Adama Town Water Supply Project

DECLARATION
This final year project paper is actually carried out by our entire group member and wherever
possible we used any information part of any material in course of study (work); we have
professionally refined to the actual source of the material as required by the ethical code of the
project.
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CERTIFICATION
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT ENTITELED ADAMA WATER SUPPLY
PROJECT IS GENUINELY WORK DONE.
SUMMATED TO: DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
By
1. ABDILAZIZ NASIR..........................................................RET/879/02
2. ABEBE DINKA….............................................................RET/544/02
3. ABRHAME GIZAWE…....................................................RET/264/01
4. ADANE H/MARIAM.........................................................RET/834/02
5. ADINOW GARKABO........................................................RET/325/01
6. ADDISU ABEBE..................................................................RET/1166/02
7. ALEMSHET TAFFESE…..................................................RET/647/02
8. AMIN HAMID.....................................................................RET/422/01
And have duly and partially fulfilled the requirement of B.SC in Water Supply and
Environmental Engineering
Advisors Head of Department
SEBLE.K (M.Sc) ADANE W/MEDHIN (M.Sc)
Sign…………………….. Sign …………….
Date…………………….. Date……………………..
FITSUM .G/H (B.Sc)
Sign……………………..
Date……………………..
Examiner
1. Sign………………. Date………………
2. Sign………………. Date………………
June, 2014/AMU.
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DEDICATION
This project paper is dedicated to our parents and for water supply and environmental
engineering department students.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would be failing in our duty if we did not pay our thanks to those who have helped and
encouraged us in writing such an interesting project.
We first and foremost gratitude to our god, for his unlimited assistance and passed every
challenge in all our study time.
In addition, we would like to express our sincere and special thanks gratitude to our advisors
SEBLE.K (M.Sc) and FITSUM.G/H (B.Sc), For giving us their precious advice at all stage of
our project being very friendly, their certainly to give the necessary data and information, and for
reading the whole paper at all the stages at the expense of their invaluable time; giving their
sincere guidance, comment and comments and constructive criticism.
Lastly we would like also to address our deepest thanks to our family, friends’ department staffs
and all who supported us in various ways during the execution this project.
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ABBREVIATION
WARDO -----------------------------woreda agricultural and rural development
organization
WAo------------------------------------woreda agricultural office
RDO------------------------------------rural development office
MOA ministry of
agriculture DA development agent
PA peasant association
GDP gross domestic product
FAO------------------------------------food agricultural organization
HH house hold
NGO-----------------------------------nongovernmental organization
IAF Inter Aid France
WSSA-------------------------------- water supply and sewerage authority
ECSA-----------------------------------------Ethiopian central static authority
CSA entral static authority
SAR1 Sire Ababune
GAR2 Gelma Aba Geda
WAR3 Western Adama
NAR4 Nortern Adama
DHAR5 Dhega Adi
AUR6 Adama University
EAR7 Eastern Adama

v
LUR8 Lugo
EBOR9 Eastern Boku
WBOR10 Western Boku
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Adama town is located in East shewa zone of oromia Region. The town is accessible from
Finfinne to Adama through modern asphalt road of 99km and rail road, Its Topography varies
from ground elevations of 1,595masl to 1,800masl. The Design report of this particular project is
the formation of additional water supply system for Adama town. The system has been designed
in such a way that it can satisfy the total water requirement and provide the town with safe water
for the next 25 years.
In data analysis part population forecasting is done by three methods like geometric method,
Arithmetic and exponential, by considering minimum error from thus method the selected one
was geometric method and at the end of design period population become 951770. After this
water demand assessment was calculated for different type water demand like domestic demand,
Non domestic demand, unaccounted water demand and Animal water demand. After assessing
the water demand, the next step in designing a water supply system is the process of choosing the
most suitable water source, since ground water was selected. Accordingly, a total of around 25
boreholes shall be drilled to meet the demands required up to end of phase II. The design of each
borehole is a Telescope type having a total depth of 350m depth of which 180m and 170m are
intended for pump and riser champers respectively. Each borehole is estimated to yield 50 l/s.
and water from bore hole pumped by using submersible pump to collector reservoir. Then the
capacity reservoir also determined by drawing mass curve of water consumption rates and supply
rates.
The Transmission main transports water from the collector reservoirs located at Biyo hill of
ground elevation of 1900masl to the Transfer Reservoir located west of Adama town at ground
elevation of 1800masl by flow of gravity and The distribution network should have a capacity to
distribute the peak hour water demands of customers with maintaining a minimum pressure of 10
to 15m. However, in exceptional cases, depending on the topography of the area, lower pressure
levels may be permitted, but not less than 7.5 m
Finally Environmental impact assessment, cost estimation, conclusion and recommendation are
briefly discussed under chapter five to seven respectively.
vii
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................iv
ABBREVIATION.............................................................................................................................................v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLE.............................................................................................................................................xii
LIST OF FIGURE...........................................................................................................................................xv
1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Location and Topography............................................................................................................1
1.2 Climate and hydrology.................................................................................................................3
1.3 Socio-Economy............................................................................................................................4
1.4 Existing Water Supply..................................................................................................................4
1.5 Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................5
1.6 Objectives of the project.............................................................................................................6
1.6.1 Main objective.....................................................................................................................6
1.6.2 Specific objectives................................................................................................................6
1.7 Scope of the project.....................................................................................................................6
2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................7
3 POPULATION FORECASTING................................................................................................................8
3.1 Factors that to be considered during fixing Design periods.........................................................8
3.1.1 Factors Affecting population Growth...................................................................................9
3.1.2 Population Forecasting Method...........................................................................................9
3.1.3 Calculating Errors...............................................................................................................11
3.1.4 Selection of Method..........................................................................................................11
4 DEMAND ASSESSMENT......................................................................................................................12
viii
4.1 Water Demand..........................................................................................................................12
4.1.1 Types of water Demand.....................................................................................................12
4.1.2 Non-domestic demands.....................................................................................................12
4.1.3 Type of per capita Demand................................................................................................13
4.1.4 Demand calculation...........................................................................................................14
4.1.5 Unaccounted water demand.............................................................................................14
4.1.6 Maximum day water demand............................................................................................16
4.1.7 Peak Hour Water Demand.................................................................................................16
4.1.8 Summary of Water Demand..............................................................................................17
5 WATER SOURCES...............................................................................................................................19
5.1.1 Ground Water sources.......................................................................................................19
5.2 Water well and Design...............................................................................................................19
5.2.1 Location of the Well field...................................................................................................20
5.2.2 Design Parameters of Boreholes........................................................................................20
5.2.3 Classification of Water Wells.............................................................................................20
5.2.4 Well Design........................................................................................................................21
Determination of number of well......................................................................................................22
Design of length and size of screen...................................................................................................22
6 PUMPS...............................................................................................................................................24
6.1 Classification of pumps..............................................................................................................24
6.1.1 Position of pumping station and transfer reservoir...........................................................25
6.1.2 Economical pumping Mains Diameter...............................................................................25
6.1.3 Pumping power calculation................................................................................................26
7 SERVICE RESERVOIRS.........................................................................................................................32
7.1 Sizing of reservoirs.....................................................................................................................32
ix
7.2 Purpose of reservoir..................................................................................................................32
7.3 Capacity and Location of Distribution Reservoirs......................................................................33
7.3.1 Distribution storage requirements.....................................................................................33
7.4 Accessories of reservoirs...........................................................................................................33
7.5 Factors determining number of reservoirs................................................................................34
7.6 Design criteria............................................................................................................................34
7.6.1 Reservoir Capacity Determination.....................................................................................34
7.7 Design calculation......................................................................................................................36
8 WATER QUALITY................................................................................................................................69
8.1.1 General..............................................................................................................................69
8.1.2 Water analysis....................................................................................................................69
9 WATER TREATMENT OPTIONS...........................................................................................................72
9.1 Purpose of water treatment......................................................................................................72
9.2 Ground water quality and treatment.........................................................................................72
9.3 Disinfection of water.................................................................................................................73
10 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM......................................................................................................74
10.1 Methods of distribution.............................................................................................................74
10.2 Distribution Reservoirs..............................................................................................................75
10.2.1 Site of Distribution Reservoir.............................................................................................75
10.3 Design of distribution system....................................................................................................76
10.3.1 Transmission main.............................................................................................................76
10.3.2 Alignment of transfer main................................................................................................76
10.4 Nodal demand computation......................................................................................................77
10.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Population and Water Demands....................................................78
11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................80
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11.1 General......................................................................................................................................80
11.2 Description of the Potential.......................................................................................................80
11.2.1 Positive impact of the project............................................................................................80
11.2.2 Negative impact.................................................................................................................81
11.3 Mitigation Measures..................................................................................................................82
12 COST ESTIMATION.........................................................................................................................84
12.1 Cost Estimation and Analysis.....................................................................................................84
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................................90
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................92
APPENDIX-A...............................................................................................................................................93
APPENDIX-B...............................................................................................................................................97
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 Existing Average Production and distribution from Awash River for Adama Town-----5
Table 2 Life span of water supply components 8
Table 3 Base Population of Adama Town from the Design Report----------------------------------------9
Table 4 Base Population of Adama town 10
Table 5 Population growth rate through in given year-----------------------------------------------------10
Table 6 Projected population by geometric method-----------------------------------------------------11
Table 7 Checking for errors 11
Table 8 Per capita consumption for a given type of demand-------------------------------------------13
Table 9 Public and commercial, industrial demand as a % of domestic demand-------------------13
Table 10 Summary per capital demand 14
Table 11 Adama water consumption (Excluding un-accounted for water)--------------------------14
Table 12 Un-Accounted For water 15
Table 13 Adjustment factor due to socio economic conditions------------------------------------------15
Table 14 Adjustment due to climate effect 15
Table 15 Adjusted water demand 15
Table 16 Maximum day factor 16
Table 17 Adama Maximum Day Demand (MDD)------------------------------------------------------------16
Table 18 Recommended Peak hour Factors 17
Table 19 Adjusted water demand by peak hour factor----------------------------------------------------17
Table 20 Summary of Water Demand 17
Table 21 Recommended Values of screen Diameter----------------------------------------------------23
Table 22 Friction loss for phase one 28
Table 23 Total head of submersible pump one----------------------------------------------------------29

xii
Table 24 Friction loss for phase two 30
Table 25 Submersible pump power for phase two-------------------------------------------------------31
Table 26 Table recommended height of reservoir----------------------------------------------------------37
Table 27 A Hoop tension coefficients 38
Table 28 B Vertical moment coefficient 38
Table 29 Table Coefficient for shear at base 45
Table 36 Summary of ADTW3 borehole parameters (WWDSE, 2008 well drilling report) 70
Table 37 Water Quality of the Well field 71
Table 38 The 9 (nine) Water Distribution Zones--------------------------------------------------------77
Table 39 Spatial distribution of population and water demands---------------------------------------78
Table 40 Summary of pipes required to build the new network---------------------------------------85
Table 41 Pipe work summary 85
Table 42 Part A: General Items 86
Table 43 PART B: Cost estimation of one bore hole---------------------------------------------------87
Table 44 Cost estimation of pump 87
Table 45 Cost of trench digging and filling 87
Table 46 Construction of storage reservoirs 87
Table 47 Electromechanical and Power Supply---------------------------------------------------------88

xiii
Table 48 Auxiliary buildings and miscellaneous civil works------------------------------------------89
Table 49 projected population by using different method (2014-2039)-------------------------------93
Table 50 Table the analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase I----------------------------93
Table 51 Table the analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase II---------------------------95
Table 52 Network Table - Links at 7:00 Hrs 98
Table 53 Network Table - Nodes at 6:00 Hrs 105
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Location Map of Adama Town (From feasibility study)...................................................2
Figure 2 Topographic View of the Town (From Google Earth Map of Adama).............................3
Figure 3 Bore hole arrengement for phase I...................................................................................27
Figure 4 Bore hole arrengement for phase II.................................................................................30
xv
Adama water supply 20
1 INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the necessities for human being and for living things. Water means nothing but
just life as it constitutes as the major parts of care of cell. Even though water is critical
necessities for life, it has an adverse effect to life, unless and otherwise properly handled.
Ethiopia is well known for its enrolment potential all of which is generated in its own tertiary
and it is still known the water tower in Africa. However, most of towns of Ethiopia have problem
of adequate and potable supply of water .Our water resource potential quantities must be
thoroughly studied and all possible techniques should be applied for safe water supply for our
people living both in urban and rural areas.
This project report presents the design of water supply of Adama town. The project constituents
are population forecasting, demand assessment, resource identification, design of reservoir,
design of water treatment plant, design of distribution network of the project. The water supply
history of Adama town begins in early 1994 EC& transferred to the newly established WSSA,
under the military government, in1975EC thereafter, the supply system was in action by WSSA
until it was run again by the new federal democratic government taking power from Guinbot
1983EC. As to the administrative changes of the system, it was decided that improvement works
must be given to future water supply system where river Awash is selected to be the new source
due to that the boreholes contain over range concentration of fluoride salt which has seriously
discolored teeth of the new borne (Semero, Abdella, & Kelbessa, 2004 EC).
1.1 Location and Topography

Adama town is located in East shewa zone of oromia Region. The town is accessible from
Finfinne to Adama through modern asphalt road of 99km and rail road. The topography of
Adama town is mainly flat surround by steep mountain escarpment to the east west while the flat
to gentle sloping plan towards north- south direction. The town lies at low altitude with elevation
between 1585 to 1687m m.a.s.l and it is located 8˚32 ' 29 " N, 39˚16 ' 08 ". The town is accessible
by a good asphalt road from Finfinne. It is also accessible by asphalt and better gravel roads from
West, East, North and South directions of the country because of its strategic setting at a junction
of roads leading to those areas (Semero, Abdella, & Kelbessa, 2004 EC).
Topography of Adama town varies from ground elevations of 1,595masl to 1,800masl. The
southern central part of the town constitutes the lowest areas with ground elevation ranges from
AMU/Department of final year project Page 1

1595masl to 1740masl. Areas with higher altitudes are found from the central to the northern and
on the southern verges of the town. The altitude of these areas vary from 1740masl to 1800masl
(source from feasibility study).
ADAMATOW
Figure 1 Location Map of Adama Town (From feasibility study)

Figure 2 Topographic View of the Town (From Google Earth Map of Adama)
1.2 Climate and hydrology

Adama town is located in the Grit Rift Valley of tropical climatic zone. There are four climatic
seasons, Gena/Kremt, (rainy period) Bona/Bega, (dry period) Belg (small rains) and Meher (a
spell between the long and small rains). The daily temperature varies between 5.5˚C during
November/December and 35˚C during March to May. The mean annual ambient temperature is
between 19˚C and 22˚C. Maximum temperatures usually occur in March to May. The mean
monthly maximum exceed 30˚C. Minimum temperatures are at their lowest in November.
According to the metrological data obtained from the National Metrological Service Agency, the
average mean annual rainfall Adama for the years 1995-1998 is 822.5 mm. The wettest months
are July and August. The average amount of rainfall in July is 230 mm and in August 200 mm.
The proportion of the precipitation in these two months is about 55% of the annual total (source
from design report).

1.3 Socio-Economy
Adama Town Population growth has been progressively increasing from time to time. The total
population estimate of the towns at present is around 337,542 and expected to reach 951,770by
year 2039. Moreover, pre-urban dwellers around the four corners of the town have been merged
to Adama town since it has been already restructured and established by the Regional
Government to higher level of special zonal administration. University, colleges and other lower
educational institutes have been flourished There are around 189 Educational Institutions.
Adama University alone among accommodates about 19,000 students. The number of health
service institutions has been increasing over the past years. A total 105 Public and Private Health
Institutions have been established so far. The city site between the base an escarpment to the
west Rift valley to the east having the total population of 299,621 According to Ethiopia central
statically Agency (ECSA) & it has total area of 29,865km 2.the population density of the town is
about 7,374.82& it also has different ethnic groups (From feasibility study).
Industrial activities have been increased. Around 542 industrial establishments are found in the
town. Around 685 ha of the land or 15% of the Master Plan have been reserved for industries
(from feasibility study). In general the town has all infrastructures such as modern
communication network, Road Network, Electric power supply, Fuel supply and Water supply
systems. It has also the latest and unique television broadcasting station, “TV Oromia”, which is
the second in the country. Quite a lot of residential building put in place. There were 59,431
housing units in the city, according to population census of year 2007 (CSA, 2007).
1.4 Existing Water Supply

Adama town has a modern water supply system which is managed by Enterprise and Board of
administration. The system was commissioned and inaugurated in November 2002. The system
was designed and implemented to cover the water demand of the town in two phases. As the 1st
phase design of the system has almost being completed by the end of this year; implementation
of the second phase of the project should be required. The phase I design capacity of the system
was around 300 l/s and designed to serve the population of Adama town only. However, now it
is serving both Adama and Wonji towns with a population of 389,300 which is by far more than
its capacity.

Currently, the quantity of raw water source being used from Awash River is around 285 l/s
(24,624m3/d) where as the required will be 415 l/s (35,856 m3/d). This amount covers only
around 70% of the water demand requirements and will be decline to 60% by end of 2014.
Moreover, there is no alternative water source for emergency case; if once water supply system
fails from Awash River; water supply becoming worst in the town due to lack of emergency
water supply source.
The existing distribution system covers around 50% or 2575 ha of the Master Plan area of the
Town. It has also limited to the central lowlands of Adama town, it should be expanded to the
highland areas to solve the current water shortage of the residents. Consequently, this project is
designed to solve the water problems of the Adama town.
Table 1 Existing Average Production and distribution from Awash River for Adama Town
Year unit 2011 2012
production l/s 285 330
distribution % 85% 89%
Quantity of water l/s 245 250
Water supply % 70% 75%

coverage
Source:-From Feasibility study of AWSP
1.5 Statement of the Problem

The world’s water resources are rapidly deteriorating due to the combined effects of climate
change, population growth and fast development; has long been recognized that fresh water
supplies are a finite resource that require careful and sound proactive strategic management
(water conservation) to ensure that adequate supplies are available to meet the demands (Aman,
june,2010). The problem of water supply in Adama town is not only the problem of adequacy
but, also distribution and reliability, According to Adama Town water supply service Enterprise
(ATWSSE), the distribution of piped water supply system covers mainly the central part of the
town. The Water supply is mostly interrupted mainly due to burst in the transmission and the
mainline. In addition to this Adama town has only one source serving the town constantly, as this
is so if the source river awash fortunately fail the town water supply system will face a critical

problem. To solve this problem there should be an additional water source adopted like ground
water.
1.6 Objectives of the project
1.6.1 Main objective

Generally, the overall objective of the project is to design safe, adequate, accessible and
sustainable water supply system for Adama town by improving the health condition of the
community and increase productivity.
1.6.2 Specific objectives

 To select suitable water supply source that can meet the demand of the town.
 To have appropriate design of water supply system for the selected source and related
structures.
 To provide or supply enough water which satisfies quality standards.
 To minimize loss of water
 To in prove the distribution system of the town
1.7 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is to extend the existing water supply system into large and sufficient
system to satisfy the water requirement of the expected design period. This project also has a
crucial importance on the improvement of the health and hygiene standards of the Adama Town
as whole.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Data collection
All data used to in this project are secondary type. That is to say no data collected by direct
contact with the local people of the target area. All data are collected from the Feasibility study
of Adama town and logical discussion with advisor.
Analytic tools
 All necessary standard equations and empirical formulas including that we have learned
in water supply course are used in their respective areas of analysis.
 By using internet service like: - Google earth for the distribution system and global
Mapper for conversion of data.
 Using different software such as: - Epanet, water cad, excel, Microsoft word and etc.

