BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 

60534-8-4:2005

Industrial-process
control valves —
Part 8-4: Noise considerations —
Prediction of noise generated by
hydrodynamic flow

The European Standard EN 60534-8-4:2005 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 23.060.40; 17.140.20; 25.040.40

12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
BS EN 60534-8-4:2005

National foreword

This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 60534-8-4:2005. It is

identical with IEC 60534-8-4:2005, incorporating corrigendum February 2006.
It supersedes BS EN 60534-8-4:1994 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
GEL/65, Measurement and control, to Subcommittee GEL/65/2, Elements of
systems.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.

This British Standard was Amendments issued since publication

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee Amd. No. Date Comments
on 31 July 2007

© BSI 2007

ISBN 978 0 580 53751 6

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60534-8-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2005
ICS 23.060.40; 17.140.20; 25.040.40 Supersedes EN 60534-8-4:1994

English version

Industrial-process control valves

Part 8-4: Noise considerations -
Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow
(IEC 60534-8-4:2005)

Vannes de régulation Stellventile für die Prozessregelung

des processus industriels Teil 8-4: Geräuschbetrachtungen -
Partie 8-4: Considérations sur le bruit - Vorausberechnung der Geräuschemission
Prévision du bruit généré für flüssigkeitsdurchströmte Stellventile
par un écoulement hydrodynamique (IEC 60534-8-4:2005)
(CEI 60534-8-4:2005)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2005-11-01. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2005 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 60534-8-4:2005 E

EN 60534-8-4:2005 –2–

Foreword

The text of document 65B/556/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 60534-8-4, prepared by SC 65B, Devices,
of IEC TC 65, Industrial-process measurement and control, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC
parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 60534-8-4 on 2005-11-01.

This European Standard supersedes EN 60534-8-4:1994.

The noise prediction methods for hydrodynamic flow presented in this standard have been revised.
The improvements are mainly in the acoustic efficiency factors for cavitating flow for single orifice,
multi-stage and multi-hole trims and in the determination of transmission losses. This revised standard
permits the prediction of the noise pressure levels by calculation without the need for coefficients
determined by testing.

The following dates were fixed:

– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented

at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2006-08-01

– latest date by which the national standards conflicting

with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2008-11-01

Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.

__________

Endorsement notice

The text of the International Standard IEC 60534-8-4:2005 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.

__________
 –3– EN 60534-8-4:2005

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................4

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references .....................................................................................................5
3 Symbols .........................................................................................................................6
4 Preliminary calculations ..................................................................................................8
4.1 Pressures and pressure ratios ...............................................................................8
4.2 Characteristic presssure ratio x Fz ..........................................................................8
4.3 Valve style modifier F d ..........................................................................................9
4.4 Jet diameter D j ......................................................................................................9
4.5 Jet velocity ............................................................................................................9
4.6 Mechanical power W m ...........................................................................................9
5 Noise predictions ..........................................................................................................10
5.1 Internal noise ......................................................................................................10
5.2 Transmission loss ................................................................................................11
5.3 External noise .....................................................................................................12
5.4 Frequency distribution (internal and external) .......................................................12
6 Multistage trim.............................................................................................................13
6.1 General ...............................................................................................................13
6.2 Preliminary calculations .......................................................................................13
6.3 Prediction of noise level.......................................................................................14

Annex A (informative) Examples..........................................................................................21

Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their
corresponding European publications............................................................................27

Bibliography .......................................................................................................................26

Figure 1 – Examples of multistage trim in globe and rotary valves........................................15

Figure 2 – Example of fixed multistage device with increasing flow area...............................16
Figure 3 – Example of multistage trim in globe valve ...........................................................17
Figure 4 – Globe valves (cage trim. V-port-plug) ..................................................................18
Figure 5 – Globe valves (parabolic-plug) .............................................................................18
Figure 6 – Multihole trims....................................................................................................19
Figure 7 – Eccentric rotary valves .......................................................................................19
Figure 8 – Butterfly valves ..................................................................................................20
Figure 9 – Segmented ball valve – 90° travel .......................................................................20
Figure A.1 – Influence of x Fz value on prediction accuracy ..................................................25

Table 1 – Numerical constants N...........................................................................................9

Table 2 – Acoustic power ratio r W .........................................................................................9
Table A.1 – Calculation examples .......................................................................................22
EN 60534-8-4:2005 –4–

INTRODUCTION

It is valuable to predict the noise levels that will be generated by valves. Safety requirements,
such as occupational health standards, require that human exposure to noise be limited.
There is also data indicating that noise levels above certain levels could lead to pipe failure or
affect associated equipment (see IEC 60534-8-3). Earlier hydrodynamic noise standards
relied on manufacturer test data and were neither generic nor as complete as desired.

A valve restricts flow by converting pressure energy into turbulence, heat and mechanical
pressure waves in the containing valve body and piping. A small portion of this mechanical
vibration is converted into acoustical energy. Most of the noise is retained within the piping
system with only a small portion passing through the pipe wall downstream of the valve.
Calculation of the energy involved is straightforward. The difficulties arise from determining
first the acoustic efficiency of the mechanical energy to noise conversion and then the noise
attenuation caused by the pipe wall.
 –5– EN 60534-8-4:2005

INDUSTRIAL-PROCESS CONTROL VALVES –

Part 8-4: Noise considerations –

Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow

1 Scope

This part of IEC 60534 establishes a method to predict the noise generated in a control valve
by liquid flow and the resulting noise level measured downstream of the valve and outside of
the pipe. The noise may be generated both by normal turbulence and by liquid cavitation in
the valve. Parts of the method are based on fundamental principles of acoustics, fluid
mechanics, and mechanics. The method is validated by test data. Noise generated by flashing
flow is not considered in this standard.

