Chapter No. 5 (Theory Notes)

11th Class Physics 1 Chapter No.
CIRCULAR MOTION
m
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The London Eye, a ride on the River Thames in downtown London. Riders travel in a
large vertical circle for a breathtaking view of the city. In this chapter, we will study the
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factors involved in circular motion.
5.1 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

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Q # 1. Define and explain the term angular displacement.

Ans. The angle subtended at the center of circle by an arc along which it
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moves in a given time is known as angular displacement. The SI unit of

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angular displacement is radian. The other units of angular displacement are

degrees and revolution.
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Explanation
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Consider the motion of a particle P in a circular path of radius .

Suppose this motion is taking place by attaching a particle P at the end of a
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massless rigid rod of length r whose other end is pivoted at the center O of the
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circular path as shown in Fig. (a).

As the particle is moving on the circular path, the rod OP rotates in
plane of the circle. The axis of rotation passes through pivot O and is normal
to the plane of rotation. In Fig. (b), the z-axis is taken as axis of rotation.
When OP is rotating, suppose at any instant t, its position is OP1 ,
making an angle with x-axis. At later time , let its position be OP2
making an angle with x-axis.
Angle defines the angular displacement of OP during the time interval .
For very small values of , the angular displacement is a vector quantity.
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11th Class Physics 2 Chapter No. 5
Q # 2. What is the relationship between arc length and corresponding angular

displacement for an object moving in a circle?
Ans. If a body moves in a circle of radius , then the angular displacement
covered by the object is described as:
Q # 3. How can we determine the direction of angular displacement?

Ans. The direction of angular displacement is along the axis of rotation and is given by
right hand rule.
p the axis of rotation in right hand with figure curling in the direction of rotation,
then
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Q # 4. Derive the relationship between and radian and degrees.
Ans. If the object complete its one revolution, then the total distance covered by the object is .
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Thus the eq. (1) will become:
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-------------- (2)
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Thus a body covers the angular displacement of during one complete revolution. Also
-------------- (3)
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Comparing (2) and (3), we get

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as
Hence
Q # 5. A tiny laser beam is directed from the Earth to the Moon. If the beam is to have a
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diameter of 2.50 m at the Moon, how small must divergence angle be for the beam? The
distance of Moon from the Earth is .
w
Given Data:
w
w
To Determine:
Calculations: As
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. 1 revolution is equal to: 2. One radian is equal to.
a) a) 67.3o
b) b) 57.3o
c) c) 87.3o
d) d) 60o

5.2 ANGULAR VELOCITY

Q # 6. Define the following terms corresponding to the circular motion
Angular Velocity
Average Angular Velocity
Instantaneous Angular Velocity
Ans. Angular Velocity
The rate of change of angular displacement is called the angular velocity. It determines how
fast or slow a body is rotating. It is denoted by . The angular velocity is a vector quantity and its SI
unit is . The other units of angular velocity are revolution per second and degree per second.
Average Angular Velocity
The ratio of total angular displacement of the total interval of time during circular motion is
called average angular velocity.
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Let is the angular displacement during the time
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interval , the average angular velocity during this interval is:
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Instantaneous Angular Velocity
The angular velocity of the object at any instant of time is called instantaneous anguar
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velocity. Or
The limiting value of angular average velocity as the time interval approaches to zero is called
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instantaneous angular velocity.

If is the angular displacement during the time interval , then its instantaneous angular
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velocity is described by the relation:

as
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In the limit when approaches zero, the angular displacement will be infinitesimally small. So it
would be a vector quantity. Its direction will be along axis of rotation and is given by right hand rule.
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Q # 7. When mud flies off the tyre of a moving bicycle, in what direction does it fly? Explain.
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Ans. The mud particles on the tyre have linear velocity directed to the tangent to the tyre. The
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adhesion force between the mud and the tyre try to keep the mud particles in circular motion with
tyre. But this force is not enough to provide the
mud will fly in the direction of tangent to the tyre.
3. Revolution/minute is the unit for 4. The direction of angular velocity of body
a) Angular displacement moving in a circle is.
b) Angular acceleration a) Along the axis of rotation
c) Angular velocity b) Along the tangent
d) Time c) Directed towards the center
d) Directed away from the center