3 POPULATION FORECASTING
3.1 Factors that to be considered during fixing Design periods
In order to design the parts of water system, the flow at the end of design period must be
estimated. Conservation, that is, over estimation or under estimation of the design flow must be
avoided. The different elements of the treatment & distribution systems may approximately be
designed for different flow criteria as shown in the table.2 below. Therefore the number of years
for which the design of the water works has been done is called design period. The design
period, however, should neither too long or too short. Mostly water supply schemes have design
period of 20-30years (Source-Urban Water Supply Design Criteria by Ministry of Water Resources).
The factors which will keep in view while fixing the design period are:
 Funds available for the completion of the project .If more funds are available design
period may be more and vice versa.
 Life of the pipe and other structural materials used in the water supply Scheme.
Design period in no case should have more life time than the Components and
materials life time used in the scheme.
 As far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to the life time of
 Rate of interest on the loans taken to complete the project. If the rate of Interest is
less; it will be good to keep design period more. But if the interest rate is very high
the design period should be small.
 Anticipated expansion rate of the town.
Table 2 Life span of water supply components

S no Name of units Design Period in years
1 Pump house 30
2 Pump 15
3 Generator (standby) 25
4 Distribution system(pipe line) 30
5 Water treatment plant 25
6 Service reservoir 50
(Source: Birdie 1989)

Finally, by considering the above factors & the condition of Adama town adopted the design
period of 25 year.
After fixing design period, the next step is to determine the population of Adama town for the
coming years (i.e. 2014 - 2039). To satisfy future demand of the people the forecasted number of
population is very necessary.
3.1.1 Factors Affecting population Growth

a) Development of new industries
b) Improvement of transport facilities
c) Increase in educational and other public facilities
d) Earthquakes, floods, epidemic and frequent famines
e) National project in or near the town for which water supply is designed.
f) Connection of the town with some very important and large cities
3.1.2 Population Forecasting Method
The methods are: - arithmetic increase method, geometric increase method, incremental increase
method, decrease rate method, simple graphical method, logistic curve method, exponential
method and CSA
From the above mention methods use three methods for population forecasting those are:-
Arithmetic increase method, Geometric Increase Method and Exponential method
From the Feasibility study of the Adama Town the year of 2011 and 2012 population is given in
the table below:-
Table 3 Base Population of Adama Town from the Design Report
Description 2011 2012
Residing in Adama 264,173 275,585
Rural and Floating 19,813 20,669
Adama University 14,000 14,350
Depending on the above data we calculate the population of the year 2013 &2014 by using
extrapolation method in order to obtain the growth rate of the population of Adama Town for
further use in our design.

Since there is no known population for the year 2013 and 2014 we use an extrapolation method
to find the population of the required year from the population data of 2011 and 2012.
P2011=264,173
P2012= 275,585
P2013= x
X=287772
Table 4 Base Population of Adama town
Description 2011 2012 2013 2014
Residing in Adama 264,173 275,585 287772 299960

Rural and Floating 19,813 20,669 21583 22497
Adama University 14,000 14,350 14718 15085
Using the above table we calculate the growth rate for each year by
using ((P2012-p2011)/(p2011))*100
R1Residing in Adama = ((275585-264173)/264173)*100
= 4.3%
Table 5 Population growth rate through in given year
Description Growth 2011 2012 2013 2014 Average

rate
Residing in Adama % 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.33 4.3
Rural and Floating % 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.33 4.3
Adama University % 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.52 2.52
Depending on the average growth rate and for accuracy of the our work to use the average
growth rate to estimate the future population projection, Population projection by using three
methods table was in Appendix-A table 48.
AMU/Department of final year project Page

Table 6 Projected population by geometric method

Geometric
description 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2039
Residing in Adama 299960 312858 386161 476640 588318 726162 859351
Rural and Floating 22497 23464 28962 35748 44124 54462 64451
Adama University 15085 15462 17494 19793 22394 25337 27967
sub total 337542 351785 432618 532181 654836 805961 951770
Livestock
population 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000
3.1.3 Calculating Errors

Checking for errors to select best option:
Using the population of 2035 which is forecasted in the design document of Adama town water
supply project as true population the error can be calculated as;
Table 7 Checking for errors
Method Population(2035) Error (%)

Arithmetic 614448 =[(614448-730047)/ 614448]*100
=18.8
Geometric 805961 =[(805961-730047)/805961]*100
= 9.42
exponential 820999 [(820999-730047)/820999]*100
=11.0
To be safe the smallest percentage of error should be selected and therefore for Adama town
Geometric increase method is preferable
3.1.4 Selection of Method

By considering the calculated values of errors from the above methods (i.e. Arithmetic,
geometric increase and Exponential), thus the least value of the comparison is 9.42. In which it is
the best method for Adama town population projection. In addition to this from all population
forecasting methods the geometric increase method has been found more suitable for Adama
town. Because Adama is a growing town with vast scope of expansion, Hence population at the
end of the design period (2039 GC) will be 951770.

4 DEMAND ASSESSMENT
4.1 Water Demand
The design and implementation of any water supply scheme requires an estimate of the amount
of water required by the community (Birdie, 1989).The total amount of water affected by
expected development of city, presence of industries, quality of water and its cost. Generally, in
designing the water supply scheme for Adama town is necessary to determine the total quantity
of water required for various purposes (Aman H. , 2010). From Adama town detailed Feasibility
study the principal alternative sources for meeting the demand requirements for Adama towns
have been from the existing Awash River it capacity was 330m3 and the newly identified
groundwater potential in the well field located Northwest of Mojo town.
4.1.1 Types of water Demand

a) Domestic water demand
b) Non domestic water demand
 Public and commercial demand
 Institutional water demand
 Industrial water demand
c) Unaccounted water demand
d) Animal water demand
e) Fire demand
4.1.1.1 Domestic water demand

The water demand for actual household activity is called domestic water demand. it includes
water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing toilet, etc. the demand depends on habits
, social status, climatic condition, mode of service & above all on the price of the water &
affordability of the users (CHATTRJEE).
4.1.2 Non-domestic demands

Non-domestic consumption includes light industrial, commercial and public requirements. Light
industrial is small manufacturing and processing plants, that regular relatively, small amounts of
water. Commercial includes all the hotels, business and trade establishments. Public includes
government offices, hospital, schools and public services such as street flushing, parks

maintenance etc. Non-domestic consumptions expressed as a percentage of the domestic

requirement can vary considerably.
4.1.2.1 Industrial water demand

The water required by factories, paper mills, cloth mills, cotton mills, breweries, sugar refineries
etc. The water required in the industries mainly depends on the type of industries, which exist in
the city. Industrial activities have been increased. Around 542 industrial establishments are found
in the town. Around 685 ha of land or 15% of the Master Plan have been reserved for industries.
4.1.2.2 Public and commercial demand

Commercial demand consists of water required for restaurants, railways, bus stations, shopping
centers, stores hotels and soon, Where as institutional demand includes water needed office
building school, hospital collages, day-care centers, cinema houses, and soon. As worked out the
water demand surveys the present commercial and institutional water demand has been assessed
and used as a base for projecting the future public demands. The development plan of the town is
also used in order to determine the future potentials.
4.1.3 Type of per capita Demand

Table 8 Per capita consumption for a given type of demand
Description unit 2011 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
domestic demand lpcd 37.04 37.04 37.04 46.13 52.55 59.22 66.15
Adama university lpcd 60 60 59.98 59.98 60 60 59.98
Livestock lpcd 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
Source:-From the Feasibility study Adama water Supply project
Table 9 Public and commercial, industrial demand as a % of domestic demand

Description 2011 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
public and
commercial 30% 29.90% 30% 29.90% 29.90% 30% 29.90%
industrial demand 10% 9.99% 10% 10% 9.99% 9.99% 10%
Source:-From the Feasibility study Adama water Supply project
To find per capital demand for 2014 and 2039 by using interpolation & extrapolation

Table 10 Summary per capital demand
4.1.4 Demand calculation

Sample calculation for domestic demand that calculated by population of [Residing in Adama+
Rural and Floating]*per capita of Domestic demand
DD2014 = population of 2014 *per capita demand of 2014
= {[299960+22497]*37.04}/1000
= 11945m3/d
Table 11 Adama water consumption (Excluding un-accounted for water)
phaseI phaseII
Description unit 2014 2015 2020 2025 (2030) 2035 (2039)
Domestic
demand m3/d 11945 12458 19151 26925 37453 51638 66229
Public&
commercial m3/d 3589 3737 5726 8051 11236 15440 19750
Livestock 3
m /d 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500
Industrial
demand m3/d 1195 1246 1915 2690 3742 5164 6628
Adama
University m3/d 905 927 1049 1188 1344 1520 1677
3
total m /d 20134 20869 30342 41353 56275 76261 96784
4.1.5 Unaccounted water demand

Unaccounted for water includes loss in the water system, illegal connection, improper metering
due to imperfect joints in the mains, broken and cracked pipes and unauthorized water
connection and the likes, the amount expressed as a percentage of the sum of domestic, public
and industrial demand (generally total demand) covered from the water supply system, the

percentage usually varies from 10% to 50% depending on the age of the pipe and complexity of
the system (Urban Water Supply Design Criteria, January, 2006).
Table 12 Un-Accounted For water
phaseI phaseII
un-accounted for
water % 21% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 30%
total m3/d 4228 3130 6068 10338 16882 26691 29035
total demand m3/d 24362 23999 36410 51692 73157 102952 125820
4.1.5.1 Adjustment to climate and socio economic activity

Some of the factors that affect domestic water demand are listed previous. These factors to be
considered during design of any water supply project. Therefore, in case of Adama water supply
project, adjustment to climate and socioeconomic are greatly required and the design criteria
have presented the following guide lines.
Table 13 Adjustment factor due to socio economic conditions
Group description factor

A Towns enjoying living standard & with very high potential 1.1
B Towns having a very high potential for development but lower 1.05
C Towns under normal Ethiopia conditions 1
D Advanced rural 0.9
Table 14 Adjustment due to climate effect
Group mean Annual rainfall (mm)

A 900 or less 1.1
B 900 -1200 1
C 1200 or more 0.9
Table 15 Adjusted water demand
phaseI phaseII
total demand m3/d 24362 23999 36410 51692 73157 102952 125820
Adjusted
total water
demand m3/d 26798 26399 40051 56861 80473 113247 138402

4.1.6 Maximum day water demand

The water consumption varies from day to day through the year. The ratio of the maximum day
consumption to the mean annual day consumption is the maximum day factor. Maximum day
factor usually varies from place to place and ranges from 1.25 up to as highs 2.0 in certain cases.
In most cases the smaller town is the higher the maximum day factor will be. Since Adama town
is bigger and taking the factors used in other similar towns a maximum day factor of 1.2 has
been adopted.
Table 16 Maximum day factor
Town population MDF
0 to20000 1.3
20001 to 50000 1.25
50001 and above 1.2
Source- (Ministry of Water Resources, 2006)
Table 17 Adama Maximum Day Demand (MDD)
PhaseI phaseII
Maximum Day
Factor 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Adjusted total
water demand m3/d 26798 26399 40051 56861 80473 113247 138402
total MMD m3/d 32158 31679 48061 68233 96568 135897 166082
l/s 372 367 556 790 1118 1573 1922
4.1.7 Peak Hour Water Demand

The peak hour demand is the highest demand of any one hour over the maximum day. It
represents the daily variations in water demand resulting from the behavioral patterns of the local
population. It is used for the distribution system. Hence in our case the peak hour water demand
is 1.6 the peak hour factor (PHF) utilized to calculate the peak hour demand shows similar
dependencies as the maximum day factor for the maximum day demand.

Table 18 Recommended Peak hour Factors
Population Range Peak hour factor

<20,000 2
20,001 to 50,000 1.9
50,001 to 100,000 1.8
>100,000 1.6
Source-Urban Water Supply Design Criteria by Ministry of Water Resources, January 2006.
Table 19 Adjusted water demand by peak hour factor
phaseI phaseII
peak hour factor 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
Peak hour m3/d 42877 42239 64082 90977 128757 181196 221442
demand (PHD) l/s 496 489 742 1053 1490 2097 2563
4.1.8 Summary of Water Demand

The total water demand used for designing the water supply system components of Adama is
summarized in Table below
Table 20 Summary of Water Demand

Summary of Demand by graphs
250000
200000
150000
Average day demand
maximum day demand peak hour demand
100000
50000
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

5 WATER SOURCES
After assessing the water demand, the next step in designing a water supply system is the process
of choosing the most suitable water source or combination of source of water. The source must
be capable of supplying enough water for the community throughout the design period. The
factors, which govern the selection of a particular source of water for the area under
consideration, include:- Water quantity, Water quality, Distance of the source of supply,
Topography of the intervening area, Elevation of source of supply.
The source of supply should not affect the requirement of the population living upstream and
downstream of the storage reservoir. If surface water is to be the source of supply from the
hydrological and hydro geological investigation, there are two alternative sources for Adama
town water supply system. They are:
i. Surface water
ii. Sub-surface or groundwater
5.1.1 Ground Water sources

Ground water is important source of water supply which has a number of advantages. They may
require no treatment, have uniform temperature through out the year, are cheaper than
impounding reservoirs, and amounts of water available are more certain. Practically speaking
they are not affected by drought in short run. Ground water sources are further divided into:-
Springs
infiltration galleries
Wells
Since modern methods of ground water investigation will permit a close approximation of
ground water resources for long- time production. Mojo town well field is the available source of
project area.
5.2 Water well and Design

Water well is a hole or shaft, in most cases, vertical excavated in the earth, or sunk into the
ground intercepting one or more water bearing strata, for bringing ground water to the surface.
The objective of water well is:-

 To provide water with good quality

 To provide sufficient quantity of water
 To provide water for long time
 To provide water at low cost
5.2.1 Location of the Well field

The well field is found close to Mojo Town, in the Eastern part of Oromia National Regional
State in Aana Lume (Lume District) of East Shewa Zone. It is located at about 56 km on the new
highway stretched from Finfinne/Addis Ababa/- through Akaki-Dukem-Bishoftu-Mojo to the
main rift in the Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia. The demand area, Adama town, is astronomically
located at 529649m easting and 943494m northing (UTM, 37N, Adindan). The area lies at the
upper shoulder (western margin) of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) system, within Upper Awash
River Basin. Quaternary tectonics, volcanism and sedimentation, played a significant role in
shaping the present morphology of the Rift valley, and hence the project area.
5.2.2 Design Parameters of Boreholes

The design parameters of boreholes and collection system are based on the information and data
described below.
Geological and Geo-morphological studies of the well field
Hydro geological and Geophysical investigation reports
Inventory and evaluation of existing wells
5.2.3 Classification of Water Wells

Wells can be classified as their methods of construction (dug wells and tube wells), their depth
(Shallow and deep wells) and whether they are vertical or horizontal.
a. Tube Wells
Depending up on mode of water contribution to the borehole from subsoil, the wells are grouped
in to three categories.
 Strainer type tube well

 Cavity type tube well
 Slotted type tube well

5.2.4 Well Design

Well design is the process of specifying the physical material and dimension for a well. This
includes the selection of a suitable material diameter and thickness of pipe. The size of the well
should be properly chosen since it is significantly affects the cost of well construction. It must be
large enough to accommodate the pump that is expected to be required for the head and
discharge (yield) with proper clearance. The diameter must also be chosen to give the desired
%age of open area in the screen so that the entrance velocities near the screen do not exceed
certain values so as to reduce the well losses and hence the draw down.
The Principal Objective of good design should ensure:-
 The highest yield with minimum draw down consistent and aquifer capability.
 Durability of the well so as to coincide with design period.
 Reduction of operation and maintenances cost to a certain extent.
 Good quality of water with proper protection.
 As it is maintained above standard well design procedure involves choosing the casing
diameter and material estimating the well depth, selecting the height, diameter and material
of screen
Well Depth
The depth of a tube well depends up on the locations of water bearing formations, desired yields
of the well and economic considerations. It is determined from the litho logical log of the area
and confirmed from the electrical resistively and drilling time lags. The well is usually drilled up
to the bottom of the aquifer so that aquifer thickness is available, permitting greater well yield. In
most cases well should be completed to the bottom of the aquifer because, more of the aquifer
thickness can be utilized as the intake portion of well resulting in higher specific capacity.
Sufficient space for draw down is available to maintain well yield during dry seasons or over
pumping.
Well Screen Length
The optimum length of well screen is based on the thickness of the aquifer, available draw down
and nature of stratification of the aquifer. In virtually every aquifer, certain zones will transmit

more water than others. Thus, the intake part of the well must be placed in those zones having
the highest hydraulic conductivity.
The basic requirements of well screen are:-
 It should be resistant to corrosion and deterioration

 It should be strong enough to prevent collapse of a hole
 It should offer minimum resistance to the flow of water etc.
 The well screen is generally designed so that it fits the aquifer however, generally, screen
length may be selected by the following criteria.
Determination of number of well

For phase I (2014 to 2030)
No. of borehole = (maximum daily demand at 2030 - Existing water supply)/well yield
Maximum daily demand of 2030 =1118 l/s and existing water supply from Awash River =330 l/s
No. of borehole = (1118-330) l/s/50l/s
15.76 ≈ 16 bore hole for phase I
For phase2 (2030 to 2039)
No. of borehole = (maximum daily demand at 2039 - Existing water supply) / well yield
No. of borehole = (1922-330) l/s /50l/s
31.84 ≈ 32 bore hole for phase II

But there are 16 boreholes in first stage then, 16 boreholes are required in second
Stage
Design of length and size of screen

Screen Length= 85/100*b Where: - b-aquifer thickness
= 85/100*20= 17m
The diameter of the screen is selected to satisfy the essential basic requirement that sufficient
open area be provided in the screen.
Guiding values of the screen diameter for different discharges suggested by USBR (Ahrens,
1970).

Table 21 Recommended Values of screen Diameter

Discharge in l/min Recommended screen dia. In cm
0 to 475 10
475 to 1125 15
1125 to 3000 25
3000 to 5250 30
5250 to 9500 35
9500 to 13300 40
Source: Ground water hydrology by David Keith TODD
From these recommended values the value of screen diameter will be 25cm
Entrance Velocity
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑜 * 𝑉𝑒
Where, Ao = area of openings
Ve – entrance velocity
Q = well yield = 50l/s
𝐴𝑜 = 𝑘 * 𝜋 * 𝐷𝑠 * 𝐿𝑠
Where, k - % age of opening
Ds – Diameter of screen
Ls- Length of screen = 17m, which is already calculated.
Assume k = 15%
Ao = 0.15*3.14 * 0.25 * 17
Ao = 2.00175m2 Then,
Ve = Q/A = (50*10-3 m3/s)/ (2.00175m2) = 0.0249 m/s ≈ 2.49 cm/s----------˃ safe!!

