1 Solutions

IPM / YLM - 2023
TEST – 1,SYNOPSIS
1. Shed a light on the importance of Stupas, detailing their architectural features.

Introduction:
A Stupa is a hemispherical structure which symbolizes burial mound of Buddha. It rose to
prominence after the advent of Buddhism and peaked during Ashoka’s reign. Stupas evolved
as chorten in Tibet and pagoda in East Asia.
Body
Importance of stupas
1. Religious importance –
 Relic repository: In beginning stupas were built to venerate and safeguard relics and
remains of Buddha.
 Sacred place: Along with monasteries (viharas) later, stupas were included in
chaityas, which is prayer hall.
 Circumambulation path: an important Buddhist ritual around the path surrounding
it.
 Object of veneration- it is believed that relics of buddhas body wete buried within
the stupas
2. Philosophical –
 Meditation: It is an important place for meditation.
 Commemorative: In the Tibetan tradition, stupas were built to celebrate the life
events of the Buddha.
 Symbolic: The stupas encapsulate the teachings and ideology of Buddha
 E.g. Dhamek stupa at Sarnath marks the spot where the Buddha gave his first
sermon after attaining enlightenment, revealing his Eightfold Path leading to
nirvana.
3. Historical
Provide information about the various dynasties who ruled the India
Eg :
o Mauryas : Bairat stupa , Sanchi stupa , Bharhut stupa etc
o Sathavahanas : Amaravati stupa etc
4. Architectural -
 Oldest stone structures: The stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut are one of the oldest
stone structures in India. The gateways (toranas) were carved of stone and
decorated with narrative sculptures with Jataka themes. Stone was replaced with
wood in later stupas.
 Evidence of aniconism: Buddha was depicted only through symbols in earlier
stupas.
 Inclusion of text in narrative panels – at Bharhut (Queen Maya's dream)
 Use of marble – at Amravati stupa
 Taxila excavations reveal stupas with Boddhisatva images, Gandhara influence and
patronage of Kanishka
5. Diplomatic - Stupas reflect the ancient ties between India and South-East Asian nations.
They will help India implement its Act East policy.
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Architectural features
Fig: Buddhist stupa
Conclusion
The Stupa as architecture, though religious in character, assimilated the secular, religious folk
art practices of the past and the traditions of the alien art and thus contributed to the
development of art in India
Additional Details:
1. A hemispherical mound (anda)
● The anda’s domed shape recalls a mound of dirt that was used to cover the Buddha’s remains.
the earliest stupas contained actual relics of the Buddha; the relic chamber, buried deep inside
the anda, is called the tabena.
● Over time, this hemispherical mound has taken on an even grander symbolic association: the
mountain home of the gods at the centre of the universe.
2. A square railing (harmika) The harmika is inspired by a square railing or fence that surrounded
the mound of dirt, marking it as a sacred burial site.
3. A central pillar supporting a triple-umbrella form (chattra)
● The chattra, in turn, was derived from umbrellas that were placed over the mound to protect it
from the elements.
● The three circular umbrella-like disks represent the three Jewels, or Triantha, of Buddhism, which
is the keys to a true understanding of the faith: (a) Buddha; (b) dharma (Buddhist teachings or
religious law); and (c) sangha (monastic community).
Around these three core building blocks were added secondary features.
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1. Enclosure wall with decorated gateways (toranas) at the cardinal directions The wall — with
its trademark three horizontal stone bars surrounds the entire structure.
2. A circular terrace (Medhi) The terrace — surrounded by a similar three-bar railing — supports
the anda and raises it off the ground. It likely served as a platform for ritual circumambulation.
2. How did architecture change during medieval times? Briefly discuss in context of Islamic
influence on Indian architecture.
Introduction:
The establishment of Turkish rule in India marked the beginning of a new phase in the history
of Indian art & architecture. Their style was significantly different from the traditional Indian
architectural style. The fusion of Persian and Indian styles in the architecture of the following
period resulted in the development of Indo-Islamic architecture or Indo-Saracenic
architecture.
Fig: Medieval architecture
Changes during the medieval times

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Basics Ancient architecture PPddff44ee x
Medieval architecture - arc shape
design
Types Trabeate architecture Arcuate architecture
Entrance Lintel (flat roof and low lying over Arc (Corbelled arch and true arch)
pillar - in right-angle shape)
Note: The arcuate form of

construction was introduced
gradually in which arches could
support the weight of the domes.
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Top Use of shikhara or Vimana, they Dome, generally hemispherical

are generally conical, curvilinear
Minars Absent Minars were present in the four
corners of the mosques (meant
for the Azaan announcement)
Materials Stone is the primary material for Stone, Brick, lime and mortar
all construction (mortar was introduced in the
medieval period)
Other Features of Indo-Islamic architecture

 They avoided human representation in their architectural things
 Influence on Hindu and Jain architecture: They provided spaciousness, massiveness and
breadth to the existing Hindu and Jain architecture.
 They focused on decoration through calligraphy and Arabesque.
o Arabesque is the vegetal pattern which is symmetrical and similar on either side.
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They used various floral designs, geometrical shapes and patterns to decorate buildings
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Intricate Jali work on the walls (it signifies Jharokha for women and sunlight to enter
inside the shrine)
o It influenced Rajsthani and Sikh architecture
 Use of water fountain, and courtyards pools on the premise

 Introduction of four gardens (Charbagh style)
 Use of Pietra Dura technique (Opus Sectile) - Precious and semi-precious stones and
coloured marbles were inlaid on the walls.
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 Use of fore sighting technique to create an illusion of 3D (used by Mughals)

Conclusion
Thus, medieval architecture reflects the synthesis of composite Indian culture, which
developed in the later periods and influence the local dynasties. this has enhanced our rich
cultural heritage.
Additional Details:
Division of medieval Indian architecture period
1. Slave dynasty (Mameluke style) :

● During this period, the remodelling of existing Hindu structures.
● Qutb Minar was an example of a structure built during this period.
2. Khilji dynasty (Seljuk style) :
● Red sandstone was used during this period. Arcuade style of architecture first emerged and
mortar began to be used as a cementing agent.
● For example, Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort, etc.
3. Tuglaq dynasty:
● Construction work was less as it was the crisis period of architecture.
● The Battar system of construction of walls was introduced where walls were sloping to give more
strength to the building.
● Eg : Tughlaqabaad City, Jahaanpanah City, and Ferozabad city.
4. Lodi dynasty:
● Only tombs were constructed however the concept of a double dome was introduced. Double
domes gave strength to the structure and lowered the inner height of the building.
● For example, Lodi gardens, the city of Agra, etc.
5. Mughal Architecture
● The Mughals were excellent art and architectural supporters.
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● Architecture regained its prominence under them, as new structures such as the Taj Mahal,
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Buland Darwaza, and others were constructed with tremendous vision and aesthetic flair
3. Can mural paintings be considered one of the greatest traditions of paintings of the ancient
world? Discuss with examples.
Introduction
A mural is a large picture painted or affixed directly on a wall or ceiling. The existence of mural
paintings in India dates back from the 2nd century BC to the 8-10th century AD.
Body
Yes, mural paintings can be considered one of the greatest traditions of painting. The
different periods in India gave rise to different styles of mural painting in India. There are
more than 20 locations around India where Murals were available, they are mainly found in
natural caves and rock-cut chambers. The paintings follow a theme, the most common being
Hindu, Buddhist and Jain.
In India:
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 Shows continuity: E.g. Ajanta Cave Paintings were depicted by various kingdoms like
Maurya, Sunga, Vakataka, and Chalukya empires.
o Murals under the Pallava, Pandya and Chola kings
 Pallava - Paintings at the Kanchipuram temple were patronised by the Pallava
king, Rajsimha
 Pandya -Fragmented layers of paintings in Tirumalaipuram caves and Jaina
caves at Sittanvasal are some of the surviving examples.
 Chola paintings are seen in Nartamalai, the most important are those in
Brihadeswara temple. The paintings show narrations and aspects related to
Lord Shiva, Shiva in Kailash, Shiva as Tripurantaka
o Vijayanagara murals
 In Hampi, the Virupaksha temple has paintings that show events from dynastic
history and episodes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
 Shows social and religious life: The common themes of these paintings range from Jataka
stories to the life of Buddha, contemporary events and social life to elaborate decorative
patterns of flora and fauna.
o The mural paintings in the Ellora caves are related to all three religions (Buddhism,
Jainism and Hinduism).
 Shows materialistic as well as a spiritualistic aspect: E.g. while Ajanta and other painting
shows religious and spiritual aspect. Bagh cave paintings are materialistic rather than
spiritualistic.
 Different styles: E.g. Ravan Chhaya Rock Shelter paintings at Eran (Located in Odisha)
shows ancient fresco paintings on a rock shelter.
 Earliest examples of mural painting in bhimbetka caves - palaeolithic, Mesolithic and
neolithic periods
 Unique Kerala Murals:
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Thematically, paintings from Kerala stand apart. Most of the narrations are based
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on episodes from Hindu mythology which were popular in Kerala. The artist seems
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to have derived sources from oral traditions and local versions of the Ramayana and
the Mahabharata for painted narration.
Around the world:

Murals date back to 30,000 BC from the earliest paintings in the Chauvet cave in France. The
largest numbers of paintings are from Egyptian tombs, Pompeii in 100BC-AD79 and Minoan
places 1700-1600BC.
 Fresco paintings are the earliest method used. It came from Italy and came from the word
fresh.
 The Roman wall paintings dated back to the 3rd century BC can be found in the homes
and small residential buildings, from Britain to Egypt, from Pannonia (Hungary) to
Morocco.
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Fig: Mural painting in Egypt.
Conclusion
Mural painting is revolutionary and proves that walls and ceilings do not have to be plain.
Murals are imperative in the world of art because they bring art to the public and make people
more aware of art.
Additional Details:
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Ajanta cave paintings
Vijaynagar paintings
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Badami Cave Paintings Roman paintings
4. How is the diversity in Indian culture reflected through its music? Explain
Introduction
Indian culture is one of the most ancient cultures present in the world. Cultural patterns reflect
regional variations. There is immense variety in Indian culture as it is a blend of various
cultures. Different religions, castes, and regions follow their tradition and culture. Thus, there
is variation in art, architecture, dance forms, theatre forms, and music.
Body
Indian Cultural Diversity reflected through its music:
1. Region
 Hindustani and Carnatic: In North India, Persian and Mughal influences began
creating Hindustani music. Whereas Carnatic music is comparatively untouched
and developed on the original lines. Carnatic Sangeet has developed in the south
Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
o Hindustani music has various gharanas like Lucknow, Jaipur, Kirana, Agra etc.
o Carnatic music has homogenous and Hindustani music has a heterogeneous
Indian tradition.
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2. Religion: Religion also formed the bases for some forms of music in various parts of India:
Dasakathia music and dance from Orissa mainly tell mythological stories, primarily
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about Lord Shiva, but also other gods as well.
Villu pattu is a musical story-telling method performed in Tamilnadu and Kerala. It
narrates histories connected with local gods and goddesses
o Sankirtana folk music in Assam is performed by the Vaishnava community.
3. Festivals: According to the festivals, certain regions also developed different music styles:
 Pai songs from Madhya Pradesh are sung during festivals, especially that fall during
the rainy season.
 Basant Geet songs are sung during the Basant Panchami festival in the Garhwal
region of Uttarakhand.
4. Dance
Dance forms have originated from different parts of India as per the local tradition. This
is true in the case of Folk dance, which emerged from the local tradition of the respective
state, ethnic or geographic region.
 Dandiya Raas is a traditional musical dance form in Gujarat and is associated with
scenes of Holi and Lila of Krishna and Radha.
 Songs of Chai Dance (Mizoram)
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 Heliamleu songs are Dancing songs of Nagaland- Narrate achievements of aged

people in the past battles through this form of music.
 Drama and Puppetry also includes elements of music to enhance the audio visual
experience and to depict cultural richness
5. Customs and Traditions
Styles of marriage ceremonies and birth ceremonies vary from region to region in a state
and throughout the nation. This is also reflected in the form of songs, and music that are
performed during such ceremonies.
 Ovi is a form of music from Maharashtra and Goa, sung by women. They are usually
written for marriages, pregnancies and lullabies for children.
 Wanawan is the folk music from Jammu and Kashmir sung during wedding
ceremonies.
6. Tribal diversity and their traditions
Songs in a tribal society are mostly functional and often have the sanctity of a ceremonial
rite.
 for instance, the songs which accompany the events of the life-cycle-birth, initiation,
marriage, and death.
 Similarly, the agricultural songs accompany the burning and preparation of the
fields, planting, transplanting, harvesting, etc.
 Eg - Assam's Bihu songs were performed during crop plantation.
Conclusion
The great diversity of music in India is a direct manifestation of the diversity and fragmentation
of the population in terms of race, religion, language, and other aspects of culture.
5. Do you think digital media and smartphones have affected Indian society negatively? Argue
by giving suitable illustrations.
Introduction
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India will have 1 billion smartphone users by 2026 with rural areas driving the sale of internet-
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enabled phones, according to a Deloitte study. They have enabled the reach of digital services
to the far reaches of the country but have also created certain negative issues in the society.
Body
Digital media include software, digital images, digital video, video games, web pages and websites,
social media, digital data and databases, digital audio such as MP3, electronic documents and
electronic books.
Negative impacts of digital media and smart phones

Social impacts:
 Adults and children both are bullied, stalked, and even kidnapped using their social
media accounts
 Fraud relationships: Relationship scams occur when a criminal adopts a fake online
identity to gain a victim's affection and trust
 False Idolization and Expectation: Buy products, follow dieting, and do all the famous
influencers’ activities without giving it a second thought.
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 Lack of Social and Emotional Skills: The more time you spend looking at a screen, the less
time you spend interacting in person with others.
o This makes it more difficult to establish interpersonal connections and strong
relationships.
 Fake news: Example: mob lynching news which was spread through social media
 Young children and adolescents addicted to mobile games, social media, etc
Economic impacts:
 Unnecessary expenditure: Smartphones have become a status symbol e.g. owning an
iPhone is considered savvy.
 Online money fraud: These include online scams, spam, identity theft, a scammer
buying products online from your account without your knowledge, identity spoofing,
scam pop-up alerts, chain letter scams, etc
Psychological impacts:
 Addiction to response: People post daily updates/ content on social media. If they don’t
get as many likes or comment on their friends, they start feeling useless and worthless.
Deciding one’s self-worth on several likes and comments on social media isn’t healthy.
 Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): social media is not always accurate and is often an
exaggerated version of reality. But smartphone affects young minds, and they get sucked
into the FOMO concept.
Health impacts:
 Concentration Difficulty: Exposure to smartphones and the constant urge to check
smartphones’ screens has resulted in low concentration. Some games may help focus
students while playing.
 Increased Mental Laziness: Children prefer using mobile phone calculators even for small
calculations instead of pen and paper due to instant access to smartphones. Additionally,
too much smartphone use can reduce students’ thinking process.
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Disturbed Sleeping Pattern: sleeping habits as we get indulged in checking social media
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feeds and forget about time.
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Weak eyesight: These devices emit blue light, which can harm eyesight if stared at its
screen for a long time. These lights harm the eyes for a longer duration.
 Effect Learning and Comprehension: With the advent of technology and smartphones,
we can read anything on the go. Hence, we no longer carry or read newspapers,
magazines, books, etc. Researchers claim that children learn better from a printed
textbook than from a digital one.
However, there are few positive impacts of digital media and smartphones
 Impact on Education: Smartphones provide a unique way to improve the quality of
education accessible from any part of the world.
 Improves communication and access: In many ways, smartphones are a great tool to stay
in touch with people. Example: business, meetings, events, family and friends
communication
 Help in Emergencies: Smartphones can be essential tools in the case of an
emergency. They are a quick and easy way to get in contact with someone if you are in
need of help.
o Example: GPS usage when stranded in an unknown place
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 Enables economic activity: e.g. there are many businesses which use social media for
promotion and earnings.
 Help Us Stay Organized: With multi-tasking becoming the norm of modern-day life, it
often becomes difficult to keep track of everything. Example: steps count digitally in
smartphones
 Increased Awareness: By helping us stay connected with each other and with the world,
mobile phones help people to stay up-to-date on the political, economic, and social issues
affecting the world.
o Example: can cross-check the false news earliest possible.
Conclusion
It’s time to overcome these negative effects of smartphones and start living a less affected
life. Screen time limitations for both children and kids, more social gatherings, and indulging
in hobbies are a few methods to curb smartphone use.
6. Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance in
building a national identity.
Introduction
Diversity connotes collective differences among people that differentiate one group of people
from another. India is considered a mega culturally diverse country due to the existence of
various groups that provide a unique blend of India’s diversity.
Body
Cultural elements of diversity in India:
Racial diversity

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Herbert Risley had classified the people of India into seven racial types. These are- (1)
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Dravidian, (6) Mongoloid and (7) Dravidian. .
Significance in building a national identity
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Turko-Iranian (2) Indo-Aryan, (3) Scytho-Dravidian, (4) Aryo-Dravidian, (5) Mongo o-
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 Racial diversity helps us recognize and respect “ways of being” that are not
necessarily our own. So that as we interact with others we can build bridges to trust,
respect, and understanding across cultures.
 It helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases about different groups.
 Constitutional identity: Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights to all
citizens regardless of their age, gender, class, caste, religion, etc.
 It promotes tolerance and understanding between different cultures.
Different festivals
 The season of spring and harvest in India is known by many names: It is called Gudi
padwa in Maharashtra and Goa, and it is popular as Baisakhi in North India. The festival
is also called Bihu in Assam, Yugadi in Karnataka and Puthandu in Tamilnadu.
o Significance in building a national identity
● Festivals contribute immensely to feelings of social cohesion: For example: gift
distribution during Diwali, Ramzan and Christmas
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● Many celebrations involve community elders sharing stories and experiences; setting
templates for maintaining unity among families. Example: Storytelling during Navaratri
● The cultural exchange of views and celebrations build social relations and social
communication which leads to unity among the people. Example: Iftaar during Ramzan
● Common practices bring a sense of oneness: For example- While fasting detoxifies the
body, silence purifies speech and brings rest to the mind, and meditation takes one deep
into one’s being.
● Helps in building tolerance: The existence of various forms of diverse culture in India has
made India an example of tolerance.
o Example: celebrating Ramzaan and Ganesh Chaturthi in the same lane or road
Indian Art Forms
Paintings, theatre performances, folk dances and theatre, sculpture making, fairs, instrumental
music, and dances are a few examples of Indian Art Forms
Significance in building a national identity
 Culture and Its heritage reflect and shape values, faith, and aspirations, thereby defining
a national identity of people.
 Artists often explore the characteristics that determine our personal and social identity.
They construct a sense of who we are as individuals, as a society, or as a nation.
Indian Customs and Tradition in marriage
 Marriage is both a social as well as a religious event in India. Different communities have
their own traditions and customs of solemnizing a marriage.
o Significance in building a national identity
 Marriage is a divine union of different cultures and traditions: It is also an important
social institution.
 Cultural diversity: Example: Accepting different festivals, food and customs from both
groom and bride side.
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Intercaste marriages and inter-religion marriages: it helps in the acceptance and
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assimilation of different cultures and identities which in turn helps in building national
identity.
Language: PPdd f
 India is home to a large number of languages that we cannot find in any other country.
These languages have evolved over centuries and some are very rare. This diversity in
language has provided India with a colourful blend. Fundamental unity is found in the
ideas and themes expressed in these languages.
Other cultural elements
 Indian Cinema
 Indian Music
 Indian Literature
 Indian Dance
Conclusion
Diversity is very important for a country like India. If unity exists among the people, it becomes
impossible to disintegrate the nation and its people. This helps in maintaining peace, harmony,
and prosperity in a country.
7. Caste system in India is marked by continuity and change. Elucidate