5.3 ANGULAR ACCELERATION

Q # 8. Define the following terms corresponding to the circular motion
Angular Acceleration
Average Angular Acceleration
Instantaneous Angular Acceleration
Angular Acceleration
It is a vector quantity and its direction is along the axis of rotation. The SI unit of angular acceleration
is .
Average Angular Acceleration
The ratio of the total change in angular velocity to the total interval of time is called average
angular acceleration.
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Let and are the angular velocities at instants and , respectively. The average angular
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acceleration during interval is described as:
Instantaneous Angular Acceleration

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The angular acceleration of the body at any instant of time is called instantaneous angular
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acceleration. Or
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The limiting value of angular average acceleration as the time interval approaches to zero is
called instantaneous angular acceleration.
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If is the angular velocity during the time interval , as approaches to zero, then the
instantaneous angular acceleration is described by the relation:
as
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5. Time rate of change of angular velocity 7. The angular acceleration is produced by:
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is called: a) Momentum
a) Angular momentum b) Torque
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b) Angular displacement c) Pressure

c) Angular acceleration d) Power
d) None of these
8. The angular acceleration of a body is
6. The dimension of angular acceleration directed
is: a) Towards the center of the circle
a) b) Away from the center of the circle
b) c) Along the tangent to the circle
c) d) Along the axis of rotation
d)

5.4 RELATION BETWEEN ANGULAR AND LINEAR VELOCITIES

Q # 9. Derive the relationship between the angular velocity and linear velocity.
Ans. Consider a object is moving in a circle of radius . If the object covers
the distance time during which the angular displacement has
the angular displacement . and are related as:
Dividing both sides of equation by , we get:
In the limit when , the above equation becomes:
As (Instantaneous linear velocity)
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And (Instantaneous angular velocity)
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Therefore
In vector form, the relationship between the linear and angular velocity is described as:
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Q # 10. Explain the difference between tangential velocity and the angular velocity. If one of
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these is given for a wheel of known radius, how will you find the other?
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Ans. Tangential velocity is the linear velocity of a particle moving along a curve or circle. As the
direction of the linear velocity is always along the tangent to the circle, that is why it is called
tangential velocity.
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The rate of change of angular displacement is called angular velocity. The direction of
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angular velocity is along the axis of rotation of the body.

If one of these two quantities are given for a wheel of known radius , then we can find the
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other by using the relation:

w
Where and are the tangential and angular velocity, respectively.

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Q # 11. Derive the relationship between the angular acceleration and linear acceleration.
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Consider a object is moving in a circle of radius . If the change in the linear velocity of object is
in time , then the relationship between angular velocity and linear velocity is described as:
Dividing both sides of equation by , we get:
Applying the limit when

As (Instantaneous linear acceleration)

And (Instantaneous angular acceleration)
Therefore
In vector form, the relationship between the linear and angular acceleration is described as:
Q # 12. Describe the equations of motions for the object executing circular motion.
The equations of angular motion are exactly analogous to those in linear motion except that , and
have replaced , and respectively. Given below are the angular equations together with their
linear counterparts:
Linear Angular
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Q # 13. A gramophone record turntable accelerates from rest to an angular velocity of 45.0 rev/min
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in 1.60 s. What is average angular acceleration?
Given Data: ,
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To Determine:
Calculations: As
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Q # 14. An electric fan rotating at 3 is switched off. It comes to rest in 18 s. Assuming

as
deceleration to be uniform, find its value. How many revolutions did it turn before coming to
rest?
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Given Data: ,
,
w
To Determine: ,
w
Calculations: As
w
As

9. The relation between linear and angular 10. The relation between linear and angular
velocity is: acceleration is.
a) a)
b) b)
c) c)
d) d)