Therefore, the length of screen is 17 with 15 % opening area and diameter of 25cm with entrance
velocity of 2.49cm / sec.

6 PUMPS
The primary function of a pump is to add hydraulic energy to certain values of fluid. This is
accomplished which the mechanical energy imparted to the pump from a power source is
transferred to the fluid, there by becoming hydraulic energy. Thus, a pump serves to transfer
energy from a power source to a fluid, thereby creating flow or simply creating greater pressures
on the fluid.
6.1 Classification of pumps

A general method of classifying pumps on the basis of Engineering design is to divide them in to
two groups.
1. Positive displacement pump
2. Variable displacement pump
Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal pumps are the most important types of variable displacement pump because of their
wide use. It is capable of delivering large quantities of water, against high as well as low head
condition, with good efficiency, combining those features with its other attributes such as
simplicity, completeness, and adaptability to different methods of driving initiated us to select
this type of pump.
The two most commonly used types of centrifugal pumps are:-
1. Vertical spindle pump
2. Submersible pump
Vertical spindle pump: - It is frequently used for pumping water from a well. The driving motor
is at the surface and the pump is immersed in water and it must, therefore, driven by a vertical
spindle. This spindle rotates with in tube or sleeve which is held centrally in the raising main by
spindle bearing the pumped water is delivered to surface via the annular space between the
sleeve and the raising main.
Submersible pump:-It is the modification on the deep well pump as the name indicates in this,
electric motor and pump both are submersed in the water .By submersing electric motor large
economy can be made by avoiding long shaft, large number of bearing and large size rising main

etc. Considering the following special merits of submersible pump over other pump despite its
less efficiency for deep tube wells, submersible pump is selected to our water supply project by
the following merits:- Security, Service life, Capital and maintenance cost and Power
consumption. These pumps have the motor and low assembly as a unit submerged below the
lowest pumping water level. The water proof cable supplies to the motor.
6.1.1 Position of pumping station and transfer reservoir

The position of pumping station and transfer reservoir is very important for our design system to
distribute water economically to the consumers. These positions are determined by observing the
top map of the place and other geographical arrangement.
The water from the well field of average elevation 1844 masl will be pumped through collector
pipes to Reservoirs located on Biyo hill of ground level 1900 masl (Feasibility study).
6.1.2 Economical pumping Mains Diameter

For pumping a particular fixed discharge of water, it can be pumped through bigger diameter
pipe at low velocity or through lesser diameter pipe at very high velocity. But, if the diameter of
the pipe is increased, it will lead to the higher cost of the pie line. On the other hand if the
diameter of the pipe is reduced, the increased velocity will lead to higher frictional head loss and
will require more horse – power for the required pumping, there by increasing the cost of
pumping.
The following formula given by Lea is commonly used in determining the diameter of the
pumping mains.
D = 0.97 to 1.22 Q
Where D = Economical diameter of pipe in meters
Q = Required discharge of water to be pumped in m3/sec.
And this formula gives optimum velocity of water flow between 0.8 to 1.35 m/sec.
(Water supply and sanitary Eng’g By G.S. Birtie)
Calculation of Economical Diameter
Using the formula given previously

D = 0.97 to 1.22 Q
For safety we took the larger coefficient i.e. 1.22 The discharge to be 120% of the safe yield.

D = 1.22√𝑄
= 1.22 √50 * 10−3 * 1.2 =0.27m

Take D = 270mm
Check for velocity:-
Q
V= Where Q = required discharge of water to be pumped in m3/s
A
A = area of pumping in m2
4*50*10^−3
4*Q =0.87m/sec
V= D^2 =3.14*0.27^2
Therefore, the velocity is OK since it is with in the allowable limit i.e. 0.8 to 1.35m/s
The diameter main of pipe is calculated as follows:-
Q
Since V =  4Q
A D2
For phase 1
D main pipe =√4 * 𝑄 * 16/𝜋𝑉
D main pipe =√4 * 50 * 10−3 * 16/(3.14 * 0.9^2) =1120mm

Take D main pipe =1120mm
Phase 2
D main pipe =√4 * 𝑄 * 16/𝜋𝑣2
D main pipe =√4 * 50 * 10−3 * 16/(3.14 * 0.9^2) =1120mm

Take D main pipe =1120mm
6.1.3 Pumping power calculation

To calculate or design the pumping power we have to first know the total head i.e. losses and
elevation differences between the places for both phases.

Figure 3 Bore hole arrengement for phase I
To calculate friction losses using the following equation for phase one
f𝑙v 2
ℎf = ………. Darcy weisbach head equation
2gD
1
f= 0.22(1 + )
35*𝐷
Where, f = friction loss factor

𝑙 = pipe length (m)
D = Diameter of pipe (m)
V = Velocity of flow (m/s) For bh1
4 * 0.25 * 100 * 0.872
ℎf1 = = 0.87𝑚
2 * 9.81 * 0.27

Table 22 Friction loss for phase one
Segment Length Diameter Friction Velocity Total head

(m) (mm) Loss (m/s) Discharge Loss(m)
Factor (l/s)
P1 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P2 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P3 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH4 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH5 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH6 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH7 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH8 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH9 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH10 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH11 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH12 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH13 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH14 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH15 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
BH16 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8

Table 23 Total head of submersible pump one

R(Elevati subm
ersibl
on) (m)
e
Water
BH level
pump
Borehole
elevation( elevation( Depth Static riction Total powe
m) m) well(m) head(m) loss(m) head(m) r
(KW)
1900 Bh1 1917 1847 350 53 4.8 407.8 235
Bh2 1919 1847 350 53 4.8 407.8 235
Bh3 1919 1841 350 59 4.8 413.8 238
Bh4 1916 1847 350 53 4.8 407.8 235
Bh5 1916 1842 .350 58 4.8 412.8 237
Bh6 1914 1848 350 52 4.8 406.8 235
Bh7 1922 1842 350 58 4.8 412.8 237
Bh8 1919 1849 350 51 4.8 405.8 234
Bh9 1916 1855 350 45 4.8 399.8 230
Bh10 1909 1852 350 48 4.8 402.8 232
Bh11 1914 1855 350 45 4.8 399.8 230
Bh12 1913 1852 350 48 4.8 402.8 232
Bh13 1919 1852 350 48 4.8 402.8 232
Bh14 1913 1853 350 47 4.8 401.8 232
Bh15 1916 1853 350 47 4.8 401.8 232
Bh16 1909 1853 350 47 4.8 401.8 232
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡i𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜f 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + f𝑟i𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡i𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜i𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛 – 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜f 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛 – 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛
Submersible pump power for borehole 1
Economic efficiency pump (75% -100%) take 85%
Y𝑄𝐻 9810 * 0.05 * 407.8

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 235KW
5 0.85

For borehole 9
Y𝑄𝐻 9810 * 0.05 * 399.8
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 230KW
5 0.85
Phase 2
Figure 4 Bore hole arrengement for phase II
Table 24 Friction loss for phase two

Segment Length Diameter Friction Velocity Total
(m) (mm) Loss (m/s) Discharge Friction
Factor (L/s) Losses
(m)
P1 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P2 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P3 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P4 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P5 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P6 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P7 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P8 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P9 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P10 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P11 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P12 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P13 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P14 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P15 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8
P16 100 200 0.25 0.87 50 4.8

Table 25 Submersible pump power for phase two
Reserv submersible
pump power
oir Water
level
(KW)
Borehole Depth
Elevati BH elevation elevation well(m Static Friction Total
on(m) (m) (m) ) head(m) loss(m) head(m)
1900 Bh17 1909 1851.32 350 49 4.8 404 233

Bh18 1914 1846.38 350 48 4.8 403 232
Bh19 1915 1840.05 350 60 4.8 411 237
Bh20 1910 1852.04 350 48 4.8 403 232
Bh21 1916 1843.96 350 56 4.8 407 234.8
Bh22 1912 1845.10 350 55 4.8 406 234.6
Bh23 1911 1843.48 350 57 4.8 408 235
Bh24 1916 1839.87 350 60 4.8 411 237
Bh25 1917 1835.00 350 65 4.8 420 242
Bh26 1914 1829.49 350 70 4.8 425 245.25
Bh27 1912 1836.29 350 64 4.8 415 239.5
Bh28 1911 1836.68 350 64 4.8 415 239.5
Bh29 1916 1829.98 350 70 4.8 425 245.25
Bh30 1918 1828.47 350 72 4.8 427 246.4
Bh31 1912 1825.59 350 75 4.8 430 248.1
Bh32 1914 1825.30 350 70 4.8 425 245.25
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡i𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜f 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 + f𝑟i𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡i𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛 – 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜i𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜f 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛 – 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛
Sample Calculation
Economic efficiency pump (75% -100%) let take 85%
Submersible pump power calculation for phase two is start from BH-17
YQ𝐻 9810*50*10−3*404
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑦 = 0.85 = 233𝐾W

7 SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Service reservoirs are used for storing the treated water with in or near to the demand
(distribution) area. They are also designed to meet the water demand during fire break, pumps
failure, repair, etc. and used to balance the hourly fluctuation of water demands.
7.1 Sizing of reservoirs

Reservoirs are categorized into transfer and service reservoirs. Accordingly each kind of
reservoir is designed in accordance with the design criteria as follows:
Transfer reservoirs
Transfer reservoirs that are used for pumping station will be sized based on 1 hour detention time
of maximum day demand.
Reservoirs that provide transfer via gravity (break pressure tanks), if necessary, will be sized for
1 hour detention time of the maximum day demand
B .Service reservoir (tanks)
C. Multipurpose reservoirs
Types of reservoirs
 Circular tanks
 Rectangular tanks
7.2 Purpose of reservoir

Distribution reservoirs serve a variety of purposes as described below:
A) With regard to water quantity
1. Storage for fluctuating demand:
2. Fire storage
3. Emergency / break down storage
B) With regard to pressure
 Equalizing pressure in the system,
 Raising pressures at remote points from pumping stations,
 Equalizing heads on pumps if the reservoirs are near pumping plants.

7.3 Capacity and Location of Distribution Reservoirs

The following points should be considered before deciding about the location of the distribution
reservoir:
 It should be located centrally to the area in its command. It will be even better if it is
located close to the points of heaviest consumption.
 It should be located at such an elevation that adequate pressure is maintained in the
distribution system.
The location of a distribution reservoir has a marked effect on the fluctuations in pressure in
different parts of a distribution system. Care should be taken to locate the reservoir to obtain the
most constant pressure. Two or more reservoirs at different elevations may, sometimes be
connected to the same distribution system.
Advantage of water storage
 Decrease the cost of pumping if it is gravity method,
 The increased fire protection,
 The greater reliability of water supply,
 The decreased probability of negative pressures in the
7.3.1 Distribution storage requirements

Water storage requirements should take into consideration:-
 The peak daily water use and maximum hourly demands
 The capacity of the normal and stand-by pumping equipment
 The availability and capacity of auxiliary power
 The probable duration of power failure
 The promptness with which repairs can be made.
7.4 Accessories of reservoirs

Following are the various accessories, which are commonly provided in the reservoirs.
Inlet pipe for entry of water
Outlet pipe for the withdrawal of water
Over flow pipe to prevent over flow of water
Float switch to stop the pump when the tank is full
Float gauge to show the depth of water in the tank.
Washout pipe for washing out the suspended impurities in the tank

Manhole for providing entry into the tank

Access ladder to inspect the top & bottom of the tank
Ventilation for fresh air circulation in the tank
Chlorinator in case when the water is directly pumped in the over head reservoir from the
tube wells.
7.5 Factors determining number of reservoirs

Number and sizes of the defined pressure zones
Topographic suitability
Sizes of the area selected for reservoir
construction Availability of standard reservoir
sizes
The amount of water which has to be stored for demand fluctuations and similar
functions
7.6 Design criteria

The fundamental principles of design of storage reservoir are similar to the design of other
structure but consideration shall be taken in limiting the size of crack (mostly with no cracks). It
should be water tight beside their strength so that the concrete does not crack in water face of
these structures; in addition, it should consider the load cases where the structure is full of liquid
and when it is empty.
To insure this requirement
fct F ct ,allow
Where F
ct ,allow is specified the code, for one case we can adopt BS: 5337 (British standard code)
and the concrete must be adequately reinforced in section where tension may occur
7.6.1 Reservoir Capacity Determination

The capacity can be analytically determined by finding out maximum cumulative surplus during
the stage when pumping rate is higher than water consumption rate and adding to this maximum
cumulative deficit which occurs during the period when the pumping rate is lower than the
demand rate of water.

The capacity also determined by drawing mass curve of water consumption rates and pumping or
supply rates. The analysis of storage capacity can be calculated as follows.
Phase I (2014 – 2030)
Total demand of the town =96568 m3/day
Hourly demand of the town 96568/24= 4023.66 m3 /day
Pumping rate = 96568/24 =4023.66 m3/day
Analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase I and II table is found in Appendix-A
Thus the reservoir capacity for phase I from the above table will be
Maximum value of excess supply =8449.686 m3
Maximum value of excess demand = 10863.882 m3
Capacity of reservoir = 8449.686+10863.882 =19313.568 m3
For fire requirement (10%) = 10%*19313.568 = 1931.3568 m3
Total recommended reservoir capacity = 19313.568+1931.3568 =21244.93 m3
Capacity of existing reservoir =8700m3
Capacity of new reservoir =21244.93– 8700 =12544.93 m3 ≈ 12600 m3
Using mass curve method
Cumulative hourly demand and supply for phase I
120000
100000
comm.demand& supply
80000
60000
t vs comm. demand
40000 t vs comm supply
20000
0
1 5 9 1317 21
time in hr
Phase I (2030 – 2039)

Total demand of the town = 166082 m3/day
Hourly demand of the town 166082/24= 6920.08 m3/day

Pumping rate = 6920.08 m3/day

Thus the reservoir capacity for phase II from the above table will be
Maximum value of excess supply =14532.17 m3
Maximum value of excess demand = 18684.21 m3
Capacity of reservoir = 14532.17+18684.21 =33216.38 m3
For fire requirement (10%) = 10%*33216.38 = 3321.638 m3
Total recommended reservoir capacity = 33216.38+3321.638 =36538 m3
Capacity of new reservoir = (36538- 21244.93) m3 = 15293 m3
Using mass curve method
Cumulative hourly demand and supply for phase II
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
t vs cumm.demand
t vs cumm. supply
60000
40000
20000
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
7.7 Design calculation
Depth of reservoirs
There is an economic depth of service reservoir for any given sites for a given quantity of water
either a shallow reservoir having long walls and a large area may be constructed or alternatively
a deep reservoir constructed with high retaining walls and a smaller floor area.
Depth of a given storage is governed by:-
Depth at which suitable foundation conditions are encountered
Depth at which outlet main must be laid.

Slope of ground water and type of backfill.
Shape and size of land available.
Depending on these factors and due to experience the height of reservoirs can be fixed as in the
following table
Table 26 Table recommended height of reservoir
Size (m3) Depth of water (m)

Up to 350 2.5 – 3.5
350 – 1500 3.5 – 5 .0
Over 15,000 5.0 – 7.0
Source: Reinforced concrete design II lecture notes

Capacity of new reservoir for phase I
SAR1-2000 m3
WAR3-2870 m3
NAR4-2870 m3
EAR7-2000 m3
WBOR10-2870 m3
Design of reservoir one
Type of reservoir - circular tank with fixed base and free at the top
Volume = 2000m3
Depth of water = 6
Free board = 0.5m
V= πD2H/4 where, V = Volume of reservoir
2000= (π D2*6)/4 D = Diameter of reservoir

D =√ (2000*4)/π*6 H = Height of reservoir
D = 20.6≈ 20m
Let’s Assume thickness of wall t = 300mm at top & t = 400 mm at the base

Unit weight of water =9.81 kN/m3
Coefficients for hoop tension and vertical moment for varies heights are obtained using tables.
h2
D. t tave = (300+400)/2 = 350m
h2 62  5.143
d * taverage 3
20* 350*10
This value is find b/n 5 and 6 then to find the value of 5.143 by using interpolation.
2
ℎ
Table coefficient of vertical moment and hoop tension for
𝐷*𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 5.143
Table 27 A Hoop tension coefficients
h2 Coefficient at point
D . 0.0h 0.1h 0.2h 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h
t
5 0.025 0.137 0.245 0.346 0.428 0.477 0.409 0.398 0.259 0.092
5.14 0.024 0.134 0.243 0.346 0.430 0.481 0.424 0.405 0.265 0.095
3
6 0.018 0.119 0.234 0.344 0.441 0.504 0.514 0.447 0.301 0.112
Table 28 B Vertical moment coefficient
1. Design of circular wall of the reservoir

a) Horizontal Reinforcement
Hoop tension for height b/n 0.5h to 0.9h
TH (max) = t + w * H * D
2
From the above table at a depth of 0.5h, the tension coefficient is Maximum
Where, αt Coeff .of hoop tension
γw = unit wt of water
d = diameter of reservoir

h = depth of water
TH (max. ) = 0.481 * 9.81 * 6 * 20  283.116KN

2
Area of hoop reinforcement (b /n 0.5h to 0.9h)
 Assuming exposure of alternate wettingdrying

 fs, allow = 100N/mm2 for deformed steel bar
Then, Area of hoop steel
 𝐴𝑠 (𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝) = TH

283.116*103
 2831.16mm2
100
Fs, allow
Check thickness of wall for no crack for C-30 MPa
fct, allow = 1.44N/mm2 ( subjected to direct tension )
n=15
f𝑐𝑡 = TH
fet, allow, Act  Area of concrete and steel

Act  (n 1) * AS
= (total area) for one strip) = W* tavg. 1m*tavg= 1000*350=350000 mm2
f𝑐𝑡 = 283.116*103 = 0.7266

1,000*350 (151)
*2831.16
fct = 0.7266  fct, allow = 1.44 N/mm2

..................
OK
 Thickness if adequate for no-crack
Assume then spacing of  20 bars
 *(20)2

