REVIEW OF TENSES &

MODALS
[Document subtitle]

I Made Sujana 2017 English Grammar 1

 UNIT 2
REVIEW OF TENSES & MODALS

Basic Competency:

After completing this unit, the learners

can use various individual tenses,
modals, and tenses commonly in
contrast

Indicators:
After completing this unit, the learners:

 Can explain various kinds of tenses comprehensively

 Can use various kinds of tenses correctly.

 Can use various modals correctly

 Can contrast the use of closely related tenses

 Can use the contrasts of various tenses comprehensively

 PRE-TEST

DIRECTION: State whether each of the following sentences is correct (C) or incorrect (I). If
it is incorrect, revise it.
1. My family moved to Gili Air since 1995.
2. I haven’t seen you at the party on Saturday night.
3. I have spend my time with them for five days traveling around West Nusa Tenggara.
4. The food in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
5. You will see that the river is flowing from the north part of the city to the south.
6. Have you seen Mary last week?
7. I am going to Kuala Lumpur tomorrow.
8. I am preferring to talk to you rather than to him.
9. Water is boiling at 100 degree Celsius.
10. When a couple invite you, you usually brought them a present.
11. You must to go to the library soon to find some references.
12. Gold has been found in Sumbawa Regency in 1980s.
13. Have you meet my son before.
14. The Smiths have come to Australia forty years ago.
15. We will sold the rest of the souvenirs by tomorrow.
16. You look confused. Are you understand what I mean?
17. Actually I am come from Bali, but I moved to Lombok since 1984.
18. When I was young, I spend my childhood in rice field with my father.
19. We are knowing the family better than other people do.
20. Last night I came home, cooked dinner, and watch TV with my son.

A VERBS

Of many different names of tenses, there are only two main tenses – present and past. Each
tense can have a simple form; and each can be combined with either progressive aspect or
with perfective aspects, or with both aspects. Study the following examples:
 PRESENT PAST
1. Simple I bring him a book. I brought him a book.
2. Progressive I am bringing him a book I was bringing him a book.
3. Perfect I have brought him a book I had brought him a book
4. Perfect- I have been bringing him a I had been bringing him a
Progressive book book

Stative Verbs

Stative Verbs in contrast to Dynamic Verbs are verbs which usually refer to a state and
are normally found in the non-progressive forms. The Stative Verbs include:

1. Verbs containing the idea of being or having

VERBS MEANING VERBS MEANING

 apply to : be true of  hold : have
 belong to : be the property of  interest : be interesting for
 compare : be like  matter : be of importance
 concern : be of importance to  measure : be a certain length, etc.
 contain : have or hold  own : have
 cost : be equal in value to  possess : have
 depend on : be dependent on  resemble : be like
 deserve : be worthy of  stand for : be a substitute for
 differ : be different from  weigh : be of a certain weight
 exist : be

Examples:
1. This house belongs to my brother.
2. The regulation announced by the Dean applies to all students.
3. The book costs Rp 40,000.
4. Most people in Indonesia own the houses they live in.
5. How much do you weigh?
6. Rudy resembles his brother in the way he walks.
 7. Anthropological Linguistics interests Dr. Kamal very much.
8. Many animals do not exist in modern world.
9. It doesn’t matter to me whether you are satisfied or not.
10. My answers differ from yours in many ways.

Some of those verbs can also be used for activity. In that case, the verbs can freely be
used in the progressive.

Examples:

1. She is applying for a job in this company.

2. I am applying Counterpain to my muscles.
3. Hold your arm out. I am just measuring your sleeve.
4. In this article, the writer is comparing the application of two models in
Cooperative Learning
5. This family is depending on you to help them.

2. Verbs referring to an involuntary reaction of senses.

Verbs of physical perceptions, such as feel, hear, see, smell, taste, are the verbs
referring to involuntary reactions. However, some of these verbs can refer to both
involuntary and voluntary reactions.

Study the following examples:

INVOLUNTARY VOLUNTARY
1. I hear you. I am listening to you.
2. I see you. I am looking at you
3. I feel tired I am feeling this cushion.
4. It smells awful. I am smelling this flower
5. It tastes bad. I am tasting this soup.

3. Verbs referring to mental or emotional states

 assume  fear  know  regret

  believe  feel (think)  like  remember
 care  find (consider)  love  suggest
 consider  forget  mean  suppose
 detest  hate  mind  think
 envy  hope  notice  understand
 expect  imagine  prefer  want/wish

Examples:
1. I assume you already knew the truth.
2. We hate the way he treats us.
3. I don’t mind helping you.
4. They find the Moscow Circus interesting.
5. I feel you are right.
6. I don’t care about the problem.
7. I know what you mean.
8. We understand how you feel.

However, some of those verbs can be used in progressive. Look at the pairs of the
sentences:

1. The boss considers him to be very honest.

2. The boss is considering his application.

3. I feel you are right.

4. I am feeling very hungry.

5. I think he is crazy.
6. Don’t disturb me. I am thinking.

B REVIEW OF TENSES
The proficiency of tenses in English is a prerequisite in learning English since they become
the foundations of sentence constructions and uses. Therefore, it is necessary to master them
before learning other parts of English structures. The following is the summary of tenses as
reference to review which materials you haven’t mastered yet.

There are 12 major tenses categorized into 3 major groups that need to be master
comprehensively: (1) Present Tense, consisting of Present Simple, Present Continuous,
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous; (2) Past Tense consisting of Past Simple,
Past Continuous, Past Perfect, and Past Perfect Continuous; and (3) Future Tense, consisting
of Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, and Future Perfect Continuous. Other
four tenses, but rarely used, are Past Future Tense, Past Future Continuous Tense, Past Future
Perfect Tense, and Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense. [English Department students must
master all 16 tenses comprehensively].

This section just provides you with the summary of the tenses. Find more references to
strengthen your mastery on tenses in English.