5.5 CENTRIPETAL FORCE

Q # 15. Explain what is meant by centripetal force and why it must be furnished to an object if
the object is to follow a circular path?
Ans. The centripetal force is a force that makes a body follow a circular path. The centripetal force is
always directed towards the center of the circle.
The direction of a body moving in a circular path is always changing. To bend the normally
straight path into circular path, a perpendicular force is needed, called centripetal force.
Q # 16. Derive the expression of centripetal force.
Consider a particle is moving in a circle of radius from point
to point . The velocity of the object changes its direction but its
magnitude remains the same.
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Let and are the velocities of the body executing circular
motion at point A and B, respectively. If is the change in velocity in
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time , then the acceleration of the particle will be:
-------------- (1)
Since the speed

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of the object remains the same during circular motion, so the time taken to
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cover the distance S will be:
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So by putting the values in equation (1), we get:
-------------- (2)
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Let us now draw a triangle PQR such that PQ is parallel and equal to
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and PR is parallel and equal to . Since the tangent to the circle at point A and B ( and ) are
perpendicular to the radii OA and OB. Therefore the angle AOB equals the angle QPR. Therefore the
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triangles OAB and PQR are similar. Hence we can write:

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-------------- (3)
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If the point B is close to the point A on the circle , the arc AB is of nearly same length as the
line . Since the line . Now by putting the values in equation (3), we get:
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Now by putting the value of in equation (2), we get:
This is the expression of centripetal acceleration.

nd
law of motion,

This equation gives the magnitude of centripetal force. In angular measure, the expression of the
centripetal force will be:
Q # 17. A 1000 kg car travelling with a speed of round the curve of radius 100 m.
Find the necessary centripetal force.
Given Data: ,
To Determine:
Calculations: As
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Q # 18. A 1000 kg car is turning round a corner at 10 as it travels along an arc of the
circle. If the radius of the circular path is 10 m, how large a force must be exerted by the
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pavement on the tyres to hold the car in the circular path?
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Given Data: ,
To Determine:
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Calculations: As
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Q # 19. A ball tied to the end of a string is swung in a vertical circle of radius
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r under the action of gravity as shown in the figure. What will be the tension
in the string when the ball is at the point A of the path and its speed is v at
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this point?
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Ans. At point A, T and w acting on the object along radius, which will provide
the necessary centripetal force to the object. Therefore
w
To Determine:
w
Calculations: From Fig.

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11. The magnitude of the centripetal force 12. Centripetal force performs:
on a mass m moving with angular speed
in a circle of radius r is a) Maximum work
a) b) Minimum work
b) c) Negative work
c) d) No work
d)

5.6 MOMENT OF INERTIA

Q # 20. What is meant by moment of inertia? Explain its significance.
Ans. The product of mass of the particle and square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of
rotation is called the moment of inertia. Mathematically, the moment of inertia is described as:
Where m is the mass of the particle and r is the perpendicular distance

from the axis of rotation.
The moment of inertia plays the same role in angular motion as the mass in
linear motion.
Q # 21. Derive the relationship between moment of inertia and torque.
Consider a mass attached to a light rod, which can rotate about a
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point. The mass of the rod is negligible.
Let a force F is acting on the mass perpendicular to the rod which
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can be find out by the expression:
--------------- (1)
Since tangential acceleration
equation:
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is related to angular acceleration by the
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By putting the value of tangential acceleration in equation (1):

--------------- (2)
Multiplying both sides of the equation by r, we get:
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--------------- (3)
as
Here
And
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Thus equation (3) will become:

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This is the expression that related the torque with the moment of
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inertia. The moment of inertia plays the same role in angular motion as the
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mass in linear motion.

