Earth Science-Q1-Week 2 - v.2

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROCKS,
AND THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
for Earth Science/ Grade 11
Quarter 1 / Week 2
NegOr_Q1_EarthScience11_SLKWeek2_v2
FOREWORD
This module will serve as a guide in classifying the types of

rocks and identifying common rock-forming minerals using
their physical and chemical properties. It will be an aid in
learning new scientific words, ideas, and enrich one’s existing
knowledge about scientific concepts.
In this module the students will gain knowledge about

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, and
identifying common rock-forming minerals using their physical
and chemical properties. Earth has naturally occurring
materials which may be necessary for existence. Earth
materials include minerals and rocks. These materials, along
with other materials such as soil, water, air, and organic
matter are essential for the growth and survival of organisms,
the structure of the land, and the development of human
civilization. All these Earth materials give information about
the history of Earth and of life.
2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
K - describe the three types of rocks,

- explain common rock-forming minerals using their physical and
chemical properties;
S - recognize and list down the minerals present in some commonly
used objects at home; and
A - cite the importance or uses of rocks and minerals in everyday
life.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
➢ Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and

metamorphic (S11ES-Ic-6)
➢ Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical

and chemical properties (S11/12ES-Ia-9)
3
I. WHAT HAPPENED
Pre - Activity
Let’s Organize!
Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters given for each picture. Write
the answers in your notebook.
1. 2.
https://www.jewelsforme.com/gem_and_jewelr
https://www.amazon.in/GEMS-CREATION-Gemstone-
y_library/rose-quartz Original-Certified/dp/B07CW2FW44
ZQURAT ZATPO
3. 4.
https://www.seekpng.com/ima/u2e6y3t4i1r5u2w https://imgbin.com/png/xiUG716d/rock-png
7/
DDNIOMA KCRO
Question: What do the words under each picture above indicate?
4
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
A. Types of Rocks
Figure 1: Rock Specimens

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=classifying+rocks+activtities&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi5tKSerozqAhVIb5QKHeKsAeMQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=classifying+rocks+activtities&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1Cp2gNYko4EYMSPBGgAcAB4AIABAIgBAJIBAJgBAKABAaoB
C2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=vePrXvnhGcje0QTi2YaYDg&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=fXiTmIgNAm1lgM
5
What is a rock?
Rock is a naturally occurring solid mass consisting of aggregate

minerals clumped together with other Earth materials through
natural processes.
Figure 2: Rock Classification Chart

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=classifying+rocks+activities&tbm=isch&chips=q:classifying+rocks+activit
y,g_1:worksheet:ZA3QcbqzTtQ%3D&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwiGyfK_rozqAhVvE6YKHV30CJkQ4lYoAHoECAEQFA
&biw=1349&bih=576#imgrc=YzD0BxdurQ8sVM
Classification of Rocks
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS – derived from the Latin word ignis

meaning “fire”
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – from the root word sediments

which means “remaining particles”
3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS – meta means “change” and

morph means “form”
6
Rock Formation
The diagram below shows the continuous succession of how

rocks form, break down, and reform as a result of the processes
that induces the formation of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks.
Figure 3: Rock Cycle

http://kendallalyse.blogspot.com/2012/03/rockcycle.html
Igneous rocks begin as melted rocks (magma), and then in

time, crystallize and freeze, depending on the condition of the
environment. Weathering, or the breaking down of rocks and
soil, allows igneous rocks to be mixed with other Earth materials
and be transported to another place. The mixture is compacted
and cemented, resulting in sedimentary rocks. As rocks continue
to move and be exposed to various heat and pressure, they
change physically and chemically, sometimes causing the
formation of metamorphic rocks. In some cases, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks are pushed deep under the surface of
the Earth until they sink into the mantle (subduction). In this case,
they can transform to igneous rocks.
7
B. Minerals
Mineralogy is the study of minerals. Minerals are the

building blocks of rocks. They are naturally formed, generally
inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an ordered array atoms
having a specific chemical composition. Mineral, therefore, can
be described as follows:
a) inorganic - formed by natural geological processes
b) formed in nature
c) solids - crystalline substance that are solid at certain
temperature on the Earth’s surface
d) atoms have the same crystalline pattern and with
specific chemical composition
e) crystalline atoms are arranged in an orderly repetitive
manner, and
f) can be represented by a chemical formula
Physical Properties of Minerals