The transmission loss (TL) equations are based on analysis of the interaction between the
sound waves inside the pipe and the coincidence frequencies in the wall of the pipe taking
into account that commercial pipe tolerances allow a relatively wide variation in the thickness
of the pipe wall. Ideal straight piping is assumed.

The method can be used with all conventional control valve styles including globe, butterfly,
cage-type, eccentric rotary, and modified ball valves. Tests so far have only been conducted
with water. The applicability of this method for fluids other than water is not known at this
time.

This standard considers only noise generated by hydraulic turbulence and fluid cavitation. It
does not consider any noise that might be generated by mechanical vibrations, unstable flow
patterns, and unpredictable behaviour. In the typical installation, very little noise travels
through the wall of the control valve body. The noise is measured at the standard measuring
point of 1 m downstream of the valve and 1 m away from the outer surface of the pipe.

This prediction method has been validated with test results based on water covering more
than 90 % of all known valve types at inlet pressures of up to 15 bar. This method is
considered accurate within r 5dB(A) except in the range of x F = x Fz r 0,1, when x Fz is
calculated using equations (3a) or (3b).

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

IEC 60534-1, Industrial-process control valves – Part 1: Control valve terminology and
general considerations

IEC 60534-8-2, Industrial-process control valves – Part 8: Noise considerations – Section 2:

Laboratory measurement of noise generated by hydrodynamic flow through control valves
EN 60534-8-4:2005 –6–

IEC 60534-8-3, Industrial-process control valves – Part 8-3: Noise considerations – Control
valve aerodynamic noise prediction method

3 Symbols

Symbol Description Unit

A(f) Frequency-dependent A-weighting value dBA (ref P o )
cL Speed of sound in liquid m/s
co Speed of sound in air = 343 m/s
cp Speed of sound in pipe (for steel pipe 5 000) m/s
C Flow coefficient (K v and C v ) Various (see
IEC 60534-1)
CR Flow coefficient (K v and C v ) at rated travel Various (see
IEC 60534-1)
C1 Flow coefficent of first stage in a multistage valve (K v and C v ) Various (see
IEC 60534-1)
Cn Flow coefficent of last stage in a multistage valve (K v and C v ) Various (see
IEC 60534-1)
Di Internal pipe diameter m
Dj Jet diameter m
d Valve inlet internal diameter m
dH Multihole trim hole diameter m
do Seat or orifice diameter m
F cav Frequency distribution function (cavitating) Dimensionless
Fd Valve style modifier Dimensionless
FL Liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve without attached Dimensionless
fittings
F Ln Liquid pressure recovery factor of the last throttling stage Dimensionless
F turb Frequency distribution function (turbulent) Dimensionless
f Frequency Hz
f ji Octave band frequency Hz
fr Ring frequency Hz
f p,turb Internal peak sound frequency (turbulent) Hz
f p,cav Internal peak sound frequency (cavitating) Hz
L pe,1m Overall external sound pressure level 1 m from pipe wall dB (ref P o )
L pAe,1m A-weighted overall external sound pressure level 1 m from dBA (ref P o )
pipe wall
L pAe,1m,i A-weighted external sound pressure level 1 m from pipe wall dBA (ref P o )
of stage i (number i from 1…n) in multistage valve with n
stages
L pi Overall internal sound pressure level at pipe wall dB (ref P o )
L pi (f i ) Frequency-dependent internal sound pressure level dB (ref P o )
m Mass flow rate kg/s
 –7– EN 60534-8-4:2005

n Number of stages in multistage trim Dimensionless

N Numerical constants (see Table 1) Various
No Number of independent and identical flow passages in valve Dimensionless
trim or throttling stage
N STR Strouhal number of jet Dimensionless
Pa Reference pressure = 1 u 10 5
Pa
Po Reference sound pressure = 2 u 10 -5
Pa
p1 Valve inlet absolute pressure Pa
p2 Valve outlet absolute pressure Pa
p 1,i Inlet absolute pressure of stage i (number i from 1…n) in Pa
multistage valve with n stages
p 2,i Outlet absolute pressure of stage i (number i from 1…n) in Pa
multistage valve with n stages
pv Vapour pressure of liquid Pa
'p Pressure differential Pa
'p c Pressure differential for U vc calculation Pa
rW Acoustic power ratio Dimensionless
tp Pipe-wall thickness m
TL Transmission loss dB
TL cav Overall transmission loss at cavitating conditions dB
' TL fp,turb Transmission loss corrected for frequency f p,turb dB
TL turb Overall transmission loss at turbulent conditions dB
TL fr Transmission loss at ring frequency f r dB
U vc Vena contracta velocity m/s
Wa Sound power W
Wm Mechanical stream power W
xF Differential pressure ratio Dimensionless
x Fz Differential pressure ratio of incipient cavitation noise with Dimensionless
inlet pressure of 6 u 10 5 Pa
x Fzp1 Differential pressure ratio corrected for inlet pressure Dimensionless
K turb Acoustic efficiency factor (turbulent) Dimensionless
K cav Acoustic efficiency factor (cavitating) Dimensionless
U Density kg/m 3
Uo Density of air = 1,293 kg/m 3
Up Density of pipe material (= 7 800 for steel) kg/m 3
UL Density of liquid kg/m 3
cav Cavitation
turb Turbulent
i Pipe internal or counter index
p Pipe
vc Vena contracta
EN 60534-8-4:2005 –8–

4 Preliminary calculations

4.1 Pressures and pressure ratios

Several pressures and pressure ratios which are needed in the noise prediction procedure are
given below.