Q # 22. Derive the relationship between torque and moment of inertia for a rigid body.
Most rigid bodies have different mass concentrations at different distances from the axis of rotation,
which means that the mass distribution is not uniform.
Consider a rigid body which is made up of n small pieces of masses
at distances from axis of rotation O. Let the
body is rotating with angular acceleration , then
The magnitude of torque acting on mass


Now the total torque acting on the rigid body is described as:
Since the body is rigid, so all the masses will rotate with same angular acceleration ,
Here is the moment of inertia of the rigid body. Thus equation (1) becomes:
m
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This is the expression that relates moment of inertia of rigid body and torque acting on a rigid body
moving with angular acceleration .
Q # 23. Consider a rotating cylinder . Suppose that and .
(moment of inertia of cylinder ) es

Calculate (a) the torque acting on the cylinder, (b) angular acceleration of the cylinder.
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Given Data: ,
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To Determine:
Calculations: As
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(b) As
as
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13. Moment of inertia is equal to: 15. A gymnast sitting on stool with his arms
a) out stretched lowers his arms:
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b) a) The angular speed decreases

c) b) The angular speed increases
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d) c) Neither increases nor decrease

d) Both increases and decreases
16. When torque acting on a system is zero,
14. Moment of inertia is measured in: which of the following will be constant:
a) a) Linear momentum
b) b) Force
c) c) Angular momentum
d) d) Impulse

5.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Q # 24. What do you know about the angular momentum?
Ans. The cross product of position vector and linear momentum of an
object is known as angular momentum.
The angular momentum of a particle of mass moving with
velocity and momentum relative to the origin is defined as:
where r is the position vector of the particle at that instant relative to the
origin . Angular momentum is a vector quantity and its magnitude is
where is the angle between and .
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Q # 25. Show that orbital angular momentum .
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Ans. The angular momentum of a particle of mass moving with velocity and momentum
relative to the origin is defined as:
The magnitude of angular momentum will be:

es
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Since the angle between radius and tangential velocity is , so

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Hence proved.
Q # 26. Describe the relationship between the angular momentum and moment of inertia.
as
The magnitude of angular momentum will be:

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Since the angle between radius and tangential velocity is , so

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w
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Q # 27. State the direction of following vectors in simple situations; angular momentum and
angular velocity.
Ans. The directions of angular momentum and angular velocity are used to described by right hand rule:
Grasp the axis of rotation in right hand with the figures curling in the direction of rotation, then the
erected thumb will give the direction of angular velocity and angular momentum.
Q # 28. Derive the relationship between of angular momentum for a rigid body and its moment
of inertia.
Consider a symmetric rigid body which is made up of small pieces of masses
at distances from axis of rotation .

We want to find out the expression of angular momentum for this rigid body, then
The magnitude of angular momentum for particle of mass

Now the total angular momentum acting on the rigid body is described as:
Since the body is rigid, so all the masses will rotate with same angular velocity ,
m
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Where is the moment of inertia of the rigid body.
Important Note:
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The spin angular momentum is the angular
momentum of a spinning body [Fig. (a)], while the
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orbital angular momentum is associated with the
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motion of the body along a circular path [Fig. (b)].

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Q # 29. The mass of the Earth is . The distance of Earth to the Sun is
. As seen from the direction of the north star, the Earth revolves counter-clockwise
as
around the sun. Determine the orbital counter-clockwise around the Sun. Determine the orbital
angular momentum of the Earth around the sun, assuming that it traverses a circular orbit
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around the Sun once a year (

w
Given Data: ,
w
To Determine:
w
Calculations: As
Q # 30. A body of moment of inertia about a fixed axis, rotates with a constant
angular velocity of . Calculate its angular momentum L and the torque to sustain
this motion.
Given Data: ,
As the object rotates with constant angular velocity, therefore
To Determine:
Calculations:
12
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11th
Chapter (1st Year Physics)
Class5Physics 13 Chapter
Circular Motion (Edition: No. 5
2015-16)
5.8 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Q # 31. State and explain the law of conservation of angular momentum.
Ans. If no external torque acts on a system, the total angular momentum of the system remains constant.
Explanation: If a system consist of n particles, which have the angular momentum ,
then according to the law of conservation of angular momentum:
, where is the total angular momentum of the system.
Q # 32. Why a diver does changes its body position before and after diving in the pool?
When the diver jumps from the diving board, his legs and arm are fully extended. The
diver has large moment of inertia but the angular velocity is small. When the diver
curls his body, the moment of inertia reduces to In order to conserve the angular
momentum, the value to angular velocity increases to .
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.
In this way, the diver can make more somersaults before entering the water.
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Q # 33 A student holds two dumb-bells with stretched arms while sitting on a turn
table. He is given a push until he is rotating at certain angular velocity. The student then pulll the
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dumb bells towards his chest. What will be the effect on rate of rotation?
Ans. Initially, the arms of the students are fully extended, so he has large moment of inertia but angular
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velocity is small. When the student curls his body, the moment of inertia reduces to . In order to
conserve the angular momentum, the value of angular velocity increases to .
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. Thus the rate of rotation will increase.

