JTK: Jurnal Tadris Kimiya 7, 1 (June 2022): 103-113

Website: http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/tadris-kimiya/index
ISSN 2527-9637 (online) ISSN 2527-6816 (print)

The Development of Learning Media “Petuah Kimia” (A Digital

Chemistry Bond Material)

Binti Mutammimah1* and Wirda Udaibah1

1 Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Walisongo

Semarang, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hamka No. 3-5, Semarang, 50183, Indonesia
*E-mail: suhada.speed3@gmail.com

Received: 09 May 2022; Accepted: 17 June 2022; Published: 30 June 2022

___________________________________________________
Abstract

The Indonesian children's literacy is still relatively low, and it has become a severe problem that the
government, teachers, parents, and librarians should face. The data shows that only 10% of Indonesian children
like to read a book, while most chemistry material is written in textbooks. This study aims to produce digital
comics with chemical bonding material, determine comics' feasibility, and respond to readers. The research
method develops the Borg and Gall model with seven stages of development without compromising the
essence of the model. Meanwhile, data collection techniques are interviews, validation, and questionnaires
using a Likert scale. The media and material validator has validated the product developed in this study. As a
result, the media aspect has an overall score of 48 or 100%; the score belongs to the very decent criteria. The
material aspect has got a score of 26 or 93% from the basic chemistry lecturers; Also, the chemistry teachers
give 100%. In addition, the digital comic readers have an extensive test. Conversely, 48 respondents have been
assessed with an overall score of 2753 or 90%. Hence, this percentage value relates to the very feasible
category. Thus, the characteristics of this digital comic have fulfilled the material, media, language, and visual
aspects; since it is included in the worthy category as an independent learning medium without replacing the
role of educators.

Keywords: borg and gall, chemical association, digital comics, learning media

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jtk.v7i1.17426

1. Introduction or knowledge in a person (Pane & Dasopang,

2017).
Learning is a process that regulates and
organizes the environment around students to On the other hand, natural science is one part
grow and encourage students to carry out the of the science that needs to be studied, where
learning process. The learning process is a this science studies natural life related to
procedure between educators and students to human activities in their daily lives (Rediarta et
achieve learning objectives using learning al., 2014). One branch of natural science is
resources. In addition, the learning process can chemistry; this science studies matter and
occur anywhere, whether at school or campus, change. Besides, elements and compounds are
at home, and in the living environment; substances involved in chemical changes
besides, the learning process can be done (Chang, 2005). Materials from learning
anytime without any attachments or time chemistry include principles, laws, facts, and
constraints (Azhar, 2013). Also, the learning concepts. According to Uliyandari et al. (2014),
process in human life will always exist from explains that some students consider chemistry
birth to death. Moreover, the evidence of the as a complex subject. This subject is based on
learning process is a change in attitudes, skills, the difficulty in understanding chemical
concepts. Therefore, the students' difficulty
B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
Kimia” (A Digital Chemistry Bond Material)