1. Simple Present Tense

 Function: To express (a) routine activities; (b) general truth
 Pattern: Subject + V1(s/es) + Complement
 Adverbs of Time and Frequency: every ……, once a month; always, usually,
sometimes, often, seldom, never.
Examples:
 Mary goes to campus everyday.
 John and Jane visit their mother twice in a year.
 I spend 8 hours in my office everyday.
 She always comes to the concert with her mother.
 I never smoke.
 The sun rises in the East.
 The water boils at 1000C.
2. Present Continuous Tense
 Function: To express the activity in progress at the present time.
 Pattern: Subject + is/am/are + -ing form + complement
 Adverb of Time: now, at the moment, at present
Examples:
  I am teaching at Room 107 right now.
 He is examining the patient.
 They are attending the lecture on Microbiology.
 They are having breakfast in the cafeteria.
3. Present Perfect Tense
 Function: To express (a) an activity occurs in the past but still happen now or may be
in the future/unfinished activity; (b) an activity in the past but the result is felt now;
repetition of an activity before now
 Pattern: Subject + have/has + V3
 Adverb of Time: since …., for …….., already, not ….. yet.
Examples:
 I have lived in Mataram since 1984.
 They have studied English for three months.
 She has cleaned the shoes.
 They have had breakfast.
 She has already submitted the assignment.
 The doctor has examined the patient.
 I have had four tests this semester.
 I have written several times to my wife.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

 Function: to express the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to
the present.
 Pattern: Subject + have/has + been + -ing-form …
 Adverbs of Time: since, for, all morning, all day, all week, ….
Examples:
 I have been waiting for the bus since seven o’clock.
 You have been studying in the library for five hours.
 She has been living here since 1989.
 My wife has been teaching in this school for ten years.
 Maria and Ann have been working at the same office for 3 years.

5. Past Tense
  Function: To express an activity that occurred and ended at a particular time in the
past
 Pattern: Subject + V2 + Complement
 Adverb of Time: yesterday, ….. ago, last ….., in ….. (past time)
Examples:
 I did my homework yesterday.
 He submitted the assignment last week.
 They bought the car last year
 She walked to school yesterday.
 I moved here in 1984.

6. Past Continuous Tense

 Function: To indicate an activity that was in progress at a certain time in the past.
 Pattern: Subject + was/were + -ing-form + complement …
 Adverbs of Time: at that time, yesterday, ….. ago, last …..
Examples:
 I was sleeping at that time
 He was doing the assignment at this time yesterday.
 They were having party when the earthquake began.
 She was walking to the street when the car crashed.
 I was standing down the tree when it began to rain.

7. Present Future Tense

 Function: To express a future plan, willingness, prediction.
 Pattern: Subject + is/am/are going to + V1
Subject + will + V1+ …
 Adverb of Time: next …, tomorrow, tonight
Examples:
 I am going to visit my mother next week.
 She is going to finish this work this afternoon.
 They are going to be doctors.
 He is going to take holidays next year.
  I will visit my mother next week.
 She will finish this work this afternoon.
 They will be doctors.
 He will take holidays next year.

8. Present Future Continuous Tense

 Function: To express an activity that will be in progress at that time in the future.
 Pattern: Subject + is/am/are going to + be + -ing-form
Subject + will + be + -ing-form …
 Adverbs of Time: next …, tomorrow, tonight … (with emphasis on a particular
time)
Example:
 I am going to be studying in the library at this time tomorrow.
 She is going to be dancing with her friends at this time next week.
 He will be studying at 7 o’clock tomorrow.
 At the same time tomorrow she will be sitting in the class for exam.

9. Present Future Perfect Continuous

 Function: To indicate duration of an activity that will be in progress before

another time or event in the future.
 Pattern: Subject + will + have + been + -ing-form …
 Adverb of Time: for …. (with emphasis on a particular time), by the time ….
Example:
 I will have been studying for three hours before they arrive.
 Prof. Butt will have been working for 45 years when he retires next year.
 I will have been teaching for 20 years on March next year.

10. Past Future Tense

 Function: To express planned activities in a period of time in the past

 Pattern: Subject + would + Verb 1
 Adverbs of Time: (can use adverbs of time in Past tense)
 Example
 I would go if you asked
 She would be a teacher if she continued her study.
 I would take the job.

11. Past Future Perfect Tense

 Function: To express predicted or planned activities to occur or to have occurred

before or at certain time in the past.
 Pattern: Subject + would + have + Past Participle (V3) + ...
 Adverbs of Time: (can use adverbs of time in Past tense)
Example
 She would have been an actress if her husband had allowed her to.
 She should have gone, but she didn’t
 They would have paid the rent if the landlord had improved the quality of
facilities.

12. Past Perfect Tense

 Function: To express an activity that was completed before another activity or

time in the past.
 Pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle (V3) + …
 Adverbs of Time: before, after …
Example
 Until yesterday I had never heard about him.
 Jeff had already gone when we got there.
 Sandy had already left before we arrived.
 I had met him before we met again at the conference.

13. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 Function: To express the duration of an activity that was in progress before

another activity or time in the past.
 Pattern: Subject + had + been + -ing-form + …
 Adverbs of Time: before, after … (with a particular time).
 Example
 The police had been looking for the robber for one year before they caught
him.
 The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost two hours
before a surgeon treated him.
 Her eyes were red because she had been crying for hours.
 Her hair was wet because she had been swimming.

14. Past Future Continuous

 Function: To express planned activities in progress in the past.

 Pattern: Subject + would + be + -ing-form + …
 Adverbs of Time: (can use adverbs of time in past tense and present continuous)

Example
 They would be preparing dinner for our party at this moment.
 She would be studying Mathematics at this time yesterday.
 Jane would be cooking when you came.
 John would be going to Bali at this time last week.

15. Past Future Perfect Continuous

 Function: To express planned or predicted activities or events that would have

taken place and was still taking place in the past.
 Pattern: Subject + would+ have + been + -ing-form + …
 Adverbs of Time: (can use adverbs of time in past tense and present continuous)

Example
 I would have been working here for 25 years.
 We would have been reading in the library for 2 hours at that time.
 My nephew would have been sailing in a cruise vessel for 20 days by last
Friday.
 My supervisor would have been teaching at my university for 45 years by
next month.

16. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

  Function: To express planned or predicted activities or events that will have taken
place and is still taking place in the future.
 Pattern: Subject + will + have +been + -ing-form + …
 Adverbs of Time: for … next …. at this time, etc..

Example
 We will have been attending the conference for 4 hours at 3 o’clock.
 I will have been learning English Grammar for two hours at 12 o’clock.
 I will have been waiting the parcel for two days at this time tomorrow.
 My teacher will have been teaching for 40 years next month.

EXERCISE 1: Identify the tenses of the following sentences.

Doctor Sowanso
Doctor Sowanso is the Secretary General of the United 1.
Nations. He’s one of the busiest men in the world. He’s
just landed at New Delhi Airport now. The Indian Prime
Minister is meeting him. Later, they’ll talk about Asian
problems.

Yesterday he was in Moscow. He visited the Kremlin and

had lunch with Soviet leaders. During lunch, they
discussed international politics.

Tomorrow he’ll fly to Nairobi. He’ll meet the President

of Kenya and other African leaders. He’ll be there for 12
hours.

The day after tomorrow, he’ll be in London. He’ll meet

the British Minister and they’ll talk about European
Economic problems.

Adapted from:
Bernard Hartley & Peter Viney’s Streamline English Connections. Oxford
University Press

EXERCISE 2: Put the verb on the right to the passage and change the tense according the
context.
 OUR SEEDLING DIARY
Last week our class_________ (1) some bean seeds in 1. plant
ice-cream containers to watch how they grow. 2. water
3. put
We ___________ (2) the seeds well and then we 4. observe
_________ (3) a plastic bag over them to keep them 5. pull
moist. 6. notice
After that we put the container on the window sill in the 7. start
sun. 8. dig
About five days later we ___________ (4) that some of 9. watch
the seeds were beginning to germinate. We
__________ (5) a couple of seeds out of the dirt and
____________ (6) that they had ____________ (7) to
grow roots.
In a couple of days the plants had started to sprout
leaves and by the end of the week they were about 7
centimeters tall.
Then we _____________ (8) a small garden outside our
classroom and planted the seedlings so that we could
____________(9) them grow bigger.

Text taken from Muchlas Yusak’s Genre & Text

EXERCISE 3: Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

1. I _____________ (send) those letters yesterday.

2. She usually ___________ (have) breakfast in that cafeteria.
3. They ___________ (plant) some flowers at the backyard right now.
4. Mary always _________ (borrow) some books from the library.
5. Prof. Baker ____________ (teach) English for 20 years.
6. The doctors _______________ (examine) the patient right now.
7. John ____________ (be) a doctor next year.
8. John and Mary ____________ (travel) abroad last month.
9. I _____________ (talk) on the phone when he ____________ (came) to my house.
10. The President of RI ___________ (come) and _________ (open) the national football
competition in Mataram tomorrow.
11. The Auditorium ______________ (be, establish) in 1997.
12. In 1965, many families in Indonesia ____________ (lose) their parents.
13. The President of the US ____________ (have) meeting by this time tomorrow
morning.
 14. I ____________ (read) the book twice. I don’t want to read it again.
15. The students ___________________ (collect) data in the community right now.

EXERCISE 4: Change those sentences into Interrogative and Negative Sentences.

EXERCISE 5: Change the following sentences into continuous. Look at the examples.

1. It will snow by the time we arrive there.  It will be snowing by the time we arrive
there.

2. The government is going to build a new school in this village.  The government is
going to be building a new school in this village.

3. The family has looked for him for many years.  The family has been looking for him
for many years.

4. They had looked for everywhere.  They had been looking for everywhere.

5. Maria will study Linguistics next year.

6. The plane will depart in a few minutes.

7. The management will discuss the proposal soon.

8. The electricity will work again this afternoon.

9. The family is going to take a vacation on December.

10. I am going to work very hard this semester.

11. They are going to attend a lot of presentation next semester.

12. The singers are going to entertain the audience tonight.

13. They have watched the movie before.

14. I have answered almost all e-mails.

15. The citizens have raised the issue many times.

16. I have paid the monthly rent.

17. I had worked for a long time before I met her.

18. The phone had rung repeatedly all day.

19. The student had taken this subject before.

20. My mother had prepared for the dinner for three hours.

EXERCISE 6: Change the following sentences into continuous. Look at the examples.

1. It will snow by the time we arrive there.  It will have snowed by the time we arrive
there.

2. The government is going to build a new school in this village.  The government is
going to have built a new school at this site.

3. Maria will study Linguistics next year.

4. The plane will depart in a few minutes.

5. The management will discuss the proposal soon.

6. The electricity will work again this afternoon.

7. The family is going to take a vacation on December.

8. I am going to work very hard this semester.

9. They are going to attend a lot of presentation next semester.

10. The singers are going to entertain the audience tonight.

EXERCISE 7: Change the following the simple present tense sentences into other kinds of
tenses. Pay attention to the adverbs of time and frequency.

1. He meets the boss everyday.

2. They send the parcel to the post office.
3. He has lunch at 14.00.
4. We buy the vegetables in Hero Supermarket.
5. My sister visits my mother once a month.
6. Mary does her job everyday.

EXTENDED EXERCISE 8: Write down your own story which describes your past,
present and future. Accommodate as many tenses as you can.

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C MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR

EXPRESSIONS
Modal auxiliaries in English are: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought
to, must, need. Related verb phrases are be going to, be able to, have to, had better, used to,
be used to. These modal auxiliaries are generally used to express a speaker’s attitudes or
moods. The attitudes or moods can be necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or
probable; and at the same time, they can convey the strength of these attitudes or moods.