The differential pressure ratio x F for liquids depends on the pressure difference p 1 -p 2 and the
difference of the inlet pressure p 1 and the vapour pressure p v .

p1  p 2
xF (1)
p1  p v

The differential pressure for beginning a choked flow is approximately F L 2 (p 1 –p v ). Some

calculations are based on the following pressure differential:

'p c lower than  p1  p 2  or FL2  p1  p v  (2)

For low differential pressure ratios, the noise is mainly generated by turbulence. If x F exceeds
x Fz,p1 cavitation noise overlays the turbulent noise.

4.2 Characteristic presssure ratio x Fz

The valve-specific characteristic pressure ratio x Fz can be measured with dependency on the
valve travel according to IEC 60534-8-2. It identifies the pressure ratio at which cavitation is
acoustically detected. The value of x Fz depends on the valve and closure member type and
the specific flow capacity.

Alternatively, the value of x Fz can be estimated from equations (3a) and (3b). Calculations of
hydrodynamic noise based on equations (3a), (3b) and (3c) can create uncertainties as
illustrated in Annex A. Figures 4 to 9 include typical curves of x Fz for different control valve
types. Both equation (3a) and Figures 4 to 9 are based on an inlet pressure of 6 u 10 5 Pa. If a
different inlet pressure is required, then the x Fz value shall be corrected using equation (3c).

0,90
XFz for valve types except multihole trims (3a)
C
1  3 Fd
N34 ˜ FL
1
XFz for multihole trims (3b)
2
N 0 ˜ dH
4,5  1 650 ˜
FL

NOTE N 34 is a numerical constant, the values of which account for the specific flow coefficient (K v or C v ) used.

When x Fz is obtained by testing at an inlet pressure of 6 u 10 5 Pa, then the tested value must
be corrected for the actual inlet pressure using the following equation:

0,125
§ 6 u 10 5 ·
xFzp1 xFz ¨ ¸ (3c)
¨ p1 ¸
© ¹
 –9– EN 60534-8-4:2005

4.3 Valve style modifier F d

The valve style modifier depends on the valve and closure member type and on the flow
coefficient C (see IEC 60534-8-3).

4.4 Jet diameter D j

The jet diameter D j can be predicted as in IEC 60534-8-3 by the following equation:

Dj N14 Fd C FL (4)

4.5 Jet velocity

The vena contracta flow velocity, used in calculating the mechanical power, is determined as
follows:

1 2 'p c
U vc (5)
FL UL

4.6 Mechanical power W m

The mechanical energy dissipated in the valve orifice is determined from the following
equation:

m U vc 2 FL 2
Wm (6)
2

Table 1 – Numerical constants N

Flow coefficent
Constant Kv Cv
-3 -3
N 14 4,9 u 10 4,6 u 10
N 34 1 1,17

Table 2 – Acoustic power ratio r W

Valve or fitting rW

Globe, parabolic plug 0,25

Globe, 3 V port plug 0,25
Globe, 4 V port plug 0,25
Globe, 6 V port plug 0,25
Globe, 60 equal diameter hole drilled cage 0,25
Globe, 120 equal diameter hole drilled cage 0,25
Butterfly, swing-through (centred shaft), to 70º 0,5
Butterfly, fluted vane, to 70º 0,5
Butterfly, 60º flat disk 0,5
Eccentric rotary plug 0,25
Segmented ball 90º 0,25
Expanders 1
EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 10 –

5 Noise predictions

5.1 Internal noise

The portion of the mechanical power W m from 4.6 converted to valve internal noise is a
function of the acoustic efficiency K . The acoustic power ratio r W represents the fraction of
sound power radiated into the pipe. See Table 2 for r W values.

For turbulent conditions defined here where 'p is lower than x Fzp1 (p 1 – p v ):

Wa K turb Wm rW (7a)

For cavitating conditions defined here where 'p exceeds x Fzp1 (p 1 – p v ) and x F is not greater
than 1:

Wa K turb  K cav  Wm rW (7b)

For turbulent flow due to the relatively low fluid velocity U vc the valve is considered to be a
monopole source with an acoustical efficiency of approximately 10 -4 at U vc = c L (see [1] 1 ) ).
The acoustic efficiency factor for turbulent flow is calculated as follows:

§U ·
K turb 10  4 ¨¨ vc ¸¸ (8)
© cL ¹

Additional noise is produced as cavitation begins.

NOTE Cavitation is the second part of a two-part process. Vapour bubbles develop when the pressure at a point
is lower than the vapour pressure of the fluid at that point. This occurs at the vena contracta or point of maximum
velocity and minimum pressure in the valve. The second part of this process is the collapse of these vapour
bubbles as the fluid pressure rises above the vapour pressure as the vapour leaves the point of minimum pressure.
The energy which created the bubbles is returned to the flowing fluid in the form of a high-intensity jet as the
bubble collapses. This can cause noise and serious damage. The process of cavitation, the energies involved, the
reasons that water is one of the most destructive liquids, and why some other liquids cause less damage is part of
current hydraulic research.