Q # 34. Describe the conservation principle of direction of angular momentum.
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The angular momentum is a vector quantity with direction along the axis of rotation. The axis of
rotation of an object will not change its orientation unless an external torque causes it to do so.
as
Q # 35. The Moon orbits the Earth so that the same side always faces the Earth. Determine the ratio
of its spin angular momentum (about its own axis) and its orbital angular momentum . (In this case
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treat the Moon as the particle orbiting the Earth). Distance between the Earth and the Moon
is . Radius of the Moon is .
w
Given Data:
w
To Determine:
w
Calculations:
Q # 36. The earth rotates on its axis once a day. Suppose by some process the Earth contracts so that
its radius is only half as large as at present. How fast will it be rotating then?
Given Data: Let
To Determine:
Calculations: By Law of Conservation of Momentum:

5.9 ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY

Q # 37. What do you know about the rotational kinetic energy for an object executing circular
motion? Derive the relationship between moment of inertia and rotational kinetic energy. Ans.
Rotational Kinetic Energy
The energy due to spinning of a body about an axis is called rotational kinetic energy.
Relationship between Moment of Inertia and Rotational Kinetic Energy
If a body is spinning about an axis with constant angular velocity , each point of the body is
moving in a circular path and, therefore, has some K.E. The kinetic energy of an object moving with
certain velocity v is described as:
As
m
Therefore
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As
es
This expression relates the rotational kinetic energy with the moment of inertia.
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Q # 38. Derive the relationship between rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body and its moment
of inertia.
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Consider a rigid body is spinning along the axis of rotation with uniform angular velocity .
Let the object consist of n particles having masses , which are at distances
hi
from axis of rotation.

The rotational kinetic energy for particle of mass
as
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w
w
w
Now the total rotational kinetic energy acting on the rigid body is described as:
Since the body is rigid, so all the masses will rotate with same angular velocity ,

Where is the moment of inertia of the rigid body.

Q # 39. Derive the expression of Rotational Kinetic Energy of a (a) Disc and (b) Hoop
Rotational Kinetic Energy of Disc
The rotational kinetic energy of a rotating body can be find out by using the expression:
--------------- (1)
For a disc the moment of inertia

The equation (1) will become:
m
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As
es
This is the expression of rotational kinetic energy of a rotating disc.
Rotational Kinetic Energy of Hoop
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The rotational kinetic energy of a rotating body can be find
out by using the expression:
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--------------- (1)
For a hoop the moment of

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inertia
as
The equation (1) will become:

.R
w
As
w
w
This is the expression of rotational kinetic energy of a rotating hoop.

Q # 40. Derive the expression of velocity of a disc and a hoop at the bottom of an inclined plane.
Velocity of the Disc at the Bottom of Inclined Plane
When a disc starts moving down an inclined plane of height h, their motion consists of both
rotational and translational motions. If no energy is lost against friction, the total kinetic energy of the
disc on reaching the bottom of inclined plane must be equal to its potential energy at the top.

This is the expression of the disc at the bottom of inclined plane.