Each modal may have more than one meaning and/or use. Study the following forms and
meaning of some modal auxiliaries:

AUXILIA USES MEANINGS EXAMPLES

RY
will future time be going to We will read the chapter.
can ability be able to/ Bayu can play a guitar very well.
be capable of/
know how to
permission be permitted to/ You can borrow that motorbike.
have permission to
may permission be permitted to/ You may smoke in that hall.
have permission to
possibility It is possible that You may get an e-mail today.
might possibility It is possible that You might get an e-mail today.
should obligation ought to The student should study every day.
desirability ought to I should visit her.
must inference I conclude that You must be Jane – short hair, blue
conclusion jacket.
probability It is very probable that You must be 40 years old.
necessity have to Marion must study tonight.

EXERCISE 9: Rewrite the sentences to covey similar meanings. Look at the examples
provided.

1. Denis can swim. Denis is able to swim.

2. You can leave the room. You are permitted to leave the room.
3. You should help your parent.
4. Your parent might visit you this
month.
5. It must rain tonight.
 6. It is a compulsory subject. All
students must enroll in the subject.
7. That race car can go very fast.
8. May I borrow your computer?
9. Will you take this subject this
semester?
10. You may be accepted in the
company.
11. You can be the boss in our company.
12. You may come tomorrow if you want
to.
13. He must be in the library in this time.
14. She might do well on the final test.
15. He must be an important person in
this company.

FORMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF MODALS:

1. Modals do not change their form for person or number, that is, there is no –s form for the
third singular person (he/she).
2. The normal position of the modal in an affirmative sentence is after the subject or before
the main verb.
3. Modals do not have –ing forms.
4. Modals act as operators (they will be placed at the beginning of sentences when forming
interrogative sentences).
5. Modals cannot be followed directly by another modal.
6. Modals must be followed by bare-infinitives.
7. Modal cannot be followed directly by –ing forms or infinitives.

B MORE FORMS AND MEANINGS OF

MODALS AUXILIARIES
AUXILIA USES EXAMPLES
RY
can  ability  He can run fast.
 possibility 
 informal permission  You may use my computer.
 informal polite request  Can I borrow your book?
 impossibility (negative only)  It can’t be true.
could  past ability  I could run past when I was a
child
 polite request  Could I borrow your pen?
 suggestion  You could talk to you
supervisor
 less than 50% certainty  Where is Jane? She could be at
home.
 impossibility (negative only)  That couldn’t be true.
will  100% certainty  He will be here at four
tomorrow.
 willingness  The bell is ringing; I will open
the door.
 polite request  Will you please pass me the
salt?
would  polite request  Would you bring me the report.
 preference  I would rather go to the park
rather than stay home.
 repeated actions in the past  I would visit my parent every
weekend.
shall  polite questions to make suggestion  Shall I open the window?
 future with “I” and “We” as subjects (will  We shall depart at ten.
is more common in use)
should  advisability/obligation  You should study tonight.
 90% certainty  You should do well on the test.
 desirability
ought to  advisability  You ought to study hard.
 90% certainty  You ought to do well on the test.
 desirability
may  polite request  May I have a word with you,
Sir?
 formal permission  You may leave the room.
 less than 50% certainty  He may be in the library.
 possibility  My boss may send you a
package.
might  less than 50% certainty  He might be in the library.
 polite request (but rarely used)  Might I borrow yours?
 possibility  My boss might send you a
package.
must  strong necessity (strong obligation)  I must go now.
 prohibition (negative)  You mustn’t go.
  95% certainty (logical conclusion)  Mary is not in the class. She
must be sick.
have to  strong necessity  I have to go now.
 prohibition (negative)  You don’t have to go.

EXERCISE 10. Your friend is asking you about your plan but you are not sure. Use may or
might to respond the questions. Look at the example:

QUESTIONS RESPONSES
1. Where are you going for your holiday I am sure yet. I might go to Singapore.
next year?
2. With whom will you spend your I am not sure. _____________________
holiday? _________________________________
3. What will you visit in Singapore? I don’t know. I ____________________
________________________________
4. How long are you going to stay in I don’t know. ____________________
Singapore? _________________________________
5. When will you leave? I haven’t decided yet. _______________
__________________________________
6. How will you travel during your stay __________________________________
in Singapore? __________________________________
7. Where will you stay there? __________________________________
__________________________________
8. When will you come back? _________________________________
_________________________________

EXERCISE 11: Change the expression ‘know how to’ to can or could. Study the example.

1. My staff knows how to operate the My staff can operate the new machine.
new machine.
2. My father knows how to explain the
lesson clearly.
3. The school children know how to play
‘gamelan’ instrument.
 4. I knew how to swim when I was five.
5. My sister knows how to solve the
math problem.
6. I know how to cook traditional food.

EXERCISE 12:
a. Rewrite the following expression into a sentence with will. Study the example.

1. The fair is scheduled to begin next The fair will begin next week.
week.
2. They are willing to help his friends
next week.
3. He expects to email his university in
Australia.
4. He is willing to live in a five-star hotel
with his family.
5. The office is scheduled to move next
week.
6. He is willing to enroll in the university
next semester.
7. The family expects to do a lot of
travelling next year.
8. The family is scheduled to move to the
new apartment next month.

b. Rewrite the following expression into a sentence with must. Study the example.

1. It is necessary for the secretary to send The secretary must send the letter today.
the letter today
2. It is necessary for her to cook dinner
for the guests
3. It is necessary for my son to stay at
 home and study hard for tomorrow
test.
4. It is necessary for students to read
stories in English.
5. It is necessary for the driver to renew
his driver’s license.
6. It is necessary for the applicant to
complete the application form.
7. It is necessary for the tenant to pay the
rent by the fifteenth every month.
8. It is necessary for the lecturers to read
the new regulation.

c. Rewrite the following expression into a sentence with may. Study the example.