understanding chemical concepts is due to the Media is a tool for channeling information that
abstract concept of chemistry. connects the source of information with the
recipient. In this sense, learning media is
One example of material in abstract chemistry defined as a communication facility that can
lessons is chemical bonds. Chemical bonding clarify the meaning of communicators and
materials are grouped into four sub-materials: communicants (Nur'aini, 2005). In general, the
ionic, covalent, metallic, and intermolecular media is a tool in the learning process. Learning
(Vrabec & Prokša, 2016). Therefore, this aids must support students to learn quickly and
material explains how the atoms in a efficiently; even if needed, students can learn
compound form bonds with each other or with independently (Nurrita, 2018). On the other
other atoms that are abstract. Furthermore, side, good learning is active learning, so that
students lose interest in learning and learning media has advantages, and it can
understanding the concepts of this material. increase student participation (Sardiman,
2010). The active involvement of students will
In science, especially chemistry, students are encourage the formation of students’ learning
required to read so that the learning objectives motivation. High learning motivation will have
can be adequately achieved. According to a very positive effect on the cognitive activity
Tiemensma (2009), reading is a component in of students, so it is hoped that student learning
the 21st century to survive the global economic outcomes will be even better.
competition. Therefore, the teachers, parents,
and librarians face a considerable challenge in Furthermore, a Learning media development
creating this reading habit. Meanwhile, the by varying the writing into the form of color
Indonesian' literacy culture is low, and it is images and using a daily life story approach is
estimated that only 10% of Indonesian children one way to convey learning material excitingly
belong to the reading group (Sugiharti, 1997). (Rahmawati et al., 2017). This development can
Thus, this case presents because some also be collaborated by utilizing the
Indonesian children have just reached the level development of information and
of liking to see or hear, not yet reaching the communication technology supported by
hobby of reading (Sugihartati, 2018). internet facilities that make it easier for people
to interact and exchange information and
In addition, reading is a process of interaction messages. Moreover, this evaluation can make
between language and thought (Trianto, 2009). it easier for students to access and understand
Most science, especially chemistry, is contained chemistry concepts, especially chemical
in written form or textbooks, which are the bonding material.
dominant instructional media in learning
activities (Ulumudin et al., 2017). Moreover, the The development of the media is in the form of
complexity and abstraction of the material in digital comics. Webtoons or webcomics are
chemistry make students less interested in comics that are distributed over the internet.
learning chemistry (Gabel, 1999). Meantime, Masdiono (2014) explains that comics are a
students will get interest in reading when they form of a cartoon that plays a story using
find something interesting and give its characters that aim to entertain the reader.
meaning (Hurlock, 1980). On the other hand, Comics have a unique attraction for readers,
Sugihartati (2018) explains that one type of which will entertain readers with humor that
reading that is in demand by urban youth is spurs them to think creatively and not boringly
popular fiction novels and graphic comics; so, so that they can be developed in such a way as
the use of learning media that vary writing with a learning medium that does not escape
pictures can be a solution to grow the evaluation and supervision (Hadi & Dwijananti,
attractiveness of students in reading activities. 2015).
In other words, media can engage students’
interest to learn some materials. On the other hand, conventional comics
entered Indonesia in 1931; the comics were
published in the Sin Po newspaper, a

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B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
Kimia” (A Digital Chemistry Bond Material)

newspaper originating from China. Meanwhile, science education and communication. In other
this comic had published in Malay with the title words, comics can make students think about
"Put On" (Bonneff, 1998). In 2010, conventional science with a different approach, where this
comics began to be abandoned and changed media can introduce scientific problems
to digital comics. This development of comics visually entertainingly with image appeal (Di
can be seen in the number of digital comics Raddo, 2006). In this way, chemistry becomes
created by the nation's children on social more interesting than memorizing, and
media platforms. Furthermore, digital comic students can take exams successfully and
reading applications such as LINE Webtoon, express new ideas in problem-solving through
Manga Toon, Comic Rack Free, and other free the knowledge gained (Arroio, 2011). Based on
comic reading applications that can be these problems, the learning media Petuah
accessed via Android appeared in 2014. LINE Kimia (digital comic material on chemical
Webtoon is a digital comic platform that bonds) was developed, which can be used by
provides accessibility and convenience for all groups.
readers and opportunities for creators to work.
In addition, Indonesia became the country with 2. Research Method
the most digital comic readers compared to
other countries, with 6 million active readers This development is carried out from June 3,
(Anggraeni et al., 2020). 2021, to October 29, 2021. The research
method used is the research and development
The development of comics media as learning (RnD) method with the Borg and Gall
media can also erase the bad image attached development model. The Borg and Gall
to comics. According to Locke (2005), comics development model consists of ten stages of
are often underestimated as a medium and an development: Research and Information
art form. In the Anglo-Saxon world, comics are Collecting, Planning, Develop Preliminary Form
not part of culture, art, or literature. This of Product, Preliminary Field Testing, Main
problem has become the popular of comics, Product Revision, Main Field Testing,
not because they are noble and have the Operational Product Revision, Operational
strangest fantasy genre by involving crazy, Field Testing, Final Product Revision, and
absurd characters that are only suitable for Dissemination and Implementation. Besides,
children and adults who are developmentally the researchers only took seven stages to
disabled (Locke, 2005). In addition, several simplify and shorten the product design. In
studies found that young people enjoy reading addition, the researchers also adjust the
comics and animation, and these media offer process to development needs. Therefore, the
scientific views and stereotypes that deviate development begins with three design
from scientists. However, not a few fictional development schemes: (1) The product
comics contain accurate and factual references development, is a conversion of story scripts
to scientific ideas. For example, the Donald into illustrated stories, and it consists of: (a)
Duck comics and Marvel Classic Comics contain Storyboard, the researchers were designing a
various principles, processes, and chemical systematic outline of comic book illustrations
equations, which are valid. Although its for story panels; (b) Penciller/Inker, the
effectiveness as a medium is not known how illustrations contained in the storyboard are
much success, comic media can help students made in detail; (c) Colorist and Screen, tone
remember concepts (Tatalovic, 2009). giving color and background attracts attention
and creates an aesthetic impression for comic
Therefore, this research uses comics to make readers; (d) Letterer, giving balloons and
fun learning tools. Besides, comics are an dialogues; (e) Designing a comic outline,
entertaintment media that can engage starting from the main menu, learning
students' interest in learning chemistry. objectives and indicators, character
Tatalovic (2009) said that comics are a popular introduction, materials, and bibliography; (f)
art form, especially among children and adults; Layouting, compiling and arranging images; (g)
thus, comics can provide potential media for Publication, publishing comics into the