Velocity of the Hoop at the Bottom of Inclined Plane
When a hoop starts moving down an inclined plane of height h, their motion consists of both
rotational and translational motions. If no energy is lost against friction, the total kinetic energy of the
disc on reaching the bottom of inclined plane must be equal to its potential energy at the top.
m
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es
This is the expression of the hoop at the bottom of inclined plane.
Q # 41. A disc and a hoop start moving down from the top of an inclined plane at the same time.
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Which one will have greater speed on reaching the bottom?
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Ans. The formulae for the velocity of the disc and the hoop are given by:
and
hi
So it is clear from the above relations that the disc will be moving with greater speed on reaching the
as
bottom.
Q # 42. Calculate the angular momentum of a star of mass and radius .
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If it makes one complete rotation about its axis once in 20 days, what is its kinetic energy?
Given Data: ,
w
To Determine:
w
Calculations: (a)
w
Q # 43. A disc without slipping rolls down a hill of height 10.0 m. If the disc starts from rest at
the top of the hill, what is its speed at the bottom?
Given Data: Height
To Determine:
Calculations: As

5.10 ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES

Q # 44. What do you know about satellite?
Ans. Satellites are the objects that orbit around the earth. They are
put into orbit by rockets and are held in orbits by the gravitational
pull of the earth.
Q # 45. Describe what should be the minimum velocity, for a
satellite, to orbit close to earth around it.
Consider a satellite of mass is moving in a circle of
radius around the earth. In circular orbit for a low flying
satellite, the centripetal acceleration is provided by the gravity.
---------------- (1)
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where it the tangential velocity of the satellite. Solving equation
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(1), we have:
and .
es
Near the surface of the earth, the gravitational acceleration
ot
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This is the minimum velocity necessary to put a satellite into the orbit
and is called critical velocity.
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Q # 46. Find out the expression of time period for a low flying
satellite orbiting in an orbit.
as
The time period T of the satellite orbiting with critical velocity is

given by the expression
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w
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Q # 47. What is the least speed at which an aero plane can execute a vertical loop of 1.0 km
w
radius so that there will be no tendency for the pilot to fall down at the highest point?
Given Data: Radius

To Determine:
Calculations: As

5.11 REAL AND APPARENT WEIGHT

Q # 48. Distinguish among the real and apparent weight.
Real Weight: The real weight of the object is the gravitational pull of the earth on the object.
Apparent Weight: The reading of weight on the scale of a spring balance is called apparent weight.
Generally the weight of the object is measured by spring balance. The force exerted by the
object on the scale is equal to weight of the object. This is not always true, so we call the reading of
the scale as apparent weight.
Q # 49. Discuss the relationship between the real and apparent weight for the following cases:
The object is at rest (
(i) )
Accelerating in upward direction
(ii)
Accelerating in downward direction
(iii)
Falling under the action of gravity
(iv)
Ans. Consider the apparent weight of the object of mass suspended by a spring balance inside a lift.
m
The lift is capable of moving in upward and downward.
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Case 1: When the lift is at rest
nd
When the lift is at rest, then according law of motion, the acceleration of
es
the object will be equal to zero. If is the weight of the object and is the tension in the string then
we have
ot
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Hence when the lift is at rest, then the apparent weight of the object is equal to its real weight.
Case 2: When the lift is moving upward with acceleration
hi
When the lift is moving upwards with an acceleration a, then

as
The object will then weight more than its real weight by an amount .
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Case 3: When the lift is moving downward with acceleration

w
If the lift is moving downward with acceleration a, then we have

w
w
Thus the tension in the string, which is the measure of apparent weight, is less
than the real weight w by an amount .
Case 4: When the lift falls freely under gravity
When the lift falls under the action of gravity, then the acceleration . Hence
As the weight w of the body is equal to so
The apparent weight of the object will be shown by the scale to be zero.