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Introduction:
Caste can be defined as a hereditary endogamous group, having a common name, common
traditional occupation, common culture, relatively rigid in matters of mobility, the
distinctiveness of status and forming a single homogenous community. However, it is not a
static social concept but is marked by continuity and changes.
Changes in the caste system

 Trends for inter-caste marriage: Purity of blood was one of the main aims of the caste
system. As a result, inter-caste marriages were socially forbidden. Due to economic and
social necessities, inter-caste marriages on western lines are being performed at
increased frequency
 Challenge to orthodoxy: Orthodox practices of the caste system such as child marriage,
ban on widow re-marriage, and insensitiveness of superior class towards the low caste
people are being challenged.
 New food habits: Due to the frequent mixing of people at meetings, conferences,
seminars etc., food habits have changed.
 Changes in occupation: Occupational mobility has become the new feature. Leaving
behind their traditional roles, Brahmins have become traders whereas Vaishyas have
joined teaching and so
 Improvement in the position of lower caste: Due to steps initiated by the government,
the position of lower caste has improved economically as well as socially.
Continuity
The following instance highlights the continuity of the caste system
● Competition for the lower caste status: to avail of the benefits meant for the depressed
and marginalized section of our society by getting reservations in various fields.
● Progressive measures of reservation and affirmative action have sharpened caste
loyalties instead of liquidating them.
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●
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o JATT movement
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Eg: lingayath movement in Karnataka
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Certain task is done by a particular caste
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o Manual scavenging task is done only by the local scavenger caste.
Reasons for the change in the Caste system

1. Legislative measures
 Laws have two important functions, first to reinforce social control and second to
bring social change.
o e.g. Untouchability offence act 1955 and the SC/ST act, 1989 provide for
punishment against the practice of untouchability. The Hindu marriage act
provides for inter-caste marriages.
2. Role of education
 After independence, educational facilities were extended to all citizens irrespective
of their castes which eroded the legitimacy of the caste system
3. Reform movements
 The social and religious reform movements have dominated the Indian scene early
in the 20th century in the form of protest against Brahminical supremacy
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o e.g. Self-respect movement by E V Ramaswamy Nicker.

4. Industrialization and urbanization
 Urbanization produces social heterogeneity, secondary and tertiary occupations
and improved social status. The ascriptive status loses its importance where today
people from upper caste are working as subordinates of lower caste.
5. Means of transport and communication
 They are instrumental in bringing spatial mobility to people. People travelling by
bus, metro, and train cannot be discriminated against on the basis of caste.
6. Increase in the importance of wealth
 Today wealth has replaced birth as the basis of social prestige
Conclusion
In this manner, the caste system has undergone many changes due to the above processes and
it has adapted to the new socio-economic conditions in India.
8. ‘Urbanization in India is said to have accelerated the process of marginalization’. Suggest

steps to minimize negative aspects of urbanization.
Introduction
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding
decrease in rural population, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. The
adaptation hasn’t been smooth and has led to a lack of access and opportunities for many
people, leading to marginalization.
Body
Marginalization occurs when a person or groups of people are less able to do things or access
basic services or opportunities. It’s also sometimes referred to as social exclusion.
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How has urbanization accelerated marginalization? There are three types of marginalization
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 Social marginalization:
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Caste-based residential segregation in India -“Isolated by Caste” published by the
IIM, Bangalore found —30% of Delhi's neighbourhoods, 60% of Kolkata's and 80%
of Rajkot’s did not have any Dalits and Adivasis.
o Lack of health care and education: urban poor are increasingly opting for private
healthcare due to insufficient public facilities. The availability of urban public health
services via urban Primary Health Centres falls far short of the government’s own
norms by about 40% across the country.
 Lokniti-CSDS’s study on the urban poor shows that 8% of school-going children
in slums are not enrolled in any school.
 Economic marginalization:
o Urban housing shortage: has risen 54% to 29 million in 2018 from 18.78 million in
2012, 95 percent of the gap was for low-income households, according to a research
paper by ICRIER.
o Overflowing Slums: There are about 13.7 million slum households in the country
sheltering a population of 65.49 million people across the country- Ghettoization.
o More focus on affluent areas in urban planning and infrastructure development
 Political marginalization:
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o Lack of political power: Migrant workers make up about 35% of India’s urban
population, according to a 2020 study by the National Institute of Urban
Management (NIUM), they remain uncounted with their political rights practically
disenfranchised.
o Non-Inclusive Welfare Schemes: The benefits of welfare schemes for the urban
poor often reach only a small part of the intended beneficiaries. Many such as sex
workers, transgender persons, sanitation workers, and domestic workers face
higher chances of exclusion.
Measures to minimize the negative impacts:
 Employment guarantee programs: Extending MGNREGA to urban areas will create 50
million jobs, as per the State Of Working India 2019 report by Azim Premji University.
 Improving Access to Health Facilities & Welfare Schemes: Accelerating efficiency of
primary health care facilities. “Delhi’s Mohalla clinics’ tertiary care facility aims at
providing medical facilities in densely populated localities have been quite successful.
 Optimum utilization of urban land: NITI ayog in its “Reforms in Urban planning capacity”
suggests forming a ‘500 Healthy Cities Programme’ for a period of five years, involving
spatial planning, public health, and socio-economic development.
 Remote voting for the internal migrants: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has
already extended the voting right to Non-Residential Indians (NRIs) and promised an
extension of postal ballot voting rights if they are unable to travel to their constituency,
this has to be allowed for internal migrants too.
 Affordable housing: The working group by NITI Aayog constituted to study internal labour
has recommended that rental housing in the public sector could be expanded through
the provision of dormitory accommodation. This would make public housing affordable
and reduce the conflict between owners and tenants.
 Rurbanization: Provide urban facilities in rural areas or make rural areas smart and
decrease the migration to urban areas.
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Infrastructure is key to the development of urban areas and the government should explore
avenues for increasing investment in infrastructure through a combination of public
investment, PPPs and exclusive private investment wherever feasible.
Conclusion
Indian cities are on slow but sure paths toward crises of various kinds, and it is vital to reverse
the current trends of segregation and inequality.
9. To what extent can environmental movement be called a social movement? Trace its journey
in post-independent India.
The environmental movement is a type of “social movement that involves an array of
individuals, groups and coalitions that perceive a common interest in environmental
protection and act to bring about changes in environmental policies and practices
Environmental movement is a social movement
15
● Fight for local rights: These movements are important for tribal rights, especially the right
of access to forest resources.
● Livelihood: Forest resources are a source of livelihood for local communities.
Environmental movements are important to safeguard their livelihoods and prevent the
non-commercial use of natural resources.
● Ecological health: These movements are important for the prevention of land
degradation and cultural displacement, and Eco-restoration constitute the core theme.
o The movements addressed novel issues like environmental degradation
● Participation: The movements were massive with the active participation of marginalized
groups in society including Tribal, women
● Strategy: Adapted non-violent and socially inclusive Strategy
● Pressure on government: many of the new environmental movements forced the
governments to take affirmative policies in the form of new laws and provisions
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Environmental movement journey in post-independent India

1. Chipko movement
● Year: 1973
● Place: In Chamoli district and later at Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
● Leaders: Sundarlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi, etc.
● The main demand of the people in these protests was that the benefits of the forests
(especially the right to fodder) should go to local people. The Chipko movement
gathered momentum in 1978 when the women faced police firings and other
tortures
2. Save Silent Valley Movement
● Year: 1978
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● Place: Silent Valley, an evergreen tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala,
India.
● Leaders: The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP) an NGO, and the poet-activist
Sughathakumari played an important role in the Silent Valley protests.
● Aim: In order to protect the Silent Valley, the moist evergreen forest from being
destroyed by a hydroelectric project.
3. Jungle Bachao Andholan
● Year: 1982
● Place: Singhbhum district of Bihar
● Leaders: The tribals of Singhbhum.
● Aim: Against the government's decision to replace the natural sal forest with Teak.
4. Appiko movement
● Year: 1983
● Place: Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka State
● Leaders: Appiko’s greatest strengths lie in it being neither driven by a personality
nor having been formally institutionalised. However, it does have a facilitator in
Pandurang Hegde. He helped launch the movement in 1983.
● Aim: Against the felling and commercialization of natural forests and the ruin of
ancient livelihood.
5. Narmada Bachao Andholan (NBA)
● Year: 1985
● Place: Narmada River, which flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
and Maharashtra.
● Leaders: Medha Patker, Baba Amte, Adivasis, farmers, environmentalists and
human rights activists.
● Aim: A social movement against a number of large dams being built across
the Narmada River.
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6. Tehri Dam Conflict
●
●
Year: 1990’s
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Place: Bhagirathi River near Tehri in Uttarakhand.
● Leaders: Sundarlal Bahuguna
● Aim: The protest was against the displacement of town inhabitants and the
environmental consequence of the weak ecosystem
7. Save Dehing-Patkai
● Year : 2020
● Place : Assam
● Leader: prominent personalities like Adil Hussain, Randeep Hooda, and Joi Barua.
Jadav Payeng, known as the Forest Man of India
● Members of All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) and All Assam Matak Youth Students’
Union
● Reason: opencast mining in 98.59 hectares of Dehing-Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary.
8. Save the Sundarbans
● Year: 2020
● Place: West Bengal
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● Reason: recent cyclone Amphan, the worst cyclone since 1737, left a trail of misery
in the Sundarbans. Livelihoods were destroyed, people were displaced,
embankments were breached and thousands of people are now solely reliant on
relief camps.
Conclusion
Presently environment movement is gaining global prominence. NGOs like Greenpeace and
organizations like United Nations are taking steps to save the environment on a global scale
and mitigate climate change. Different nations are also making their effort to save the
environment and develop sustainable examples International Solar Alliance by India and
France.
10. Comparing Western and Indian models of secularism, discuss whether the Indian concept of
secularism is flawed compared to the western one.
Introduction:
Secularism refers to the principle of separation of govt institutions and persons mandated to
represent the state from religious institutions and religious dignitaries
West v/s India model

Parameter West India
Concept The sphere of politics is Equal distance from all religion
separated from the sphere
of religion
Rational In the west religion was all- Accommodating religious
encompassing and the diversity
g
church was dominating.
The state wanted to curtail
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this authority
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hence
d e
confined religion to private
space
e
Extent of Mutually exclusive Porous (religion cannot
separation intervene in the matter of
politics but politics can
intervene in the matter of
religion)
Understanding of Intra-religious, Both inter and intra-religious,
liberty or Homogenous society, individual, community and
freedom individual freedom minority freedom
The western model is scientific
management of the public
sphere while the Indian model
is based on principles of co-
existence.
18
The concept of secularism is not flawed but in fact more appropriate to the Indian context
than Western-style secularization
● Multiple religions
o India's history is very distinct from that of Western states, most of which had to deal
with only one religion before the onset of modern nation-states and legal codes etc
● Deep religious diversity is an integral part of India’s social and cultural landscape. Second,
● Commitment to multiple values: namely, liberty, equality and fraternity – not conceived
only to individuals, but interpreted broadly to cover the relative autonomy of religious
communities and their equality of status in society.
● Granting aid to educational institutions
o On a non-preferential basis, and interfering in socio-religious institutions that deny
equal dignity and status to members of their own religion or to those of others –
o Example: the ban on untouchability and temple entry to everyone
● Depublicisation and Depoliticisation :
o The state is not identifying with the particular religion public, recognition is granted
to religious communities.
Some negatives of the secularism
 Secularism is challenging the unique cultural practices of the time
 Secularism is linked to Christianity and i.e. western and therefore unsuited to Indian
conditions
 There is also a view that secularism promotes vote bank politics
Conclusion
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Indian secularism is not an end in itself but a means to address religious plurality and sought
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to achieve peaceful coexistence of different religions.
11. Evaluate the contribution of Jainism and Buddhism to Indian culture.

Introduction
Jainism and Buddhism developed in the 6th century are part of the Sharman tradition, which
is a contradiction to Vedic philosophy. The life and teachings of Buddha and Mahavira cast
spells over the Indian mass. In due course of time, Both made a great contribution to Indian
culture.
Body
Contribution of Buddhism and Jainism to Indian culture.
19
• Art , architecture ,Sclupture and paintings

• Development of Language and Literature
• Development of Religion
• Moral Values and Ethical Conduct
• Rejection of Rituals
• Castless Society
• Protection of Nature and Animals
Contribution of Buddhism to Indian culture.
1. Art, architecture, sculpture and paintings - One of the most prominent contributions of
Buddhism to Indian culture is in the state of art, architecture, sculpture and paintings.
 Sanchi stupa decorated with torans, Bharhut stupa and Amaravati stupa is one of
the fine examples of architecture.
 Viharas and chaityas were built at Sanchi, bharhut, Nalanda, and Bodhgaya are
spectacular and showcase the flourishing art of Buddhism.
 Gandhara, Saranath and Amaravati schools of sculpture were the visible
contributions of Buddhism to Indian culture.
 The paintings of Ajanta which reached a climax during the Gupta era depict various
life scenes of Buddha
2. Development of Language and Literature – Initially, to reach common people, Buddha
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preached his messages in the Pali language, which was a language of common people.
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

the Sanskrit language.
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Later when Mahayana Buddhism emerged, Buddha's teachings were preached in
The spread of Buddhism along with these languages enriched the language and
literature of Sanskrit and pali languages.
o Eg - Tripitakas were compiled in the Pali language.
o Buddhacharita by ashvagosha is written in the Sanskrit language.
3. To Society - Buddhism denounced the superiority of the brahmins on the ground of birth,
as Buddha maintained It was karma (action) that determined the low and high state of a
being.
 Thus Buddha did away with all social distinctions between man and man and
achieved social justice thereby and helped to achieve a casteless society.
 Admission to the sangha was open to men and women alike
4. Popular and simple Religion - The rules and principles of Buddhism were very simple.
Rejection of the performance of Rituals and Brahminism, Inclusion of women, and
Shudras into sangas made religion simpler and this easily attracted a large section of
society.
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5. Education system - The Buddhist viharas (monasteries) were the centres of education.
The viharas (monasteries) took up the teaching work not only for the monks but also for
other seekers of knowledge from outside.
 Eg -University of Nalanda. Vallabhi, Vikramasila, Jagaddal and Odantapuri.
6. Contact between India and foreign countries –The Buddhist monks and scholars
travelled to many countries preaching about the teachings of Buddha and spreading the
word of Buddhism from the 3rd century BCE onwards and in making Buddhism a
prominent religion in Asia.
7. Moral values - The concept of ahimsa was its chief contribution. Later, it became one of
the cherished values of our nation.
o Apart from this Buddhism emphasized Equality, Love, compassion etc which
enabled the cultivation of these values by many great leaders like Gandhi, Swami
Vivekananda etc.
8. Political view - In Buddhist Sangas, Every member of the sangha had an equal voice and
the working of the sangha was on democratic lines. Every decision of the sangha was
done based on the rule of the majority.
 Thus Buddhism made the opening of a new chapter to the introduction of
democratic principles in the history of Indian religious orders.
Contribution of Jainism to Indian culture :
1. Art, Architecture and Sculpture -The spread of Jainism immensely contributed to the
development of Temples in various parts of India
i. Eg - Temples at Mount Abu in Rajasthan, Parsvanatha at Khajuraho and
Jinanathapura Basadi in Karnataka
ii. Cave temples at Aihole, Badami, Ellora, and udayagiri hills are fine contributions by
Jainism to the development of Cave temples.
iii. Sculpture modelling of images or statues of their Tirthankaras: Eg- The largest free-
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standing statue of bahubali in shravanabelagola (Karnataka) is a fine example.
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2. Philosophy - It believes in anekantavada and Syadvada Doctrines.
f 44
It teaches the way to liberation and a path to spiritual purity and enlightenment
through disciplined nonviolence to all living creatures. It is an idea that arose in
reaction to the Brahmanical sacrifice rituals.
3. Language and literature -
 Prakrit language which was followed by Jainas to preach the teaching of
Tirthankaras later led to the development of various languages like Marathi,
Kannada etc
 Literature of Jainism is not only written in Ardha Magadhi, part of the Prakrit
language but also in Sin Sanskrit, Kannada Gujarati, Rajasthani etc
4. Ethical code - one of the significant contributions of the Jainas is the ahimsa culture.
 Jainism considers all living beings(not just humans) equal: Jainism says, “All souls
are equal and alike and have similar nature and qualities.” Thus, it cultivates an
attitude of equality towards all living beings
5. Peaceful religion - Jainism emphasizes winning over your internal enemies like anger,
greed, hatred etc. rather than waging wars on others. Mahavira said: “It is better to win
over the self than to win over a million enemies.”
21
6. Growth of Trading Community - Jainism contributed a lot to the growth of the trading
community. At first, Jainism became popular among traders and merchants. It fostered
brotherhood among them which gave rise to the guild system in future
7. Rejecting the dominance of Brahmins and Caste society.
Conclusion
Jainism and Buddhism followed their unique path to achieving social reforms, opposing the
orthodox philosophy of that era. They had a significant impact on Indian culture by way of
developing unique religion, art, architecture, languages etc.
12. What were the changes brought by the Bhakti and Sufi movement in Indian society? Briefly
emphasize on the contribution of any two Bhakti and Sufi Saints.
Introduction
The Bhakti movement originated between the 6th and 10th century AD in southern parts of
India, especially Tamilnadu. It spreads northwards from the end of the 15th century. Sufism
entered India in the 12th century with Muslim invaders and became popular in the 13th
century. Though both started in different periods, they stressed the elements of love and
devotion as an effective means of the realization of God.
Body
Changes brought by Both Bhakti and Sufi movements in Indian society.
1. Equality of Beings - Both movements propagated equality and brought the spirit of the
universal brotherhood of man.
 They rejected any social classification based on caste, class, and gender and against
rigidity in society.
2. Rejection of rituals - Both movements were against Brahmanical orthodoxy and
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ritualistic practices that were promoted by them. They despised priests who were acting
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as middlemen between individuals and God.
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3. Means of salvation - As both disregarded ritualistic practices as a means to achieve
salvation, and emphasized Devotion to God as a new means of salvation. The ultimate
goal of both movements was union with God, to achieve this goal both emphasized the
need for the Guru-Shishya / Pir-Murshidie tradition.
 They laid great emphasis on love as the bond between God and the individual.
4. Development of Regional languages - Bhakti and Sufi saints preached their teachings
through languages that can easily be understood by common people. This led to the
development of regional languages like Kannada, Marathi, Oriya, Bhojpuri etc
 For instance, Bengali was used by Chaitanya and Assamese was popularised by
Shankardeva in Assam.
 In Gujarat, the credit for popularising the Hindavi language goes to Shaikh Qutb
Alam and Shaikh Ahmad Khattu.
5. Uplift the position of women - The followers of the bhakti movement allowed both men
and women to seek salvation. Mirabai, Andal, AkkaMahadevi and Bibi Fatima-The first
woman Sufi saints of India were some Women saints.
 Both movements also condemned Female infanticide and promoted the Freedom
of women.
22
6. Promotion of social service - Bhakti movement brought development service to fellow

human beings. The Sufi movement preached service to humanity is service to God.
 Development of Community kitchens and Hostel, providing food and shelter for the
poor and travellers.
7. Unity among Hindu-Muslim - The synthesis of both bhakti and Sufi movements helped
to bridge the gap between the Hindu and Muslim communities and bring them closer to
each other.
 The saints of the Bhakti movement and the Sufi saints spread messages of
friendship, amity, tolerance, peace and equality among all.
Bhakti movement:
Contribution of Guru Nanak -
 Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.
 His teachings incorporated the noblest principles of both Hindu and Islam religions.
According to him, God is omnipresent and through love, devotion, and purity of soul,
everyone can attain god’s grace.
 His teachings were - To have faith in God; Continuation worship of his name; Necessity of
Guru in the worship of God.
 He was against casteism and rituals like bathing in holy water. He advocated equality for
all human beings irrespective of caste, gender, etc
 He was against idol worship and rejected the theory of Reincarnation.
 He introduced the concept of Community kitchen- Langar.
 He was a proponent of the Nirguna School of Bhakti movement. According to him, God is
formless and God is without any attributes.
 Guru Nanak never believed in a 'Trinity of Gods', or the belief that God can be born in
human form. In Sikhism, he tried to harmonise both Hinduism and Islam.
Basavana

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He was a 12th-century administrator, philosopher, poet, and Lingayat saint in the Shiva-
x aammss .


focused Bhakti movement.
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He raised social awareness through his poetry, popularly known as Vachanaas.
He introduced new public institutions such as the Anubhava Mantapa (or, the “hall of
spiritual experience”), which welcomed men and women from all socioeconomic
backgrounds to discuss spiritual and mundane questions of life, in open.
 He was a propagator of Visishtadvaita
 Basavanna's literary works include the Vachana Sahitya in the Kannada Language. He is
also known as Bhaktibhandari, Basavanna or Basaveswara.
Contribution of Sufi Saint: Khwaja Moin-Uddin Chishti -
 He founded the Chisti order in India.
 Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti emphasised oneness with God, devotion to the Divine, leading
a pure life, and showing compassion and charity for the helpless and poor.
 He emphasised the doctrine of unity with God and rejected all material goods as
distractions from the contemplation of God.
 His sermons inspired millions of Hindus and Muslims to move toward the path of truth
and unity.
 He fulfilled the objectives of bringing together the various castes, communities and races,
elevating humanity from the swamp of materialistic concerns.
23
 He Popularised music recitations called Sama (Mehboob-i-ilahi)

 He kept the Chishti order away from the royal court/ state.
 Recitation of the names of God both aloud and silently formed the cornerstone of Chishti
practice.
Firadausia
 It was the only Sufi order which was founded and developed in India
 It was founded by Sharafuddin, it was confined to Bihar
 He composed Maqtubat and Mulfazat literature
 The above dealt with the lives and teachings of Sufi saints
Conclusion
With such long-lasting impacts, gaps in society were set aside. The teachings ensured restoring
status to the suppressed classes. A deep-rooted change came about to lay the foundations of
a liberal and composite Indian society.
Additional Details:
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13. Explain with examples the various styles of temple architecture in India, with special
emphasis on Dravidian architecture.
Introduction:
The architectural style of temples is planned and moulded based on their region, ethnicity and
linguistic diversity. There are three important styles of temple architecture: Nagara– in the
North; Dravida– in the South and Vesara–an independent style and blend of Nagara and
Dravida models.
Body:
25
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Some common Foundational features of the Hindu Temple:

 Sanctum (garbhagriha literally ‘womb-house’) - small cubicle with a single entrance
which grew into a larger chamber and the garbhagriha is made to house the main icon
 Entrance to the temple - portico hall for a large number of worshippers and is known as
a mandapa
 Mountain-like spire - the shape of a curving Shikhar in North India and a pyramidal
tower, called a vimana, in South India
 Vahan- mount or vehicle of the temple’s main deity along with a standard pillar or dhvaj
is placed axially before the sanctum
 Mithun (embracing couple) sculptures, considered auspicious, are placed at the entrance
of the temple or on an exterior wall or between the mandapa and the main shrine
Nagara temple style
➔ Developed in north India, It followed the panchayatana style of temple building
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➔ It had a main shrine and subsidiary shrines laid out in a crucified pattern with respect to
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the main shrine. There is a mandap in front of the garbhagriha and No water tank is
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present on the temple premise. The Temples were built on raised platforms. Outside the
garbhagriha, images of Ganga and Yamuna were placed
➔ Shikhara were of three types:
 Latina: Square at the base and walls curve inward to a point at the top.
 Phamsana: They had a broader base and were shorter in height than Latina ones
and the slope is upward in a straight line.
 Valabhi: They had a rectangular base with a roof rising into vaulted chambers.
Shikhara had a Kalash on top of it resting on a circular base called Amalak and inside the
temple, the walls were divided into three vertical planes "triratha" and the temple premises
had no gopuram (gateways) and boundary walls.
26
Dravida Or South Indian Temple Style

➔ The Dravida temple is enclosed within a compound wall–an entrance gateway in its
centre–known as gopuram.
➔ The shape of the main temple tower known as vimana in Tamil Nadu–is a stepped
enclosed within the complex.

x aammss . rrgg
pyramid that rises up geometrically. There is a large water reservoir, or a temple tank,
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 Subsidiary shrines are incorporated within the main temple tower and present as a
separate small shrine beside the main temple.
➔ Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai and Kumbakonam (Tamil Nadu) where,
during the 8th-12th centuries, the role of the temple included religious matters and as
administrative centres, controlling vast areas of land.
➔ The Pallavas were one of the ancient South Indian dynasties which spread to Odisha
borders. The early buildings were rock-cut, while the later ones were structural and are
generally reflective of the reign of Mahendravarman I, a contemporary of the Chalukyan
king, Pulakesin II of Karnataka.
➔ The shore temple at Mahabalipuram also known as Rajasimha who reigned from 700 to
728 CE. Mamallapuram was named after Narasimhavarman I, also known as Mamalla
 The temple houses three shrines, two to Shiva(facing east) and the middle one to
Vishnu(facing west). There is evidence of a water tank, an early example of a
gopuram.
➔ Sculptures of the bull, Nandi line the temple walls.
Vesara Style of Architecture - Influence of Nagara and Dravidian Styles

➔ Similar to Nagara school–Shrine plan, subsidiary shrine, and panchayat style;
27
➔ Similarity to Odishan Temples–vestibule connecting the sanctum and the mantapa;

 Similarity to Sekhari and bhumija pillars in N-E India–resemblance to majority of
temple pillars in Karnataka;
➔ Stepped diamond plan–seen in Chalukya temples; Nagara’s stepping diamond or stellate
plan is seen in the majority of temples in Kalyani;
➔ The Dravida influence(early half of the Chalukyan era) is present in the vimana of
Chalukya temples; In Chalukya temples, miniature ornamental towers and wall
ornamentation exhibit a mix of Nagara and Dravida styles.
Conclusion:
Every period of Indian history produced its own distinct styles and features. The architectural
style of temples is planned and moulded based on their region, ethnicity and linguistic
diversity. They are examples of India’s rich cultural heritage.
14. Briefly outline the important features of various forms of puppetry in India. What steps have
been taken at different levels to preserve them?
Introduction
Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance which involves the manipulation of puppets. It
is believed to have its origin 3000 years BC, while shadow puppetry is an ancient form of
storytelling which uses flat articulated figures (shadow puppets) to create the impression of
moving humans
Body
Important features of various forms of puppetry in India
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Shadow Puppets
Features Examples
● These are flat and transparent ● Tholu Bommalata – Andhra
leather or paper cut-outs, Pradesh
fastened to one supporting stick, ● Togalu Gombeyata – Karnataka
and manipulated by at least two ● Tolpavakoothu – Kerala
other thin sticks or rods. ● Chamadyache Bahulya –
● It is all about judging the perfect Maharashtra
balance between the light and ● Ravanachhaya – Orissa
the screen. The correct ● Thol Bommalattam – Tamil Nadu
manipulation of both will result in
a project of a gorgeous silhouette
and colourful shadows.
● In Karanataka's traditional form of
shadow puppetry, puppet sizes
reflect the social status of the
character that they play. Larger
puppets are for royal and religious
members while smaller puppets
depict the common people and
servants.
● The performances began at night
and continue till dawn. An
invocation to Hindu God Ganesha
and Goddess Saraswati signal the
start of the show.
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String Puppets
Features
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● The puppets are made of wood ddff44ee x
Examples
● Putal Nach – Assam
and the long flowing decorative ● Gombeyatta – Karnataka
skirts hide the legs. ● Kalasutri Bahulya – Maharashtra
● A puppet is manipulated by the ● Gopalila Kundhei – Orissa
strings (usually five to seven) ● Kathputli – Rajasthan
attached to a triangular wooden ● Bommalattam – Tamil Nadu
control.
● In Orissa, the ends of the strings
are tied to a triangular wooden
frame or to a horizontal bar.
● In Rajasthan, they are simply
looped around the puppeteer’s
fingers. String puppets are
assumed to predate the Indian
classical theatre.
29
● The number of strings can vary

according to the tradition; more
strings translate into a major and
more complex range of
attainable movements.
Rod Puppets
Features Examples
● Rod puppets are an extension of ● Putul Nach – West Bengal
glove puppets, but are often ● Kathi Kandhe – Orissa
much larger and supported and ● Yampuri – Bihar
manipulated by rods from below.
● The technique used in controlling
these puppets brings about a
highly theatrical experience.
Hand or Glove Puppets

Features Examples
● This is a type of puppetry where ● PavaKoothu – Kerala
the puppeteer's hand is slipped ● Sakhi Kundhei Nata – Orissa
inside the puppet and its ● Beni Putul – Bengal
movements are acted out by his
fingers.
● Usually, the forefinger becomes
the head of the puppet, and the
thumb and the third finger act as
its two hands.
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Steps to revive and modernize Puppetry Art:44ee x
Government level: grants, housing, health, and pension for seasoned artists in various
Oral art forms
o Ensuring health coverage to artists under Ayushman Bharat or the Central
Government Health Scheme
o Financial support from Corporate Houses, NGOs, etc
 Puppetry Academy: E.g. Kerala government opened Puppetry Academy at Kozhikode on
World’s Puppetry Day recently to provide training and research in the art of Puppetry
 Advertisement of forthcoming Puppetry shows through newspapers, mobiles, SMS, and
Social media can help enhance the footfall
o World Kathputali Day (21 March) helps to popularize the Kathputali culture across
the world
 Promotion in popular culture: E.g., Rajashtan Kathputli Puppet was used in Hindi Cinema
‘Paheli’.
 Investing in digital infrastructure that can help artists take their work online
o E.g., Tripura Puppet Theatre is using Youtube to launch new puppet videos for
Covid19 awareness in the community.
30
o Sajeesh Pulavar revived the leather puppet of Kerala by automating it using