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B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
Kimia” (A Digital Chemistry Bond Material)

selected application; in this case, the author method, namely the medium bias or trend
uses the Webtoon application. (2) Validation Of error.
the Expert Team. (3) Schematic Design
Improvement. The percentage of assessment scores from
experts/validators is calculated using the
Data analysis techniques are used in the form formula below:
of qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative was ∑𝑠
used to manage data in the form of comments %𝑋𝑖𝑛 = × 100%
and suggestions from validators listed in the 𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠
validation sheet, while quantitative was used to Description:
manage Likert scale percentage data into a %Xin = Percentage of score answers to the i-
measurement scale. The data is stated in a question research instrument.
statement accompanied by four responses that ∑s = Total answer scores
determine the standard level of learning media. s maks = Maximum Score
Meanwhile, the data collection methods in this (Sudjana, 2005).
study consisted of: (1) Interviews, interviews
were conducted in unstructured or open The calculation of the average percentage of
interviews. The instrument is used in the form product assessment results is converted into an
of interviews to determine the outline of the assessment statement to see the quality and
problem. It aims to determine the benefits of the product sourced from the
characteristics and difficulties of students in assessment of digital comic readers. The
learning chemistry as an analysis of the needs assessment of the learning media product of
of chemistry learning media. Furthermore, this Petuah Kimia (chemical bond digital comics) is
way was used to identify the students' completed when a score is obtained, which
cognitive, psychomotor, and affective indicates that the product has occupied the
characteristics. (2) Questionnaire, This research eligibility rules with the level of the technical
used a questionnaire instrument with a Likert quality of the media and the suitability of the
scale. Besides, the form of a checklist (√) learning media in the very feasible or
belonged to a scale of 4. The purpose of using appropriate category.
a questionnaire: (a) Questionnaire for media
and material validators, testing the feasibility of 3. Result and Discussion
the product in terms of material and media, (b)
Questionnaire of readers to find out the The research and development stages of the
response or responses of readers in the form of Borg and Gall model carried out in this study
comments and product suggestions developed include the preliminary study, planning,
as improvement materials, as well as to test the schema design, limited-scale testing, product
practicality of the product. It is intended that improvement, broad-scale testing, and product
the learning media developed are genuinely improvement improvements that have been
valid and follow the needs of students. tested. From the results of the research at each
Although the learning media developed was stage, the following results are obtained:
declared feasible by the validator, if the student
response was negative, it was necessary to 3.1. Previous Studies
make improvements. (3) Documentation, is In the preliminary study stage (Research and
used to add information/evidence to this study. Information Collection), there are two research
In this study, the scale measurement level with stages: (a) Literature study to collect
neutral answers was not used so that information about problems that arise in the
respondents could determine their opinions chemistry learning process. The data obtained
and attitudes regarding the statements that the becomes a guide for researchers to analyze the
researchers had proposed in the questionnaire/ needs of learning activities and develop the
questionnaire. This way is used to reduce errors concept of learning media, and (b) Field
in data management using the Likert scale observations were conducted on students of
the 2019/2020 Chemistry Education study