1. It is possible that we will go the We may go to the concert

concert tonight.
2. It is possible that the plane will be
late.
3. It is possible that you will succeed the
test.
4. It is possible that you will need my
help.
5. It is possible that you will get the
prize.
6. It is possible that it will rain today.
7. It is possible that you will miss the
train.
8. It is possible that she will visit us at
the office.
MODALS + PERFECTIVE
1. Could/may/might + have + V3 (past participles). Any of these modals followed by
perfective is used to indicate a past possibility.
 His death could have been caused by herpes. [passive form]
 It might have rained yesterday, but I am not sure.
 Mary might have read the novel.

2. Should + have + V3 (past participle). This modal + perfective is used to indicate an

obligation that was supposed to occur in the past, but for some reasons it did not occur.
 The children should have gone to school (but they didn’t go).
 The students should have submitted the assignments (but they didn’t submit them)
 The test-takers should have received the TOEFL scores.

3. Must + have + V3 (past participle). This modal + perfective is used to indicate a logical
conclusion in the past, by considering logical evident.
 No one answered the phone. The house must have been empty.
 Some students failed the test. They must not have studied well.
 It must have rained last night. The grass is wet.

EXERCISE 13: Change the verbs in brackets into correct Modal + Perfective. Look at the
context and decide correct modal is needed --- ‘should’ or ‘must’.
1. The secretary isn’t here yet. She ______________ (forget) the monthly staff meeting.
2. The tourist was arrested by the Immigration Office for illegal stay in Lombok. He
__________________ (have) his visa renewed.
3. Maria got an excellent result on the exam. She _________________ (study) very hard.
4. The company earned double this year. The staff and management ___________ (work)
very hard to promote the products.
5. It is late night, but the boss is still working in his office. He ______________ (gone)
home.
6. It is a mid day, but the boss’ office is closed. He __________________ (gone) home.
7. My friend called me as soon as his wife gave a birth. He _____________ very happy after
long waiting.
8. This is for the first time Mary was absent. She ___________ (be) sick.
9. Jane was late for her job interview. She _________________ (be, not) late.
10. The picnickers left litter everywhere. They ________________ (left, not) the litter.

C SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS AS MODALS

 SIMILAR USES EXAMPLES
EXPRESSION
S AS
MODALS
used to  habit, activity, or situation that  Sandy used to live in Praya.
existed in the past but which no  She used to have long hair.
longer exists
 repeated action in the past 
I used to visit my parent every week.
be (get) used to  habit 
I am used to eating western food.
 
I am used to cold weather.
be (get)  habit 
I am accustomed to eating western
accustomed to food.
 I am accustomed to cold weather.
be supposed to  expectation  Class is supposed to begin at nine.
be to  strong expectation  You are to be here at eight.
have got to  necessity  I have got to go to class today.
be going to  100% certainty  She is going to be here at ten.
 definite plan  I am going to paint my house this
week.
be able to  ability  She is able to help you.
be capable of  ability  She is capable of improving your
English score.
need/needn’t*)  necessity/obligation  Need we stay this evening?
or Do we need to stay this evening?
 He needs to stay this evening (not he
need stay)
 lack of necessity/obligation  You needn’t shout (= you don’t need
to shout).
would rather  preference  I would rather go than stay at home.
had better  warning  You had better take care of yourself.
 advisability (the same as should)  You had better go.
*) see Swan (1982) for detail explanations on need and needn’t (pp. 399 – 401)

EXERCISES 14. Use “had better” with appropriate verbs to the following contexts.
1. Mary’s car has got a flat tire. She had better mend it.
2. My neighbor has had my CDs for long time. He _________________________________
3. Your mobile phone is ringing. You ___________________________________________
4. John’s car is very dirty. He _________________________________________________
5. I haven’t pay the bill yet. ___________________________________________________
6. Maria has lost her wallet. She _______________________________________________
7. My refrigerator is out of order. I _____________________________________________
8. My son will finish his school next year. He ____________________________________

EXERCISE 15: Complete the following sentences using should/ought to, had better, and be
supposed to.

Jane: (we, meet) What time are we supposed to meet at the cafeteria?
Mary: The invitation says nine o’clock.
Jane: (hurry; Well, it is a quarter to nine. We __________________. We ______
not be) ______________ late.
Mary: Oh, it won’t matter if we are a bit late
Jane: arrive Well, I think it would be rude. We _____________ on time if we
can.
Mary: (not take; You worry too much. You ________________ everything so
not get) seriously. It doesn’t mean exactly seven o’clock. We ___________
there exactly on time.

EXERCISE 16. Replace ‘can’ into ‘be able to’ and ‘be capable of’
1. He can speak English well.
He is able to speak English well/ He is capable of speaking English well.
2. My father can do math problems.
________________________________________________________________________
3. This 10 year-old boy can play tennis well.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. My son can cook Chinese food.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The students can type 120 wpm.
_______________________________________________________________________
6. The young son can count 1 – 50.
______________________________________________________________________
7. We can do these exercises using a computer program.
______________________________________________________________________
8. You can improve your Speaking skill by practicing every day.
______________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 17: Use ‘used to’ or ‘be used to’ based on the context provided.
1. My hair is short now, but I used to have long hair.
2. I am married now and I ______________ (cook) for my husband.
3. Before studying at the University of Mataram, I ___________ (live) in the village.
4. At first I just want to try it, and then I _________________ (smoke) cigar.
5. As a lecturer, I ___________________ (read) a lot.
6. By attending a lot of seminars, conference, and discussion, I ______________ (speak) in
front of public.
7. I will have Coke; I ___________________ (not, drink) beer.
8. I feel nervous; I __________________ (not, lead) Focus Group Discussion (FGD).
9. I _____________ (smoke), but I gave up.
10. I am addicted. I _______________ (smoke) 4 packs of cigarettes a day.
11. The plane ___________________ (land) at Selaparang, but now it was moved to Praya
(Central Lombok)
12. Living close to airport, I ______________ (listen) planes landing and taking off.

EXERCISE 18: Write down your own sentences using ‘similar expressions as modals.

1. ______________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________________________

8. _____________________________________________________________________

9. ______________________________________________________________________

10. ______________________________________________________________________

11. ______________________________________________________________________

12. _____________________________________________________________________
 STUDENT A

EXERCISE 19. Study the following appointment calendar and then answer the questions
asked by Students B. Take turns the role.