Reference [3] includes a mathematical model for the sound power of a cavitating jet. The
calculation noise prediction model includes the fact that cavitation occurs in a turbulent flow
field because, at any point, the static pressure varies randomly with time and that there is the
probability that at some instant the pressure falls below the threshold pressure (i.e. nearly the
vapour pressure). It defines the average duration of a pressure minimum with values lower
than the threshold pressure. This depends on the peak frequency of turbulent noise. Together
with a constant velocity-bubble-growth model, the radius of the most frequently occurring
cavitation bubbles can be estimated. After these bubbles have grown to a certain size, they
collapse and the collapse time determines the peak frequency of the cavitation noise.

In the cavitation region (x Fz,p1 d x F d 1), this modified theoretical model (see [2]) for cavitating
jets combined with many test results for validation leads to the following acoustical efficiency
factor equation:

0,5 5
p1  p2 1 5˜ x § 1  xFzp1 · § xF ·
cav 0,32 ˜ Șturb ˜ ˜ ˜ e Fzp1 ˜ ¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ˜ ( xF  xFzp1)1,5 (9)
'p C ¸ ¨ xFzp1 ¸
xFzp1 © 1  xF ¹ © ¹

———————
1) Figures in square brackets refer to the bibliography.
 – 11 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

The internal sound pressure level L pi is calculated as follows:

§ 3,2 u 10 9 W cL ·¸
a L
Lpi 10 lg ¨ (10)
¨ 2 ¸
© D i ¹

The peak frequencies are different for turbulent and cavitating flows. The turbulent peak
frequency can be calculated as in IEC 60534-8-3 as follows:

U vc
f p,turb N STR (11)
Dj

0,57
0,02 FL2 C § 1 ·
N STR ¨¨ ¸¸ (12)
N 34 xFzp11,5 d d0 © 1 pv
p  ¹

The following equation determines the peak frequency in the cavitation region [2], [3], [8].

2 2,5
§ 1  xF ·
¨ ¸ § xFzp1 ·
fp,cav 6 fp,turb ¨
¨ x ¸
¸ (13)
¨ 1  xFzp1 ¸ © F ¹
© ¹

5.2 Transmission loss

As in IEC 60534-8-3 for aerodynamic flow, the following frequencies are needed to calculate
the transmission loss.

The ring frequency with c p as the velocity of sound in the pipe (5 000 m/s for steel) is given by

cp
fr (14)
S Di

The reference minimum transmission loss for f = f r can be predicted from the following
equation (see [4]):

§ c U t ·
TL fr 10  10 lg ¨¨ P P P ¸
¸ (15)
© c O U O Di ¹

The overall transmission loss TL turb for turbulent flow mainly depends on the turbulent peak
frequency f p,turb (see equation (11) and TL fr ):

TLturb TLfr  'TLfp,turb (16a)

The term 'TL fp,turb accounts for the difference of transmission loss from the turbulent peak
frequency ( f p,turb ) to the ring frequency ( f r ) where most of the sound power is transmitted
through the pipe (see [4]).

ª§ 1,5 º
fr · § f p,turb ·
'TL fp,turb 20 log «¨ ¸¨ ¸ » (16b)
«¨ f p,turb ¸ ¨ fr ¸ »
¬© ¹ © ¹ ¼
EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 12 –

The overall transmission loss TL cav for cavitating flow is:

§ f p,cav 1,5 K cav ·

TLcav TL turb  10 lg¨¨ 250 ¸
¸¸ (17)
¨
© f p,turb 2 K turb  K cav ¹
2 1,5
NOTE The lower limit value of K cav /( K turb + K cav ) is f p,turb /(250 f p,cav ) for x Fzp1 < x F < x Fzp1 + 0,1.

5.3 External noise

The A-weighted external sound pressure level L pAe,1m at 1 m distance from the downstream
pipe can be approximated from the following equations.

For turbulent conditions:

§ Di  2 t p  2 ·
LpAe,1m Lpi  TLturb  10 lg¨ ¸ for xF d xFz (18a)
¨ Di  2 t p ¸
© ¹

For cavitating conditions:

§ Di  2 tp  2 ·
LpAe,1m Lpi  TLcav  10 lg¨ ¸ for xFzp1  xF d 1 (18b)
¨ Di  2 tp ¸
© ¹

5.4 Frequency distribution (internal and external)

This subclause gives additional information concerning the frequency distribution in 1/1
octave bands; the following procedures are not necessary if only the overall levels for all
octave bands together are of interest.

5.4.1 Internal sound pressure level

The frequency f i related to the internal sound pressure levels can be predicted from equations
(19a) and (19b), where L pi, turb is calculated with K turb and L pi cav is calculated with K cav :

For turbulent conditions x Fz d x Fzp1 or x F t 1):

Lpi,  f i  Lpi  Fturb ( f i ) (19a)

For cavitating conditions (x Fzp1 d x F d 1:

§ K turb K cav ·
Lpi ( f i ) Lpi  10 log ¨ 10 0,1 Fturb ( fi )  10 0,1 Fcav ( fi ) ¸ (19b)
¨ K turb  K cav K turb  K cav ¸
© ¹

ª 3 1 º
§ fi · § ·
Fturb ( f i )  10 lg «
1 ¨ ¸  ¨ fi ¸ »  3,1 (20a)
«4 ¨ f p,turb ¸ ¨ f p,turb ¸ »
¬« © ¹ © ¹ ¼»
 – 13 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

ª 1,5 1,5 º
1 § fi · § fi ·
Fcav ( f i )  10 lg « ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ »  3,5 (20b)
«4 ¨ f p,cav ¸ ¨ f p,cav ¸ »
¬« © ¹ © ¹ ¼»

where f i , i = 1…n are 1/1 octave (63 Hz to 16 000 Hz) or third frequencies (50 Hz to
20 000 Hz).