Scientists identify more common minerals by their color or
appearance while others include their taste, smell, feel, and
sound. The physical properties that can be tested are the
following:
Table 1: Properties of Minerals
a. luster b. hardness c. streak d. cleavage
e. fracture f. color g. specific gravity h. crystal form
a. Luster
It refers to the way light is reflected from a mineral’s surface.
Some have a metallic surface such as gold, silver, and copper.
Others are described as vitreous or glassy, pearly, silky, resinous,
and earthy or dull.
8
Metallic (galena)
Metallic (pyrite) Vitreous (quartz)
Waxy
Pearly (talc) Earthy (goethite)
(chalcedony)
Figure 4: Mineral samples with various lusters
http://app.svu.edu.eg/ecourses/files/207%20scbio/Minerals%20=%20Physical%20properties.pdf
b. Hardness
It is the mineral’s resistance to being scratched. The harder ones
are difficult to scratch while the others are less resistant to
scratches. Frederich Moh, a German mineralogist, prepared a
scale of hardness with numbers 1-10 in the increasing hardness.
Table 2: Moh’s Scale of Hardness
1. Talc 5. Apatite 9. Corundum
2. Gypsum 6. Orthoclase 10. Diamond
3. Calcite 7. Quartz
4. Fluorite 8. Topaz
c. Streak
Streak is the color of the mineral in powder form. In cases when
the color of minerals appear different because of trace particles
inside them, scientists would pulverize them to get their true
9
color. In this case, the color of the minerals become more visible
and clear. However, pulverizing minerals is tedious and makes
the minerals lose their integrity.
The streak of this dark

gray mineral (hematite),
obtained by rubbing it
on the white streak plate,
is reddish brown.
Figure 5. Steak of a Mineral

d. Color
Color is one of the most obvious property of minerals but it is
often of limited diagnostic value, especially in minerals that are
not opaque. While many metallic and earthy minerals have
distinctive colors, translucent or transparent minerals can vary
widely in color. Quartz, for example, can vary from colorless to
white to yellow to gray to pink to purple to black.
amethyst (purple) smoky (brown to

black)
citrine (yellow)
rock crystal (clear) rose (pink)
Figure 6: Varied Colors of Quartz

http://app.svu.edu.eg/ecourses/files/207%20scbio/Minerals%20=%20Physica
l%20properties.pdf
10
e. Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of
weak bonding. It is described by the number of planes exhibited
and the angles at which they meet.
Fracture minerals do not exhibit cleavage but are said to

fracture when broken. Some break like glass, some into splinters
or fiber.
Figure 7: Mineral samples with cleavage

f. Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of a mineral is the weight of that mineral
divided by the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific
gravity of water is equal to 1.0. Most silicate, or rock-forming,
minerals have specific gravities from 2.6 to 3.4. The ore minerals
are usually heavier, with specific gravities from 5 to 8. If you
compare similar-sized samples of two different minerals, the one
with the higher specific gravity will feel the heaviest; it has a
greater heft. For most minerals, specific gravity is not a
particularly noteworthy feature, but for some, high specific
gravity is distinctive (examples are barite and galena).
11
g. Crystal Form
A crystal is a solid, homogeneous, orderly array of atoms and
may be nearly any size. The arrangement of atoms within a
mineral determines the external shape of its crystals. Some
crystals have smooth, planar faces and regular, geometric
shapes; these are what most people think of as crystals. These
crystals occur only rarely in nature, however, in order to develop
those beautifully shaped faces, the mineral must have unlimited
space in which to grow.
Figure 8: A visitor stands among a cluster of giant Figure 9: Crystal of quartz. Sides form a hexagonal
prismatic gypsum crystals discovered in a section prism that is capped with pyramid-like faces. Note
of the Naica lead-zinc mine in Chihuahua, the fine grooves on some crystal faces.
Mexico. Some of the individual crystals here are
up to 10 meters in length.
Figure 10: Crystals of pyrite in the form of a cube (left) and pyritohedrons (right). Note the fine
grooves on the faces of these crystals.
12
http://app.svu.edu.eg/ecourses/files/207%20scbio/Minerals%20=%20Physical%20p
roperties.pdf
Figure 11: Garnets usually form dodecahedral (12-sided)

crystals with rhombic faces
Note that the color of garnet may vary widely, from the reddish-
brown pyropes in the image on the left to the white-green
grossular garnets on the right.
Chemical Properties of Minerals