𝑎𝑠*𝑏 314
𝑆= 𝐴𝑠 =
314*1000
2831.16 Where, as = 4
b  1m  1000mm

S = 110mm  S max {
300
tavg  350
Number of bars = As/as = 2831.16/314 =9.016
Therefore, provide 9 Ø20 mm bars a 110 mm𝑐⁄𝑐

ii) For depth b/n 0.0h to 0.4h form max. Water level form the above table, t is max. at a depth
0.4h
20
TH (0.4h) = 0.43 * 9.81 * 6 *  253.098KN
2
Area of hoop reinforcement
TH 253.098 * 1000
As =  = 2530.98 mm2
fs, 100
allow
Check wall thickness for no crack
 Fct, allow 1.44N / mm2


 n  15
TH
fct = 3
= (1000+(15−1)*2530.98 = 0.656
Act+(n−1)*AS 253.098*10
fct = 0.656  fct, allow = 1.44 N⁄mm2...........................OK!
The Thickness is adequate for no crack!
Spacing of -20bars
𝑎𝑠 =
D 
2   314mm2
(20)2
4 4
𝑎𝑠 * 314 * 1000
𝑏
𝑆= = = 124.06
𝐴𝑠 2530.98
125mm  S max { 300

tavg  350

Number of bars = AS/as =2530.98/314 =8.06

Therefore provide 8 Ø20mm bars with 125mm 𝑐⁄𝑐

b) Vertical reinforcement
Bending moment is applied vertically on the wall. Therefore, we have to design for absolute
maximum bending moment given by; (at 0.7h from top)
(+𝑣𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = +𝑚𝑤. ℎ3, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 0.7ℎ (= 0.0058)
(+𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.0058 * 9.81 * 63 = 12.28KNm
And,
(−𝑣𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = −𝑚𝑤. ℎ3, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 1.0ℎ (= −0.0217)
(−𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = −0.0217 * 9.81 * 63 = −45.98KNm
Therefore the maximum absolute moment will be
Mmax = 45.98KNm
Check thickness of wall for single reinforcement
f𝑐, 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 11𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (f𝑜𝑟 𝐶 – 30 𝑀𝑝𝑎)
n = 15
Fs, allow = 100N/mm2 alternate wetting  drying.
→ Max design constants for single Reinforcement.
kb n kb
15  0.6226,  (1  )  0.7924
 n  3
15  jb
r 100
11
Rb 11
fc, allow jb  * 0.6226*
 2 * Kb 0.7924 2
*
Rb = 2.7136 KN/mm2
Check wall thickness for single Rein for cement

45.98*106
dreq = M  2.7136*1000  130.17mm
Rb.b
With concrete cover of 40 mm & using Ø20mmbars

Treq = dreq+cove+Ø/2 =130+40+20/2 =180mm, Treq =180 ˂ 350….................ok
i) Vertical reinforcement on the outer face
(+𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.0058 * 9.81 * 63 = 12.28KNm
Using t avg =350 mm and Ø20mm bars
d=350 mm-40-20/2=300mm
(+𝑉𝑒) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = M 12.28*106  516.57mm2 As min.
fs * j *  100* 0.7924*
300 
d
As min =0.3% of the concrete area

0.3 * (b * tave) 0.3 * 1000 * 350

100 = 100 = 1050mm2

Therefore (+ve) As min =1050mm2
S= as*b/As =314*1000/1050 =299.04mm ≈ 300mm
Number of bars = AS/as =1050/314 = 3.34 ≈ 4 bar
Therefore Provide 4Ø18 mm vertical bars at 300 mm c/c placed on the outer face of the wall.
ii) Vertical reinforcement on the inner face
(−𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = −0.0217 * 9.81 * 63 = −45.98KNm
M 45.98 * 106
(−Ve)Ast = = = 1934.208mm2
fs * j * d 100 * 0.7924 * 300
As min = 1050mm2
Therefore Ast = 1934.208 mm2`
S= as*b/As = 314*1000/1934.208 = 162.34mm  S max {

300
`
tavg  350
=> Take S =160mm
Number of bars = As/as =1934.208/314 = 6.15
Therefore Provide 7 Ø18 mm vertical bars at 160 mm c/c placed on the inner face of the wall.
2. ROOF SLAB DESIGN
The design of circular roof slab which is simply supported by the circular wall for an effective
diameter
Deff = internal diameter + (wall thickness)*2 = 20 + 2 * 0.15
Deff = 20.3m
Assume thickness of slab, t = 250mm
Load on the slab per m2 = D.L + L.L
DL = own wt.
L.L = 1kN/m2 (assumed)
D.L = 0.25*25 = 6.25kN/m2
Thus, the design load on the slab,
Wd=1.3*D.L+1.6*L.L
=1.3*6.25+1.6*1
=9.725KN/ m2

Design of Bending Moments
a) At the edge
Mr = 0
W d * a2 9.725 2
M =  * (10.15) =62.61kNm
16 16
b) At the centre
3W𝑑𝑎2 3 * 9.725 *
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑀𝜃 = 10.152 = 187.85𝐾𝑁𝑚
16 =
16
The maximum radial and circumferential moments occur at the centre of the slab i.e.
Mr = M = Mmax = 187.85 kNm, Then check thickness for single reinforcement
Design constants
For roof cover
C -25 (fcd = 11.17 N/mm2)
S – 300Mpa (fyd = 260.87 N/mm2)
µmax = 0.34
max 0.437
Mmax 187.85 * 106

dreq = √ =√ = 222.4mm
Umax * fcd * b 0.34 * 11.17 * 1000
dreq = =222.4mm
Using -12 bars and cover of 15mm

12
treq = dreq + 15 + = 243.4 < t assumed
2
The trial thickness is adequate
Flexural reinforcement
I) at centre
Mr = M = 187.85 kNm
d = 250-40-12/2 =204mm
𝑀
(+𝑉𝑒)𝐴𝑠 = 187.85*106 2
f𝑦𝑑*𝐽*𝑑 = 260.87*0.7924*204 = 4454.638𝑚𝑚
Spacing of bars

as *b 113.097*1000
S=   25.37mm
As 4454.638
Proved 40 -12mm bars @ 26mm c/c placed at the bottom of the slab in the form of mesh need
to be provided. At top of the slab, minimum reinforcement recommended by the code should be
provided (i.e. s = 300mm)
Check thickness for shear
𝑣 w𝑑*𝑟 9.725*10.15
𝑚𝑎𝑥= = =49.35𝐾𝑁
2 2
And shear Strength of slab
𝑣 = 0.4 * f𝑐𝑡𝑑 * (1 + 50p)*(b*d)
f𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.35√f𝑐𝑢 0.35√25

= = 1.167
1.5 1.5
𝑣 = 0.4 * 1.167 * (1 + 50 * 4454.638
) * 1000 * 204 = 199.98 𝐾𝑁
1000 * 204
199.98KN ≥ Vmax= 49.35KN.............................ok!
Therefore thickness is adequate for shear!
3. Design of circular base slab
 Assuming, simply supported around edge
 allowable stresses used for strength calculation

fc, allow = 11N/mm2 (c-30Mpa
fs, allow = 100N/mm2 (continuous liquid contact)

n = 15
 Max design constants

𝐾𝑏
𝑛 = 15 = 0.6223 , r fs, allow 100
= = 
𝑛+𝑟 100
fc, allow 11
15+ 11
𝐾𝑏 0.6223
j𝑏 = 1 − =1− = 0.792
3
f𝑐, 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 3 11
𝑅𝑏 = * 𝐾𝑏 * j𝑏 = * 0.6223 * 0.7924 = 2.712𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2 2
2 2
h = 6 = 5.143
Dtave 20 * 0.35

Analysis of Base slab
Table 29 Table Coefficient for shear at base
5 5.143 6
h2
dt
Coeff. 0.213 0.211 0.197
Restraining moment = MR = Mr ( base ) = - 45.98KNM

Restraining direct tension = TR = V(base )
Shear coeff = 0.211(From the above table)
TR = 0.211 *w *h2 = 0.211 * 9.81 * 62 = 74.516N/M
Load on base slab
Wd = own Wt. of slab
Assume tslab = 800
Wd = Wt. of slab +wt. of water Where, Wd= own wt. of slab
Wd = 0.800*25+6*9.81= 78.86KN/m2 = tslab *perimet
Consider 1m unit strip of slab wide. = (conc., = 25N/m3)
Load per unit run = 78.86KN/m
Mr = radial moment
M = circumferential moment
3w𝑑𝑟2 3*78.86*10.152
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑀𝜃 = = = 1523.316𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚
16 16
w𝑑𝑟2 78.86*10.152
𝑚𝜃 = = = 1015.54𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚, Mr=0…...........at the edges
8 8
Therefore, absolute maximum moment is= 1523.316KN-m/m
dreq = √ 1523.316 * 106

mmax
=√ = 749.18mm
Rb * b 2.714 * 1000
Assume effective Cover of 40mm and Ø 18

18
treq = 749.18 + 40 + = 798.18 mm < t trial = 800 mm - - - OK!
2
Therefore the thickness is sufficient for flexure!

Area of steel perimeter Width for Mr. or M at center

Use Ø18 bars in the form of mesh
d= 800-40- 18/2 =751mm
𝑀𝜃 1523.316 * 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 25610.9
j𝑏 * 𝑑 * 0.792 * 751 * 100
f𝑠𝑡
𝑎𝑠 * 254.5 * 1000
𝑆= = = 9.9𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑏 25610.9
𝐴𝑠
Therefore Provide Ø18 bars @ 25mm c/c at the bottom of the slab in the form of mesh
Area of steel per meter width for M or Mr at edge
Available effective depth = 800-40-9 = 751mm
𝑤𝑑𝑟2 78.86 * 10.15
2
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑚𝜃 = = = 1015.54𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚
8 8
𝑚𝑑 1015.54106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 17073.86𝑚𝑚2
j𝑏 * 𝑑 * 0.792 * 751 * 100
f𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠
0.6*𝑏*𝑑 0.6*1000*751
𝑚i𝑛 = 𝐹 = 300
= 1502𝑚𝑚2 … … … … … … … . 𝑜𝐾
𝑦
Spacing of Ø18 bars,

𝑎𝑠 * 254.5 * 1000
𝑠= 𝑏 = = 14.9𝑚𝑚
17073.86
𝐴𝑠 300
S=14.9mm˂ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥{
tavg  350 take S= 25mm
Number of bars=As/as=67
Provide 67Ø18 bars at 25 mm c/c just above the mesh reinforcement.
Development length of 18mm bars
0.35√f𝑐𝑢 0.35√30
f𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.278
1.5 1.5
Fbd= 2ctd for deformed bar

= fcd for plain bars

2*1.278 =2.556
𝐹𝑦𝑑*Ø𝑏 260.87 * 18
𝑙𝑑 = = = 459.27
4f𝑏𝑑 4 * 2.556
459.27
Number of ring bars=𝑙𝑑 + 1 = + 1 =19.37≈20 bars
𝑠 25
Provide20 Ø bars @ 25 mm c/c placed at the bottom of slab just above the mesh.
4. Secondary reinforcement (at the top of slab)

0.2 * b * t 0.2 * 1000 * 8000
As = fy = 300 = 533.333mm2
Spacing of Ø 18 bars, as = 254.34𝑚𝑚2
𝑎𝑠 * 𝑏 254.34 * 1000
𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆 = 533.333 = 476.89𝑚𝑚2
S = 476.89 mm < Smax= { 300or2t
Therefore Provide Ø 18 bars @ 480mm c/c at top of the sled in both directions
 Maximum shear force at edges,
𝑉
𝑚𝑎𝑥= w𝑑*𝑟 78.86*10.15
2 = =400.2𝐾𝑁Per meter width of slab
2
 Shear Strength of the slab is:

𝑉𝑐 = 0.4 * f𝑐𝑡𝑑(1 + 50𝜌) * 𝑏 * 𝑑
= 0.4 *
0.35√30 533.33
(1 + 50 ) * 1000 * 751 = 437.3KN
1.5 * 254.34 * 751
Vcd=437.3>Vmax=400.2KN
 Vcd > Vmax!
Therefore thickness is adequate for shear
Design of Reservoir Two
Volume = 2870m3
Depth of water = 6

Free board = 0.5m


D = 24.68≈ 25m
h2
D. t tave = (400+500)/2 = 450m
h2
62  5.
d * taverage 25* 450*103
2
ℎ
Table31 coefficient of vertical moment and hoop tension for
𝐷*𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 3.2
Coefficient at point
h2
0.0h 0.1h 0.2h 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h
D.t
3 0.134 0.203 0.267 0.322 0.357 0.362 0.33 0.262 0.157 0.052
3.2 0.121 0.195 0.265 0.325 0.366 0.375 0.346 0.276 0.168 0.056
4 0.067 0.164 0.256 0.339 0.403 0.429 0.409 0.334 0.21 0.073
h2
D . t 0.1h 0.2h 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h 1.0h
-
3 0.0006 0.0024 0.0047 0.0071 0.009 0.0097 0.0077 0.0012 -0.0119 0.0333
3.2 0.0005 0.0022 0.0043 0.0066 0.0085 0.0093 0.0075 0.0014 -0.0111 -0.032
-
4 0.0003 0.0015 0.0028 0.0047 0.0066 0.0077 0.0069 0.0023 -0.008 0.0268



D
𝑇𝐻 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 𝑡 + 𝑤 * 𝐻 *
2
From the above table at a depth of 0.5h, (αt =0.375) the tension coefficient is Maximum
h = depth of water
25
𝑇𝐻 (𝑚𝑎𝑥. ) = 0.375 * 9.81 * 6 *  275.906KN
2

 TH 275.906*103
2
𝐴𝑠 (𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝)  
Fs, allow 100
n=15
f𝑐𝑡 =
TH fet, allow, Act  Area of concrete and steel
Act  (n 1) * AS 
f𝑐𝑡 = 275.906*103 = 0.5646

1,000* 450 (151) *
2759.06

fct = 0.5646  fct, allow = 1.44 N/mm2

..................
OK

s = as.b  *
314*1000 where, as = (20)2
 314

113.8  4
As 2759.06 b  1m  1000mm
S = 114mm  S max {
300
tavg  350
Therefore, provide 9 Ø20 mm bars a 114
mm𝑐⁄𝑐
0.4h
2
5
TH (0.4h) = 0.366 * 9.81 * 6 * = 269.2845KN
2
TH
As =
fs,  269.2845
100
* 1000 = 2692.845 mm2
allow
 Fct, allow 1.44N / mm2


 n  15
fct = TH 269.2845*103 0.552

Act  (n 1) * 

As (1000* 450 (15 1) * 2692.845)
.............
f𝑐𝑡 = 0.552  f𝑐𝑡, 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 1.44N/mm2 OK!

D 
𝑎𝑠 = 2  2  314mm2
(20)
4 4
asb 314*1000
𝑆 = =  116.6mm
As 2692.845
117mm  S max {
300
tavg  350
(+𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.0093 * 9.81 * 63 = 19.706KNm
And,
(−𝑣𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = −𝑚𝑤. ℎ3, 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 1.0ℎ (= −0.032)
(−𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = −0.032 * 9.81 * 63 = −67.8067KNm
Mmax = 67.8067KNm
n = 15
kb n kb
15  0.6226,  (1 )  0.7924
 n  3
15 
100 jb
r
11
Rb 11
fc, allow jb  * 0.6226*
 2 * Kb 0.7924 2
*
Rb = 2.7136 KN/mm2

67.8067*106
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = M  2.7136*1000 
Rb.b
158.075mm


Treq = dreq+cove+Ø/2 =158+40+20/2 =208mm, Treq =208 ˂ 450…..................ok

(+𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.0093 * 9.81 * 63 = 19.706KNm

d=450 mm-40-20/2=400mm
(+𝑉𝑒) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = M 19.706*106
 100* 0.7924* 400  621.72mm
2
As min.
fs * j * 
d

0.3 (b * taue)  0.3 *1000* 450
100 * 100  1350mm2
S= as*b/As =314*1000/1350=mm ≈ 232.59mm
Number of bars = AS/as =621.72/314 = ≈ 1.979 bar
(−𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = −0.032 * 9.81 * 63 = −67.8067KNm
(ve) Ast M 67.8067*106  2139.2825mm2
 fs * j *  100* 0.7924*
d 400
As min = 1350mm2
S= as*b/As = 314*1000/2139.2825 = 146.77mm  S max{ 300 `
tavg  350
=> Take S =150mm
2. ROOF SLAB DESIGN
diameter
Deff = 25.3m

DL = own wt.


D.L = 0.35*25 = 8.75kN/m2
Wd=1.3*D.L+1.6*L.L
=1.3*8.75+1.6*1
=12.975KN/ m2
c) At the edge
Mr = 0
Wd * a2 12.975 2
M =  * (12.65) =129.768kNm
16 16
d) At the centre
3Wd a2 3*12.975 2
Mr = M =  (12.65) = 389.3kNm
16 16
Design constants
For roof cover
C -25 (fcd = 11.17 N/mm2)
S – 300Mpa (fyd = 260.87 N/mm2)
µmax = 0.34
max 0.437
dreq = M max  389.3*106

=320mm
Umax * fcd *b 0.34*11.17*1000
dreq = =320mm

12
treq = dreq + 15 + =341mm < t assumed(350)
2

I) at centre
Mr = M = 389.3kNm
d = 350-15-12/2 =329mm
M 389.3*106
(ve) As   5724.267mm2
 f yd * J * 260.87*0.7924*329
d
Spacing of bars
as *b 113.097*1000
S=   19.75mm
As 5724.267
𝑣 w𝑑*𝑟 12.975*12.15
𝑚𝑎𝗑= = =78.82𝐾𝑁
2 2
𝑣 = 0.4 * f𝑐𝑡𝑑 * (1 + 50p)*(b*d)
f𝑐𝑡𝑑 =
0.35√f𝑐𝑢 0.35√25
= = 1.167
1.5 1.5
5724.267
𝑣 = 0.4 * 1.167 * (1 + 50 * ) * 1000 * 329 = 287.18 𝐾𝑁
1000 * 329
287.18KN ≥ Vmax= 78.82KN.............................ok!


n = 15

n 15
kb    0.6223 fs, allow 100
r 
n r 100
15 
11 fc,
allo
w

Kb 0.6223
jb = 1  1 
0.792 3 3
-
Rb fc, allow 11
 * Kb * Jb  * 0.6223* 0.792  2.712N / mm2
2 2
h2
Dtave = 62 = 3.2
25 * 0.45

3 3.2 4
h2
dt
Coeff. 0.262 0.257 0.236
Restraining moment = MR = Mr ( base ) = - 67.806KNM

Restraining direct tension = TR = V(base )
TR = 0.257 *w *h2 = 0.257 * 9.81 * 62 = 90.76N/M
Load on base slab
Assume tslab = 1000
Wd = Wt. of slab+wt. of water Where, Wd= own wt. of slab
Wd = 1*25+6*9.81= 83.86KN/m2 = tslab *perimet
Mr = radial moment
2
3*83.86*12.152
Mr= M= 3w𝑑𝑟 = = 2321.179𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚
16 16
w𝑑𝑟2 83.86*12.152
8 8
dreq = √ 2321.179 * 10 6
mmax
=√ = 924.8mm
Rb * b 2.714 * 1000


18
treq = 924.8+ 40 + = 974 mm < t trial = 1000 mm - - - OK!
2
d= 1000-40- 18/2 =951mm
𝑀𝜃 2321.179 * 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 30817.89𝑚𝑚2
j𝑏 * 𝑑 * 0.792 * 951 * 100
f𝑠𝑡
as *b 254.5*1000
S   8.25mm....................Take S = 25mm
As 30817.89
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑚𝜃 = 2
𝑤𝑑𝑟2 83.86 * 12.15
= = 1547.45𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚
8 8
𝑚𝑑 1547.45106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 20545𝑚. 26𝑚2
j𝑏 * 𝑑 * 0.792 * 951 * 100
f𝑠𝑡
0.6*𝑏*𝑑 0.6*1000*951
𝑚i𝑛 = 𝐹
= 300
= 1902𝑚𝑚2........................................ok!
𝑦