5.12 WEIGHTLESSNESS IN SATELLITE AND GRAVITY FREE SYSTEM

Q # 50. Explain why an object, orbiting the earth, is said to be
freely falling. Use your explanation to point out why objects
appear weightless under certain circumstances.
Ans. An object orbiting the earth is a freely falling object. It is
because of the reason that an object orbiting the earth is projected fast
enough such that the curvature of its path
will match the curvature of the earth.
A spaceship orbiting earth, in fact, is falling towards the
center of the earth all the times but due to spherical shape of the earth,
it never strikes the surface of the earth. Since the spaceship is in free
fall, all the objects within it appear to be weightless.
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5.13 ORBITAL VELOCITY
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Q # 51. What will be the expression of orbital velocity for an object revolving in a circular orbit?
Ans. Consider a satellite of mass going round the earth in a circular path of radius with orbital
velocity . Let the mass of the earth. The centripetal force required to hold the satellite in orbit can
be described as:
es
ot
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This centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force of

attraction between the earth and satellite. Thus we can write:
hi
as
This is the expression of orbital velocity of a satellite for a circular orbit of

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radius r.
w
Q # 52. What should be the orbiting speed to launch a satellite in a circular orbit 900 km above the
surface of the Earth? (Take mass of the Earth as and its radius as 6400 km).
w
Given Data: Height of Satellite above surface of earth

Radius of earth , Mass of Earth
w
To Determine:
Calculations: As
Q # 53. An Earth satellite is in circular orbit at a distance of

What is the period of one revolution in days? Take mass of the Earth and its
radius as .
Given Data: Height of Satellite above surface of earth
Radius of earth , Mass of Earth
To Determine:
Calculations: As

5.14 ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY

Q # 54. Find out the expression of frequency for producing the artificial gravity in a satellite
equal to that of earth.
Ans. The weightlessness in satellite may affect the performance of astronaut in it. To overcome this
difficulty, an artificial gravity is created in the satellite. For
this, the satellite is set into rotation around its own axis.
Consider a satellite having outer radius R rotates
around its own central axis with angular speed , then the
angular acceleration is
But where T is the period of the revolution of
m
spaceship
.co
As the frequency , therefore
es
ot
dN
The frequency is increased to such an extent that equals to . Therefore,

hi
as
This is the expression of frequency for producing the artificial gravity in satellite equal to that of
.R
earth.
w
17. The rotational K.E of a body is given 19. The apparent weight of a man in an ascending
w
by:
a) a) Increases
w
b) Decreases
b) c) Remains constant
d) Becomes zero
c)
d)
20. The apparent weight of a man in a lift moving
18. The minimum velocity necessary to put down with an acceleration of is:
a satellite into orbit is: a) Zero
a) b) 9.8 N
b) c) 19.6 N
c) d) Infinity
d)

5.15 GEOSTATIONARY ORBITS

Q # 55. What is a geostationary satellite? Write down the expression for radius of a
geostationary orbit.
Ans. A geostationary satellite is the one whose orbital motion
is synchronized with the rotation of the earth. We want to find
out the expression of a geostationary orbit of a satellite.
The orbital speed necessary for the circular orbit, is
given by the expression:
For a geostationary orbit, the orbital speed must be
m
equal to the average speed of the satellite in one day, i.e.,
.co
Where is the period of revolution of the satellite, that is equal to one day. Thus
es
ot
dN
hi
as
This is the expression of a geostationary orbit of a satellite.

Q # 56. Radio and TV signals bounce from a synchronous satellite. This satellite circles the
.R
Earth once in 24 hours. So if the satellite circles eastward above the equator, it stays over the
same spot on the Earth because the Earth is rotating at the same rate. (a) What s the orbital
w
radius for a synchronous satellite? (b) What is its speed?

w
Given Data: Time period

To Determine:
w
Calculations: (a)
(b)