Mr. James Hall’s Week Calendar

OCTOBER

Time Monda Tuesda Wednesda Thursday Friday Saturda Sunda

y y y 8/10 9/10 y y
5/10 6/10 7/10 10/10 11/10
Morning Attend Meet a Speak on Prepare Present Prepare Visit a
weekly client a a project a b’day friend
staff conferenc proposal proposal party in
meetin e to get hosp.
g dev.
funding
Afternoo have have Meet a Negotiat Prepare Swim
n
lunch lunch with client ea b’day at
with clients project party Water
clients Park
Evening Attend Have Attend Discuss Attend Birthday Watch
class dinner class a class party favorit
with proposal with e
clients to be friends series
presente on TV
d the foll. with
day fam.
 STUDENT B

EXERCISE 19: Complete the calendar below by asking questions to Students A. Take turns
the role.

Mr. James Hall’s Week Calendar

OCTOBER

Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

5/10 6/10 7/10 8/10 9/10 10/10 11/10
Morning

Afternoon

Evening

Questions:
1. What should Mr. Hall do on Monday morning?
2. What is Mr. Hall supposed to do on Wednesday morning?
3. What does he have to do on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evening?
4. What does Mr. Hall have to do at 9 am on Saturday?
5. What should he do at 8 am on Wednesday?
6. When is he supposed to discuss a proposal for next day presentation?
7. When will he hold a birthday party with his friends?
8. What is he going to do on Saturday afternoon?
9. How will his Sunday look like?
10. What is he going to do on Monday and Wednesday afternoon?
11. When will he discuss proposal for next day presentation?
12. When will he prepare his birthday party?
13. ________________________________________________________________
14. ________________________________________________________________
15. ________________________________________________________________

EXTENDED EXERCISE 20: Write paragraphs on the following topics. Use modals as
many as possible.

How should schools best educate young people? What kind of educational
programs should there be? What subjects should be taught? What basic
learning skills should an adolescent have mastered by the time he graduates
from senior high school?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

D TENSES IN CONTRAST
1. Present Continuous vs. Simple Present

Present Continuous Simple Present

 For something happening now (in the  For repeated actions (things
middle of doing something happening again and again)
 I am typing my proposal.  I type all my essays.
 She is smoking  She smokes two packs a day.
 We are having lunch now  We have lunch at 2.

 For temporary feeling (that lasts only a  For thoughts and feelings and for
short period. states and permanent facts.
 I am enjoying this holiday.  I like dancing.
 I am staying at Lombok Plaza  The company owns some
branches.
 Five times five makes twenty
five.

EXERCISE 21: Simple Present or Present Continuous Tense. Complete the following
sentences using verbs in brackets and provide appropriate reasons. Look at the example.

(smile) Our Grammar lecturer never smiles, but he is smiling today

because he is wearing different shoes.

1. (drink) The Smiths never ____________ beer, but they _______________

beer today because _____________________________________

2. (watch) The family never _______________ movie together, but they

________________ movie now because _____________________

3. (go) Bayu never ______________ to restaurants, but he ____________

to a restaurant today because ______________________________

4. (write) My son never ________________ to me, but he _______________

to me now because
 _______________________________________

5. (work) My friend never ___________ on computers, but now she _______

___________ on a computer because _______________________

6. (review) My students never ____________ the course materials, but today

they ____________________ the materials because ____________
_____________________________________________________

7. (take) I never __________ a taxi to my office, but today I ___________ a

taxi because ___________________________________________

8. (wake up) The family never _______________ early, but they ____________
early today because _____________________________________

9. (give) Bob never ______________ a present to his girlfriend, but he ____

_____________ her a present because _______________________

10. (cook) My mother never ____________ special food, but she __________
special food today because ________________________________

11. (visit) My grandparent almost never ___________ us, but they ________
______________ today because ___________________________

12. (water) Mrs. Smith almost never _____________ the garden, but she ____
____________ the garden now because _____________________

13. (repaint) My family never ______________ their house, but they ________
___________ their house today because _____________________

14. (develop) The photographer never ___________ the film himself, but he ___
_____________ the film himself today because _______________

15. (type) The boss never _____________ his letter himself, but today he __
___________ his letter himself because _____________________

2. Past Tense vs. Present Perfect Tense

 Past Tense Present Perfect

 Expressing events in the past.  Expressing events in the past and

present
 I wrapped my present last night.
 I have wrapped my present.
 He made a lot of arts products.
 He has made a lot of arts product
so far

 For a state in the past (finished)  For a state which has gone up to the
present.
 I lived here for ten years
 I have lived here for 10 years
 I loved Lombok when I first visited
it  I have loved Lombok since I first
visited it.

EXERCISE 22: Answer the following questions using the words in brackets ( ).

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. Have you started your assignment? (last week) Yes, I started it last week.

2. Have you paid the rent? (yesterday)

3. Have you gone to the movie? (last night)

4. Have you had your breakfast? (at 7 o’clock)

5. Has Merry gone to Gili Meno? (last week)

6. Has Maria seen Christ? (last month)

7. Have they met before? (two days ago)

8. Have you read Hamlet? (last semester)

9. Has she printed her assignment? (yesterday afternoon)

10. Have they signed the agreement? (two weeks ago)

EXERCISE 23: Put the verb in the present perfect or past tense.
 1. My uncle is a song writer. He has composed (compose) many songs.
2. Our family didn’t go (not/ go) to Bali last semester.
3. My car is clean. I _____________ (wash) it.
4. What time _______________ (see) Paul last night?
5. Windy works in a university library. How long _______________ (work) there? She
___________________ (work) for three years.
6. The family love travelling. They ______________ (visit) many countries.
7. When I was young, I _________________ (not/like) fruit and vegetables.
8. My bicycle works again. I _____________ (fix) it.
9. Last year we _____________ (meet) our friends. We _____________ (see) them
since we ______________ (finish) our senior high school.
10. We __________(not/go out) last weekend because the weather __________ (be) very
bad.
3. Past Tense vs. Past Continuous Tense

Past Tense Past Continuous Tense

 Expressing a complete action in the  Expressing the action is in the middle

past. (still taking place).
 I jogged across the rice field around  I was jogging across the rice field
Ubud. around Ubud.
 The aircraft flew very low and  The aircraft was flying very low.
crashed in the field.