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B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
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program at UIN Walisongo Semarang. This information and supporting media to

field study was conducted on April 7, 2021, by formulate steps for media development, such
distributing questionnaires using google forms as compiling material based on indicators and
and interviews. The results obtained from this learning objectives into a story, determining
observation are discovering several problems characters and their characteristics, and
in understanding chemical materials, especially determining illustrations of a chemical
in chemical bonding materials. The difficulty of compound.
this case is related to understanding abstract
concepts and material in textbooks with 3.3. The First Development
minimal illustrations. This problem causes The initial development stage (Develop
students to be lazy to read and study chemical Preliminary of Product) was developed by
bonding material. developing a comic design, starting with
making a storyboard, penciller/inker, colorist
Based on this preliminary study, it is necessary and screen tone, lettere, designing a comic
to develop learning media by taking into outline, layout, and publishing. The comics that
account the VISUALS principle: Visible (easy to have been compiled are then validated by one
see), Interesting (attractive), Simple (easy to media expert validator, namely a lecturer in art
use), Useful (proper), Accurate (precise and and architecture, an illustrator and a comic
accountable), Legitimate (valid and logical), artist, and two material experts, consisting of a
and Structured (organize) (Nurseto, 2011). primary chemistry lecturer and a chemistry
These principles have inspired researchers to teacher.
offer digital comics learning media that can be
an alternative media in an increasingly The feasibility of the digital comic Petuah Kimia
advanced era in terms of technology and was developed by Arsyad (2015), but the
knowledge, especially in using websites and researcher developed the indicator based on
internet networks in the independent learning the needs of the researcher. The results of the
process at home. Meantime, digital comic expert validation assessment can be seen in
learning media is also helpful in a growing Table 1.
interest in reading.
Based on Table 1, the first validation resulted in
3.2. Planning an average score of 86%; the improvements
This development is carried out from June 3, were made based on the suggestions. Besides,
2021, to October 29, 2021, at Rp. 129,000,-. This the second validation resulted in an average
fee is used to subscribe to the Ibis PaintX score of 98%. The comments and suggestions
version 9.2.1 digital illustration application for given by the validator are listed in Table 2.
three months with a monthly payment of IDR
43,000. Therefore, Researchers also combine all

Tabel 1. Digital Comics Validation Results of Petuah Kimia

Validation I Validation II
Respondent
Percentage Description Percentage Description
Media Expert Validator 83% Very Proper 100% Very Proper
Material Expert Validator 1 (Basic
75% Proper 93% Very Proper
Chemistry Lecturer)
Material Expert Validator 2 (Chemisry
100% Very Proper 100% Very Proper
Teacher)
Average 86% Very Proper 98% Very Proper

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 B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
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Table 2. Expert Validator Comments and Suggestions

No. Comments and Suggestions
1. The cover and title are too complex, do not describe the contents of the comic story, and the
illustrations are not realistic.
2. The color selection is too pale and doesn't include descriptions of the characters.
3. The setting of place and time have not been clearly described, and the use of fonts are too
diverse; there is a lack of narration to reinforce the storyline.
4. Learning objectives and indicators have not been included in the story.
5. The material concept is long-winded; it can lead to multiple meanings and lacks detail in
explaining a material.

Based on Table 2, after receiving comments

and suggestions from the expert validators,
the researchers changed the mistake based on
the directions as follows:

(a)

(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Front Cover Before Revision; (b)
Front Cover After Revision.

(b)
Figure 3. Changes in Material Aspects: (a)
Before Revision (b) After Revision.

3.4. Limited-Scale Product Testing

Product testing on a limited scale (Preliminary
Field Testing) was carried out on chemistry
education students in 2019/2020, with 22
students to find out the practicality of digital
comic products as learning media. The results
of the practicality test by students have an
average percentage of 91%, with a very decent
(a) (b) category.
Figure 2. Changes in Graphic Aspect: (a) Before
Practicality tests were also conducted on
Revision (b) After Revision.
educators (chemistry teachers); there were two
chemistry teachers from two different schools
providing practicality test assessments for this

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B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
Kimia” (A Digital Chemistry Bond Material)