5.16 COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

Q # 57. How a communication system is developed?
Ans. A satellite communication system can be set up by
placing several geostationary satellites in orbit over
different points on the surface of the earth. One such
geostationary satellites seem to hover over one place on

the earth, continuous communication with any place on
Microwaves are used because they travel in a narrow beam, in a straight line and pass easily
through the atmosphere of the earth. The energy needed to amplify and retransmit the signals is
m
provided by large solar cell panels fitted on the satellites.
.co
Q # 58. What do you know about
communication system?
es
Ans.
International Telecommunication Satellite Organization
ot
(INTELSAT). An INTELSAT VI satellite operate at
dN
microwave frequencies of 4, 6, 11 and 14 GHz and has a

capacity of 30000 two way telephone circuits plus three TV
channels.
hi
as
Q # 59. Explain how many minimum number of geo-stationary satellites are required for global
coverage of TV transmission.
.R
Ans. The total longitude of earth is and a geostationary satellite covers of longitude. So
w
the whole earth can be covered by three correctly positioned geostationary satellites.
w
21. The necessary force to a satellite is 23. Pull of earth on a mass of 20 kg on the surface
w
provided by: of the earth is

a) Gravitational force a) 20 N
b) Frictional force b) 196 N
c) Coulomb force c) 19.6 N
d) Centripetal force d) 1960 N
22. Geo-stationary satellite completes one 24. Angular speed of daily rotation of earth is:
rotation around earth in. a)
a) 3 hours b)
b) 6 hours c)
c) 12 hours d)
d) 24 hours

5.17
Q # 60.
According to Newton, the gravitation is the intrinsic property of matter. It means that every
particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
force of gravity acting on the bodies, instead we say that bodies and the light rays moves along
geodesics in curved space time.
Q # 61.
m
Ans. Newton discovered the inverse square law of gravity but he offered no explanation of why
gravity should follow an inverse square law.
.co
On the other hand, Einste
Q # 62. Describe t
es
ot
dN
Newton considered the light as a stream of tiny particles. Thus the tiny particles of light
would be deflected by gravity.
bending of light
hi
Einstein inferred that if gravitational acceleration and inertial acceleration are precisely
as
equivalent, gravity must bend light, by a precise amount that can be calculated precisely.
ted to be exactly twice as it was predicted
.R
w

w
25. The minimum number of 26. Which electromagnetic wave are used as
w
communication satellites required to medium in satellite communication system:

cover the whole earth is: a) Microwaves
a) 4 b) Radio waves
b) 3 c) Infrared waves
c) 2 d) Ultraviolet waves
d) 5


Chapter No. 5 (Theory Notes)

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11th Class Physics 1 Chapter No.

5.1 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

Q # 1. Define and explain the term angular displacement.

moves in a given time is known as angular displacement. The SI unit of

angular displacement is radian. The other units of angular displacement are

Consider the motion of a particle P in a circular path of radius .

circular path as shown in Fig. (a).

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Q # 2. What is the relationship between arc length and corresponding angular

Q # 3. How can we determine the direction of angular displacement?

Comparing (2) and (3), we get

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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5.2 ANGULAR VELOCITY

instantaneous angular velocity.

velocity is described by the relation:

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5.3 ANGULAR ACCELERATION

Instantaneous Angular Acceleration

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

b) Angular displacement c) Pressure

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5.4 RELATION BETWEEN ANGULAR AND LINEAR VELOCITIES

Dividing both sides of equation by , we get:

In the limit when , the above equation becomes:

As (Instantaneous linear velocity)

angular velocity is along the axis of rotation of the body.

other by using the relation:

Where and are the tangential and angular velocity, respectively.

Dividing both sides of equation by , we get:

Applying the limit when

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As (Instantaneous linear acceleration)

Q # 14. An electric fan rotating at 3 is switched off. It comes to rest in 18 s. Assuming

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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5.5 CENTRIPETAL FORCE

Since the speed

So by putting the values in equation (1), we get:

triangles OAB and PQR are similar. Hence we can write:

Now by putting the value of in equation (2), we get:

This is the expression of centripetal acceleration.

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Calculations: From Fig.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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5.6 MOMENT OF INERTIA

Where m is the mass of the particle and r is the perpendicular distance

By putting the value of tangential acceleration in equation (1):

Thus equation (3) will become:

mass in linear motion.

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The magnitude of torque acting on mass

Q # 23. Consider a rotating cylinder . Suppose that and .

(moment of inertia of cylinder ) es

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

b) a) The angular speed decreases

d) c) Neither increases nor decrease

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5.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM