New

syllabus
2022-23

Chapter 3
Database
query
using sql –
functions

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 SQL functions
Basically, it is a set of SQL statements that accept only input parameters, perform
actions and return the result. A function can return an only a single value or a
table. Functions are not alternate to sql commands but are used as a part of sql
command(generally select command).
Types of Function(System defined)
A scalar function is a function that operates on scalar values -- that is, it takes
one (or more) input values as arguments directly and returns a value.Maths,text,
date functions etc. These functions can be applied over column(s) of a table
to perform relevant operation on value of each record.
For e.g. select left(name,4) from student;
Will display 4 left side letters of each row of name field from student table.

An aggregate function is a function that operates on aggregate data -- that is, it

takes a complete set of data as input and returns a value that is computed from
all the values in the set. E.g. max(), min(), count(), sum(), avg().Generally these
are used for report preparation & mostly used with group by and having clause.

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 SQL functions
Mathematical functions –Perform operation over numeric value
POWER() – power() returns the value of a number raised to the
power of another number. The synonym of power() is pow().
Syntax - pow(m,n)
m A number which is the base of the exponentiation.
n A number which is the exponent of the exponentiation.
E.g.
Mysql> select pow(2,3);
Mysql>8
Mysql> select pow(2.37,3.45);
Mysql>19.6282……

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 SQL functions
Mathematical functions
ROUND() – the round()
function returns a number
rounded to a certain number of
decimal places.
Syntax -
ROUND(column_name,decimals)
column_name -Required. The
field to round.
decimals -Required,
Specifies the number of decimals
to be returned.
Decimal places position value is
rounded to next integer ,if its next right
side number is>=5
Default decimal place is 0 position if we
not specify
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 SQL functions
Mathematical functions
MOD() – The MOD() function returns the remainder of one
number divided by another. The following shows the syntax of the
MOD() function:
Syntax - MOD(dividend,divisor)
Dividend - is a literal number or a numeric expression to divide.
Divisor- is a literal number or a numeric expression by which to
divide the dividend.
E.g.
Mysql> SELECT MOD(11, 3);
Mysql>2
Mysql> SELECT MOD(10.5, 3);
Mysql>1.5

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 SQL functions
Text functions- Perform operation over string values.
UPPER() – UPPER(str)
Returns the string str with all characters changed to uppercase.
mysql> SELECT UPPER(‘Tej');
-> ‘TEJ'
UCASE(str)-UCASE() is a synonym for UPPER().
LOWER(str)-Returns the string str with all characters changed to
lowercase
mysql> SELECT LOWER('QUADRATICALLY');
-> 'quadratically’
LCASE(str)
LCASE() is a synonym for LOWER().
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 SQL functions
Text functions- Perform operation over string values.
SUBSTRING(str,pos) - SUBSTRING(str FROM pos),
SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)- SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
The forms without a len argument return a substring from string str starting at position pos.
The forms with a len argument return a substring len characters long from string str,
starting at position pos. The forms that use FROM are standard SQL syntax. It is also
possible to use a negative value for pos. In this case, the beginning of the substring is pos
characters from the end of the string, rather than the beginning.
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING(‘practically',5);
-> 'tically'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('foofarbar' FROM 4);
-> ‘farbar'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);
-> 'ratica'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING(‘Aakila', -3);
-> 'ila' MID(str,pos,len)
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING(‘Aakila', -5, 3); MID(str,pos,len) is a synonym for
-> 'aki' SUBSTRING(str,pos,len),substr()
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING(‘Aakila' FROM -4 FOR 2);
-> 'ki'
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 SQL functions
Text functions- Perform operation over string values.
LENGTH(str) - Returns the length of the string str
mysql> SELECT LENGTH('text');
-> 4
LEFT(str,len) - Returns the leftmost len characters from the
string str, or NULL if any argument is NULL.
mysql> SELECT LEFT(‘Toolbar', 4);
-> ‘Tool‘
RIGHT(str,len)-Returns the rightmost len characters from
the string str, or NULL if any argument is NULL.
mysql> SELECT RIGHT(‘Toolbar', 3);
-> 'bar'

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 SQL functions
Text functions- Perform operation over string values.
INSTR(str,substr)-Returns the position of the first
occurrencee of substring substr in string str.
mysql> SELECT INSTR(‘Toobarbar', 'bar');
-> 4
mysql> SELECT INSTR('xbar', ‘ybar');
-> 0

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 SQL functions
Text functions- Perform operation over string values.
LTRIM(str)-Returns the string str with leading space characters removed.
mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' Toolbar');
-> ‘Toolbar‘
RTRIM(str)-Returns the string str with trailing space characters removed.
mysql> SELECT RTRIM(‘Toolbar ');
-> ‘Toolbar‘
TRIM([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str)- Returns the string str
with all remstr prefixes or suffixes removed. If none of the specifiers BOTH, LEADING,
or TRAILING is given , BOTH is assumed.
mysql> SELECT TRIM(' tool ');
-> 'bar'
mysql> SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'x' FROM 'xxxtoolxxx');
-> ‘toolxxx'
mysql> SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxtoolxxx');
-> ‘tool'
mysql> SELECT TRIM(TRAILING 'xyz' FROM ‘toolxxx');
-> ‘tool'

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 SQL functions
Date functions- Perform operation over date values.
NOW()-Returns the current date and time as a value in 'YYYY-MM-
DD hh:mm:ss' or YYYYMMDDhhmmss format, depending on
whether the function is used in string or numeric context.
mysql> SELECT NOW();
-> '2020-04-05 23:50:26'
mysql> SELECT NOW() + 0;
-> 20200415235026.000000
Here +0 means +0 second
DATE(expr)-Extracts the date part of the date or datetime
expression expr.
mysql> SELECT DATE('2003-12-31 01:02:03');
-> '2003-12-31'

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 SQL functions
Date functions- Perform operation over date values.
MONTH(date)-Returns the month for date, in the range 1 to
12 for January to December, or 0 for dates such as '0000-00-
00' or '2008-00-00' that have a zero month part.
mysql> SELECT MONTH('2008-02-03');
-> 2
MONTHNAME(date)-Returns the full name of the month for
date.
mysql> SELECT MONTHNAME('2008-02-03');
-> 'February‘

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 SQL functions
Date functions- Perform operation over date values.
YEAR(date)-Returns the year for date, in the range 1000 to
9999, or 0 for the “zero” date.
mysql> SELECT YEAR('1987-01-01');
-> 1987
DAY(date)-Returns the day of the month for date, in the
range 1 to 31, or 0 for dates such as '0000-00-00' or '2008-00-
00' that have a zero day part.
mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2007-02-03');
-> 3
DAYNAME(date)-Returns the name of the weekday for date.
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME('2007-02-03');
-> 'Saturday'
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 SQL functions
Aggregate Functions & NULL- Perform operation over set of
valuesConsider a table Emp having following records as-
Null values are excluded while (avg)aggregate function is used
Emp
Code Name Sal
E1 Mohak NULL
E2 Anuj 4500
E3 Vijay NULL
E4 Vishal 3500
E5 Anil 4000
SQL Queries Result of query
mysql> Select Sum(Sal) from EMP; 12000
mysql> Select Min(Sal) from EMP; 3500
mysql> Select Max(Sal) from EMP; 4500
mysql> Select Count(Sal) from EMP; 3
mysql> Select Avg(Sal) from EMP; 4000
mysql> Select Count(*) from EMP; 5
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