𝑎𝑠 * 254.5 * 1000
𝑠= = = 12.38𝑚𝑚
𝑏 20545.26
𝐴𝑠 300
S=12.38mm˂ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥{
tavg  350 take S= 25mm

0.35√f𝑐𝑢 0.35√30
f𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.278
1.5 1.5

2*1.278 =2.556
𝐹𝑦𝑑*Ø𝑏 260.87 * 18
𝑙𝑑 = = = 459.27
4f𝑏𝑑 4 * 2.556
459.27
𝑠 25

0.2*𝑏*𝑡 0.2*1000*1000
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦 = 300 =666.67𝑚𝑚2
𝑎𝑠*𝑏 254.34*1000
𝑆= 𝐴𝑆 = 666.67 =477.19𝑚𝑚2
S = 477.19 mm < Smax = { 300or2t
Therefore Provide Ø 18 bars @ 480 mm c/c at top of the sled in both directions
𝑉 w𝑑*𝑟 83.86*12.15
𝑚𝑎𝑥= = =509.44𝐾𝑁Per meter width of slab
2 2
𝑉𝑐 = 0.4 * f𝑐𝑡𝑑(1 + 50𝜌) * 𝑏 *
𝑑
666.67
0.35√30
= 0.4 * (1 + 50 ) * 1000 * 951 = 552.93𝐾𝑁
1.5 * 254.34 * 951
Vcd=552.93>Vmax=509.44KN
 Vcd > Vmax!
Phase –two (2025-2035)

Capacity of reservoirs
Capacity of new reservoir = 15300 m3
2000m3, 2870 m3, 2870 m3, 2000 m3, 2870 m3 and 2690 m3
NOTE; - The design aspect of phase II reservoirs are the same as that of the previous one.
Therefore you can see the design part from the previous pages, but design for 2690 m 3 only at
phase II
Volume = 2690m3
Depth of water = 6
Free board = 0.5m

D = 24.53≈ 25m
h2
D. t tave = (400+500)/2 = 450m
h2
62  5.143
3
d * taverage 25* 450*10
2
Table coefficient of vertical moment and hoop tension for ℎ
𝐷*𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 3.2


h2
0.0h 0.1h 0.2h 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h
D.t
3 0.134 0.203 0.267 0.322 0.357 0.362 0.33 0.262 0.157 0.052
3.2 0.121 0.195 0.265 0.325 0.366 0.375 0.346 0.276 0.168 0.056
4 0.067 0.164 0.256 0.339 0.403 0.429 0.409 0.334 0.21 0.073

h2
D . t 0.1h 0.2h 0.3h 0.4h 0.5h 0.6h 0.7h 0.8h 0.9h 1.0h
3 0.0006 0.0024 0.0047 0.0071 0.009 0.0097 0.0077 0.0012 -0.0119 -0.0333
3.2 0.0005 0.0022 0.0043 0.0066 0.0085 0.0093 0.0075 0.0014 -0.0111 -0.032
4 0.0003 0.0015 0.0028 0.0047 0.0066 0.0077 0.0069 0.0023 -0.008 -0.0268

D
𝑇𝐻 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 𝑡 + 𝑤 * 𝐻 *
2
From the above table at a depth of 0.5h, (αt =0.375) the tension coefficient is Maximum
h = depth of water
25
𝑇𝐻 (𝑚𝑎𝑥. ) = 0.375 * 9.81 * 6 *  275.906KN
2


 𝐴𝑠 (𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝) =
TH 275.906*103
 2759.06mm2
 100
Fs, allow
n=15
f𝑐𝑡 = TH
fet, allow, Act  Area of concrete and steel

Act  (n 1) * AS
f𝑐𝑡 = 275.906*103 = 0.5646

1,000* 450 (151) *
2759.06
fct = 0.5646  fct, allow = 1.44 N/mm2

..................
OK
s=  * (20)2
as.b 314*1000 where, as =  314
4
  113.8
As 2759.06 b  1m  1000mm
S = 114mm  S max {
300
tavg  350
Therefore, provide 9 Ø20 mm bars a 114
mm𝑐⁄𝑐

0.4h
2
5
𝑇𝐻 (0.4ℎ) = 0.366 * 9.81 * 6 * = 269.2845KN
2

269.2845 * 1000
𝐴𝑠 = TH = 2692.845 𝑚𝑚2
fs, allow 100


 Fct, allow 1.44N / mm2
 n  15


fct = TH 269.2845*103 0.552

Act  (n 1) * 

As (1000* 450 (151) * 2692.845)
.............
f𝑐𝑡 = 0.552  f𝑐𝑡, 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 1.44N/mm2 OK!
𝑎𝑠 = D2   314mm2
4 (20)2
4
asb
𝑆= 314*1000
As = 2692.845  116.6mm
117mm  S max { 300

tavg  350
(+𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.0093 * 9.81 * 63 = 19.706KNm
And ,

= −mw. h3, m = max, at a depth 1.0h (= −0.032)

−ve)Mmax. (−v e)Mmax. = −0.032 * 9.81 * 63 = −67.8067KNm
Mmax = 67.8067KNm


n = 15
kb n kb
15  0.6226,  (1 )  0.7924
 n  3
15
100 jb
r
11
Rb 11
fc, allow jb  * 0.6226*
 2 * Kb 0.7924 2
*
Rb = 2.7136 KN/mm2

M 67.8067*106
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 =  2.7136*1000  158.075mm
Rb.b
Treq = dreq+cove+Ø/2 =158+40+20/2 =208mm, Treq =208 ˂ 450…..................ok
(+𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.0093 * 9.81 * 63 = 19.706KNm
d=450 mm-40-20/2=400mm
M
(+𝑉𝑒) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 19.706*106  621.72mm2 As min.
 
fs * j * d 100* 0.7924* 400

0.3 (b * taue)  0.3*1000* 450
100 * 100  1350mm2
S= as*b/As =314*1000/1350=mm ≈ 232.59mm
Number of bars = AS/as =621.72/314 ≈ 1.979 bar

(−𝑣 𝑒)𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = −0.032 * 9.81 * 63 = −67.8067KNm

(ve) Ast M
 67.8067*106  2139.2825mm2
fs * j *  100* 0.7924*
d 400
As min = 1350mm2
S= as*b/As = 314*1000/2139.2825 = 146.77mm  S max{ 300 `
tavg  350
=> Take S =150mm
2. ROOF SLAB DESIGN
diameter
Deff = 25.3m
DL = own wt.
D.L = 0.35*25 = 8.75kN/m2
Wd=1.3*D.L+1.6*L.L
=1.3*8.75+1.6*1
=12.975KN/ m2
e) At the edge
Mr = 0
Wd * a2 12.975 2
M =  * (12.65) =129.768kNm
16 16
f) At the centre
3Wd a2 3*12.975 2
Mr = M =  (12.65) = 389.3kNm
16 16


Design constants
For roof cover
C -25 (fcd = 11.17 N/mm2)
S – 300Mpa (fyd = 260.87 N/mm2)
µmax = 0.34
max 0.437
dreq = Mmax  389.3*106

=320mm
Umax * fcd *b 0.34*11.17*1000
dreq = =320mm

12
treq = dreq + 15 + =341mm < t assumed(350)
2
I) at centre
Mr = M = 389.3kNm
d = 350-15-12/2 =329mm
(ve)As  M 389.3*106
f yd * J  260.87*0.7924*329  5724.267mm2
*d
Spacing of bars
as *b 113.097*1000
S=   19.75mm
As 5724.267
𝑣 w𝑑*𝑟 12.975*12.15
𝑚𝑎𝑥= 2 = 2 =78.82𝐾𝑁
𝑣 = 0.4 * f𝑐𝑡𝑑 * (1 + 50p)*(b*d)
f𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.35√f𝑐𝑢 1.5 0.35√25

=
1.5
= 1.167

5724.267
𝑣 = 0.4 * 1.167 * (1 + 50 * ) * 1000 * 329 = 287.18 𝐾𝑁
1000 * 329
287.18KN ≥ Vmax= 78.82KN.............................ok!


n = 15

Kb = n 15
fs, allow 100
n
  r = fc, allow  11
15 0.6223
100
r  11
jb = 1 Kb 0.6223
 1 
- 0.792 3 3
Rb = fc, allow 11
* Kb * Jb  * 0.6223* 0.792  2.712N / mm2
2 2
h2
Dtave = 62 = 3.2
25 * 0.45

3 3.2 4
h2
dt
Coeff. 0.262 0.257 0.236
Restraining moment = MR = Mr (base) = - 67.806KNM

Restraining direct tension = TR = V (base)
TR = 0.257 *w *h2 = 0.257 * 9.81 * 62 = 90.76N/M

Load on base slab


Assume tslab = 1000

Wd = Wt. of slab+wt. of water Where, Wd= own wt. of slab
Wd = 1*25+6*9.81= 83.86KN/m2 = tslab *perimet
Mr = radial moment
2 3*83.86*12.152
Mr= M= 3w𝑑𝑟 = = 2321.179𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚
16 16
w𝑑𝑟2 83.86*12.152
8 8
dreq = √ 2321.179 * 10 6
mmax
=√ = 924.8mm
Rb * b 2.714 * 1000

18
treq = + 40 + = 974 mm < t trial = 1000 mm - - - OK!
2
d= 1000-40- 18/2 =951mm
M𝜃 2321.179 * 106
As = = = 30817.89mm2
jb * d * fst 0.792 * 951 * 100
as *b 254.5*1000
S   8.25mm....................Take S = 25mm
As 30817.89
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑚𝜃 = 2
𝑤𝑑𝑟2 83.86 * 12.15
= = 1547.45𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚
8 8

𝑚𝑑 1547.45106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 20545𝑚. 26𝑚2
j𝑏 * 𝑑 * 0.792 * 951 * 100
f𝑠𝑡
0.6*𝑏*𝑑 0.6*1000*951
𝑚i𝑛 = 𝐹
= 300
= 1902𝑚𝑚2........................................ok!
𝑦

𝑎𝑠 * 254.5 * 1000
𝑠= = = 12.38𝑚𝑚
𝑏 20545.26
𝐴𝑠
S=12.38mm˂ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥{ 300
tavg  350
take S= 25mm
0.35√f𝑐𝑢 0.35√30
f𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.278
1.5 1.5
2*1.278 =2.556
𝐹𝑦𝑑*Ø𝑏 260.87 * 18
𝑙𝑑 = = = 459.27
4f𝑏𝑑 4 * 2.556
459.27
𝑠 25
0.2*𝑏*𝑡 0.2*1000*1000
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦 = =666.67𝑚𝑚2
300

𝑎𝑠*𝑏 254.34*1000
𝑆= 𝐴𝑆 = 666.67 =477.19𝑚𝑚2

S = 477.19 mm < Smax = { 300or2t
Therefore Provide Ø 18 bars @ 480 mm c/c at top of the sled in both directions
𝑉 w𝑑*𝑟 83.86*12.15
𝑚𝑎𝑥= = =509.44𝐾𝑁Per meter width of slab
2 2

𝑉𝑐 = 0.4 * f𝑐𝑡𝑑(1 + 50𝜌) * 𝑏 * 𝑑
0.35√30 666.67
= 0.4 * (1 + 50 ) * 1000 * 951 = 552.93𝐾𝑁
1.5 * 254.34 * 951
Vcd=552.93>Vmax=509.44KN
 Vcd > Vmax!

8 WATER QUALITY
8.1.1 General
Absolutely pure water is never found in nature. Pure water is that water which contains only two
parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen by volume and nothing else. But the water found in
nature contains a number of impurities in varying amounts. The rain water is originally pure, also
absorbs various gases, dust and other impurities while falling. As soon as it reaches the earth
surface, it gets mixed with silt, organic and inorganic impurities. Therefore, the runoff water has
large number of impurities. This water before supplying to the public should be treated and
purified. The impurities which are picked up by the water as suspended matter, sometimes make
it more useful and potable for public uses and especially for drinking, but sometimes it may
make totally harmful and unfit for drinking purpose(from lecture note).
The requirements of wholesome water as follows:
 It should be free from bacteria which may cause disease.
 It should be colour less and sparkling acceptable by public.
 It should no corroding pipes.
 It should have free carbonic acid and dissolved oxygen for making it fresh.
 It should be tasty, odour – free and cool.
 It should be free from all objectionable matter
8.1.2 Water analysis

The analysis of water of the sources is done to determine the various impurities present in it. On
the basis of these impurities the treatment plant is designed. Therefore, the analysis of water is
very necessary before designing any water supply scheme. Similarly after the treatment of water
its analysis is again done to ascertain that water has been purified or not. Treated water before
supply to the public is checked for its quality whether it full fills the requirements of the
standards laid down by WHO.
The following are the tests which are done during water analysis
Physical tests: It includes Temperature, Colour, Turbidity, Tastes and odour
Chemical tests: it includes Total solids, Hardness, Chlorides, Chlorine, Iron & Manganese, PH –
value, Lead and Arsenic, Dissolved Gases
Biological tests: It Includes Total count of bacteria and E-coli Test

For the planning purpose and to set the boreholes location, recharge estimated for the sub-
catchment (up Stream of Mojo River) and discharge expected from the proposed 32 boreholes
were computed (Table below).The discharge of the proposed boreholes will be estimated 50 l/s
each. It was estimated based on the test well data (AdTW3).
Table 36 Summary of ADTW3 borehole parameters (WWDSE, 2008 well drilling report)

Table 37 Water Quality of the Well field
Parameter Analysis Acceptable limit MPL**

result WHO (1963) MoWR WHO MoWR
(2002) (1963) (2002)
Calcium(Ca), mg/l 2.08 – 5.25 75 75 200 200
34.5 - 117
Magnesium(Mg) 0.116 - 2.26 50 50 150 150
mg/l
Iron(Fe) , mg/l 0.006 - 0.442 0.3 0.1 1 1
Manganese(Mn) , 0.018 - 2.98
mg/l
Copper (Cu) , μg/l 0.04 - 11.41 1 0.05 1.5 1.5
Lithium (Li), μg/l 0.421 - 41.22
Sulphate(SO4) , 0.21 - 6.56 200 250 400
mg/l
Lead (Pb), μg/l 2.91 – 41.44
Chloride (Cl) , 0.0 - 14.46 200 200 600 600
mg/l
Fluoride (F)* , 0.82 - 5.96 1 1.7
mg/l
Boron (B) , mg/l 0.04 - 149
Total hardness, 0.0 - 22.41 100 500
mg/l
(as CaCo3
PH 7.06 - 7.47 7- 8 7 - 8.5 min. 6.5 6.5 - 9.2
max.9.2
Total Dissolved 246 - 384 500 500 1500 1500

Solids(TDS), mg/l
Total solids at 105 450 - 850
0C,
mg/l
Turbidity, units 0.48 - 9.32 5 5 25 25
Colour, units 5 5 50 50
Source: Feasibility study and WHO Guideline

As shown in the above table, the groundwater quality of the study area can satisfy the required
standards set by both WHO and Ethiopian Drinking Water Standard with the exception of very
few parameters that exceed the maximum permissible limit. The amount of fluoride (F-) in one
of the boreholes, sampled from Mojo town has showed high value (5.96 mg/l) which is attributed
to change in lithology southwards as it is also evidenced from previous borehole data Source:
Feasibility of Adama town .

9 WATER TREATMENT OPTIONS

There will be situations where treatment of the water is necessary to render it fit for drinking and
domestic use. The provision of any form of treatment in a water supply system will require a
capital outlay that may be relatively substantial. More important it will greatly expand the
problem of maintaining the water supply system, and the risks of failure. Some water treatment
processes are easier to operate and maintain than other, but all need regular supervision and
attention.
When designing a water treatment plant, the operational and maintain once requirements are key
factors that must be considered carefully.
9.1 Purpose of water treatment

The purpose of water treatment
 To convert the water taken from a ground or surface source, the “row water “in to a
drinking water suitable for domestic use.
 To remove pathogenic organisms: - toxic substances such as heavy metals causing health
hazards.
 To remove suspended maters causing turbidity, iron and manganese compounds
imparting a bitter fester standing laundry and excessive carbon dioxide commanding
concrete and metal pars.
 To eliminate the corrosive properties of water that affects the conduit pipe
 To remove the dissolved gasses and color of water
9.2 Ground water quality and treatment

For the most part ground water originates form infiltrated rainwater which after reaching the
aquifer flows through the underground during infiltration, the water will pick up many impurities
such as in organic and organic soil particles debris form plant and animal life microorganisms
natural or man – mode fertilizers pesticides etc. During its flow under – ground, however a great
improving in water quality will occur suspended
particles are removed by filtration , organic substances are degraded by oxidation, and micro –
organisms die away because of lock of nutrients .The dissolved mineral content of the water can
increase considerably through the leaching of salts form the underground layers.

Ground water, if properly, with drown will be free from turbidity end pathogenic organisms. The
quality of ground water is influenced mainly by the quality of its source. Changes or the
gradation in the quality of source water can have seriously affected the quality of ground water
supply. Municipal and industrial waste seepage in to an aquifer is a major source of both organic
and inorganic pollution.
According to the Feasibility study of Adama town water supply the standards are with in
allowably limit of WHO guide line for portable water. There our supply needs only disinfection.
9.3 Disinfection of water

The process of killing infective bacteria form the water and making it safe to the user is called
Disinfection .Since the filters in the boreholes are unable to remove all the disease causing
bacteria. So it is required to use chlorination at the service reservoir before distribution termed as
post chlorination. A dosing rate of 2mg/liter should be sufficient to insure a residual chlorine
concentration of 0.5mg/liter at the extreme point in the distribution system.
Therefore, in our case selected for Adama town water supply system is chlorination method for
disinfection.