Robotics
 Workshops for Spreading Puppet Art: Special sessions on drawing, movement, and mime,
creative writing, creative speech, dialogue delivery, and voice modulation are also
organized for participants to enhance their communication skills.
 Outreach activities in other countries:
o The government has organized ‘Festivals of India Abroad’ and ‘Namaste India’ in
countries like Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, Liechtenstein, Korea, and Ukraine.
o Chekutty dolls from flood-ravaged Kerala have now become a global mascot
International Puppet Festival in India

 Puppeteers from around the world were at the Dhaatu International Puppet Festival in
Bengaluru in 2019.
 Puppeteers from every corner of India and other countries like Italy, Turkey and the US
came together to showcase their amazing storytelling abilities.
 Ishara International Puppet Theatre Festival in Delhi gave exposure to a larger audience
and the chance to perform with theatre artists from across the globe in 2018.
Conclusion
The government could also invest in a school of puppetry where people interested in the craft
can take courses which would also mean providing an additional employment opportunity for
the puppeteers.
15. What do you understand by regionalism? Does it essentially lead to the decentralization of
power? Substantiate your answer with relevant examples.
Introduction
Regionalism is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose by people within a
x aa mss. o
. orrgg
specific geographical region, united by its unique language, culture, language, etc. which
m
f 44ee x
results in excessive attachment to one’s region and sometimes can be a threat to unity and
integrity of the country.
PPdd f
Body
Decentralization of power: It means sharing decision-making authority with the lower levels
of institutions and organizations.
Yes, Regionalism does lead to decentralization of power

 Regionalism at the local level: Example: 73rd and 74th CAA- Panchayati Raj and urban
local bodies were the results of rising regional aspirations and involvement of people in
grass root decision-making.
 5th and 6th schedule: The basic thrust of the Fifth and Sixth Schedule of the constitution
is the protection of the cultural distinctiveness of the Tribal.
 Rise of regional parties: Political parties like DMK, AIADMK, Akali Dal, Telugu Desam Asom
Gana Parishad etc., have encouraged regionalism to have decentralization of power from
the central parties. Their politics is based on regional aspirations.
31
 Safeguarding and use of local language/culture: In the name of safeguarding local

language and culture regionalism leads to decentralization of power. Example: Kodavas
in Karnataka
o Regional movements have helped the art and culture of many neglected regions
to flourish by increasing their exposure through local emphasis.
 Decentralization of power further leads to national integration: Regionalism is not
significant merely as a disintegrating force. Regionalism stresses the development of a
region and national integration. Example: role of DMK in Tamilnadu
 Providing employment: It further helps in the socio-economic development of backward
regions. Example: development of Kalyana Karnataka region. Reservation of seats for local
people in tribal areas.
 Promotes a sense of pride in connecting to one's roots and culture: It has been noticed
that often regional movements have helped the art and culture of many neglected regions
to flourish by increasing their exposure through local emphasis.
 Demand for Regional Autonomy within a State, in some states, people belonging to
various regions have been demanding recognition of their regional identities. Example-
Kodavas in Karnataka
 The group of states joins hands to take a common stand on the issue of mutual
interest vis-a-vis another group of states or at times against the union. Example- North-
Eastern states.
However, Regionalism can also lead to:

 Regionalism sometimes borders sub-nationalism which can create separatist tendencies
 Regionalism can become a shield for militancy, and extremism to create an internal
security threat.
o This leads to less exercising of powers. Example: Kashmir militancy issue.

m ss. o
. orrgg
Discrimination: In certain cases, it develops a superiority complex in the minds of the
x aa m
PP dff44ee x
people who have inhabited a place for many years and gives them a false sense of
d
ownership over the region. Thus leading to ‘sons of soil’ tendencies. E.g. incidences of the
expulsion of people of the northeast from Bengaluru.
 Regional grouping leads to the bias of power: Unequal development of different regions
leads to the development of left-wing extremism. Example- Northeastern part of India.
 Too much regionalism leads to taking power into hands. Example- Agitation in
Maharashtra against migrants from North India for taking away jobs, especially from
states of UP and Bihar; discriminating based on language.
Conclusion
The formation of the NITI Aayog has been a positive step toward enhancing cooperative
federalism ( and reducing parochial regionalism) by fostering the involvement of the State
Governments of India in the economic policy-making process using a bottom-up approach.
Schemes like “Ek Bharat-Shreshtha Bharat” have been launched by the GOI to celebrate unity
in the diverse culture of the nation
32
16. Bring out the reasons for the prevalence of child marriages in India? Will the raising of the
legal age of marriage for girls help mitigate the issue? Discuss
Introduction
Child marriage in India is defined as the marriage solemnized between two people where the
female is below the age of 18 years or the male is below the age of 21 years. India is the home
to the largest number of child brides in the world - accounting for a third of the global total
(as per UNICEF).
Main Body
 Status of child marriage in India
o Child marriage is widespread across India, with nearly half of brides married as girls.
o While there has been a decline in the incidence of child marriage nationally (from
54 per cent in 1992-93 to 33 per cent today) and in nearly all states, the pace of
change remains slow, especially for girls in the age group 15-18 years.
o 40% of the world’s 60 million child marriages take place in India according to the
National Family Health Survey.
x aammss. o
. orrgg
PPddff44ee x
Reasons for the prevalence of child marriage in India
 Cultural/Traditional practices -The practice of child marriage in northern India is closely
associated with pious occasions such as Akha Teej in Rajasthan when mass child wedding
takes place in many districts however administration fails to stop these weddings due to
social pressure.
 Economics of marriage - Girls are often seen as a liability with a limited economic role.
In poor communities, marrying off a daughter means one less mouth.
o The high demand for dowry puts pressure on families to marry the girl early
 Safety and Security issues: Esp. in rural and tribal areas.
 Lack of education: - A big determinant of the age of marriage is education. Around 45%
of women with no education and 40% with primary education married before the age
of 18, according to NFHS-4.
33
 Patriarchal attitudes: Child marriage is often seen as a defence against premarital sex,
and the duty to protect the girl from sexual violence and harassment is transferred from
father to husband.
 Declining sex ratio: - In rural parts of northern India, particularly in Rajasthan, the
declining sex ratio has allowed the growth of a practice known as Atta Sata where a
daughter is exchanged for a daughter-in-law, irrespective of her age
 Ineffective implementation of the law: Lack of proper age documentation and overall
lack of protection for the human rights of children along with the ineffective
implementation of laws like PCMA, 2006 is also a major hurdle in eliminating child
marriages.
Recently the Cabinet has approved increasing the marriage age of women from 18 to 21. If
implemented, it will bring the age of marriage for both men and women at par.
Reason: Government decided to re-examine the age of marriage for women for a number of
reasons, including gender neutrality. Early age of marriage, and consequent early pregnancies,
also have impacts on the nutritional levels of mothers and their children, and their overall
health and mental wellbeing.
g
How raising the age will help to curb Child marriage

mmss. o
. orr g
Increasing marriage will delay the women’s responsibility which is attached to marriage
xxaa
PPd ff44ee
- In many traditional societies, women’s age at marriage acts simultaneously as a gateway
d
to new family roles and the likelihood of producing offspring. Thus increasing the
marriage age will delay this responsibility and give a chance to women for self-
development.
 Ensures gender equality in the marriage age - Increasing the minimum age of marriage
for females to 21 years, ensures gender equality, as the legal marriage age for males is
already 21 years, different ages of marriage promote the Stereotype that wives must be
younger than their husbands.
 Outlaw child marriages and prevent the abuse of minors: The law prescribes a minimum
age of marriage to essentially outlaw child marriages and prevent the abuse of minors.
 Enormous benefits on social and economic fronts include lowering Maternal Mortality
Ratio (MMR), improvement of nutrition levels and more opportunities for women to
pursue higher education and careers, according to a research note by SBI Ecowrap.
Limitation of the measure to curb the child marriage

 Limited success of the legal measures in the past
34
o According to NFHS-5 (2019-21), the prevalence of underage marriages remains

high, with 23% of women between 20 and 24 years of age married before the age
of 18.
o At the same time, the detection of such marriages remains low, with only 785 cases
registered under the law in 2020.
 Laws cannot be the shortcut toward social reforms –
o For example - It is found that the decline in child marriages was not a result of the
law penalising it as much as more women getting educated and employed.
 Laws without wide societal support often fail to deliver even when their statement of
objects and reasons aims for the larger public good. In a traditional society introducing
modern reforms does not always deliver positive results rather it results in the rampant
prevalence of actions illegally.
 Possible increase of sex-selective abortions - Increasing the legal marriage age without
changing patriarchal social norms can result in parents feeling even more ‘burdened’ by
what they view as an additional responsibility of the girl child, which in turn could lead to
an increase in sex-selective practices.
x aammss. o
. orrgg
Conclusion
PPddff44ee x
One should not address a problem immediately by legislation. One needs to understand the
core societal issue. Girls need to get equal opportunities in terms of health, education, and
living. Bringing in more women to the workforce like in South Korea and Japan can also help to
improve gender imbalance and solve issues of early marriages
Additional Details:
How to curb incidences of child marriage:
 Investing in girls’ education- According to the NFHS-4, the median age of marriage increases
from 17.2 years for women with no schooling to 22.7 years for women with 12 or more years
of schooling.
 Economic and social empowerment of girls- Financial empowerment often gives individuals a
greater say in their households and their own future. It can give girls the ability to say no to
early marriage, and the family won’t see them as a liability.
 Targeted social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) campaigns- Social norms that
exclude girls and boys from marriage-related decision-making need to change.
35
 Ensuring registration of marriages- The governments must develop a mechanism to ensure

that all marriages (including civil, religious, and customary unions), births, and deaths are
mandatorily registered through a system, as a means to track marriages and the age of
marriage.
17. Discuss the effectiveness of population control measures in India. Will decreased population
lead to a better standard of living? Critically Analyze
Introduction
India’s population is 17.5% of the global population, but only 2.4% of land areas. According to
the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs estimates, India’s population will reach 1.5
billion by 2030.
Body:
Additional Details: Background

