the
smallest graduation is read 1/16
 ALPHABET OF LINES
❑ Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols which have different weights, thickness, forms and uses.
Visible line – a thick line that represents the visible edges or outline of the object; also known as the object line
Hidden line – a medium thick line composed of short dashes about 2-3 millimeters long with space between dashes about 1-2
millimeters wide; it represents the surface or edges that cannot be seen
Center line – a thin line consisting of two long dashes and short dash drawn alternately with a gap of at least 2 millimeters in
between; it represents the axis or center of symmetrical shapes like a ball, washer, rectangular block, cube
Section line – a thin lines to show the surface that has been cut; they are spaced evenly at 45 degrees with the horizontal to
make shaded effect
Extension line – a thin line that extends from the object in order to show dimension limits
Dimension line – a thin line with an arrowhead in one end used to indicate the measurements of the object
Long-break line – a medium thick line consisting of broken and straight lines drawn alternately. This is also known as the
limiting line. This limits the length of an elongated object without changing the size of its view.
Short-break line – thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part has been cut off or broken out.
Leader line – a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end and short horizontal line on the other end.
Phantom line – a thin line that shows position(s) of part of an object that moves drawn by two short dashes and one long dash.
Cutting-plane line –thick lines used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the line. Made up of two long dashes
broken in one end with an arrowhead and two short dashes drawn in between the long dashes.
DIMENSION
• Dimension is the numerical value that is being assigned to the size,
shape or location of the feature being described. Dimensions are
indicated in drawings by dimension lines and numerical figures.

• Dimensions, Notations height is 3 mm (1/8”)

RULES IN DIMENSIONING
The following rules provide some simple guidelines to be followed when
placing dimensions on a drawing.

❑Reference dimensions should be placed in parenthesis.

• The dimension should be centered between the extension lines.
• The dimension may be placed outside of the dimension lines if there is
insufficient space. The arrows may point out depending on the available space.
• Place larger dimensions towards the outside so that extension lines don’t cross
dimension lines.
• Dimension lines should not end at object lines. Use extension lines to relate the dimension
to the feature being described.
• Do not place dimensions in the view. Use extension lines from the feature and locate the
dimension outside of the view.
• Use the diameter dimension to specify the size of holes and cylinders. Precede the
dimension with the diameter symbol Ø.
• Use the radius to dimension an arc. The radius dimension is preceded by the symbol R.
• Circular features should be located by dimensioning the centerlines
• Avoid dimensioning hidden lines. Create a section view if necessary to
dimension an object line.
 SCALING
• Proportion – a size or distance in comparison to another.
• Proportion Scale – a scale for measuring distances for drawings. Marks on a
proportion scale indicate the reduced size in proportion to the full or actual scale.
• Scale – a graduated measurement to allow production of a drawing to any size
desired.

Function of a Scale
1. To measure or layout line distances accurately either in full size and larger or
smaller than full size.
2. To produce drawing to a certain sizes (making drawing into scale)
Commonly Used Scale
Full-Size Scale – has a ratio of 1:1. This means that 1 mm on the drawing represents 1 mm
of the actual object. The views on the drawing paper are the same size as those of the
actual object.
Reduced Scale (Scaled-down) – has a ratio of 1:2. This means that 1 mm on the drawing
represent 2 mm on the actual object. The views of the actual object are twice the size of
the views on the drawing paper.
Enlarged Scale (Scaled-up) Scale 2:1 - This means that every 2 mm on the drawing
represent 1 mm on the actual object. The views on the drawing paper are twice the size
of those of the actual object.
•Location Plan-1:1250, 1:1000, 1:500
•Site Plan-1:200, 1:100
•Floor Plan, Elevation, Section-1:100, 1:50
•Room Plan, Interior Elevation-1:20
•Component/Detail Drawing 1:10, 1:5
LOT PLAN
❑ A drawing that shows the exact measurements of your property
lines and all structures within.

❑ Usually kept on file with towns and cities

❑ Used to track property and structures for tax and building purposes.

❑You will see the actual shape of the lot, the distance from corner to
corner of each property line and the cardinal direction.
 Steps/Procedures in Plotting
1. NORTH is always to be pointed vertical up with respect to the paper.
2. PLOTTING starts with point 1 and ends with point 1
3. Draw a vertical and horizontal line and place the N-S-E-W directions. Marked its center with
corner 1
4. Position the midpoint of the protractor at the point of intersection of North-South axis and
West-East axis.
5. Plot the bearing and distance of Line 1-2 Position the midpoint of the protractor at the point of
intersection of North-South axis and West-East axis.
6. Plot the bearing and distance of Line 2-3. Repeat steps 1-3 until Line 4-1.

DRAFTING PRACTICES IN LOT PLOTTING

a. All drawings and labels are inked.

b. Lot points are represented by small circle and point no. indicated near it within the lot whenever possible
c. Lot No. and Block No. are written at the center of lot.
d. Subdivision streets are indicated as Street Lot No. __. It is directly centered and parallel to respective streets