10 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

After the water has been properly treated and made save, it has to be supplied to the consumers
in their individual homes. This function of carrying the water from the treatment plant to the
individual homes is accomplished through a well planned distribution system. A distribution
system may, therefore, consists of pipe lines of various size for carrying water to consumers,
valves for controlling the flow in the pipes, hydrants for providing connection with the water
mains for releasing water during fire breaks, meters for measuring discharges, pumps for lifting
and forcing the water into the distribution pipes and service reservoirs for storing the treated
water to be fed into the distribution pipes. Good distribution system must satisfy the following
requirements:-
 It should be capable of supplying at all the intended places with in the city with a
reasonable sufficient pressure head.
 It should be cheap with the least capital construction cost.
 It should be simple and easy to operate and repair, they keeping the maintenance
cost to the minimum.
 It should be safe against any future pollution of water.
 It should be saving as not to cause the failure of pipe lines by bursting.
 It should be fairly water tight as to keep the losses due to leakage to the minimum
10.1 Methods of distribution

Depending upon the level of the source of water and that of the city, topography of the area and
other local conditions ,the water may be forced in to the distribution system in the following
three ways:-
A) Gravitational system
B) Use of pumps without storage
C) Combined gravity and pumping system
Combined gravity and pumping system: - In this system the treated water is pumped at a constant
rate and stored into an elevated distribution reservoir from where it is distributed to the

consumers by the mere action of gravity. The excess water pumped during periods of low
consumption is stored in the elevated reservoir .During period of high consumption the stored
water is drawn upon to augment that pumped. Depending upon the topography of Adama town
combined gravity and Pumping system is adopted water from bore hole pumped in to collected
chamber then, by gravity in to service reservoir.
Main advantages of these types of system are:-

 Balance reservoir in the reservoir storage during fire break
 Overall economically, efficient and reliable
 It provides the stored water for balance during the power failure
 The pump has to work at constant speeds
10.2 Distribution Reservoirs

These reservoirs are called service reservoirs, which are mainly provided for storing the treated
water, for supplying water to the town or city. These reservoirs are provided for meeting the
water demand during breakout of fires, break down of pumps, repair etc. The reservoirs avoid the
hourly fluctuations in the water demand.
10.2.1 Site of Distribution Reservoir

The place where put our reservoir and its corresponding elevation has a factor for efficient
distribution of water to all the required points. It is also necessary to site the service reservoir at
such elevation that a steady pressure is maintained at all points of the distribution system,
together with sufficient additional pressure to enable a good flow to be maintained to those top
most points.
It is, of course not always possible to find a high point, which in the center of the distribution
area and the best must be done in the circumstance. For Adama town water supply project the
location of service reservoir is at an elevation. The elevation at which it is desirable to position
a service reservoir depends up on both the distance of the reservoir from the distribution area and
the elevation of the highest building to be supplied. Pressure control valves are sometimes
installed in inlet mains from service reservoir in order to reduce the pressure to low laying zones,
or to limit increase of pressure at night to reduce leakage.
Water supplied to the consumers by the following systems

10.3 Design of distribution system

Since flow will be turbulent in pipe used for water supply the friction deepened up on the
roughness of the pipe and also up on Reynolds number, which in terms depends on the velocity
in the pipe and its diameter. Various pipe flow formula are available to predict head losses as a
function of velocity in pipes.
10.3.1 Transmission main

The Transmission main transports water from the collector reservoirs located at Biyo hill of
ground elevation of 1900masl to the Transfer Reservoir located west of Adama town at ground
elevation of 1800masl by flow of gravity.
The transmission main is proposed to be implemented during Phase I in order to reduce the costs
required for laying parallel lines during phase II. It has a total length of 24.5km and aligned
along the main asphalt road. The Transmission Main has been designed for flow capacities of
second phase demand (Year 2039) which is estimated to be 1,592 l/s.
10.3.2 Alignment of transfer main

The transfer main, although it may have a small or no number of service connections on it, it is
used to transfer/distribute the majority of flow among storage reservoirs. Hence the transfer
mains are designed to transfer maximum day demand of water from Sire Ababune Reservoir to
the 9 (nein) service reservoirs located on the West, North, East and Southern sides of Adama
town via the two transfer mains. In accordance with their alignment and functions, the two mains
are designated as Adama North-East and South-East Transfer Mains respectively.
The transfer mains are proposed to be implemented during Phase I in order to reduce the costs
required for laying parallel lines during phase II. Their total length is about 30km and aligned
along the main asphalt roads of Adama town. They have been designed for flow capacities of
second phase demand (Year 2039) which is estimated to be 1,592 l/s. A lot of crossing structures
are required for crossing gullies formed in and around the periphery of Adama town.
Accordingly the following results are noted.

The maximum design capacity of the transfer main is 1,592 l/s of which
892 l/s of Phase II demand will be transferred to the North-East of Adama Town
701 l/s of Phase II demand will be transferred to the South-East of Adama Town

The two transfer mains will transfer water from Sire Ababune Reservoir to the 9 (nein) service
reservoirs located on the West, North, East and Southern sides of Adama town via the two
transfer mains. The 9 service reservoirs are designed to distribute about 2,563 l/s of the total
Peak Hour Demand of Phase II to Adama Town, through respective 9 distribution networks by
flow of gravity. Consequently, the water Storage and distribution system includes the following
two significant components.
1. Service reservoirs which are used for balancing the variable demands of the town.
2. The distribution network which distributes water to customers through its primary, secondary
and tertiary components with a flow of gravity.
Table 38 The 9 (nine) Water Distribution Zones

ID Supply zone Elevation (masl) Remarks
SAR1-1800 Sire Ababune 1800 New
GAR2-1750 Gelma Aba Geda 1750 Existing
WAR3-1715 Western Adama 1715 New
NAR4-1760 Northern Adama 1760 New
DHAR5-1750 Dhega Adi 1750 Existing
AUR6-1720 Adama University 1720 Existing
EAR7-1715 Eastern Adama 1715 New
LUR8-1685 Lugo 1685 Existing
EBOR9-1715 Eastern Boku 1715 Existing
WBOR10-1715 Western Boku 1715 New
Total 10
10.4 Nodal demand computation

The water demand at the town has been summarized in chapter 4.2.2 Domestic demand & non-
domestic demand, all including the unaccounted for water /losses/ and firefighting, are
distributed to the nodes according to the land use plan as per the following procedure:-
1. From land use plan the spatial distribution of the existing and proposed infrastructures are
identified.
2. In order to simplify land plan is categorized as residential, commercial and etc
3. The population is allocated and total water demand for each category is computed and
summarized in table below
4. The area that will be supplied from each node is remarketed, measured and tabulated under
each category.

5. The demand area ratio for each category is computed by multiplying the area at each node
with the demand area ratio (final year project of water supply , 2003).
10.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Population and Water Demands

The population and water demand distribution has been done for existing and newly expanded
areas. The results are summarized and presented by each zone as shown in table below.
Table 39 Spatial distribution of population and water demands
Population PHD=1.6*MDD (l/s)

Adjusted
Supply Zone Area(ha) Phase I Phase II Phase I Phase II
(2030) (2039) (2030) (2039)
GAR2-1750 110 27316 44288 39 66
WAR3-1715 665 20496 168479 233 401
NAR4-1760 783 130981 194924 275 473
DHAR5-
1750 136 31293 50077 48 82
AUR6-1720 197 40530 63627 69 119
EAR7-1715 381 69013 104937 134 230
LUR8-1685 872 144708 38924 306 526
EBOR9-1715 524 91080 136905 184 316
WBOR10-
1715 578 99419 149009 203 349
Total 4247 654836 951170 1490 2562
Pipelines in the distribution system shall withstand a maximum operating pressure of 160m
manometer head and hence locally manufactured uPVC pipes of pressure class of PN 10 and PN
16 have been used as much as possible However, in exceptional cases, DI/Steel pipes are used
where the breaking/reducing of such highest pressures require installation of booster pumping
stations and where the pipe lines require crossing of specific low lying valleys s.
The choice for uPVC PN10 and PN16 are justified for the following reasons;
 The pipes have higher mechanical strength and are less sensitive to improper soil
compaction.
 Also, the advantage of a standardized pressure class for valves and fittings will eliminate
the confusion of flange joints with different bore diameters for different pressure classes.

The distribution network should have a capacity to distribute the peak hour water demands of
customers with maintaining a minimum pressure of 10 to 15m. However, in exceptional cases,
depending on the topography of the area, lower pressure levels may be permitted, but not less
than 7.5 m
Computed Analysis of the distribution system
The simulation of the distribution system was done using epanet 2.0. It was carried out for
extended period analysis by taking in to consideration the hourly demand fluctuation pattern on
average and maximum day.
The analysis began by feeding assumed diameters of the pipe, pipe material, pipe length; and the
pressure, velocity and head loss are checked for peak & average flow. The results of this analysis
are shown in the appendix-B

11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

11.1 General
EIA is a process to improve decision making and to insure that the project or programmed option
under consideration is environmentally sound. The EIA is concerned with identifying, predicting
and evaluating the foreseeable environmental effects, alternative and mitigating measures aiming
at minimizing the adverse effects and maximizing the benefits obtained because of the project.
An EIA in project area is concerned with impacts of water resources development projects on the
environment and with sustainability of the project themselves. Clearly an EIA will not resolve all
problems. There will be trade offs between economic development and environmental
protections as in all development activities. However, with out an objective of EIA informed
decision-making will be impossible.
11.2 Description of the Potential

An impact can be defined as any change in the physical, chemical, biological and socioeconomic
environmental system, which attributed to human activities relative to alternatives under for
meeting a project need. EIA cover both positive and negative impacts of the project and
mitigation measures for the adverse effects.
11.2.1 Positive impact of the project

The significance of Adama town water supply project is mainly of socio economic. Some of
these are;
 Assuming an adequate supply of water in quality as well as quantity for the Population
 Time and energy saving in fetching of drinking water
 Improvements of life standard and water supply situations
 Control of fire damage
 The construction of proposed the water supply project will provide
 Employment for significant number of local skilled and un skilled workers.
 Generally, it supports the town development like establishment of different institutions,
industries, health centers etc

11.2.2 Negative impact

The impacts can be categorized in to two: One during the construction period (short term) and
the other is a long-term impact. In a generalized form presented as follows:-
a. Short term impact

It is an impact that occurs during construction period of the project. Some of the short term
impacts are;
Interruption of the existing water supply system
Soil erosion from trench exaction ( for pipe
line) Air pollution during the construction
activity Traffic movement is affected
Spillage of chemical
The pipe used for transmission and distribution can bring health hazard if they are
supposed to corrode.
b. Long term impact
The impact has long lasting effects and may even bring irreversible environmental changes may
include;
Displacement of individual living near reservoir and treatment plant
Pollution due to disposal of used oil during operation to natural water course
Deforestation for the construction structures
In detail as follows
By the borehole
The probability of land slide
If there are dug well around the boreholes, interference on the yield of the dug well of the
rural people.
By the collector and transmission pipe
It may occupy some valuable lands
During damage, they leak water and may be a cause for the formation of swamp area on
which insects may bread.
Soil erosion due to digging trenches
By the Generator (optional)

Noise (diesel type)

Air pollution (diesel type)
Spillage of lubricants fuel etc
By the Service reservoir
If the surplus water is not collected in well-arranged manner, this water may be a cause
for the formation of swamp area, which is a habitant for insects breeding.
By Distribution main pipe
The pipeline may interfere with other main like telecommunication transmission line etc.
It may also occupy valuable areas, though; It is underground
Obstacle for traffic during construction
Noise of dust during construction
11.3 Mitigation Measures

The potential negative impacts of Adama town water supply on the project area should be made
less sever. Therefore mitigation measures should be done at different stages of the project i.e.
Pre-construction stage
Construction stage
Operation stage
Pre-construction stage
During the pre-construction stage the following activities should be made:
Caring out awareness activities about importance of the proposed project
Financial compensation for loss of crops, crop lands, grazing lands, trees houses etc.
Careful selection of the pipe line routes
Compensation of the similar land for the individuals who lost their land
Water can be sprinkled on the loosened soil so that dust particles stick to the surface.
Alignment of new pipe lines should execute part by part to avoid the complete
interruption of the existing water supply of the system of the town.
Construction stage
During the construction stage of the project the following mitigation measures should be done in
order to minimize the negative impacts of the project.

Imposing appropriate restriction on the contractor and having suitable clauses included
in the contact specification about waste disposal, noise and dust spillage of used oil and
other hazardous materials
Rehabilitations of land excavated for different purpose
Back filling excavation with the natural structural layers to minimize erosion.
Operation stage
During operation stage of the project the following activities should be done
Used oils from generators should be disposed properly
Planting trees to compensate the losses
Human activity close to the project should avoid or minimized
Proper care should be taken against disease causing
organisms
Since the positive impact of the project is higher than that of the negative impact, additional
source of water should be implemented as a demand minimization of the town. In other case
since the ground water requires less treatment than that of surface water and also less
contamination in comparison with another source of water, additional boreholes should have be
investigated.

12 COST ESTIMATION
Planning of water supply projects based on reliable cost data. Such data are difficult to obtain in
developing countries. In such case, the following techniques are used.
Taking cost data from similar plants in other areas with similar characteristics.
Using general cost curves that are based on cost of variety of plants constructed within
the country.
By general productive cost equations developed for similar situation.
Using unit price of each type of work and its total quantity for project area, the cost estimation is
based on unit price of each work and general productive cost equations developed for similar
situation. The cost summary is as in the table below.
12.1 Cost Estimation and Analysis

The estimation of costs of water supply schemes and their component for the project town
requires considering a number of factors including the implementation time, the available
infrastructural facilities, availability and cost of labor and the distance of the specific town. To
facilitate and standardize the task of estimating costs for alternative scheme a systematic
approach has been use.
In this section the methodology followed in deriving standard cost estimation for excavation
,pipes and pipe laying ,concrete of various classes, form work, reinforcement and work together
with composite rates for items such as bore holes, pumping equipment ,storage reservoirs and
ancillary buildings is described.
Pipes Required For Building the Network

The selected pipe materials, sizes (diameters), quantity and pressure classes required for the
distribution network is summarized in Table below.

Table 40 Summary of pipes required to build the new network

No Dn (mm Length (m) Material Pn (bar)
1 1,000 2875 DI K9
2 800 3140 DI K9
3 700 6621 DI K9
4 600 7642 DI K9
5 500 3280 DI K9
6 400 20371 DI K9
7 100 1,733 uPVC K9
8 300 10,055 uPVC PN10
9 250 2,083 uPVC PN10
10 200 10,763 uPVC PN10
11 200 121 uPVC PN16
12 150 21,108 uPVC PN10
13 150 5,050 uPVC PN16
14 100 12,925 uPVC PN10
15 100 3,781 uPVC PN16
16 450 7,678 uPVC PN10
17 450 1,312 uPVC PN16
18 350 682 uPVC PN10
19 250 513 uPVC PN16
Table 41 Pipe work summary
No Work item/ Description unit Quantity Unit price Total price
1 Excavation of soil at average M

3 26,160 15 392,400
1.1 Back file of soil M
3 2,180 10 21,800
Sub total 414,200
2 DCI Pipes and fittings for 6m length
Φ 450mm m 1,723.5 2750 4739625
Φ400mm m 587.3 1174 689490.2
Φ 350mm m 1243.8 1,026 1276138.8
Φ300mm m 2716.4 607 1648854.5
Φ 250mm m 3253 510 1659030
Φ 200mm m 1637.5 410 671375
Φ 100mm m 978.5 250 244625
Φ150mm m 1,721.5 314 540551
Φ160mm m 25.8 350 9030

Φ130mm m 102.5 280 28700
Φ 140mm m 23 300 6900

Φ 120mm m 131 265 34715
Φ80mm m 408.8 210 85848
Φ90mm m 289.6 230 66608
Φ70mm m 22 190 4180
Φ240mm m 205 480 98400
Φ280mm m 40.8 550 22440
Φ210mm m 87 400 34800
Φ800mm m 310 5291 1640210
Φ600mm m 168 3961 665448
Φ1100mm m 1700 6500 11050000
sub total 25216968.5
Total cost 25,631,168.5
Rising main 159,993,799

Laying of Pipes and Installation of Accessories 31,777,811
Collector 1,269,903
Total cost 218,672,681
Table 42 Part A: General Items

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE(Birr) AMOUNT(Birr)
Accommodation Buildings Storage Areas etc
Establishment and removal of temporary site
1 Offices for Supervisor sum 2 150,000 300,000
2 Maintenance of Supervisor's site offices. Month 24 15,000 360,000
3 Provision of survey labour for the Supervisor Month 24 20,500 492000
Total cost of part a 1,152,000
Phase – I

Table 43 PART B: Cost estimation of one bore hole

Item no General item Price ( Birr)
Site surveying 10,000

Mobilization of man power and materials 15,000
Drilling up to finishing 300,000
Pumping test
Mobilization of pumping test crew 7000
Pumping and recovery test 36,000
Total 468,000
For phase I 7488000
Therefore, the total cost of 16 bore hole
= 16*468,000
= 7488000 Birr
Table 44 Cost estimation of pump
Item no Description Quantity Unit price Total price (Birr)
For phase I Submersible pump 16 300,000 4800,000
Table 45 Cost of trench digging and filling

Width Depth (m) Rate Qty Total price
(m) (birr)
0.3 depth not exceeding 1.5m 20 112100 3,385,625
Table 46 Construction of storage reservoirs

No Description Unit Qty Rate Amount
(Birr)
1 Construction, Testing and Commissioning of m3 2500 1,275 4187500
Stanard Reinforced Concrete Service Reservoir
for Biyo wellfield at ground level of 1900masl
2 Ditto, but for Sire Ababune Supply Zone, m3 2000 1,275 4550000
SAR1-1800
3 Ditto, but for North Adama Supply Zone, m3 2870 1,275 4659250
NAR4-1760
4 Ditto, but for West Boku Supply Zone, m3 2870 1,275 2659250
WBOR10-1715

5 Ditto, but for West Adama Supply Zone, m3 2870 1,275 2659250
WAR3-1715
6 Ditto, but for East Adama Supply Zone, EAR7- m3 2000 1,275 8550000
1715
7 Sub Total m3 27265250
8 Earthwork m3 488727 36 17,594,070
Table 47 Electromechanical and Power Supply

N Description unit Qty Rate Amount
o Birr
Supply and Installation of Electric motor driven set 6 711,000 4,266,000
submersible pumps Head, Discharge=50 l/s,
km 15 71,000 1,065,000
Supply and installation of 15 kV power lines and
Transformers up to the well fields and Reservoirs
Sub Total 5,331,000

Table 48 Auxiliary buildings and miscellaneous civil works

Description Unit Qty Rate Amount (Birr)
Construction of Guard and EEPCO No 6 80,640 483,840
Switch Board Houses at Boreholes
Construction of Operators Dwelling at No 1 157,139 157,139
Boreholes
Construction of Water Supply Service No 1 870,530 870,530
Administration Office
Warehouse
Workshop
Construction of Guard Houses at No 6 28,003 168,020
Service Reservoirs
Construction of Toilet and Septic Tank No 7 60,814 425,698
at Reservoirs and Operators Dwelling
Construction of Access Road (3.5m km 15 648,435 9,726,532
wide)
Sub Total 12,336,655
Total 298,025,281.5
Contract Management and Supervision (3%) 89407584.45
Contingency (10%) 29802528.15
Total 417,235,394.1
Add VAT (15%) 62585309.12
Grand Total Investment Cost 479,820,703.2
Therefore the total estimated cost required to implement Phase I project is Birr 479.82Million.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion
The existing water supply for Adama town is not sufficient due to this and alarmingly increasing
population of the town. It is a must to design and construct a new water supply scheme. The
population forecasting methods are tested to determine which one is the most appropriate for
Adama town. It shown those geometric progression methods provides the best estimate method.
Quality is significant factor which has to be taken into consideration before supply of water. The
test shows the quality of water full fills the standard of WHO due to this only disinfection is
proposed. The capacity of service reservoir is determined for each phase. The location of service
reservoir is determined on the basis of topography and population to be served by each service
reservoirs.
Appropriate pipe material for the distribution network is selected considering cost of pipe,
durability, and availability, design serve in the distribution system, corrosion resistivity and
traffic load. The distribution network is generally analyzed using Epanet-2 computer software.
The total cost of the project is estimated based on the present market value of construction
materials by adding the cost for each item and cost index of similar project.
Environmental impact assessment was made. Therefore the project is environmentally sound &
sustainable. Both positive and negative impact of the on the environment as a whole are
discussed. Lastly after the complession of this project the community of Adama town will satisfy
with an adequate, safe and potable drinking water

Recommendation
After the completion of the project, professionals should control the structures closely and
maintain their function accordingly and also the society should be aware to take care about the
system safety. Since the positive impact of the project is higher than that of the negative impact,
additional source of water should be implemented as a demand minimization of the town.
Adama town become an industrial area which resulted in destruction of pipe during the
construction of road. This leads to cost of water which affecting water demand with high
percentage. When such problem is happen operation and maintenance should have be take places
as soon as broken is occur and the industries should have their own treatment system
As the feasibility study shows, there are neighboring town Wonji who consume the town water
supply. And we consider partially these as part of the town &the supply design is done by
including them. But in our opinion, crossing this distance every day takes them too many years
back rather than bringing development.