Minerals are classified according to their chemical properties.
All minerals have a certain arrangement of elements in their
crystal structure. They can be represented by a chemical
formula which presents the proportions of atoms that constitute
them. Minerals are divided into basic classes as follows:
silicate class carbonate class sulphate class halide class
oxide class sulphide class phosphate class native element
Feldspar (pink)
http://geologycafe.com/images/minera Quartz (clear) Pyroxene (black)
l_orthoclase.jpg https://czo-
archive.criticalzone.org/national/blogs/p http://geologycafe.com/images/min
ost/why-should-we-care-about-quartz/ erals_ultramafic.jpg
Figure 12: Mineral samples in silicate class
13
a. Silicate Class
Silicate class is the largest and most abundant group containing
silicon and oxygen with some aluminum, magnesium, iron, and
calcium.
b. Carbonate Class
Carbonate class is mostly deposited in marine environments.
Minerals belonging to this group are formed from the shells of
dead plankton and other marine organisms.
Calcite malachite
Aragonite https://www.dreamstime.com/calci https://commons.wikimedia.org/w
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w te-mineral-isolated-crystal- /index.php?curid=7515677
/index.php?curid=10777539 carbonate-class-white-background-
image126873331
Figure 13: Mineral samples in carbonate class
c. Sulphate Class
Sulphate class forms in areas with high evaporation rates and
where salty waters slowly evaporate. During this process, the
formation of sulphates and halides in water-sediment interface
occurs.
anhydrite barite gypsum

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wik https://commons.wikimedia.org https://commons.wikimedi
i/File:Anhydrite_(Naica,_Chihuahua, /wiki/File:Barite_- a.org/wiki/File:Gypse_Cares
_Mexico).jpg _Cerro_Warihuyn,_Miraflores,_ se.jpg
Huamalies,_Huanuco,_Peru.jpg
Anhydrite
Figure 14: Mineral samples in sulphate class
14
d. Halide Class
Halide class contains natural salts. Minerals in this class have
relatively low hardness, may be transparent, have good
cleavage, have low specific gravities, and are poor conductors.
Halite Sylvite
(colorless)
Fluorite
(colorless with shades of (green)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Halit_(NaCl)_- yellow) https://www.minerals.net/min
_Kopalnia_soli_Wieliczka,_Polska. https://www.mindat.org/ eral/fluorite.aspx
jpg photo-176824.htm
Figure 15: Mineral samples in halide class
e. Oxide Class
Oxide class is a diverse class. These minerals are important as
they carry histories of changes in Earth’s magnetic field. They
are formed as precipitates close to Earth’s surface or as
oxidation products of minerals during the process of weathering.
Chrysoberyl Hematite
(black) Spinel (cherry red)
(honey gold) https://www.irocks.com/minerals/
https://www.mindat.org/photo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemat
ite#/media/File:WLA_hmns_Hematit specimen/45391
-4062.html
e.jpg
Figure 15: Mineral samples in oxide class
f. Sulphide Class
Sulphide class has important metals such as copper, lead, and
silver which are considered economically significant. These
metals are found in electric wires, industrial materials, and other
things that are needed in construction.
15
g. Phosphate Class
Phosphate class contains minerals with phosphorus. The
phosphate class is considered an important biological mineral
found in the teeth and bones of many animals.
Phosphate
Arsenic (ivory) Vanadium
(silver gray) https://www.dakotamatrix.com/min
(black)
https://commons.wikimedia. eral-
org/wiki/File:Arsenic- galleries/specialeditions/50/phospha https://stringfixer.com/files/94
238920.jpg te-rare-minerals-for-the-collector 722409.jpg
Figure 16: Mineral samples in phosphate class
h. Native Element Class

Native element class contains intermetallic elements (e.g., gold,
silver, and copper), semimetals, non-metals (e.g., antimony,
bismuth, graphite, and sulphur) or natural alloys, and
constituents of a few rare meteorites.
Uses of Some Common Minerals
1. Quartz (Silica) are used in heat-ray lamps, prism and

spectrographic lenses. It is also used in manufacturing glass,
paints, abrasives, refractory materials and precision instrument.
2. Silver is used in coins and medals, electrical and electronic

devices, industrial applications, jewelry, silverware and
photography.
3. Aluminum is the most abundant metal element in Earth’s
crust. It is used in transportation (automobiles), packaging,
building/construction, electrical, machinery and other
applications.
16
4. Copper is widely used in building construction; electric and
electronic products (cables and wires, switches, plumbing,
heating); transportation equipment; roofing; chemical and
pharmaceutical machinery; and alloys (brass, bronze and
beryllium alloyed with copper are particularly vibration
resistant); alloy castings; electroplated protective coatings; and
undercoats for nickel, chromium, zinc, etc. More recently,
copper is being used in medical equipment due to its anti-
microbial properties.
5. Gold is used in jewelry and arts; dentistry and medicine;

medallions and coins; ingots as a store of value; scientific and
electronic instruments; and as an electrolyte in the
electroplating industry.
6. Feldspar is a rock-forming mineral that is industrially important

in glass and ceramic industries, patter and enamelware, soaps,
bond for abrasive wheels, cements, insulating compositions,
fertilizer, tarred roofing materials, and as a sizing, or filler, in
textiles and paper. In pottery and glass, feldspar functions as a
flux.
7. Gypsum is processed and used as prefabricated wallboard

or an industrial or building plaster; used in cement
manufacturing; agriculture and other uses.
8. Halite (sodium chloride salt) is used in human and animal diet,

both a seasoning and a preservative. It is also used to prepare
sodium hydroxide, soda ash, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid,
chlorine, metallic sodium, ceramic glazes, metallurgy, curing of
hides, mineral waters, soap manufacturing, home water
softeners, highway de-icing, photography and in scientific
equipment for optical parts.
17
9. Lead is used in lead-acid batteries, tanks, solders and seals or
bearings. It is also used in electrical and electronic applications
(TV tubes and glass), construction, communications and
protective coatings, ballast or weights, ceramics or crystal glass,
X-ray and gamma radiation shielding, soundproofing material
and ammunition.
10. Vanadium, its metallurgical use is primarily as an alloying

agent for iron and steel, accounting for about 94 percent of
domestic vanadium consumption.
18
Performance Task
a. Collect 5 objects found and used at home with

commonly known mineral composition.
b. Identify the minerals present in every object. (Based on
common knowledge or you may ask some experts.)
c. Identify what class does each mineral in letter b
belong.
d. Then, give the uses of such objects at home.
e. Lastly, complete the table below in your notebook.
Mineral
Object Class Uses
present
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Criteria in rating:
correctness - 5 pts.
completeness - 5 pts.
usability (of objects listed) - 5 pts.
total - 15 pts
19
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Post Test
A. TRUE/FALSE: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it

is incorrect. Answer in your notebook.
1. Rock is a naturally substance consisting of aggregate minerals
clumped together with other Earth materials through natural
processes.
2. Meta means “change” and morph means “heat”
3. The term sedimentary come from the root word sediments
which means “remaining particles”.
4. Igneous rocks begin as melted rocks (magma), and then in time
it crystallizes and freezes, depending on the condition of the
environment.
5. Rock cycle is a diagram that shows the continuous succession
of how rocks form, break down, and reform as a result of
the processes that induces the formation of igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
B. Read and Match

Directions. Copy and answer the table in your notebook. Match
Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct
answer before the given number.
No. Column A Column B

_____1. It is the study of minerals. a. Mineral
It refers to the mineral’s resistance to b. Fracture
_____2.
being scratched.
These metals are found in electric c.Phosphate
wires, industrial materials, and other class
_____3. things that are needed in
construction.
20
It is considered an important d. Luster
_____4. biological mineral found in the teeth
and bones of many animals.
It contains intermetallic elements ( e. Hardness
e.g., gold, silver, and copper),
semimetals, non-metals (e.g.,
_____5. antimony, bismuth, graphite, and
sulphur) or natural alloys, and
constituents of a few rare meteorites.
It is defined as a naturally formed, f. Sulphide class

generally inorganic, crystalline solid
_____6. composed of an ordered array
atoms having a specific chemical
composition.
It is the largest and most abundant g. Silicate class
group containing silicon and oxygen
_____7.
with some aluminium, magnesium,
iron, and calcium.
It is the tendency of minerals to h. Native
_____8. break along planes of weak element class
bonding.
These are minerals that do not i. Cleavage
_____9.
exhibit cleavage.
It refers to the way light is reflected j. Mineralogy
from a mineral surface. Some have a
____10.
metallic surface such as gold, silver,
and copper.
21
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#imgrc=hRVzuie_6Ws5eM (Accessed June 24, 2020).
“Why should we care about quartz?”. National Critical Zone Observatory.