chemistry comic learning media product. The

results of the practicality test by educators
(chemistry teachers) obtained an assessment
percentage of 92% with a very decent
category. In addition, the educators give
suggestions to researchers to make
improvements. The aspect suggestion is the
systematicity of the material presented.
Furthermore, the educators suggest that the
preparation of the Lewis structure material Figure 4. Petuah Kimia Comic Reader Rating
should be sequentially starting from a simple Link
Lewis structure, such as the basic Lewis
On January 14, 2022, comic books were viewed
structure first, then developed and given an
1,785 times with a rate of 10 and 47 followers;
example of the Lewis bond structure, clarifying
Meanwhile, the readers come from students,
and adding detailed octet exception material.
chemistry and chemistry education students,
3.5. Limited Revision of Initial Test Results alumni and chemistry teachers, and the
(Main Product Revision) general public. As a result, 48 readers gave
The limited test results show that the product their assessments through a google form
is suitable to use as a learning medium. The questionnaire. This questionnaire obtained a
students provide some comments and score of 2753 out of 3072 and the maximum
suggestions, such as the need to convert number of assessments. This value has a
comics into pdf or print form so that they can percentage of 90%. If converted into an
be read offline, provide more natural colors, assessment statement to see the quality and
and pay attention to word errors or typos. benefits of the product, this percentage value
can be interpreted as a very viable learning
3.6. An Extensive Product Testing media product.
The extensive product testing (Main Field
Testing) was carried out for readers of the
Petuah Kimia comic, and the researchers
included a google form link in the comments
column so that readers could participate in the
assessment of learning media products. The
assessment includes: (a) media aspects, such
as ease of use, instructions for use, usefulness,
Figure 5. Petuah Kimia Reader Statistics (Digital
and product attractiveness. (b) Linguistic
Comics on Chemical Bonds)
aspects include ease of language, the accuracy
of type and size of letters, and storyline.
Moreover, (c) Material Aspects: the material is
delivered coherently, the media helps readers
understand the material, increases reading
interest, and helps independent learning. The
assessment is presented in the form of a
checklist (√) with a rating scale of 4.

Figure 6. The Graph of Respondents of The

Digital Comic Readers Chemical
Bonds

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B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
Kimia” (A Digital Chemistry Bond Material)

The trial results of research and development students, teachers, and the general public.
of the digital comics on chemical bonds However, the researcher also got several
indicate that the product is very suitable as a suggestions, such as not showing the
learning medium that provides visualization of uniqueness or identity of the archipelago,
chemical bonding material to students using good Indonesian language to make it
without replacing the role of educators. On the easier for readers from eastern Indonesia to
other hand, the strength of this media lies in enjoy this comic, as well as extending comic
narration, images, and the use of episodes, or making a sequel to the comic that
complementary colors, where comic art was developed. These suggestions are input
becomes a medium to convey complex for researchers to develop better chemistry
information more straightforwardly and comic-based learning media in the future.
enjoyably. This finding is in line with Lova et al.
research (2013), comic media featuring 4. Conclusion
illustrations attract attention, and using
complex colors can build students' motivation The learning media of Petuah Kimia (digital
to study harder. Furthermore, comics as comic material on chemical bonds) is
learning media can also increase students' produced and published through the webtoon
reading motivation. In addition, the comic digital comic platform with the scientific
illustrations create a sense of pleasure, so the fantasy genre. This comic was developed
students' interest in reading the learning through the Borg and Gall model, consisting
material increased by 90% (Herawati et al., of seven stages: Research and Information
2014). Collecting, Planning, Develop Preliminary
Form of the Product, Preliminary Field Testing,
Added by Malviya & Verma (2010), digital Main Product Revision, Main Field Testing, and
reading has improved students' reading Operational Product Revision. In addition, the
interest because of the development of material on chemical bonds includes the types
technology and the maturation of the world of of chemical bonds, such as ionic, covalent, and
education into the digital era. Moreover, this metallic bonds, as well as the octet and duplet
digital reading trend also occurs in comic rules, Lewis structures, and formal charges.
reading activities. Furthermore, developing This comic is categorized as feasible to be a
comic learning media into digital form makes learning media based on assessing media and
learning media more practical. In addition, the material expert validators. This learning media
researcher has evidence that is found by doing has a percentage of the feasibility value of
a researcher's practicality test of readers 100% in the media aspect and 93% in the
obtained a score of 2753 out of 3072 with a material aspect. Meanwhile, the learning
percentage of 90%. Besides, Purnama et al. media for digital comics on chemical bonds
(2015) stated that comics media in digital was developed online to disseminate learning
form, either through applications or websites, media products more open and sustainable.
are more preferred than comic media in print. Besides, this system is supported by the
Even less, digital comics are more practical and comment column provided by the Webtoon
easier to carry anywhere. application for each story episode; Also, the
readers can provide input to creators
3.7. Product Evaluation of Extensive
regarding published comics.
Testing
The last stage of this digital comic learning
media development is revising the results of
the comprehensive practicality test
(Operational Product Revision). Meanwhile,
the readers come from students, chemistry

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B. Mutammimah & W. Udaibah The Development of Learning Media “Petuah
Kimia” (A Digital Chemistry Bond Material)

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