5.4.2 External sound pressure level

The external sound pressures at given frequencies (f i ) can be estimated as follows:

§ Di  2 t p  2 ·
Lpe,1m ( f i ) Lpi ( f i )  TL( f i )  10 lg ¨ ¸ (21)
¨ D 2t ¸
© I P ¹

The transmission loss at given frequencies f i is determined as follows:

TL( f i ) TL fr  'TL( f i ) (22a)

ª§ f · § f ·1,5 º
'TL( f i ) 20 log «¨¨ r ¸¸  ¨¨ i ¸¸ » (22b)
«© f i ¹ © f r ¹ »
¬ ¼

6 Multistage trim

6.1 General

This clause is applicable to valves with trims having more than one stage. Although it uses
many of the same procedures as in the previous clauses, it is separated because these trims
require special consideration.

It is assumed that the rated flow coefficients C i of the n stages (i = 1...n) are known by the
manufacturer. The x Fzp1,i values of each stage for such a trim have to be stated by the
manufacturer or they can be taken from Figures 4 to 9 for single-stage configurations. This is
the same with the F d,i and F L,i values.

6.2 Preliminary calculations

The inlet pressure ahead of each stage (i = 1 ... n) can be approximated as follows:

p1,i p1 i 1 (23a)

p1  p 2
p1,i p1,i1  i 2...n (23b)
(Ci1 / C ) 2

The outlet pressure behind each stage (i = 1 ... n) can be approximated as follows:

p 2,i p1,i1 i 1...n  1 (24a)

p 2,i p2 i n (24b)
EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 14 –

The jet diameter of each stage opening according to equation (4) is

D j,i N14 Fd,i Ci FL,i (25)

The valve style modifier F d for the first and last stages are F d,1 (first stage) and F d,n (last
stage). These values depend on the valve and closure member type and on the value of Ci
(IEC 60534-8-3).

The differential pressure ratio x F,i for each stage according to equation (1) is

p1,i  p 2,i
xF,i i 1...n (26)
p1,i  p v

6.3 Prediction of noise level

Calculations for turbulent noise apply when x F,i d x Fzp1,i ; otherwise, use applicable equations
for cavitation.

6.3.1 Multistage devices (see Figures 1 and 3)

Determine the x Fzp1,i values for each stage, as shown in Figures 1 through 3, using Figures 4
through 9 or, by estimation, using equations (3a) and (3b). Calculate L pA e ,1m,i for each stage
using Clauses 3 to 5 and equation (27) using the appropriate input from equations (23) to (26)
for each stage. Add up the total sound level as follows:

n
0,1 LpAe,1m,i
LpAe,1m 10 lg ¦ 10 (27)
i 1

Calculate the internal and external frequency profile using f p from the first and last stages.

6.3.2 Fixed multistage devices with increasing flow areas (see Figure 2)

Experimental evidence indicates that most of the sound power in stages ahead of the last
stage is attenuated within the flow path. It is, therefore, sufficient to calculate only the sound
generated by jets emanating from the last stage as follows.

a) Calculate 'p c :

'p c lesser of p1,n  p 2 or xFzp1,n ( p1,n  p v ) (28)

b) The valve style modifier F d depends on the number of uniform outlet passages at the last
stage and can be estimated using the F d value stated by the manufacturer or from
equation (29):

1
Fd (29)
No

where N o is the number of uniform openings within the last stage.

 – 15 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

Calculate D j,n using equation (25) with C n as the flow coefficient of the exit stage; d o can
be estimated from d o 5,2 N 34 C n .

c) Calculate the velocity and the mechanical power from equations (5) and (6) using 'p c
(equation (2)) of the last stage and F Ln instead of F L .
d) Calculate the turbulent sound power from equation (7a) and the cavitation sound power
from equation (7b), using 'p c from equation (28) and p 1,n from equation (23) instead of p 1 .
Calculate K turb from equation (8), using U vc of the last stage (see item c) above).
e) Calculate L pi and f p,turb from equations (10) and (11), using the jet velocity and D j of the
last stage. For f p,cav , use C n and F Ln instead of C and F L .
f) Calculate the transmission loss using equations (14) to (17).
g) Proceed to calculate the external sound pressure level using equations (18a) and (18b)
and the internal and external frequency distribution from equations (19a) and (19b), using
f p from the last stage (see item e) above).

Cn
Cn
pn p2

p1 pn p2

p1

Globe Rotary
IEC 1236/05

Figure 1 – Examples of multistage trim in globe and rotary valves

EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 16 –

p2 Cn

pn

p1

IEC 1237/05

Figure 2 – Example of fixed multistage device with increasing flow area

 – 17 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

IEC 1238/05

Figure 3 – Example of multistage trim in globe valve

EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 18 –

1,0

0,9

0,8 CR/N34

0,7 <= 1,0

= 3,9
0,6
= 10
xFz 0,5 = 16
0,4 = 39
0,3 = 99
0,2 =>160

0,1

0,0
0,001 0,01 0,1
2 –6
(C/do )/N34 u 10
IEC 1239/05

Figure 4 – Globe valves (cage trim. V-port-plug)

1,0
0,9 CR/N34

0,8 <= 1,0

0,7
= 3,9
0,6
= 10
xFz 0,5
= 16
0,4

0,3 = 39

0,2
= 99
0,1
=> 160
0,0
0,001 0,01 0,1
2 –6
(C/do )/N34 u 10
IEC 1240/05

Figure 5 – Globe valves (parabolic-plug)