https://czo-archive.criticalzone.org/national/blogs/post/why-should-
we-care-about-quartz/. Accessed February 15, 2022.
25
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent / CID Chief
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
Writer
ZENLI ROSE B. MONGCUPA

LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
Lay-out Artist
_________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
DEXTER D. PAIRA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA LIEZEL A. BESAS
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
MERCY G. DAGOY PETER PAUL A. PATRON
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ JOAN Y. VALENCIA
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
26
SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR
This Self Learning-Kit discusses the three types of

rocks and identifying common rock-forming minerals
using their physical and chemical properties. The
three types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rock. Earth has naturally occurring
materials which are necessary for existence. Earth
materials include minerals and rocks. These
materials, along with other materials such as soil,
water, air, and organic matter, are essential for the
growth and survival of organisms, the structure of the
land, and the development of human civilization. All
these Earth materials give information about the
history of Earth and of life.
Ma. Ofelia I. Buscato, RN,LPT is a Registered Nurse and a

Licensed Professional Teacher currently teaching Senior
High School at Ong Che Tee Bacong High School located
at Sacsac,Bacong, Negros Oriental. She completed the
Comprehensive Academic Requirements(CAR) in her
Masters of Education major in General Science at
Foundation University.
27

Earth Science-Q1-Week 2 - v.2

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROCKS,

AND THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

This module will serve as a guide in classifying the types of

In this module the students will gain knowledge about

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

K - describe the three types of rocks,

➢ Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and

➢ Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical

Question: What do the words under each picture above indicate?

Figure 1: Rock Specimens

Rock is a naturally occurring solid mass consisting of aggregate

Figure 2: Rock Classification Chart

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS – derived from the Latin word ignis

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – from the root word sediments

3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS – meta means “change” and

The diagram below shows the continuous succession of how

Figure 3: Rock Cycle

Igneous rocks begin as melted rocks (magma), and then in

Mineralogy is the study of minerals. Minerals are the

Physical Properties of Minerals

Table 1: Properties of Minerals

a. luster b. hardness c. streak d. cleavage

e. fracture f. color g. specific gravity h. crystal form

The streak of this dark

Figure 5. Steak of a Mineral

amethyst (purple) smoky (brown to

rock crystal (clear) rose (pink)

Figure 6: Varied Colors of Quartz

Fracture minerals do not exhibit cleavage but are said to

Figure 7: Mineral samples with cleavage

Figure 11: Garnets usually form dodecahedral (12-sided)

Chemical Properties of Minerals

silicate class carbonate class sulphate class halide class

oxide class sulphide class phosphate class native element

Figure 12: Mineral samples in silicate class

Figure 13: Mineral samples in carbonate class

anhydrite barite gypsum

Figure 15: Mineral samples in halide class

Figure 16: Mineral samples in phosphate class

h. Native Element Class

Uses of Some Common Minerals

1. Quartz (Silica) are used in heat-ray lamps, prism and

2. Silver is used in coins and medals, electrical and electronic

5. Gold is used in jewelry and arts; dentistry and medicine;

6. Feldspar is a rock-forming mineral that is industrially important

7. Gypsum is processed and used as prefabricated wallboard

8. Halite (sodium chloride salt) is used in human and animal diet,

10. Vanadium, its metallurgical use is primarily as an alloying

a. Collect 5 objects found and used at home with

A. TRUE/FALSE: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it

B. Read and Match

No. Column A Column B

It is defined as a naturally formed, f. Sulphide class

“Anhydrite.” Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Anhydrite (Naica,

Aragonite crystals from Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. By Didier

“Barite.” Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Barite - Cerro Warihuyn,

Calcite mineral isolated stock image. Image of structure - 126873331

“Chrysoberyl.” by Anon. mindat.org. https://www.mindat.org/photo-

“Earth Materials and Processes”. https://www.facebook.com/notes/earth-