Population control measures; - India was the first country in the world to introduce family planning
in 1951, and since then it introduced many measures to control the population.
 A population policy committee was established in 1952. However, the policies framed in the
early fifties were largely arbitrary and so no successful.
 In the second five-year plan, the number of family planning clinics increased, but most of them
were in urban areas so did not provide adequate results.
 Government established a family planning department and promoted the adoption of copper –
T during the third five-year plan.
 1976 Population policy; - its main features included
1. Increasing the minimum legal age of marriage for girls and boys to 18 and 21 respectively.
2. Monetary incentives for birth control.
x aa mss. o
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3. Improving the literacy levels of females both through the formal and non-formal channels.
m
PP dff44ee x
4. Forced sterilization was permitted, which was later on given up.
d
5. Population was made as a factor for sharing central resources with that of the states. : Linking
8% of the central assistance to the State Plans by weighing the performance of the states in the
family welfare programmes.
 In 1993, an expert group under the chairmanship of MS Swaminathan was constituted to
formulate a national population policy. It finally resulted in National Population Policy 2000, its
main focus was
1. To bring the total fertility rate (TFR) to replacement level by 2010.
2. Achieve the goal of population stabilization by 2045.
Effectiveness of Population control measures.

Achievements,
 Total fertility rate; - According to the recently released National Family Health Survey 5,
TFR has come down below the threshold at which the population is expected to replace
itself from one generation to the next. TFR was 2 in 2019-2021, just below the
replacement fertility rate of 2.1.
36
o Today, as many as 23 States and Union Territories, including all the States in the
south region, already have fertility below the replacement level of 2.1 children per
woman.
 Use of Contraceptive increased; - According to NFHS -5, the Overall Contraceptive
Prevalence Rate (CPR) has increased substantially from 54% to 67% at the all-India level
and in almost all Phase-II States/UTs with an exception of Punjab.
o The use of modern methods of contraceptives has also increased in almost all
States/UTs.
 Decline in decadal growth; - The Decadal growth rate of the population has declined from
21.54% in 1999-2000 to 17.64 % during 2001- 11.
 A decline in Crude Birth Rate; - Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) in India was reported
at 17.44 % in 2020 which was 23.2 % in 2000, according to the World Bank.
 Adolescent Fertility Rate; - United Nations defines adolescent fertility rate (AFR) as the
annual number of births to women aged 15-19 years per 1,000 women.
o Adolescent pregnancy in India has seen quite a change in the past decade. Although
there has been a steady decline in India’s adolescent fertility rate
Issues; - the population control measures in India have been often criticised due to their poor
effectiveness.
 Population is difficult to control; - as it is not only dependent on policy intervention but
also nation’s economic, education and societal condition.
 Narrow perspective;- India’s population control measures were mainly focused on
contraception and sterilization while ignoring the importance of poverty elimination,
improving the standards of living and the spread of education.
 Not publicized;- on the national level population control policy was not publicized and
failed to generate mass support and awareness in favour of population control.
o
x aammss. o
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Also during the time of emergency, the use of coercion also caused serious

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resentment and public outcry making it unpopular among the masses.
Insufficient infrastructure; - India owing to the lack of trained staff, and limited use or
misuse of the equipment for population control failed to achieve the desired objective.
 Voluntary nature;- The Family Welfare Programme in India is voluntary in nature, which
enables couples to decide the size of their family and adopt the family planning methods
best suited to them, according to their choice, without any compulsion
 International obligation;- India was a signatory to the Programme of Action (POA) of the
International Conference on Population and Development, 1994, which was
unequivocally against coercion in family planning.
Relation between decreased population and standard of living

 Better standard of living; - decreased population is supposed to provide a better standard
of living in the following ways.
o Increase in GDP per capita; - GDP per capita is an approximate indicator of average
living standards, for individual prosperity.
 A decline in population means an increase in GDP per capita since resources
available per individual increase.
37
o Better healthcare increased access to education and quality infrastructure is

available for individuals which in turn has a positive implication on an individual’s
standard of living.
o A decline in population will reduce underemployment and disguised
unemployment leading to growth in income.
o This is a hypothetical situation but in the real-world standard of living is not merely
dependent on the decline in population.
o However, moderately low fertility and population decline favour the broader
material standard of living
 Other issues
o Slowing population growth may hurt the discovery of new ideas and lead to
economic growth stagnating.
o Dependent population; - Decline in population can lead to an increase in the
dependent population and a fall in the working-age population.
 For instance, In Japan, the elderly population has grown significantly.
o Difficulties in funding entitlement programs; - Population decline can impact the
funding for programs for retirees if the ratio of the working-age population to the
retired population declines.
o Also, it will lead to a decline in demand for basic services and infrastructure leading
to unemployment in these sectors,
 Thus resulting in a decline in the standard of living for people dependent on
this sector.
Conclusion
India needs to adopt a holistic policy to better reap the benefits of the demographic dividend
and prepare itself for challenges lying ahead such as skewed female and child sex ratio,
migration, geriatric care etc.
x aammss. o
. orrgg
PPdd f 4ee x
18. Poverty and Inequality is a problem that deserves more attention in India. Discuss their
f 4
implications and suggest how India should address them.
Introduction
As stated by Mahatma Gandhi poverty is the worst form of violence, on the other hand,
inequality is even worse. Poverty creates a gap between the rich and the poor, a bipolar gap
but inequality transcends across religion race caste gender etc., thereby creating multi-polar
gaps.
The stark impact of rising inequality and poverty can be inferred from Occupy Wall Street
movement, Green Zone protest in Iraq etc. at the global level. Back in India Maoist insurgency,
North-East problems and issues in J&K have roots in the economic malaise of inequality and
poverty.
Body:
The problem of poverty and inequality; -the issue of poverty and inequality are not getting
much attention in public policy but they deserve more attention due to the following reasons.
Poverty
 According to Global Multidimensional Poverty Index-2018 released by the UN
38
o 271 million people moved out of poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16 in India.
o The poverty rate in the country has nearly halved, falling from 55% to 28% over the
ten-year period.
o Despite this decline, a big chunk of Indians still lives below the poverty line.
 Vicious cycle; - once people get trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty, it’s difficult to
break as it restricts opportunities available.
 Increasing population;- the rate of growth of population exceeds the growth of National
income in India, and the burden of reduction in per capita is mainly borne by the poor
sections of society.

x aamms . o
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Urban Poor; - the Covid pandemic highlighted the issue of urban poverty prevalent in the
s
o
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Indian economy who are very much vulnerable to rural one.
4
According to the census of 2011, 17.7% of the urban population comprising 65
million people lives in slums.
 Unemployment and underemployment;- There is educated unemployment and
disguised unemployment, and Poverty is just a reflection of this aspect
Inequality
 According to the World Inequality report 2022, India is among the poorest and most
unequal countries.
 In India, the top 1% holds 22% of total national income while only 13% goes to the
bottom 50%.
 There has been a rise in private wealth in India after the 1991 economic reform which is
remarkable (up from 290% in 1980 to 560% in 2020).
o Wealth gaps are self-reinforcing because rich people use their greater resources to
expand their powers.
 Serious inequality in healthcare;- According to the Oxfam inequality report, India’s low
spending on public healthcare systems and focus on supporting private healthcare has
39
led to serious inequalities in access to healthcare, especially during the Covid 19

pandemic.
 This issue of inequality and poverty got even widened during the CoVid pandemic since
there was a significant increase in the wealth of the top 10 richest billionaires in the
country.
 The rise in income inequality also manifests itself in the slowdown in wages across
industries.
 The emerging inequalities are not necessarily an outcome of rising levels of income in the
post-liberalisation era, but a depiction of poor redistributive policies towards
discouragement of accumulation by governments with due sensitivity towards
inequalities.
 Gulf between poor and rich leading to more and more people in a state of penury and
destitution. Furthermore, exaggerated by the gender gap and parity in women holding
wealth.
Implication of poverty and inequality.