Bibliography
Aman, H. (2010). Water Loss Management in Adama Town.
Aman, H. (june,2010). Water loss management in Adama Twon. AA.
Birdie. (1989). water supply & sanitatery engineering.
Birtie, G. (1986).Water supply and sanitary Eng’g .
CHATTRJEE, A. (1988). water supply,waste disposal and environmental engineering.
Semero, H., Abdella, K., & Kelbessa, A. (2004 EC). Water Suplly System Expansion & Improvement
Project.
MOWR . (January, 2006). Urban Water Supply Design Criteria.

APPENDIX-A
Table 49 projected population by using different method (2014-2039)
Year Description Av growth Population No(CSA) Arithmetic Geometric Exponential

k= k’ =
2011 Residing in Adama 264173
Rural and Floating 19813
Adama University 14000
2014 Residing in Adama 4.3 299960 299960 299960 299960
Rural and Floating 4.3 22497 22497 22497 22497
Adama University 2.52 15085 15085 15085 15085
subtotal 337542 337542 337542
2015 Residing in Adama 4.3 311889 312858 313139
Rural and Floating 4.3 23392 23464 23485
Adama University 2.52 15447 15462 15467
sub total 350728 351785 352092
sub total 416658 432618 434895
sub total 412588 532118 537339
sub total 548518 654836 664107
sub total 614448 805961 820999
sub total 667192 951770 972979
Error -18.8 9.42 11.08
Table 50 Table the analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase I

Time Hourl Hourly Cumulative Hourly Cumulativ Excess Excess
in hr y demand hourly supply(m3 e hourly Demand(m3 Supply(m3
(1) factor (4023.66 demand(m3 ) (5) supply ) col(4-6) ) col (6)-

(2) ) (m3)(3) ) (4) (6) +ve value (4) +ve

only (7) value only
(8)
1 0.3 1207.098 1207.098 4023.66 4023.66 2816.562
2 0.3 1207.098 2414.196 4023.66 8047.32 5633.124
3 0.5 2011.83 4426.026 4023.66 12070.98 7644.954
4 0.8 3218.928 7644.954 4023.66 16094.64 8449.686
5 1.4 5633.124 13278.078 4023.66 20118.3 6840.222
6 1.6 6437.856 19715.934 4023.66 24141.96 4426.026
7 1.5 6035.49 25751.424 4023.66 28165.62 2414.196
8 1.5 6035.49 31786.914 4023.66 32189.28 402.366
9 1.4 5633.124 37420.038 4023.66 36212.94 1207.098
10 1.4 5633.124 43053.162 4023.66 40236.6 2816.562
11 1.3 5230.758 48283.92 4023.66 44260.26 4023.66
12 1.3 5230.758 53514.678 4023.66 48283.92 5230.758
13 1.2 4828.392 58343.07 4023.66 52307.58 6035.49
14 1.1 4426.026 62769.096 4023.66 56331.24 6437.856
15 1.2 4828.392 67597.488 4023.66 60354.9 7242.588
16 1.2 4828.392 72425.88 4023.66 64378.56 8047.32
17 1.3 5230.758 77656.638 4023.66 68402.22 9254.418
18 1.4 5633.124 83289.762 4023.66 72425.88 10863.882
19 1 4023.66 87313.422 4023.66 76449.54 10863.882
20 0.7 2816.562 90129.984 4023.66 80473.2 9656.784
21 0.6 2414.196 92544.18 4023.66 84496.86 8047.32
22 0.4 1609.464 94153.644 4023.66 88520.52 5633.124
23 0.3 1207.098 95360.742 4023.66 92544.18 2816.562
24 0.3 1207.098 96567.84 4023.66 96567.84

Table 51 Table the analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase II

Hourly Excess
factor Hourly Cumulative Excess Supply(m3)
Time (2) demand hourly Hourly Cumulative Demand(m3) col (6)-(4)
in hr (6920.08) demand(m3) supply(m3) hourly supply col(4-6) +ve +ve value
(1) (m3) (3) (4) (5) (6) value only (7) only (8)
1 0.3 2076.02 2076.02 6920.08 6920.08 4844.06
2 0.3 2076.02 4152.04 6920.08 13840.16 9688.116
3 0.5 3460.04 7612.08 6920.08 20760.24 13148.156
4 0.8 5536.06 13148.15 6920.08 27680.32 14532.17
5 1.4 9688.11 22836.26 6920.08 34600.4 11764.14
6 1.6 11072.13 33908.39 6920.08 41520.48 7612.092
7 1.5 10380.12 44288.51 6920.08 48440.56 4152.052
8 1.5 10380.12 54668.63 6920.08 55360.64 692.012
9 1.4 9688.11 64356.74 6920.08 62280.72 2076.02
10 1.4 9688.11 74044.85 6920.08 69200.8 4844.052
11 1.3 8996.10 83040.96 6920.08 76120.88 6920.076
12 1.3 8996.10 92037.06 6920.08 83040.96 8996.1
13 1.2 8304.10 100341.16 6920.08 89961.04 10380.116
14 1.1 7612.09 107953.24 6920.08 96881.12 11072.124
15 1.2 8304.10 116257.34 6920.08 103801.2 12456.14
16 1.2 8304.10 124561.44 6920.08 110721.28 13840.156
17 1.3 8996.10 133557.54 6920.08 117641.36 15916.18
18 1.4 9688.11 143245.65 6920.08 124561.44 18684.21
19 1 6920.08 150165.73 6920.08 131481.52 18684.21
20 0.7 4844.06 155009.79 6920.08 138401.6 16608.188
21 0.6 4152.05 159161.84 6920.08 145321.68 13840.156

22 0.4 2768.03 161929.87 6920.08 152241.76 9688.108

23 0.3 2076.02 164005.89 6920.08 159161.84 4844.052
24 0.3 2076.02 166081.92 6920.08 166081.92 0.004

APPENDIX-B
ADAMA TWON WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Table 52 Network Table - Links at 7:00 Hrs
Network Table - Links at 6:00 Hrs

Length Diameter Roughness Flow Velocity Status
Link ID m mm LPS m/s
Pipe P4 1200 450 100 215.03 1.35 Open
Pipe P5 305 450 100 211.9 1.33 Open
Pipe P6 240 300 100 284.04 4.02 Open
Pipe P8 843 300 100 186.22 2.63 Open
Pipe P10 583 250 100 33 0.67 Open
Pipe P12 234 250 100 62.24 1.27 Open
Pipe P16 455 300 100 -105.42 1.49 Open
Pipe P17 396 300 100 -32.13 0.45 Open
Pipe P18 481 350 100 31.44 0.33 Open
Pipe P19 540 300 100 13.26 0.19 Open
Pipe P20 1010 300 100 164.64 2.33 Open
Pipe P24 371 300 100 51.39 0.73 Open
Pipe P25 237 300 100 25.12 0.36 Open
Pipe P26 632 300 100 -42.06 0.6 Open
Pipe P29 476 200 100 -12.48 0.4 Open
Pipe P30 399 200 100 -61.82 1.97 Open
Pipe P31 509 200 100 -39.65 1.26 Open
Pipe P32 506 200 100 -87.75 2.79 Open
Pipe P33 790 300 100 -166.68 2.36 Open
Pipe P38 612 300 100 40.58 0.57 Open
Pipe P39 452 100 100 17.55 2.24 Open
Pipe P42 64 100 100 9.48 1.21 Open
Pipe P43 32 300 100 -80.33 1.14 Open
Pipe P44 200 300 100 -112.65 1.59 Open
Pipe P46 97 350 100 -195.84 2.04 Open
Pipe P48 294 250 100 28.8 0.59 Open
Pipe P49 388 150 100 20.18 1.14 Open
Pipe P50 361 150 100 16.92 0.96 Open
Pipe P52 250 300 100 52.22 0.74 Open

Pipe P54 572 300 100 -53.52 0.76 Open

Pipe P55 96 300 100 5.29 0.07 Open
Pipe P56 65.4 300 100 31.35 0.44 Open
Pipe P57 195 150 100 -10.59 0.6 Open
Pipe P58 615 150 100 21.59 1.22 Open
Pipe P59 614 150 100 26.42 1.5 Open
Pipe P61 304 200 100 55.35 1.76 Open
Pipe P62 433 300 100 66.81 0.95 Open
Pipe P63 374 200 100 32.2 1.02 Open
Pipe P64 310 200 100 8.04 0.26 Open
Pipe P65 275 250 100 64.25 1.31 Open
Pipe P66 300 250 100 40.24 0.82 Open
Pipe P67 584 250 100 24.12 0.49 Open
Pipe P68 386 250 100 -32.41 0.66 Open
Pipe P69 388 250 100 -56.57 1.15 Open
Pipe P70 569 300 100 10.46 0.15 Open
Pipe P71 886 300 100 -10.8 0.15 Open
Pipe P72 528 350 100 -3.39 0.04 Open
Pipe P73 1090 350 100 109.49 1.14 Open
Pipe P74 579 250 100 74.53 1.52 Open
Pipe P75 1170 250 100 32.38 0.66 Open
Pipe P76 215 250 100 8.22 0.17 Open
Pipe P77 49 250 100 -59.74 1.22 Open
Pipe P78 367 200 100 -19.08 0.61 Open
Pipe P79 392 200 100 -49.53 1.58 Open
Pipe P80 309 150 100 -4.79 0.27 Open
Pipe P81 715 250 100 -71.12 1.45 Open
Pipe P82 726 200 100 -61.94 1.97 Open
Pipe P83 779 250 100 -106.36 2.17 Open
Pipe P84 115 300 100 -198.75 2.81 Open
Pipe P85 756 350 100 195.84 2.04 Open
Pipe P86 488 350 100 133.72 1.39 Open
Pipe P88 544 200 100 42.47 1.35 Open
Pipe P89 462 200 100 12.02 0.38 Open
Pipe P90 363 150 100 -31.67 1.79 Open
Pipe P91 372 200 100 13.24 0.42 Open
Pipe P92 609 250 100 54.28 1.11 Open

Pipe P93 1180 200 100 27.73 0.88 Open

Pipe P94 290 200 100 19.69 0.63 Open
Pipe P95 503 100 100 4.39 0.56 Open
Pipe P96 105 100 100 -3.65 0.46 Open
Pipe P97 630 100 100 4.43 0.56 Open
Pipe P98 300 150 100 -0.15 0.01 Open
Pipe P99 250 150 100 18.23 1.03 Open
Pipe P100 245 150 100 10.04 0.57 Open
Pipe P101 148 100 100 9.96 1.27 Open
Pipe P102 125 100 100 10.54 1.34 Open
Pipe P3 1030 300 100 75.27 1.06 Open
Pipe P23 99 300 100 113.71 1.61 Open
Pipe P87 1100 300 100 60.8 0.86 Open
Pipe P103 671 250 100 59.47 1.21 Open
Pipe P21 450 250 100 -48.42 0.99 Open
Pipe P104 252 250 100 -75.51 1.54 Open
Pipe P105 348 250 100 -122.38 2.49 Open
Pipe P106 155 160 100 32.37 1.61 Open
Pipe P107 136 130 100 13.62 1.03 Open
Pipe P108 139 140 100 0.85 0.06 Open
Pipe P109 120 120 100 6.96 0.62 Open
Pipe P110 132 120 100 -12.57 1.11 Open
Pipe P111 161 80 100 0.77 0.15 Open
Pipe P112 111 100 100 -5.7 0.73 Open
Pipe P113 110 100 100 7.3 0.93 Open
Pipe P114 122 100 100 0.17 0.02 Open
Pipe P115 122 100 100 -6.3 0.8 Open
Pipe P116 155 120 100 0.66 0.06 Open
Pipe P117 196 120 100 12.27 1.09 Open
Pipe P22 245 100 100 26.39 3.36 Open
Pipe P118 255 300 100 124.89 1.77 Open
Pipe P119 93 300 100 121.75 1.72 Open
Pipe P37 215 250 100 211.81 4.31 Open
Pipe P120 315 250 100 101.73 2.07 Open
Pipe P121 285 250 100 36.07 0.73 Open
Pipe P122 149 250 100 -106.53 2.17 Open
Pipe P123 190 250 100 -4.9 0.1 Open

Pipe P124 110 90 100 15.28 2.4 Open

Pipe P13 950 350 100 278.09 2.89 Open
Pipe P125 950 300 100 163.46 2.31 Open
Pipe P126 132 200 100 99.35 3.16 Open
Pipe P1 200 300 100 74.41 1.05 Open
Pipe P127 265 300 100 61.89 0.88 Open
Pipe P128 154 130 100 9.39 0.71 Open
Pipe P129 163 130 100 6.26 0.47 Open
Pipe P130 162 130 100 3.13 0.24 Open
Pipe P131 198 300 100 -4.43 0.06 Open
Pipe P2 100 300 100 -12.08 0.17 Open
Pipe P132 195 150 100 -18.34 1.04 Open
Pipe P133 680 90 100 3.13 0.49 Open
Pipe P134 188 150 100 13.82 0.78 Open
Pipe P135 250 250 100 10.69 0.22 Open
Pipe P7 354 250 100 94.69 1.93 Open
Pipe P136 200 250 100 81.76 1.67 Open
Pipe P137 144 100 100 6.47 0.82 Open
Pipe P36 318 250 100 158.87 3.24 Open
Pipe P138 500 250 100 56.9 1.16 Open
Pipe P139 173 200 100 44.41 1.41 Open
Pipe P140 152 200 100 7.62 0.24 Open
Pipe P141 165 200 100 33.66 1.07 Open
Pipe P28 300 90 100 0.59 0.09 Open
Pipe P142 229 90 100 7.99 1.26 Open
Pipe P9 100 250 100 -143.82 2.93 Open
Pipe P143 97 250 100 -150.08 3.06 Open
Pipe P144 133 70 100 3.13 0.81 Open
Pipe P14 180 250 100 -78.84 1.61 Open
Pipe P145 133 250 100 -124.68 2.54 Open
Pipe P146 173 250 100 30.56 0.62 Open
Pipe P147 160 250 100 15.28 0.31 Open
Pipe P11 270 250 100 -77.52 1.58 Open
Pipe P148 202 250 100 56.5 1.15 Open
Pipe P149 172 150 100 -36.29 2.05 Open
Pipe P150 157 200 100 84.08 2.68 Open
Pipe P151 177 150 100 32.51 1.84 Open

Pipe P15 247 300 100 -7.97 0.11 Open

Pipe P152 200 300 100 -19.91 0.28 Open
Pipe P153 163 150 100 -3.34 0.19 Open
Pipe P154 122 150 100 -1.38 0.08 Open
Pipe P155 193 100 100 22.91 2.92 Open
Pipe P156 188 100 100 7.63 0.97 Open
Pipe P157 169 100 100 23.07 2.94 Open
Pipe P34 213 250 100 68.85 1.4 Open
Pipe P159 400 250 100 -13.07 0.27 Open
Pipe P158 250 250 100 35.49 0.72 Open
Pipe P160 168 150 100 18.08 1.02 Open
Pipe P161 176 150 100 15.28 0.86 Open
Pipe P162 190 150 100 -12.48 0.71 Open
Pipe P163 191 150 100 20.81 1.18 Open
Pipe P164 183 150 100 15.28 0.86 Open
Pipe P35 305 250 100 87.06 1.77 Open
Pipe P165 400 250 100 62.03 1.26 Open
Pipe P166 173 150 100 -9.75 0.55 Open
Pipe P167 179 250 100 54.43 1.11 Open
Pipe P51 169 300 100 9.58 0.14 Open
Pipe P168 400 350 100 289.82 3.01 Open
Pipe P169 400 350 100 263.59 2.74 Open
Pipe P170 179 250 100 22.98 0.47 Open
Pipe P171 192 100 100 12.89 1.64 Open
Pipe P172 194 90 100 5.81 0.91 Open
Pipe P173 190 80 100 3.83 0.76 Open
Pipe P174 197 80 100 3.03 0.6 Open
Pipe P175 197 80 100 6.84 1.36 Open
Pipe P176 173 150 100 7.4 0.42 Open
Pipe P177 183 120 100 4.27 0.38 Open
Pipe P178 193 80 100 1.82 0.36 Open
Pipe P179 156 80 100 -0.22 0.04 Open
Pipe P180 190 80 100 -3.47 0.69 Open
Pipe P181 176 80 100 1.13 0.22 Open
Pipe P182 180 80 100 2.13 0.42 Open
Pipe P183 190 150 100 -5.38 0.3 Open
Pipe P47 200 350 100 224.14 2.33 Open

Pipe P184 261 350 100 206.26 2.14 Open

Pipe P185 366 100 100 14.62 1.86 Open
Pipe P186 295 100 100 1.18 0.15 Open
Pipe P187 255 90 100 10.25 1.61 Open
Pipe P188 366 80 100 -7.17 1.43 Open
Pipe P189 225 80 100 5.16 1.03 Open
Pipe P40 225 100 100 15.45 1.97 Open
Pipe P190 285 100 100 -6.27 0.8 Open
Pipe P191 197 100 100 8.28 1.05 Open
Pipe P45 222 300 100 209.52 2.96 Open
Pipe P192 330 300 100 124 1.75 Open
Pipe P193 219 250 100 72.08 1.47 Open
Pipe P194 222 250 100 58.64 1.19 Open
Pipe P195 213 240 100 -18.74 0.41 Open
Pipe P196 233 250 100 2.09 0.04 Open
Pipe P41 130 240 100 25.45 0.56 Open
Pipe P197 207 240 100 22.93 0.51 Open
Pipe P198 229 240 100 -10.92 0.24 Open
Pipe P199 220 240 100 -24.37 0.54 Open
Pipe P60 371 150 100 -14.59 0.83 Open
Pipe P200 251 250 100 -75.05 1.53 Open
Pipe P201 231 240 100 47.02 1.04 Open
Pipe P53 556 300 100 39.79 0.56 Open
Pipe P202 260 300 100 35.77 0.51 Open
Pipe P203 250 200 100 33.58 1.07 Open
Pipe P204 250 150 100 23.13 1.31 Open
Pipe P27 41 250 100 87.55 1.78 Open
Pipe P205 245 280 100 -52.72 0.86 Open
Pipe P206 256 150 100 13.15 0.74 Open
Pipe P207 254 150 100 5.11 0.29 Open
Pipe P208 261 250 100 118.34 2.41 Open
Pipe P209 249 200 100 65.02 2.07 Open
Pipe P210 290 200 100 9.91 0.32 Open
Pipe P211 356 200 100 43.45 1.38 Open
Pipe P212 289 150 100 8.95 0.51 Open
Pipe P213 283 100 100 4.92 0.63 Open
Pipe P214 289 200 100 35.39 1.13 Open