 – 19 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

0,5

0,4
dH = 0,001 m

dH = 0,002 m
0,3
dH = 0,004 m

dH = 0,003 m
xFz
dH = 0,005 m
0,2
dH = 0,006 m

dH = 0,007 m

0,1 dH = 0,008 m

0,0
1 10 100 1 000
N0
IEC 1241/05

Figure 6 – Multihole trims

1,0

0,9

0,8
0,7 CR/N34

0,6 <= 35
xFz
0,5
= 80
0,4
=> 247
0,3
0,2

0,1

0,0
0,001 0,01 0,1

2 –6
(C/do )/N34 u 10
IEC 1242/05

Figure 7 – Eccentric rotary valves

EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 20 –

1,0

0,9

0,8
0,7

0,6
xFz 0,5

0,4

0,3
0,2

0,1

0,0
0,001 0,01 0,1

2 –6
(C/do )/N34 u 10
IEC 1243/05

Figure 8 – Butterfly valves

0,5

0,4
CR/N34
0,4
= 390
0,3
= 1 730
0,3
xFz
= 5 880
0,2

0,2

0,1

0,1

0,0
0,001 0,01 0,1
2 –6
(C/do )/N34 u 10
IEC 1244/05

Figure 9 – Segmented ball valve – 90° travel

 – 21 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

Annex A
(informative)

Examples

A.1 Given data

Valve

Single-seat globe valve (no multihole trim) installed flow to open

Valve size: DN 100
Nominal valve size: d = 100 mm = 0,1 m
Rated C v : C vR = 195
Required C v : C v = 90
Seat diameter: d o : 100 mm = 0,1 m
Liquid pressure recovery factor: F L = 0,92
Valve style modifier: F d = 0,42

Pipe

Inlet nominal pipe size: DN 100

Outlet nominal pipe size: DN 100
Internal pipe diameter: D i = 107,1 mm = 0,1071 m
Pipe wall thickness: t p = 3,6 mm = 0,0036 m
Speed of sound in pipe: c p = 5 000 m/s
Density of pipe material: U p = 7 800 kg/m³

Other

Speed of sound in air: c o = 343 m/s

Density of air: U o = 1,293 kg/m³

Table A.1 provides calculation examples for the given data and three different flow rates.
 EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 22 –

Table A.1 – Calculation examples

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Medium: water

Mass flow rate m = 30 kg/s m = 40 kg/s m = 40 kg/s

p 1 = 10 bar = 1,0 u p 1 = 10 bar = 1,0 u p 1 = 10 bar = 1,0 u
Valve inlet absolute pressure 6 6 6
10 Pa 10 Pa 10 Pa

p 2 = 8 bar = 8,0 u p 2 = 6,5 bar = 6,5 u p 2 = 6,5 bar = 6,5 u

Valve outlet absolute pressure 5 5 5
10 Pa 10 Pa 10 Pa
3 3 3
Vapour pressure of liquid p v = 2,32 u 10 Pa p v = 2,32 u 10 Pa p v = 2,32 u 10 Pa

Density of liquid U L = 997 kg/m³ U L = 997 kg/m³ U L = 997 kg/m³

Speed of sound in liquid c L = 1 400 m/s c L = 1 400 m/s c L = 1 400 m/s

(1) Differential pressure ratio

p1  p 2 x F = 0,2005 x F = 0,3508 x F = 0,3508

xF
p1  p v
x F ( p 1 – p v ) = 2,0 u x F ( p 1 – p v ) = 3,5 u x F ( p 1 – p v ) = 3,5 u
5 5 5
10 Pa 10 Pa 10 Pa
(2) Pressure differential for U vc calculation

'p c lower than xF  p1  p v  2

F L ( p 1 – p v ) = 8,44 u
2
F L ( p 1 – p v ) = 8,44 u
2
F L ( p 1 – p v ) = 8,44 u
5 5 5

2 10 Pa 10 Pa 10 Pa
or FL  p1  p v 
5 5 5
Ÿ 'p c = 2,0 u 10 Pa Ÿ ' p c = 3,5 u 10 Pa Ÿ 'p c = 3,5 u 10 Pa
Calculation with
(3a) Differential pressure ratio of incipient C = C v = 90 C = C v = 90
cavitation noise x Fz = x Fz + 0,1

0,90 N 34 = 1,17 N 34 = 1,17

xFz
from example 2
C
1  3 Fd
N 34 FL Ÿ x Fz = 0,2543 Ÿ x Fz = 0,2543
Ÿ x Fz = 0,3543
(3c) Differential pressure ratio corrected
for inlet pressure
0,125 x Fzp1 = 0,2386 x Fzp1 = 0,2386 x Fzp1 = 0,3324
§ 6 u 10 5 ·
xFzp1 x Fz ¨ ¸
¨ p1 ¸
© ¹

(4) Jet diameter C = C v = 90 C = C v = 90 C = C v = 90

N 14 = 0,0046 N 14 = 0,0046 N 14 = 0,0046
Dj N14 Fd C FL
Ÿ D j = 0,01758 m Ÿ D j = 0,01758 m Ÿ D j = 0,01758 m
(5) Vena contracta velocity

1 2 'p c U vc = 21,772 m/s U vc = 28,801 m/s U vc = 28,801 m/s

U vc
FL UL
(6) Mechanical stream power

m U vc 2 FL 2 W m = 6 018,05 W W m = 14 042,1 W W m = 14 042,1 W

Wm
2
 – 23 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

Table A.1 (continued)

5 5
'p = p 1 – p 2 = 2 u 10 'p = p 1 – p 2 = 3,5 u 'p = p 1 – p 2 = 3,5 u 10
5
Pa 10 Pa Pa
Flow conditions 'p < x Fzp1 ( p 1 – p v ) = 'p > x Fzp1 ( p 1 – p v ) = 'p > x Fzp1 ( p 1 – p v ) =
5 5 5
2,38 u 10 Pa 2,38 u 10 Pa 3,32 u 10 Pa
Ÿ Turbulent Ÿ Cavitating Ÿ Cavitating
(8) Acoustic efficiency factor (turbulent)

§U · K turb = 1,555 u 10
-6
K turb = 2,057 u 10
-6
K turb = 2,057 u 10
-6

K turb 10  4 ¨¨ vc ¸¸
© cL ¹
(9) Acoustic efficiency factor (cavitating)

p1  p2 1 5˜ x
cav 0,32 ˜ turb ˜ ˜ ˜ e Fzp1 ˜
'pC xFzp1 K cav = 1,243 u 10
-6
K cav = 1,992 u 10
-8

0,5 5
§ 1  xFzp1 · § xF ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ˜ ( xF  xFzp1)1,5
¨ 1 x ¸ ¨ xFzp1 ¸
© F ¹ © ¹

(7a) Sound power (turbulent region) r w = 0,25

Wa K turb Wm rW Ÿ W a = 0,00234 W

r w = 0,25 r w = 0,25
(7b) Sound power (cavitating region)

Wa (K turb  K cav ) Wm rW
Ÿ W a = 0,01158 W Ÿ W a = 0,00729 W
(10) Internal sound pressure level

§ 3,2 u 109 W U c · L pi = 149,596 dB L pi = 156,543 dB L pi = 154,532 dB

Lpi 10 lg ¨ a L L ¸
¨ 2 ¸
© D i ¹
(12) Strouhal number of jet C = C v = 90 C = C v = 90 C = C v = 90
0,57
0,036 FL2
C Fd §
0,75
1 · N 34 = 1,17 N 34 = 1,17 N 34 = 1,17
N STR ¨
¨
¸
¸
N34 xFzp11,5 d d 0 © p1  p v ¹ Ÿ N Str = 0,399 Ÿ N Str = 0,399 Ÿ N Str = 0,243

(11) Peak sound frequency (turbulent)

U vc f p,turb = 494,5 Hz f p,turb = 654,35 Hz f p,turb = 397,93 Hz

f p,turb N STR
Dj

(13) Peak sound frequency (cavitating)

2 2,5
§ 1  xF · § xFzp1 · f p,cav = 1088,94 Hz f p,cav = 1973,43 Hz
f p,cav 6 f p,turb ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ 1  xFzp1 ¸ ¨ x ¸
© ¹ © F ¹
(14) Ring frequency

cp f r = 14 860,406 Hz f r = 14 860,406 Hz f r = 14 860,406 Hz

fr
S Di
(15) Transmission loss at ring frequency

§ c U t · TL fr = -44,71 dB TL fr = -44,71 dB TL fr = -44,71 dB

TLfr 10  10 lg ¨¨ P P P ¸
¸
© cO UO Di ¹
 EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 24 –

Table A.1 (continued)

(16b) Transmission loss corrected for

f p,turb

ª§ 1,5 º 'TL fp,turb = -29,56 dB 'TL fp,turb = -27,13 dB 'TL fp,turb = -31,45 dB
fr · § fp,turb ·
'TLfp,turb 20 log «¨ ¸¨ ¸ »
«¨ f p,turb ¸ ¨ fr ¸ »
¬© ¹ © ¹ ¼

(16a) Overall transmission loss for

turbulent flow TL turb = -74,27 dB TL turb = -71,84 dB TL turb = -76,16 dB
TLturb TLfr  'TLfp

(18a) External sound pressure level

(turbulent)
L pAe,1m =
§ Di  2 tp  2 · 62,7 dBA
LpAe,1m Lpi  TLturb  10 log¨ ¸
¨ Di  2 tp ¸
© ¹

x F = 0,35 < x Fzp1 + 0,1

= 0,4324

x F = 0,35 > x Fzp1 + K cav /( K turb + K cav ) =

0,1 = 0,3386 0,00959
(17) Overall transmission loss (cavitation)
2 1.5
§ f p,cav1,5 · K cav /( K turb + K cav ) = f p,turb /(250 f p,cav ) =
TLcav TLfp,turb  10 lg¨¨ 250 cav ¸
0,377 0,00722
¨ f p,turb 2 turb  cav ¸¸
© ¹

TL cav = -62,917 Ÿ K cav /( K turb + K cav )

= 0,00959

TL cav = -75,006

(18b) External sound pressure level

(cavitating)
Ÿ L pAe,1m = Ÿ L pAe,1m = 66,9
§ Di  2 tp  2 · 81,0 dBA dBA
LpAe,1m Lpi  TLcav  10 lg¨ ¸
¨ Di  2 tp ¸
© ¹

(20a) Frequency distribution function

(turbulent) f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz

ª § 3
§ fi · º
1 Ÿ F turb (8 000 Hz) = - Ÿ F turb (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ F turb (8 000 Hz) =
1 fi ·¸ ¸ »  3,1 33,34 -29,69 -36,24
Fturb( fi )  10 lg « ¨ ¨
« 4 ¨ fp,turb ¸ ¨ fp,turb ¸ »
¬« © ¹ © ¹ ¼»

(20b) Frequency distribution function f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz

(cavitating)

ª § 1,5 1,5 º
1 fi · § fi · Ÿ F cav (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ F cav (8 000 Hz) =
Fcav ( fi )  10 lg « ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ »  3,5
« 4 ¨ fp,cav
©
¸
¹
¨ fp,cav
©
¸
¹
» -10,51 -6,85
¬« ¼»

(19a) Internal sound pressure level at f i f i = 8 000 Hz

(turbulent)
Ÿ L pi (8 000 Hz) =
Lpi  f i  Lpi  Fturb ( f i ) 116,3 dB

(19b) Internal sound pressure level at f i

(cavitating)
f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz
Lpi ( f i ) Lpi
§ Kturb Kcav Ÿ L pi (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ L pi (8 000 Hz) =
 10 lg ¨¨ 100,1 Fturb ( fi )  100,1 Fcav ( f i ) 141,9 dB 128,0 dB
© Kturb  Kcav Kturb  Kcav
 – 25 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

Tableau A.1 (continued)

(22b) Transmission loss corrected for f i

f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz
ª§ f · § f ·1,5 º
'TL( f i ) 20 log «¨¨ r ¸¸  ¨¨ i ¸¸ » Ÿ 'TL (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ 'TL (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ 'TL (8 000 Hz) =
«© f i ¹ © f r ¹ » -7,053 dB -7,053 dB -7,053 dB
¬ ¼

f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz

(22a) Transmission loss at f i
Ÿ TL (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ TL (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ TL (8 000 Hz) =
TL( f i ) TL fr  'TL( f i ) 51,76 dB 51,76 dB 51,76 dB

(21) External sound pressure level at f i f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz f i = 8 000 Hz

§ Di  2 tp  2 · Ÿ L pe,1m (8 000 Hz) Ÿ L pe,1m (8 000 Hz) = Ÿ L pe,1m (8 000 Hz) =
Lpe,1m ( f i ) Lpi ( f i )  TL( fi )  10 lg ¨¨ ¸
¸
© DI  2 tP ¹ = 51,8 dB 77,4 dB 63,6 dB

Example 3 shows the influence of the x Fz value on prediction accuracy. See Figure A.1.
Example 3 is identical to example 2, but the x Fz value was shifted with 0,1. This leads to a
significant prediction error of 63,98 – 77,85 = –13,87dB.

100

90

80

70

60
dBA

50
LpAe, 1m

40
Sound pressure level with calculated xFzp1
30 Sound pressure level with calculated xFzp1 + 0,1
Example 1
20 Example 2
Example 3
10

0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
xF [-]
IEC 1245/05

Figure A.1 – Influence of x Fz value on prediction accuracy

EN 60534-8-4:2005 – 26 –

Bibliography

[1] Baumann, H. D. and George W. Page Jr. “A Method to Predict Sound Levels from
Hydrodynamic Sources Associated with Flow through Throttling Valves,” Noise Control
Engineering Journal , Vol. 43, No. 5, September-October 1995, pp. 145-158.

[2] Kiesbauer, J., “An Improved Prediction Method for Hydrodynamic Noise in Control
Valves,” Valve World, Vol. 3, Issue 3, June 1998, pp. 33-49.

[3] Franklin, R. E. and J. McMillan, “Noise Generation in Cavitating Flows, the Submerged
Jet,” Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers , Vol. 106,
September 1984.

[4] VDMA 24422 “Valves: Guidelines for noise calculation, Control valves and shut-off
valves,” Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e.V., Beuth Verlag, Berlin,
January 1989.

[5] Baumann, H. D. and H. Hoffmann, “A Method for the Estimation of Frequency-

Dependent Sound Pressures at the Pipe Exterior of Throttling Valves,” Noise Control
Engineering Journal , Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 49-55, March-April 1999.

[6] ISA RP75.23-1995, “Considerations for Evaluating Control Valve Cavitation,” Instrument
Society of America, Reaearch Triangle Park, NC, USA.

[7] Outa, Eisuke, Fumihiro Inoue, Kiyohiro Tajima and Tadahiro Machiyama, “Inception of
Vortex-Generated Cavitation in an Industrial Contoured-Plug Valve,” ASME FED , Vo.
177, Cavitation Inception , Book H00880, 1993.

[8] Kiesbauer, J., Baumann, H.D.: “Recent developments in the prediction of hydrodynamic
noise of control valves“, Valve World Magazine Bol. 9 , KCI publishing Issue 1, 2004

[9] Baumann, H.D., Kiesbauer, J.: "A method to estimate hydrodynamic noise produced in
valves by submerged turbulent and cavitating water jets”, Noise Control Engineering
Journal, Volume 2, 2004

___________
 – 27 – EN 60534-8-4:2005

Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications

with their corresponding European publications

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE Where an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

1) 2)
IEC 60534-1 - Industrial-process control valves EN 60534-1 2005
Part 1: Control valve terminology and
general considerations
1) 2)
IEC 60534-8-2 - Part 8: Noise considerations EN 60534-8-2 1993
Section 2: Laboratory measurement of
noise generated by hydrodynamic flow
through control valves
1) 2)
IEC 60534-8-3 - Part 8-3: Noise considerations - Control EN 60534-8-3 2000
valve aerodynamic noise prediction
method

1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.
BS EN 
60534-8-4:2005
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