 

EXERCISE 24. Put the verb into Past Tense or Past Continuous.
1. Henry was reading (read) a book in his room when the phone rang (ring).
2. My wife ____________ (cook) when the earthquake ___________ (shake).
3. The delivery man _____________ (come) while we _________ (have) lunch at home.
4. “What _______________ (you/do) at 10 pm on Saturday?” “I was chatting on my
mobile phone.”
5. “What movie _____________ (you/see) last Sunday?”
6. Mary _________________ (not speed) when the accident _____________ (happen).
 7. The students _____________ (break) the door when they ____________ play ‘hide-
and-seek’.
8. The family _______________ (sit) in the garden when it __________ (start to rain)
heavily.
9. _________________ (you/watch) TV when I _____________ (phone) you?
10. Rani ______________ not/be) at home when I ___________ (visit) her house. She
________________ (work) in her office.

4. Present Perfect Tense vs. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense

 To express complete action  To express an action over period.

 I have repaired my bike. (It works  I have been repairing my bike.

now) (My hands are dirty)

 She has written her essay. (It is  She has been writing her essay.
ready to be submitted) (She feels tired now)

 It is used with a phrase expressing ‘how  It is normally used to express a

many ….’ phrase “how long ….”

 She has written 10 chapters.  She has been writing chapters of

her book since 2014.
 The farmer has picked hundreds of
watermelons.  The farmer has been picking
watermelons all days.

EXERCISE 25: Present Perfect Tense or Present Continuous Tense. Complete the following
sentences using verbs in brackets and provide appropriate reasons. Look at the example.

(work) The family have been working here since the beginning of this
company. They have been working here for more than 20 years.

1. (play) The boss and his staff _______________ badminton since lunch
 time. They _____________________________ four games.

2. (run) The athletes _____________________ nearly two miles. They

_____________________________________ for ten minutes.

3. (do) Melanie ________________________ sums in her exercise book

since lunch time. She ____________________ twenty.

4. (deliver) Sandy _____________________ about one hundred magazines.

He _______________________ them since 4 am.

5. (drink) You _______________________________ beer all day. You ____

________________________________ about ten bottles.

6. (read) The students ________________________ their favorite stories at

the library all day. Each of them ___________________ almost
five short stories.

7. (travel) The family love travelling. They ______________________ to 10

different countries in Europe. They _________________________
to South America since last month.

8. (fix) John _________________________ his car all day. Look! It works

now. He ___________________________ it.

5. Present Future Continuous Vs Present Future Perfect

Present Future Continuous Present Future Perfect Tense

 It is used to express for an action over a  It is used to express for something

period of future time (it is in the middle before a future time (something we
of action) will finish before a time in the future)

 I will be driving along Bali view at  We will have finished our

this time next week. assignment by five o’clock this
afternoon.
 Merry will be cleaning the flat this
time tomorrow. She always does it  The novel wasn’t very long. I’ll
 on Sunday afternoon. have read it by lunch time.

EXERCISE 26. You want to ask a friend to do something or to let you do something.
Find out if it is convenient for your friend. Use the verb in brackets ( ).

(read) You want to have a look at your fiend’s book tonight.

Will you be reading your book tonight?

1. (call) You want your friend to give a message to her sister.

Will you be ___________________________________________?

2. (see) You want your friend to give a picture to John tomorrow.

____________________________________________________?

3. (watch) You want your friend to record an important football match on a TV

program.

______________________________________________________?.

4. (use) You want to use your friend’s computer this evening.

______________________________________________________?

5. (go) You want return your library book today.

______________________________________________________?

6. (use) You want to print your final project today.

_______________________________________________________?

7. (pass) You want your friend to buy some stamps at the post office today.

_______________________________________________________?

8. (write) You want your friend to send a note to Emma for you soon.

________________________________________________________?
 EXERCISE 27. Complete the following sentences using the verbs in brackets to express
future time expectation. First study the following example.
1. I hope I will have been a millionaire by the age of 20 years old.
2. I hope _____________________________ (get married) by the age of 25.
3. I hope _____________________________ (have) 4 children when I am 30.
4. I hope _____________________________ (travel) all over the world when I am 35.
5. I hope _____________________________ (establish) 3 international companies
when I am 45.
6. I hope _____________________________ (become) world-famous businessman
when I am 50
7. I hope _____________________________ (retire) when I am 55.
8. I hope _____________________________ (hand over) my companies to my children
when I am 55.
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________
12. __________________________________________________________________
13. __________________________________________________________________

SUGGESTED READINGS

Frank, M. 1985. Modern English (including Modern English Exercises Book I and II). New
Jersey : Prentice Hall.
Hall, E.J., 1993. Building English Sentences (all series). Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara.
King, C. and N. Stanley, 1989. Building Skills for the TOEFL. Jakarta : Nelson and Binarupa
Aksara.
Lougheed, L., 2005. Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEIC Bridge Test. Jakarta: Binarupa
Aksara.
Maclin, A., 1994. Reference Guide to English: A Handbook of English as a Second
Language. Washington DC: USIS.
Philips, D.., 1996. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New York: Addison
Wisley Longman.
Philips, D.., 1996. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test. New York: Addison
Wisley Longman.
Reinhart, S. M. 1993. Testing Your Grammar. Michigan : University of Michigan Press.
Sharpe, P. J. 1997. Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEFL Test. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara
Sinclair, J., (ed.). 1995. Collins Cobuild Student’s Grammar. London: HarperCollins
Publisher.
Spankie, G.M., 1989. More Grammar You Need. Hongkong. MacMillan Publishers.
 SELF ASSESSMENT

In order to check your understanding toward the materials you just learnt, put tick (√) in
front of the statement if you understand the materials comprehensively, cross (x) if you don’t
understand the material, and question mark (?) if you feel in-between yes or no. You have to
be honest to yourself.