Pipe P215 249 250 100 -53.24 1.08 Open

Pipe P216 289 200 100 -26.17 0.83 Open
Pipe P217 290 250 100 -45.88 0.93 Open
Pipe P218 289 250 100 -46.78 0.95 Open
Pipe P219 300 250 100 -66.49 1.35 Open
Pipe P220 297 250 100 5.81 0.12 Open
Pipe P221 354 250 100 -13.9 0.28 Open
Pipe P222 360 250 100 -33.61 0.68 Open
Pipe P223 150 450 100 383.05 2.41 Open
Pipe P224 120 100 100 2.5 0.32 Open
Pipe P225 504 150 100 11.69 0.66 Open
Pipe P226 390 150 100 15.68 0.89 Open
Pipe P227 380 150 100 14.79 0.84 Open
Pipe P228 380 300 100 -65.59 0.93 Open
Pipe P229 524 210 100 2.56 0.07 Open
Pipe P230 354 100 100 7.64 0.97 Open
Pipe P231 398 150 100 -7.56 0.43 Open
Pipe P232 368 250 100 -5.81 0.12 Open
Pipe P234 1900 450 100 364.08 2.29 Open
Pipe P235 900 800 100 42.1 0.08 Open
Pipe P236 1250 350 100 212.51 2.21 Open
Pipe P237 960 800 100 529.52 1.05 Open
Pipe P238 800 400 100 415.55 3.31 Open
Pipe P239 574 450 100 538.18 3.38 Open
Pipe P240 300 400 100 -424.21 3.38 Open
Pipe P241 641 600 100 -742.03 2.62 Open
Pipe P242 367 600 100 254.61 0.9 Open
Pipe P243 4650 450 100 321.99 2.02 Open
Pipe P245 387 150 100 41.32 2.34 Open
Pipe P246 1020 400 100 107.91 0.86 Open
Pipe P247 10200 1100 100 2026.17 2.13 Open
Pipe P248 610 450 100 921.87 5.8 Open
Pipe P249 498 400 100 557.78 4.44 Open
Pipe P250 654 450 100 -283.49 1.78 Open
Pipe P251 256 400 100 308.45 2.45 Open
Pipe P252 298 450 100 250.32 1.57 Open
Pipe P254 300 300 100 156.82 2.22 Open

Pipe P255 317 350 100 196.51 2.04 Open

Pipe P256 100 400 100 -425.04 3.38 Open
Pipe P257 550 400 100 471.22 3.75 Open
Pipe P233 245 350 100 157.6 1.64 Open
Pipe P244 673 150 100 17.23 0.98 Open
Pipe P253 346 250 100 108.82 2.22 Open
Pipe P258 40 250 100 88.74 1.81 Open
Pipe P259 229 150 100 20 1.13 Open
Pipe P260 243 100 100 19.47 2.48 Open
Pipe P261 35.2 150 100 18.5 1.05 Open
Pipe P262 500 250 100 39.15 0.8 Open
Pipe P263 109 200 100 4.49 0.14 Open
Pipe P264 222 80 100 3.59 0.71 Open
Table 53 Network Table - Nodes at 6:00 Hrs
Network Table - Nodes at 6:00 Hrs
Base
Elevation Demand Demand Head Pressure
Node ID m LPS LPS m m
Junc J1 1694 10.185 15.28 1747.38 53.38
Junc J2 1692 2.0869 3.13 1745.04 53.04
Junc J3 1700 2.0869 3.13 1747.64 47.64
Junc J4 1665 2.0869 3.13 1740.46 75.46
Junc J5 1665 2.0869 3.13 1738.68 73.68
Junc J6 1661 2.0869 3.13 1721.35 60.35
Junc J7 1660 4.3125 6.47 1709.73 49.73
Junc J8 1662 2.0896 3.13 1693.49 31.5
Junc J9 1644 10.185 15.28 1691.6 47.6
Junc J10 1639 2.0869 3.13 1683.29 44.29
Junc J11 1640 10.185 15.28 1683.2 43.2
Junc J12 1638 10.185 15.28 1688.44 50.44
Junc J13 1640 10.185 15.28 1683.07 43.07
Junc J14 1640 10.185 15.28 1683.57 43.57
Junc J15 1639 9.6725 14.51 1683.16 44.16
Junc J16 1640 5.36 8.04 1702.79 62.79

Junc J17 1617 5.36 8.04 1651.57 34.57

Junc J18 1615 5.36 8.04 1650.26 35.26
Junc J19 1611 5.36 8.04 1648.94 37.94
Junc J20 1619 21.465 32.2 1650.27 31.27
Junc J21 1621 5.36 8.04 1651.89 30.89
Junc J22 1629 8.9615 13.44 1659.8 30.8
Junc J23 1629 8.9615 13.44 1660.56 31.56
Junc J24 1626 8.9615 13.44 1672.88 46.88
Junc J25 1631 8.9615 13.44 1679.79 48.79
Junc J26 1638 8.9615 13.44 1709.7 71.7
Junc J27 1643 10.185 15.28 1685.54 42.54
Junc J28 1625 8.9615 13.44 1708.49 83.49
Junc J29 1624 8.9615 13.44 1668.79 44.79
Junc J30 1624 8.9615 13.44 1656.92 32.92
Junc J31 1624 8.9615 13.44 1656.18 32.18
Junc J32 1624 25.066 37.6 1654.39 30.39
Junc J33 1624 25.066 37.6 1654.61 30.61
Junc J34 1624 16.105 24.16 1654.61 30.61
Junc J35 1623 16.105 24.16 1654.53 31.53
Junc J36 1624 25.066 37.6 1653.6 29.6
Junc J37 1628 25.066 37.6 1652.14 24.14
Junc J38 1624 2.167 3.25 1682.45 58.45
Junc J39 1622 2.167 3.25 1673.13 51.13
Junc J40 1622 2.167 3.25 1671.47 49.47
Junc J41 1620 8.9615 13.44 1657.21 37.21
Junc J42 1625 2.167 3.25 1681.7 56.7
Junc J43 1619 2.167 3.25 1675.58 56.58
Junc J44 1618 16.105 24.16 1648.12 30.12
Junc J45 1609 16.105 24.16 1644.67 35.67
Junc J46 1608 16.105 24.16 1644.45 36.45
Junc J47 1603 16.105 24.16 1643.39 40.39
Junc J48 1605 16.105 24.16 1644.6 39.6
Junc J49 1615 16.105 24.16 1648.03 33.03
Junc J50 1621 16.105 24.16 1654.54 33.54
Junc J51 1616 16.105 24.16 1648.18 32.18
Junc J52 1603 16.105 24.16 1639.71 36.71
Junc J53 1606 16.105 24.16 1639.65 33.65

Junc J54 1605 20.3 30.45 1640.13 35.13

Junc J55 1615 20.3 30.45 1641.42 26.42
Junc J56 1617 20.3 30.45 1649.45 32.45
Junc J57 1612 20.3 30.45 1649.79 37.79
Junc J58 1614 20.3 30.45 1671.96 57.96
Junc J59 1630 20.3 30.45 1676.25 46.25
Junc J60 1628 20.3 30.45 1663.31 35.31
Junc J61 1627 20.3 30.45 1659.19 32.19
Junc J62 1619 20.3 30.45 1650.8 31.8
Junc J63 1618 20.3 30.45 1650.11 32.11
Junc J64 1608 5.36 8.04 1645.27 37.27
Junc J65 1579 5.36 8.04 1637.01 58.01
Junc J66 1586 5.36 8.04 1635.93 49.93
Junc J67 1576 5.36 8.04 1632.54 56.54
Junc J68 1583 5.36 8.04 1633.04 50.04
Junc J69 1608 5.36 8.04 1644.8 36.8
Junc J70 1607 5.36 8.04 1640.25 33.25
Junc J71 1599 5.36 8.04 1640.53 41.53
Junc J72 1609 16.105 24.16 1645.86 36.86
Junc J73 1613 5.36 8.04 1649.13 36.13
Junc J74 1610 5.36 8.04 1645.86 35.86
Junc J75 1628 9.6725 14.51 1689.95 61.95
Junc J76 1647 4.3125 6.47 1683.57 36.57
Junc J77 1653 4.125 6.19 1682.79 29.79
Junc J78 1629 9.6725 14.51 1686.14 57.14
Junc J79 1641 4.3125 6.47 1685.66 44.66
Junc J80 1642 4.3125 6.47 1683.58 41.58
Junc J81 1658 4.3125 6.47 1681.98 23.98
Junc J82 1660 4.3125 6.47 1683.88 23.88
Junc J83 1657 4.3125 6.47 1682.66 25.66
Junc J84 1647 4.3125 6.47 1681.97 34.97
Junc J85 1672 4.3125 6.47 1681.96 9.96
Junc J86 1644 4.3125 6.47 1682.01 38.01
Junc J87 1622 5.36 8.04 1656.99 34.99
Junc J88 1620 5.36 8.04 1652.97 32.97
Junc J89 1624 5.36 8.04 1652.99 28.99
Junc J90 1633 5.36 8.04 1661.24 28.24

Junc J91 1695 10.185 15.28 1734.91 39.91

Junc J92 1691 10.185 15.28 1716.25 25.25
Junc J93 1687 10.185 15.28 1706.43 19.43
Junc J94 1697 2.0869 3.13 1746.18 49.18
Junc J95 1691 2.0869 3.13 1744.99 53.99
Junc J96 1691 2.0869 3.13 1744.4 53.4
Junc J97 1688 2.0869 3.13 1744.24 56.24
Junc J98 1700 2.0869 3.13 1745.04 45.04
Junc J99 1695 2.0869 3.13 1745.06 50.06
Junc J100 1690 2.0869 3.13 1740.96 50.96
Junc J101 1698 2.0869 3.13 1746.17 48.16
Junc J102 1702 2.0869 3.13 1746.06 44.06
Junc J103 1650 4.3125 6.47 1713.22 63.22
Junc J104 1659 4.3125 6.47 1711.23 52.23
Junc J105 1630 2.0869 3.13 1664.26 34.26
Junc J106 1629 2.0869 3.13 1661.37 32.37
Junc J107 1626 2.0869 3.13 1661.27 35.27
Junc J108 1625 2.0869 3.13 1659.71 34.71
Junc J109 1640 2.0869 3.13 1688.27 48.27
Junc J110 1641 2.0869 3.13 1685.55 44.55
Junc J111 1640 10.185 15.28 1686.52 46.52
Junc J112 1635 10.185 15.28 1686.03 51.03
Junc J130 1634 10.185 15.28 1685.9 51.9
Junc J114 1635 10.185 15.28 1689.81 54.81
Junc J115 1631 10.185 15.28 1697.86 66.86
Junc J116 1657 10.185 15.28 1691.11 34.11
Junc J117 1640 10.185 15.28 1683.09 43.09
Junc J118 1646 10.185 15.28 1683.18 37.18
Junc J119 1637 10.185 15.28 1660.68 23.68
Junc J120 1636 10.185 15.28 1657.15 21.15
Junc J121 1636 10.285 15.43 1663.81 27.81
Junc J122 1640 10.185 15.28 1680.49 40.49
Junc J123 1640 10.185 15.28 1678.33 38.33
Junc J124 1632 10.185 15.28 1676.67 44.67
Junc J125 1637 10.185 15.28 1679.56 42.56
Junc J126 1633 10.185 15.28 1676.37 43.37
Junc J127 1632 10.185 15.28 1677.08 45.08

Junc J128 1627 10.185 15.28 1674.64 47.64

Junc J129 1623 2.167 3.25 1708.47 85.47
Junc J131 1622 2.167 3.25 1694.32 72.32
Junc J113 1630 10.185 15.28 1662.79 32.79
Junc J132 1629 2.167 3.25 1694.02 65.02
Junc J133 1635 2.167 3.25 1684.5 49.5
Junc J134 1639 2.167 3.25 1680.82 41.82
Junc J135 1636 2.167 3.25 1681.54 45.54
Junc J136 1637 2.167 3.25 1679.56 42.56
Junc J137 1635 2.167 3.25 1679.57 44.57
Junc J138 1632 2.167 3.25 1682.02 50.02
Junc J139 1629 2.167 3.25 1685.07 56.07
Junc J141 1649 2.167 3.25 1680.79 31.79
Junc J142 1645 2.167 3.25 1680.51 35.51
Junc J143 1634 2.167 3.25 1681.44 47.44
Junc J144 1621 2.167 3.25 1678.05 57.05
Junc J145 1622 8.9615 13.44 1655.14 33.14
Junc J146 1621 8.9615 13.44 1654.97 33.97
Junc J147 1621 8.9615 13.44 1648.9 27.9
Junc J148 1624 8.9615 13.44 1653.2 29.2
Junc J149 1621 8.9615 13.44 1662.35 41.35
Junc J150 1621 8.9615 13.44 1659.32 38.32
Junc J151 1622 8.9615 13.44 1657.22 35.22
Junc J152 1624 8.9615 13.44 1656.6 32.6
Junc J153 1622 8.9615 13.44 1656.72 34.72
Junc J154 1625 8.9615 13.44 1656.81 31.81
Junc J155 1624 8.9615 13.44 1655.04 31.04
Junc J156 1624 25.066 37.6 1652.55 28.55
Junc J157 1629 2.0869 3.13 1654.63 25.63
Junc J158 1624 5.36 8.04 1651.08 27.08
Junc J159 1616 5.36 8.04 1649.25 33.25
Junc J160 1603 13.14 19.71 1621.85 18.85
Junc J161 1604 13.14 19.71 1623.82 19.82
Junc J162 1613 13.14 19.71 1625.64 12.64
Junc J163 1614 13.14 19.71 1627.38 13.38
Junc J164 1605 13.14 19.71 1625.62 20.62
Junc J165 1609 13.14 19.71 1629.2 20.2

Junc J166 1608 13.14 19.71 1629.16 21.16

Junc J167 1607 13.14 19.71 1629.39 22.39
Junc J168 1604 13.14 19.71 1630.6 26.6
Junc J169 1603 13.14 19.71 1622.16 19.16
Junc J170 1602 13.14 19.71 1618.98 16.98
Junc J171 1603 13.14 19.71 1616.13 13.13
Junc J172 1602 13.14 19.71 1615.12 13.12
Junc J173 1602 13.14 19.71 1612.76 10.76
Junc J174 1750 0 0 1745.91 -4.09
Junc J175 1730 0 0 1715.74 -14.26
Junc J176 1720 0 0 1740.63 20.63
Junc J177 1715 0 0 1738.79 23.79
Junc J178 1735 0 0 1715.76 -19.24
Junc J179 1700 0 0 1656.98 -43.02
Resvr R1 1800 #N/A 1104.3 1800 0
Resvr R2 1715 #N/A 274.29 1715 0
Resvr R3 1715 #N/A -53.84 1715 0
-
Resvr R4 1750 #N/A 1125.08 1750 0
Resvr R5 1750 #N/A -674.53 1750 0
Resvr R6 1720 #N/A 429.36 1720 0
Resvr R7 1710 #N/A 258.73 1710 0
Resvr R8 1660 #N/A -304.42 1660 0
Resvr R9 1632 #N/A 313.61 1632 0
Resvr R10 1680 #N/A -466.36 1680 0
Resvr RBI- -
1900 1850 #N/A 2026.17 1850 0

Adama Town Water Supply Project

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DECLARATION

SUMMATED TO: DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

Advisors Head of Department

SEBLE.K (M.Sc) ADANE W/MEDHIN (M.Sc)

Sign…………………….. Sign …………….

FITSUM .G/H (B.Sc)

WAo------------------------------------woreda agricultural office

RDO------------------------------------rural development office

agriculture DA development agent

GDP gross domestic product

FAO------------------------------------food agricultural organization

IAF Inter Aid France

WSSA-------------------------------- water supply and sewerage authority

ECSA-----------------------------------------Ethiopian central static authority

CSA entral static authority

SAR1 Sire Ababune

GAR2 Gelma Aba Geda

WAR3 Western Adama

NAR4 Nortern Adama

DHAR5 Dhega Adi

AUR6 Adama University

EAR7 Eastern Adama

EBOR9 Eastern Boku

WBOR10 Western Boku

1.1 Location and Topography............................................................................................................1

1.2 Climate and hydrology.................................................................................................................3

1.4 Existing Water Supply..................................................................................................................4

1.5 Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................5

1.6 Objectives of the project.............................................................................................................6

1.6.1 Main objective.....................................................................................................................6

1.6.2 Specific objectives................................................................................................................6

1.7 Scope of the project.....................................................................................................................6

2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................7

3.1 Factors that to be considered during fixing Design periods.........................................................8

3.1.1 Factors Affecting population Growth...................................................................................9

3.1.2 Population Forecasting Method...........................................................................................9

3.1.3 Calculating Errors...............................................................................................................11

3.1.4 Selection of Method..........................................................................................................11

4.1.2 Non-domestic demands.....................................................................................................12

4.1.3 Type of per capita Demand................................................................................................13

4.1.4 Demand calculation...........................................................................................................14

4.1.5 Unaccounted water demand.............................................................................................14

4.1.6 Maximum day water demand............................................................................................16

4.1.7 Peak Hour Water Demand.................................................................................................16

4.1.8 Summary of Water Demand..............................................................................................17

5.1.1 Ground Water sources.......................................................................................................19

5.2 Water well and Design...............................................................................................................19

5.2.1 Location of the Well field...................................................................................................20

5.2.2 Design Parameters of Boreholes........................................................................................20

5.2.3 Classification of Water Wells.............................................................................................20

5.2.4 Well Design........................................................................................................................21

Determination of number of well......................................................................................................22

Design of length and size of screen...................................................................................................22

6.1 Classification of pumps..............................................................................................................24

6.1.1 Position of pumping station and transfer reservoir...........................................................25

6.1.2 Economical pumping Mains Diameter...............................................................................25

6.1.3 Pumping power calculation................................................................................................26

7.1 Sizing of reservoirs.....................................................................................................................32

7.3.1 Distribution storage requirements.....................................................................................33