 Increases in Health and Social problems; - Increase in inequality and poverty has been
responsible for a wide range of health and social problems, from reduced life expectancy
and higher infant mortality to poor educational attainment, lower social mobility and
increased levels of violence and mental illness.
 Economic crisis and instability; - High levels of poverty and income inequality are
associated with economic instability and crises, whereas more equal societies tend to
have longer periods of sustained growth.
o For instance, Current social unrest and student protests could be seen as its
symptoms.
 Decreases productivity; - There is considerable evidence that productivity growth rates
x aa mss. o
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and inequality growth rates are inversely related. Poverty also limits people to realize
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their full human capital potential thus impacting productivity.
Environmental degradation; - Rising inequality and poverty is a barrier in the fight against
climate change. According to the State of Planet Report, Greater inequality can lead to
more rapid environmental degradation because low incomes lead to low investment in
physical capital and education.
 Societal breakdown; - Inequality leads to a societal breakdown in trust, solidarity and
social cohesion, it reduces people’s willingness to act for the common good.
o For instance, caste groups like Jaats, Maratha, and Patels are demanding
reservations while those already in reservation brackets are opposing.
Measures to address them; - Both poverty and inequality require a holistic approach for their
redressal. Following measures can be taken to address the above issue.
● Widening tax brackets; - According to an Oxfam report, governments are massively
under-taxing the wealthiest individuals and corporations and failing to collect revenues
that could help lift the responsibility of care from women and tackle poverty and
inequality.
40
● Efficient delivery of public services;- In India, economic reform should focus more on
reducing bottlenecks in the delivery of public services which can help alleviate poverty
and reduce inequality.
● Providing Quality education; - economic opportunities increase with skill and education
and it’s crucial that government invests in developing better quality schools and colleges.
● Providing employment opportunities; - Most of the people who live in poverty lack skills
required by industries and there is a need for skill training.
● Increasing government expenditure; - Fiscal instruments like public investment in
physical and social infrastructure can be used to reduce inequality and poverty.
● Issues like electoral reforms, crony capitalism, election funding and corruption should be
part of the reform agenda to reduce inequalities and poverty alleviation programmes.
Conclusion
The issue of poverty and inequality is a major threat to Indian democracy and requires
deliberate inequality and poverty-busting policies. While the state is a dominant actor in
driving this agenda, the efforts need to be complemented by the private sector and civil society
to accelerate its removal.
19. Highlighting the major issues concerning women in India, discuss the role of self-help groups
and other women’s organizations in addressing them?
Introduction
Although women constitute almost half of India’s population of 1.2 billion, they are largely
excluded from participating in economic activities and decision-making, as well as access to
resources of health, nutrition, education, etc.
Main Body
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Most important the SHGs help women to understand and realise their unique potential,
x aammss
Women Issues PPddff44ee x
develop the courage to think and act independently, express what they desire, suffer, feel,
speak out and express freely and explore their distinct growth and development
SHG’s role in Addressing them
1. Economic Dependence because ● SHGs have emerged as a viable
of the lack of formal credit economic arrangement for
mechanism – financing entrepreneurial
a. A whopping 94% of credit ventures of socially
allocation is directed to disadvantaged women.
small and medium ● SHG becomes an effective vehicle
businesses helmed by men especially in providing financial
leaving women abysmally intermediaries solutions for
meagre incentives to fulfil unbanked rural women. They
their business aspirations. fulfil the credit requirement
through the SHG-Bank Linkage
programme.
2. Patriarchal society affects the ● In a survey on the role of SHG in

confidence and potential - this regard, women have
41
responded that they feel more

confident, and independent, to
deal with their difficulties through
SHG’s and they cope better with
patriarchal attitudes.
3. Unpaid labour, high rate of ● To break out of the shackles of
employment- subordination, entrepreneurship
a. Low female labour force is an innovative and simple tool.
participation rates, with ● SHGs have already made a
India recording a meagre significant contribution to
22.3% in 2021 in developing entrepreneurship
comparison with 30.3% in aptitudes among rural women by
1990. enhancing their skills and giving
b. Even though working them a chance to engage in
women account for various entrepreneurial
approximately 432 million, activities.
about 343 million are not in
paid formal job roles or
work.
4. Low level of health and standard ● Significant reduction in
of living - important indicators of health
through SHGs- Research has
shown that women participating
women practising participatory
learning and action showed a 49
per cent reduction in maternal
x aamms . o
. orrgg
mortality and 33 per cent
s
5. Lack of women's representation
PP
in decision-making and the rolesddff44ee xreduction in neonatal mortality.
● Enhance the confidence to
participate in decision-making -
of authority SHGs provide women with the
confidence to participate in
decision-making affairs at the
household level as well as at the
community level.
● Augment the leadership skills-
Active involvement in different
SHG initiatives helps members to
grow leadership skills. Evidence
also shows that often women SHG
leaders are chosen as potential
candidates for Panchayati
Pradhans or representatives of
Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI).
42
6. Lack of feminist solidarity in the ● Strengthening feminist solidarity

patriarchal society - As women from similar
backgrounds grappling with all
sorts of tribulations find solace in
their minuscule community while
collectively endeavouring to
mitigate each others’ woes.
● Through SHGs collectively identify
and analyse the problems they
face from the perspective of their
social and economic
environment. It helps them to
pool their meagre resources,
human and financial, and
prioritise their use for solving
their own problems.
Case studies
1. A study conducted by Ashwini Deshpande and Shantanu Khanna in 2020
reported that SHGs have had a strong impact on a range of indicators related
to women’s empowerment in the state, including political participation, and
knowledge of administration, financial literacy, mobility and decision-making.
2. In Maharashtra alone, 527,000 SHGs have had a role to play in accounting for
over 50% of all women-led small-scale industrial units in India, which shows
that SHGs can lead to the holistic development of women entrepreneurship.
3. Jeevika in Bihar – Jeevika is the SHG-based scheme in Bihar providing low-
x aamms . o
. orrgg
interest credit to women and providing entrepreneurship training to women
s
PPdd f44ee x
which has proved to be a life-changing experience for rural women. It has
f
been supported and lauded by the world bank.
Conclusion
The role of SHGs in empowerment is admirable. Women in general and rural women in
particular who want to empower themselves must associate themselves with SHGs to get
empowered. Governments must put efforts to further popularise this concept by
strengthening SHGs in such a way that suits their women citizens’ requirements
The role of SHGs in the empowerment of women is admirable. Women in general and rural
women, in particular, have experienced remarkable changes in their economic, social and
psychological state because of the SHGs. Governments must put efforts to further popularise
this concept by strengthening SHGs in such a way that suits their women citizens’
requirements.
43
20. Does Globalization equal Westernization? To what extent has globalization been successful
in offering opportunities and benefits for Indian Society. Critically examine.
Introduction
Globalization is an ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic,
cultural, social, and political spheres of society.
Westernisation is the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over
150 years of British rule, the term subsuming changes occurring at different levels of
technology, institutions, ideology and values.
Body:
No, Globalisation and westernisation are different concepts:
Westernization is the changing from the traditional cultural to western dominance and
western imperialism, but globalization is infact the tendency in which technologies,
philosophical and economic advances can be made throughout the world with a global time
zone and boundaries.
But, globalization has served as a medium for westernization E.g. ‘Americanization’,
‘McDonaldization’, New economic policy (at the behest of World Bank, IMF), the introduction
of ‘Asian values’ etc.
Opportunities and benefits for Indian Society

Culture
● Positive
o Glocalization: Amalgamation of both local and global cultural practices - Kurta and
Jeans.
o Revival of culture (e.g. Yoga international day, Ayurveda, )
o E-commerce (the foreign market for traditional handicrafts goods e.g. Channapatna
toys)
x aammss. o
. orrgg
● Negative
o
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Homogeneity of culture (mimicking western culture: party culture)
Marriage: Increase rate of divorce
o Language: Decline of native language due to the promotion of the English language
(e.g. More than 10 languages of India are on the UNESCO endangered language list)
Political system
● Positive
o Universal values: rule of law, democracy, pluralism
 Ratification of ILO convention
o Increase in Global accountability
o Improving public policy making
● RTI from Scandinavia countries, Delhi teachers sent to Singapore schools to
learn best practices, happiness curriculum
o Rise of multinational and transnational corporations
● It facilitated job creation
● Improvement in technology
● State getting increase in revenue in form of tax etc.
44
● Negative
o Impacts sovereignty
o Minimal state (state withdrawal from many sectors of the economy)
o Losing relevance of state
Environment
● Positives
o Promotion of sustainable development (SDG goals)
o Paris climate deal
● Negatives
o Invasive species
o Rapid spread of diseases (e.g. COVID)
Agriculture
o Positive: HYV, nano-technology, biotechnology, contract farming
o Negative: Rise of invasive species, export-import (Alphonso ban in Europe), replacing
gene seeds by Monsanto, the rise of suicide
Conclusion
We cannot say that the impact of globalization and westernization has been totally positive or
totally negative. It has been both and is still associated as in modern times, rationalism and
scientific education, which fuel modernization, have their origin in globalization and
westernization are often perceived as a sub-process of modernization.
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IPM / YLM - 2023

1. Shed a light on the importance of Stupas, detailing their architectural features.

Fig: Buddhist stupa

Fig: Medieval architecture

Changes during the medieval times

Note: The arcuate form of

Top Use of shikhara or Vimana, they Dome, generally hemispherical

Other Features of Indo-Islamic architecture

 Use of water fountain, and courtyards pools on the premise

 Use of fore sighting technique to create an illusion of 3D (used by Mughals)

1. Slave dynasty (Mameluke style) :

Around the world:

Fig: Mural painting in Egypt.

Badami Cave Paintings Roman paintings

 Heliamleu songs are Dancing songs of Nagaland- Narrate achievements of aged

Negative impacts of digital media and smart phones

Cultural elements of diversity in India:

7. Caste system in India is marked by continuity and change. Elucidate

Changes in the caste system

Reasons for the change in the Caste system

o e.g. Self-respect movement by E V Ramaswamy Nicker.

8. ‘Urbanization in India is said to have accelerated the process of marginalization’. Suggest

Environmental movement is a social movement

Environmental movement journey in post-independent India

West v/s India model

11. Evaluate the contribution of Jainism and Buddhism to Indian culture.

• Art , architecture ,Sclupture and paintings

6. Promotion of social service - Bhakti movement brought development service to fellow

 He Popularised music recitations called Sama (Mehboob-i-ilahi)

Some common Foundational features of the Hindu Temple:

Dravida Or South Indian Temple Style

enclosed within the complex.

Vesara Style of Architecture - Influence of Nagara and Dravidian Styles

➔ Similarity to Odishan Temples–vestibule connecting the sanctum and the mantapa;

● The number of strings can vary

Hand or Glove Puppets

o Sajeesh Pulavar revived the leather puppet of Kerala by automating it using

International Puppet Festival in India

Yes, Regionalism does lead to decentralization of power

 Safeguarding and use of local language/culture: In the name of safeguarding local

However, Regionalism can also lead to:

Limitation of the measure to curb the child marriage

o According to NFHS-5 (2019-21), the prevalence of underage marriages remains

 Ensuring registration of marriages- The governments must develop a mechanism to ensure

Additional Details: Background

Effectiveness of Population control measures.

Relation between decreased population and standard of living

o Better healthcare increased access to education and quality infrastructure is

led to serious inequalities in access to healthcare, especially during the Covid 19

Implication of poverty and inequality.

2. Patriarchal society affects the ● In a survey on the role of SHG in

responded that they feel more

6. Lack of feminist solidarity in the ● Strengthening feminist solidarity

Opportunities and benefits for Indian Society

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