After completing this unit, I can ...

 explain various kinds of tenses comprehensively.

 use various kinds of tenses correctly.

 use various kinds of modals correctly
 contrast various pairs of confusing tenses correctly

If you don’t understand the materials or feel doubt about your mastery, just check the
materials again and reflect which parts you don’t understand. Don’t leave the unit without
comprehensive understanding because it will influence your progress in learning the
following materials.
 REFLECTION ON LEARNING

Without looking back to the materials, try to summarize the materials you just learnt by
completing this MIND MAPPING technique. Put the subtopics on the first layer and take
notes some important information on the following layers. [This reflection will be important
for you to test your understanding and prepare yourself to become a teacher who needs
comprehensive mastery of these materials]

Tenses
 POST TEST
DIRECTION. Choose the best answer to the following sentences.

1. “Sally is never on time”. “She always d. is raining

________ late for doing exercises”. 8. Babies ____________ when they are
a. is arriving hungry.
b. arrived a. cry
c. arrive b. are crying
d. arrives c. have been crying
2. “Silvia has the correct answer” “Yes, d. have cried
she _________. 9. The family _____________ before you
a. has called.
b. have a. leave
c. is b. are leaving
d. does c. had left
3. They _________________ d. leaves
sandwiches last night. 10. He _______ on the train when he
a. no make any dropped his wallet.
b. didn’t made a. is getting
c. never make b. gets
d. didn’t make c. has gotten
4. “Where are the children?” “They d. was getting
_____________ to Lombok 11. John and Mary ____________ us to
Epicentrum Mall a few minutes ago”. their party last weekend.
a. arrived a. are inviting
b. bought b. invited
c. began c. had been inviting
d. went d. will invite
5. Our children ___________ not like 12. Before the police arrived, the thieves
vegetables. _________ .
a. are a. run
b. do b. had run
c. is c. have run
d. does d. have been running
6. Brian cannot talk on the phone because 13. JNE ________________ your
he _________ dinner right now. packages tomorrow morning.
a. eats a. deliver
b. is eating b. is going to deliver
c. has eaten c. delivering
d. has been eating d. delivered
7. I don’t want to play football today 14. I ___________ 3 journal articles by the
because it __________ time school holiday is over.
a. is rain a. will have produced
b. rain b. have produced
c. rains c. have been producing
 d. be producing 23. “Are the couple still living in
15. By next month, Barbara _________ at Mataram?” “No, they
the University for two years. _________________ to Bali.”
a. will work a. are just moved
b. will be working b. had just moved
c. will have been working c. have just moved
d. is going to work d. will just move
16. While I was walking to work, I 24. “How long has Gary been with the
___________ a car crashed institution?” “He ____________ there
a. see 10 years by December.”
b. saw a. will work
c. was seeing b. will have
d. was seen c. was working
17. Be quiet. I ________________ to the d. will have worked
news about a plane crash right now. 25. “When are you going to send the
a. listened messages to the staff?” “I
b. listening ______________ them already.”
c. am listening a. send
d. listen b. have send
18. Water ____________ at 1000 C c. have sent
a. boiling d. am sending
b. is boiling 26. “I took IELTS test last month. It was
c. boils really hard for me.” “___________ a
d. boiled lot before you took it?
19. My mother __________ water in the a. Had you studied
kitchen. She’s preparing drink for us. b. Have you studied
a. is boiling c. Do you study
b. boiling d. Did you studied
c. boiled 27. “Did you meet your wife at the
d. boils university?” “No, we ____________
20. By the time the show ends, we _____ when we were at senior high school.”
this entire bag of popcorn. a. had already met
a. will have eaten b. have already met
b. are eating c. had already been meeting
c. are going to be eating d. had already meet
d. will be eaten 28. “Would you like to join us to the
21. I am 25 now. I hope by the age of 45 I movie?” “No, thanks. I ____________
_________________ at least 15 it already.”
travelling books. a. had seen
a. am publishing b. have seen
b. was publishing c. did see
c. will be published d. had been seeing
d. will have published 29. “What did you do last weekend?” “I
22. John never drinks champagne but watched a football match on TV,
__________________ champagne now practiced yoga, and ____________ my
to celebrate his wife’s promotion. math homework.”
a. drinks a. made
b. was drinking b. do
c. is drinking c. making
d. drank d. did
30. “Why is the boy so sad?” “His bird b. sing
______________ away.” c. singing
a. flies d. sung
b. flown 36. Since they aren’t answering the phone,
c. flew they __________________.
d. had flown a. should have left
31. “Your family seem to like this b. must have left
restaurant a lot.” “We c. can have left
______________ here for years.” d. need have left
a. have been eaten 37. Mary had hoped _________________
b. had eaten her letter.
c. are eating a. him to answer
d. have been eating b. that he answer
32. “Where are the other students?” “They c. that he would answer
were hungry, so they d. him answering
______________ to the school 38. I think you had better ___________
canteen.” earlier in order not to be late to school.
a. go a. to get up
b. had gone b. getting up
c. went c. get up
d. were gone d. got up
33. “How are you feeling?” “I’ve been 39. “What are you going to do in the US?”
feeling better since ______________.” “I am going to improve my English,
a. the doctor has came meet my business clients, and
b. the doctor came _____________ some relatives.
c. the doctor had come a. visiting
d. the doctor will came b. visited
34. I have conducted the experiments and c. visit
____________ the final report. d. has visited
a. writing 40. It is estimated that much of a
b. is written teenager’s time __________ working
c. wrote with gadgets.
d. written a. spend
35. The children were very happy. They b. spent
played hide-and seek with the teachers c. is spent
and ___________ songs. d. is spending
a. sang

*****End of the Post-Test*****